Journal articles: 'Topographic style'

1

Hamad, Salah. "Updating Topographic Maps at Scale 1:250000 for Libyan Territory Using Quantum GIS (QGIS) and Open Geospatial Data: Libya Topo-Project." Journal of Geographical Studies 4, no. 1 (September 13, 2020): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj5.20040103.

Full text

Abstract:

From the beginning of the twentieth century, topographic maps for the Libyan state carried out by various compilers, where the first mapping was carried out by the Italian Military Geographical Institute, the Soviet Union Military, and the U.S. Army, followed by mapping carried out by the Libyan state from the 1950s to the 2000s. Most of these maps have not been digitized and updated using the techniques of geographic information systems and remote sensing. This paper discusses on the objectives, methodology and results of the Libya Topography Project, “Libya Topo” for updating the previously compiled topographical map at scale, 1:250000. Open spatial data from different platforms (OSM, Logistics Cluster, Landsat 8 satellite imagery, and SRTM data, etc.). Also, POIs extracted from previously compiled topographic and geological maps. Spatial database for each UTM zone created to store the features and raster. As for the cartographic style, the map layout adopted is the style of the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency maps. The results of the project are an update of 121 topographical map sheets using Quantum (GIS), those will be freely available for the interested users on request (e.g., environmentalists, academics, and university students, etc.).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Kent, Alexander. "Topographic Maps: Methodological Approaches for Analyzing Cartographic Style." Journal of Map & Geography Libraries 5, no. 2 (July 23, 2009): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15420350903001187.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Ory, Jérémie, Sidonie Christophe, Sara Irina Fabrikant, and Benedicte Bucher. "How Do Map Readers Recognize a Topographic Mapping Style?" Cartographic Journal 52, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2015.1119459.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Christophe, Sidonie, Bertrand Duménieu, Antoine Masse, Charlotte Hoarau, Jérémie Ory, Mathieu Brédif, François Lecordix, et al. "Expressive map design: OGC SLD/SE++ extension for expressive map styles." Proceedings of the ICA 1 (May 16, 2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-21-2018.

Full text

Abstract:

In the context of custom map design, handling more artistic and expressive tools has been identified as a carto-graphic need, in order to design stylized and expressive maps. Based on previous works on style formalization, an approach for specifying the map style has been proposed and experimented for particular use cases. A first step deals with the analysis of inspiration sources, in order to extract ‘what does make the style of the source’, i.e. the salient visual characteristics to be automatically reproduced (textures, spatial arrangements, linear stylization, etc.). In a second step, in order to mimic and generate those visual characteristics, existing and innovative rendering techniques have been implemented in our GIS engine, thus extending the capabilities to generate expressive renderings. Therefore, an extension of the existing cartographic pipeline has been proposed based on the following aspects: 1- extension of the symbolization specifications OGC SLD/SE in order to provide a formalism to specify and reference expressive rendering methods; 2- separate the specification of each rendering method and its parameterization, as metadata. The main contribution has been described in (Christophe et al. 2016). In this paper, we focus firstly on the extension of the cartographic pipeline (SLD++ and metadata) and secondly on map design capabilities which have been experimented on various topographic styles: old cartographic styles (Cassini), artistic styles (watercolor, impressionism, Japanese print), hybrid topographic styles (ortho-imagery & vector data) and finally abstract and photo-realist styles for the geovisualization of costal area. The genericity and interoperability of our approach are promising and have already been tested for 3D visualization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Giancola, Marco, Paola Verde, Luigi Cacciapuoti, Gregorio Angelino, Laura Piccardi, Alessia Bocchi, Massimiliano Palmiero, and Raffaella Nori. "Do Advanced Spatial Strategies Depend on the Number of Flight Hours? The Case of Military Pilots." Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070851.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Military pilots show advanced visuospatial skills. Previous studies demonstrate that they are better at mentally rotating a target, taking different perspectives, estimating distances and planning travel and have a topographic memory. Here, we compared navigational cognitive styles between military pilots and people without flight experience. Pilots were expected to be more survey-style users than nonpilots, showing more advanced navigational strategies. Method: A total of 106 military jet pilots from the Italian Air Force and 92 nonpilots from the general population matched for education with the pilots were enrolled to investigate group differences in navigational styles. The participants were asked to perform a reduced version of the Spatial Cognitive Style Test (SCST), consisting of six tasks that allow us to distinguish individuals in terms of landmark (people orient themselves by using a figurative memory for environmental objects), route (people use an egocentric representation of the space) and survey (people have a map-like representation of the space) user styles. Results: In line with our hypothesis, military pilots mainly adopt the survey style, whereas nonpilots mainly adopt the route style. In addition, pilots outperformed nonpilots in both the 3D Rotation Task and Map Description Task. Conclusions: Military flight expertise influences some aspects of spatial ability, leading to enhanced human navigation. However, it must be considered that they are a population whose navigational skills were already high at the time of selection at the academy before formal training began.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Ganbold, Ulziisaikhan, and Oyuntsetseg Dash. "ISSUES OFCREATION OF A LARGE-SCALE GEOMORPHOLOGICAL BASE MAP OF MONGOLIA." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 2 (2019): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-1-2-81-88.

Full text

Abstract:

It is an alternative science, as the geomorphology plays out in a complex geographic, topo-graphic setting in which both the tectonic and climate processes responsible for driving evolution of the topography change in style and intensity. Geomorphology is a relatively young science, growing along with interest in other aspects of the earth sciences in the mid-19th century. While geomorphological development continues to grow steadily today, there is a need to use some advanced theoretical and mapping techniques. This paper is issued to cover the creation of topographic maps with a scale of 1 : 50 000 of geodetic measurements by terrestrial a laser scanner and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for geomorphological map.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Ferrier, Graham, Jon Naden, Athanassios Ganas, Simon Kemp, and Richard Pope. "Identification of Multi-Style Hydrothermal Alteration Using Integrated Compositional and Topographic Remote Sensing Datasets." Geosciences 6, no. 3 (July 29, 2016): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences6030036.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Lysák, Jakub. "An algorithm for automated digital rock drawing in the style used in Czech topographic maps." AUC GEOGRAPHICA 51, no. 1 (June 22, 2016): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23361980.2016.1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Courtial, A., G. Touya, and X. Zhang. "GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS TO GENERALISE URBAN AREAS IN TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2021 (June 30, 2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2021-15-2021.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. This article presents how a generative adversarial network (GAN) can be employed to produce a generalised map that combines several cartographic themes in the dense context of urban areas. We use as input detailed buildings, roads, and rivers from topographic datasets produced by the French national mapping agency (IGN), and we expect as output of the GAN a legible map of these elements at a target scale of 1:50,000. This level of detail requires to reduce the amount of information while preserving patterns; covering dense inner cities block by a unique polygon is also necessary because these blocks cannot be represented with enlarged individual buildings. The target map has a style similar to the topographic map produced by IGN. This experiment succeeded in producing image tiles that look like legible maps. It also highlights the impact of data and representation choices on the quality of predicted images, and the challenge of learning geographic relationships.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Panina, L. V., and E. A. Manuilova. "Neotectonics of the central part of the West-Siberian plate." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2017-4-60-67.

Full text

Abstract:

The carried out structural and geomorphologic analysis including visual and computer interpretation of the topographic maps and space images supplemented by statistical processing of the results, allowed to reveal arch-block style of the latest structures of the central part of the West-Siberian plate. The kinematics, the formation and the nature of the relationship of the modern structures with ancient ones were determined. It was revealed that neotectonic structure is forming due to submeridional stress.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Radło-Kulisiewicz, Małgorzata. "Digital Terrain Model Derivatives Analysis with the Aim of Identifying Specific Soil Types in Young Post-Glacial Topography with a Vector Approach." Polish Journal of Soil Science 54, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/pjss.2021.54.1.123-138.

Full text

Abstract:

This article discusses a study conducted in order to analyse selected Digital Terrain Model (DTM) derivates in diverse young post-glacial topographic profiles with the aim of identifying terrain features that could be related to the soils that formed there. The area under investigation is within the reach of the youngest Vistulian Glaciation, in the north-east of Poland. The main goal of the study was to reveal indirect relationships between a lithological soil type and terrain forms, which transpire from DTM derivatives. This can directly help to assign the type of soil in the area to one of the three soil types: a) made of sand, b) made of loam, c) wet-soils. The starting point for the research undertaken was the landscape approach to soil modelling and the article deals with medium scales. Derivatives were analysed using vector data notation, focusing on selected derivative values and their spatial location in relation to one another. The results obtained indicate the possibility of using this approach as an auxiliary approach in soil mapping of areas for which the quality of source materials (such as precipitation geometry) is low. Thus, they can be of assistance in improving the existing soil maps of selected scales. The trend revealed in the obtained results of DTM analysis can be considered as a contribution to realisation of assumptions of a study in digital soil mapping with the use of selected methods of AI.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Cheng, Xin, Rong Han, and Zhe Zhu. "Research on Space Transformation Mode of Old Villages Based on ArcView 3D Analyst - Take Huaiyin Village, Located at Dantu District, Zhenjiang for Example." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 1267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.1267.

Full text

Abstract:

As the extension module of ArcView GIS, ArcView 3D Analyst can visually provide three-dimensional surface model and interactive three-dimensional perspective observation function. Its principle is to use ArcView software to handle AutoCAD elemental topographic map data, and then set up digital elevation model (DEM) through geographic information system. The essay takes the project of turning Huaiyin Village, which is located at Guyang Town, Zhenjiang city, into a new style village through space transformation as an example to present how to use spatial three-dimensional data analysis to settle down land distribution and statistics problems during the transformation and give effective planning proposals to the village construction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Ghazal, Nawal K. "Informative accuracy investigation and updating map using remote sensing technique and GIS." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 15, no. 35 (October 2, 2018): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v15i35.66.

Full text

Abstract:

In this work, using GPS which has best accuracy that can be established set of GCPs, also two satellite images can be used, first with high resolution QuickBird, and second has low resolution Landsat image and topographic maps with 1:100,000 and 1:250,000 scales. The implementing of these factors (GPS, two satellite images, different scales for topographic maps, and set of GCPs) can be applying. In this study, must be divided this work into two parts geometric accuracy and informative accuracy investigation. The first part is showing geometric correction for two satellite images and maps.The second part of the results is to demonstrate the features (how the features appearance) of topographic map or pictorial map (image map), Where it is highlight the different features with different scales to know the accuracy of information. Where can be noticed through graphics that features appear very close to each other at a certain scale and become detached at another scale and this problem can be solved by generalization method. Geodatabase in GIS program also have been used as a modern style store all data related to the project in one folder divisions with that data. In addition to storage in a shape file. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) uses Remote Sensing (RS) data for a lot of applications. One of the application areas is the updating of the GIS database using high resolution imagery. Finally, high resolution satellite imagery data is very important to obtain updating map for Kut city by implementation two methods geodatabase and shapefile.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Wang, Li Li, and Zheng Yang. "The Feasibility Study on Structural Insulated Panels in Rural Settlements of LuGu Lake." Advanced Materials Research 225-226 (April 2011): 762–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.225-226.762.

Full text

Abstract:

Rural settlements of LuGuLake in Yunnan province have an original architectural characteristics —Wooden houses which are shaped by the climate and topographic conditions, local materials, and the social living style. But because of the typical well-dry type construction of the wooden houses which need more massive lumbers to be constructed, it leads to the disappearance of the luxuriant forest. The other building materials such as tamped earth, bricks and stones, reinforce concrete replace the wood materials. The research’s goal is to solve the ecology problem which was brought by wood rooms built by lumbers and the compatible problem between the new houses built by modern materials and vernacular architecture in LuGu Lake.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Santos-González, Javier, Rosa Blanca González-Gutiérrez, João António Santos, Amelia Gómez-Villar, Sergio Alberto Peña-Pérez, and José María Redondo-Vega. "Topographic, lithologic and glaciation style influences on paraglacial processes in the upper Sil and Luna catchments, Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain." Geomorphology 319 (October 2018): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.07.019.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Medynska-Gulij, Beata. "Who were cartographers of manuscript topographic maps in the Enlightenment?" Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-247-2019.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. The most difficult challenge is to provide the name of the cartographer, i.e. the author of graphic picture of topography with the use of watermedia on paper, for each important European topographic work. Even though we know the names of chiefs of survey and the most important engineers in field mapping teams, it is not possible to precisely describe their role in creating graphic style for fair copy. The aim of this study was to identify several types of design authorship of manuscript topographic maps in the Enlightenment.Wrede’s map of Silesia was developed under King Frederick II’s supervision, who was himself theoretically and practically competent in map making. The mapping and the resulting protraction copy were made by Wrede and his team, but the draughtsmen were probably coordinated by Oelsnitz, head of the Potsdam drawing room. Such a hierarchical production structure, might also be recognized in the map of Norway developed by order of Huth &ndash; the Staatsminister and mathematician &ndash; who delegated the coordination of surveying and drawing activities to Staffeldt. In fact, the men responsible for the original map were cartographer Stabell and other engineers. A similar solution would explain the map of the Electorate of Hanover, produced by Hogrewe and his subordinate engineers, formally supervised by du Plat, but with the personal involvement of King George III in the decisions over segment division and cartographic content.Institutional authorship, or maps produced by the head of a specific drawing room and his subordinate draughtsmen. The map of England, attributed to Gardner and the personnel of the Tower of London drawing room, was developed according to this system. Authorship in tandem: those engineers who performed field surveys and sketches, and later produced fair copies (e.g. Roy and Sandby’s map of Scotland) &ndash; the former drew topographic objects and the latter was the sole author of landform painting; Avico and Carello (map of Susa Valley) &ndash; both put their ink signatures on the map, independent of the cartouche content.Collective authorship where the maps were produced by draughtsmen associated with particular drawing rooms or employed to draw maps according to the protracted copies supplied. The former included, for instance, the case of the map of NE France with Lorraine (from Naudin’s atelier) or the over 3,000 map segments (map of the Habsburg Dominion) developed by officers in Vienna. A further example would be the map of Austrian Netherlands, most probably involving draughtsmen educated in France.The comparison of maps with the actual topographic situation in the countryside, also made us realize that the perception and cartographic work of various groups of map-making officers in similar cultural and surveying conditions, but in different topographic situations, might be interpreted as elements in a broader phenomenon of the understanding of space in the Enlightenment. The use of water-based media allowed for the representation of lands throughout Europe. No other technique offered map makers and artists an opportunity to reflect landscape so realistically. It is, no wonder, then, that it strongly affected the development of modern principles for cartographic design, even being translated through into the engraving and lithographic world of print. The map-making initiatives conducted in the Enlightenment were distinctive, helping define an age and a new emerging Europe. In these manuscript maps, we can see how eighteenth-century European contemporaries helped develop conventions &ndash; in the use of line, color, perspective, tone and topographic form &ndash; that shaped how their world was seen: on maps, in art, in the political imagination.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Wilch, T. I., and W. C. McIntosh. "Eocene and Oligocene volcanism at Mount Petras, Marie Byrd Land: implications for middle Cenozoic ice sheet reconstructions in West Antarctica." Antarctic Science 12, no. 4 (December 2000): 477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102000000560.

Full text

Abstract:

Evidence for one late Eocene and four middle Oligocene eruptions of Mount Petras, Marie Byrd Land provides new insights into reconstructions of middle Tertiary ice sheet configurations, surface topography, and volcanism in West Antarctica. The interpretation presented here of the volcanic record at Mount Petras, based on detailed analyses of lithofacies, petrography, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and geochemistry, is significantly different from previous interpretations based on reconnaissance studies. A massive, 25 m thick, mugearite lava near the summit of Mount Petras is 40Ar/39Ar dated to 36.11 ± 0.22 Ma (2 σ uncertainty), indicating an onset of Cenozoic alkaline volcanism in the Marie Byrd Land Volcanic Province in latest Eocene time. Middle Oligocene (29-27 Ma) hawaiite volcaniclastic lithofacies at Mount Petras are interpreted as products of mixed magmatic (Strombolian style) and phreatomagmatic (Surtseyan style) subaerial eruptions. The four hawaiite outcrop areas exhibit characteristics of near-vent tuff cone environments. The near-vent deposits are located at different elevations and positions on Mount Petras and suggest four separate eruptive centres, with eruptions dated to between 28.59 ± 0.22 Ma and 27.18 ± 0.23 Ma. The mixed Surtseyan and Strombolian eruptions imply local or intermittent contact with external water, which we infer was derived from melting of a thin, local ice cap or ice and snow on slopes. The 29-27 Ma volcanic deposits at Mount Petras provide the oldest terrestrial evidence for glacial ice in Marie Byrd Land. The 29-27 Ma tuff cone deposits overlie an erosional unconformity, with > 400 m of topographic relief. The relatively high relief pre-volcanic environment is suggestive of ongoing erosion and is inconsistent with previous interpretations of a regional, low relief, early Cenozoic West Antarctic Erosion Surface.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Rayback, Shelly A., Andrea Lini, and Gregory H. R. Henry. "Spatial Variability of the Dominant Climate Signal in Cassiope tetragona from Sites in Arctic Canada." ARCTIC 64, no. 1 (March 9, 2011): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4083.

Full text

Abstract:

Our study investigates the nature of the climate signal in three populations of the Arctic dwarf-shrub Cassiope tetragona using dendrochronological and stable isotope analysis techniques. We present 15 new C. tetragona chronologies from three sites (Axel Heiberg, Bathurst, and Devon islands) in the eastern Canadian Arctic, of which three are the first continuous stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C) time series developed for Arctic shrubs. Correlation and multivariate regression analyses revealed that multiple and different climate factors influenced the chronologies within and between the three sites. At the Axel Heiberg Island site, the dominant climatic influences over annual stem elongation were previous year (t-1) and current year (t) summer precipitation, while annual production of flower buds was influenced by (t) winter precipitation and spring temperature. At Bathurst Island, annual production of flower buds responded to (t-1) growing season sunshine hours and winter precipitation and to (t) late growing season temperature and moisture availability. Our analysis of the Axel Heiberg and Bathurst Island models revealed the positive influence on δ13C values of (t-1) winter temperature—and on Bathurst Island only, of (t-1) spring sunshine hours. The combined influence of these parameters on spring moisture availability suggests that the δ13C ratios varied in response to stomatal conductance. At Devon Island, the δ13C values varied in response to (t) and (t-1) spring and summer temperature and spring and fall solar radiation, which in turn influence the rate of photosynthesis. Our study supports the emerging hypothesis that Arctic shrubs are sensitive to climate. However, strong spatial variation in plant-climate response characterized our sampling sites. This variation may be linked to site sensitivity, or regional climate variability due to geographic and topographic differences, or both.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Denka, Andrzej. "Vatersehnsucht. Botho Strauß erzählt sich seine Herkunft." Studia Germanica Posnaniensia, no. 37 (April 5, 2017): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sgp.2016.37.07.

Full text

Abstract:

Botho Strauß (b. 1944), German playwright, novelist and essayist, devotes his book Herkunft [Origin] (2014) to a subtle portrait of his slightly underestimated father, who died in 1971. This sample of prose is typical of Strauss as it encompasses meditative descriptions, disquisitions, aphorisms and narrative fragments. This narration contains numerous biographical details about his father, as well as his mother and the writer himself, and it tells us a lot about his youth and cultural maturation. Strauss’ hometown, Bad Ems, provides a certain topographic point of reference here. This is a highly personal and emotional text which simultaneously exhibits all esthetic properties that characterize Strauss’ style. This text is also about the way different sensory stimuli incite our memory and how difficult it is to find a literary form adequate to reconstruct memory.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Ren, Hong, Chunyu Zhang, and Ningning Zhang. "Research on EEG-based Graphic User Interface Kansei Design Evaluation." E3S Web of Conferences 179 (2020): 02103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017902103.

Full text

Abstract:

Graphical user interface (GUI) is designed as the interaction medium between the user and the interface, and the perceptual experience of GUI design has been paid more and more attention by users. Based on the theory of perceptual engineering (KE), two groups of different visual style interfaces were taken as an example to record the EEG data when users watched two groups of visual interfaces, in order to explore the user’s perceptual imagery and perceptual experience for the visual interface. It aims to meet the user’s perceptual needs and provide an effective evaluation method and design basis for the graphical user interface design. Firstly, the EEG spectrogram and brain topographic maps were obtained by data analysis and processing. The results showed that the activity levels of the θ wave and α wave induced by the two groups of different visual style interfaces were significantly different. Secondly, this paper analyzed the user’s perceptual imagery with GUI perceptual design elements, and concluded that the perceptual design elements of GUI would affect the user’s cognitive interest and perceptual experience. GUI design should focus on the unity and coordination of perceptual design elements and perceptual imageries. Finally, it is concluded that the EEG-based perceptual design evaluation method can effectively evaluate the GUI visual interface.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Sieber, René, Remo Eichenberger, and Lorenz Hurni. "3D Carto-Graphics – Principles, Methods and Examples for Interactive Atlases." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-338-2019.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. Atlases are designed to visualize, explore and analyze topographic and thematic information in a geographic environment. As 3D data and real-time display techniques are increasingly available, a trend towards 3D atlases can be observed like the newly released Earth 3D Amazing Atlas (2017) and the Atlas of Switzerland &ndash; online (2016). While creating such interactive 3D atlases, editors are often confronted with the question: How realistic should a cartographic 3D representation look like? Can we introduce some visualization guidelines or even rules to determine the „graphic style“ of cartographic 3D elements? 3D visualizations tend to let users ask for more and more details, leading to photorealistic representations. But photorealism is mostly not suited to pin point the characteristics of a theme; obviously, a creek or a trail would hardly be recognized in a forest area. As Goralski (2009, p.3) states: “3D maps are not meant to be realistic 3D representations of the real world. As in other map types, cartographic rules of abstraction, symbolization and generalization have to be used, to assure efficient transfer of the depicted geographical information, tailored to the purpose, and suitable for the target map user.”In our presentation, we will clarify the term of 3D carto-graphics, depict principles, and describe suitable methods and corresponding techniques. In the context of the national Atlas of Switzerland, we will apply and examine these design concepts for 3D representations within the 3D mapping space (Sieber et al. 2013).A carto-graphic style for 3D is based on 2D cartographic rules (Imhof 1965) and non-photorealistic computer graphics (Doellner 2012, Bodum 2005). Principles concerning 3D modeling are fundamental for the different representational aspects. In this context, we will discuss principles such as a degree of realism, the level of visual complexity of 3D maps, the graphic quality of map elements, the 3D visualization and symbolization (Near-Far/Distance-Density problem), etc. considering dynamic and real-time applications. As an example of a 3D principle, the visualization should always originate from 3D data; thus a 2D map is a special case of a 3D map (Sieber et al. 2012).Methods and techniques of 3D modeling affect the whole 3D scene consisting of terrain/topography, and different map objects. We will present some ideas and techniques how to treat 3D topography, and objects like point symbols, charts, lines, areas and solid objects considering real-time interaction. As an example of such methods recommended in the field of 3D topography, DTMs should be based on high-resolution and smoothed TINs applying techniques of low poly height fields (Ferguson 2013). Adaptive DTM smoothing using topographic position index (TPI) and filtering techniques are also taken into consideration (Guisan et al. 1999, Kettunen et al. 2017). For appropriate relief shading, an exemplary approach using smoothing and enhance techniques is suggested (Geisthövel 2017).To illustrate the described methods and techniques, we present and discuss characteristic examples from various application fields. Examples may come from cartography, computer graphics, and even from data journalism and info-graphics. In order to demonstrate the feasibility and the usability of this approach, we plan to implement a set of 3D visualizations, which can be interacted with in real-time by means of the Virtual Globe engine of the Atlas of Switzerland &ndash; online.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Guilbaud, Marie-Noëlle, Athziri Hernández-Jiménez, Claus Siebe, and Sergio Salinas. "Las Cabras volcano, Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field, México: Topographic, climatic, and shallow magmatic controls on scoria cone eruptions." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 38, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2021.2.1645.

Full text

Abstract:

Scoria cones are abundant in most volcanic fields on Earth, such as the Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field, in the central-western sector of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. However, there are few in-depth studies on their eruptive style and controlling factors, despite of their diversity in shape and composition which implies a wide range of hazards. Here, we present results of morphologic, stratigraphic, sedimentary, petrographic, and geochemical studies of the prominent Las Cabras scoria cone located west of the Zacapu lacustrine basin in the center of the Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field. This basaltic andesitic to andesitic volcano formed between 27 and 26 kyrs BP on the steep slopes (>10º) of the lava shield of El Tule volcano. Over time, its dominant eruptive style changed from Strombolian to effusive. Initial explosive activity built a 170-m-high scoria cone and deposited thick tephra fallout on the surrounding sloping terrain. Structures in the deposits indicate that early friable fine-grained tephra underwent significant erosion due to syn-eruptive heavy rain coupled with the sloping nature of the underlying ground. This erosion generated lahars that very likely reached the Zacapu lake based on the pre-eruptive topography. As the explosivity dropped, lava was emitted from the base of the cone first to the S and SE, forming a thick, viscous lobe that filled a pre-existing E-W valley. The flow direction then deviated to the N and NE, to form thinner, less-viscous lobes fed from the vent by an open-channel. The lavas are covered by hummocks made of agglutinates and bombs that indicate that the eruption terminated by catastrophic collapse of the SE sector of the cone, possibly triggered by the intrusion of magma within the cone, which destabilized its downslope segment. The sudden flank failure was potentially associated with a late effusive event and the hummocks may have been carried away by the lava surge. Whole-rock chemical variations and crystal disequilibrium textures point toward a complex magma feeding system, involving mixing and mingling between different magma batches. This study shows that the formation of scoria cones on a terrain with a marked slope (>10°) has profound impacts on the eruption dynamics and related hazards due to its effect on cone stability and ash erosion. It also evidences the erosive effect of syn-eruptive rain on fine-grained tephra, especially when deposited on a slope. Finally, it reveals the complex magmatic processes that may occur in the shallow plumbing system of monogenetic andesitic volcanoes, which could be particularly important in inland areas of continental arcs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Tadic, Milutin, and Gordana Gavric. "Orientation of medieval churches of Morava school." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 92, no. 1 (2012): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1201185t.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper we present the mathematical and topographic analysis of orientation of the most significant churches (11) of Morava school, the last style in architecture of medieval Serbia whose executors were chief architects. The deviation from equinox East of the main axis of each church and the dates when the Sun rises on the physical horizon, in the extension of the main axis, have been calculated. These were the dates when the church could have been oriented towards the rising Sun. This possibility has been ruled out for four churches. As for the other churches, the matching of the mentioned dates with the patron?s days wasn?t established. The churches in monasteries Ljubostinja and Kalenic are oriented with astronomical precision towards equinox East, an admirable fact considering the tools available to the builders. Rade Borovic, the only chief architect who put his signature on his work, was the chief architect of Ljubostinja.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Gachev, Emil. "Periglacial landforms and the geological controlling factors: examples from the highest mountains of the Balkan Peninsula." Journal of the Bulgarian Geographical Society 44 (August 27, 2021): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jbgs.e68982.

Full text

Abstract:

Periglacial landforms are typical features of the high mountain environment on the Balkan Peninsula. Their formation and diversity is determined by climatic, topographic and geological factors. Presently active periglacial processes occur above 1700-2000 m a. s. l., while relict features are observed down to 1100-1400 m a. s. l. Among the most prominent periglacial landforms are the extensive talus screes and fans, the numerous rock glaciers (especially in Rila, Pirin, Shar and Prokletije Mountains) – considered mostly relict – and nivation features (nivation cirques, long-lasting snow patches), as well as cryo-clastuc landforms (stone seas and strips). The present study aims to focus on the importance of geological conditions (bedrock composition and structure, tectonic settings) for the diversity and style of periglacial landforms – a factor, whose role has often been underestimated. The analysis and the derived conclusions are based mainly on regional and local comparisons between the high mountains throughout the peninsula.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

MacDonald, Justin, Rosalind King, Richard Hillis, and Guillaume Backé. "Structural style of the White Pointer and Hammerhead Delta—deepwater fold-thrust belts, Bight Basin, Australia." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09029.

Full text

Abstract:

GeoScience Victoria and partners have undertaken the first detailed basin-wide study of the regional top seal in the Gippsland Basin. The Gippsland Basin is an attractive site for geological carbon storage (GCS) because of the close proximity to emission sources and the potential for large-scale storage projects. This top seal assessment involved the analysis of seal attributes (geometry, capacity and mineralogy) and empirical evidence for seal failure (soil gas geochemical anomalies, gas chimneys, hydrocarbon seepage and oil slicks). These datasets have been integrated to produce a qualitative evaluation of the containment potential for GCS, and also hydrocarbons, across the basin. Mineralogical analysis of the top seal has revealed that the Lakes Entrance Formation is principally a smectite-rich claystone. The geometry of the top seal is consistent with deposition in an early post-rift setting where marine sediments filled palaeo-topographic lows. The seal thickness and depth to seal base are greatest in the Central Deep and decrease toward the margins. There is a strong positive relationship between seal capacity column heights, seal thickness, depth to seal base and smectite content. At greater burial depths (below 700 m) and where smectite content is greater than 70%, seal capacity is increased (supportable column heights above 150 m). Natural hydrocarbon leakage and seepage onshore and offshore is correlated with fault distribution and areas of poor seal capacity. This study provides a framework for qualitatively evaluating seal potential at a basin scale. It has shown that the potential of the regional top seal over the Central Deep, Southern Terrace, central eastern Lake Wellington Depression and the southern to central near shore areas in the Seaspray Depression are most suitable for the containment of supercritical CO2. Further toward the margin of the regional seal in both onshore and offshore areas, containment of supercritical CO2 is less likely.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Batrakova, A., Y. Dorozhko, and V. Yemets. "FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION OF DIGITAL RELIEF MODEL ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF GEODESIC SURVEYING LOCATIONS." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 161 (March 26, 2021): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-1-161-104-108.

Full text

Abstract:

Topographic maps in digital and electronic forms are created on the basis of available paper topographic maps or on the basis of primary materials of geodetic surveys. Geodetic surveys are performed both by ground methods, without the use of photogrammetric materials, and on the basis of materials obtained as a result of ground phototheodolite or aerial photography. The construction of a digital terrain model is a multi-stage process, which consists of a significant number of interconnected operations performed at the stage of in-house processing of the results of geodetic measurements carried out during engineering and geodetic surveys. The quality of the final result of modeling depends on the quality of each stage of construction of a digital terrain model, so it is extremely important to pay attention to all technological processes of model construction. The digital relief model is considered as an ordered set of triangular faces constructed by the Delaunay algorithm. The main condition of this type of triangulation is that in the middle of the circle described around any triangle can not be the vertex of another triangle. Construction of a digital terrain model based on the results of geodetic surveying of the area in the general case can be divided into several stages. At the beginning, an automated construction of triangulation is performed on the basis of the results of geodetic measurements, which carry information about three-dimensional coordinates of survey points. Allotments adjust the display of horizontals. Regardless of the selected surface display style, the surface model is a grid of triangles. At the next stage of construction of the digital model of a relief carry out visual control of the created model and if necessary carry out editing of elements of a surface and change of position of edges of triangulation for change of position of horizontals. The last stage of building a digital terrain model based on the results of geodetic surveying of the area is the design of modeling results, the application of individual styles of reflection for individual areas of the surface and the creation of mountain strokes and signatures of horizontals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Barnett, Tertia, and Farès Moussa. "DMP VII: Style, symbolism and cultural identity in the Wadi al-Hayat: results of fieldwork in 2008 and 2009." Libyan Studies 40 (2009): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900004544.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis article reports on the results of the 2008 and 2009 field seasons to survey and record rock engravings in the Wadi al-Hayat. The project started in 2004 with the intention of systematically surveying a 160 km long section of the wadi, centred on the Garamantian settlement at Jarma. This was completed in 2009 in collaboration with the Desert Migrations project. Over 600 previously unrecorded engraved panels were identified in 2008–9. These appear to range in date from the early Pastoral period to the post-Garamantian period. Clear links have been noted in previous seasons in the distribution of the engravings with respect to specific topographic and cultural features. The 2008–9 survey showed that rock carvings also mark patterns of movement through the wadi, and that these patterns appear to shift over time between the Pastoral and post-Garmantian periods. Some of the areas investigated provide relatively easy access into the Wadi al-Hayat from the south and may have represented important corridors for the migration of people and animals for thousands of years.In tandem with the systematic survey, a targeted survey of selected Late Pastoral and Garamantian cemetery and settlement sites was undertaken during the 2008 season. No positive relationship was found between rock engravings and Garamantian burial or settlement sites. However, a definite association was demonstrated between rock art and Late Pastoral burials and temporary camp sites.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Duménieu, Bertrand, Julien Chadeyron, Pascal Cristofoli, Julien Perret, Laurence Jolivet, and Stéphane Baciocchi. "Engraved footprints from the past. Retrieving cartographic geohistorical data from the Cassini Carte de France, 1750–1789." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-68-2019.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. Antique maps are full of engraved geohistorical features. They provide representations of past states of the geographical space and are favored by historians and social scientists for their uniqueness and coherence. Working on a GIS dedicated to the history of the French territory, we extracted spatial information from the Cassini Carte de France (full name Carte Générale & Particulière de la France) as vector data. Based on the first geodetic survey of France [1, 4], this well-known and monumental map has been drawn on 182 paper sheets of size 610&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;955&thinsp;mm at the scale of 1:86,400 or 1 line for 100~toises (1 inch to 1.36 miles). It depicts the French territory with fine-grained information about populated and named places, settlements, landscape features, hydrographic, ecclesiastical and road networks [3, 5, 6, 7]. As a case study, the sheet numbered 52 provided more than 6 800 spatial footprints that we have stored as a geographic database. Following the distinction made by Cassini himself between “geometric” and “topographic” entities, our geographical database is composed of two families of data, namely Triangulated Geographical Entities (“geometric” entities in Cassini’s own terms) whose geodetic properties are partly documented and Relative Geographical Entities (“topographic” in Cassini’s terms) which are dependent on and located relative to the former (Fig. 1). Those entities are analytically distinct but come together from a single artifact: the primary source they are engraved in during the mapmaking process. Because this process of embeddedness is not fully documented, retrieving both classes of entities called for a cautious cartographic visualisation with similar semiological rules and aesthetics as the original historical map (Fig. 2). This “Cassini map style” preserves the cartographic properties of the geohistorical data extracted from this primary source: generalisation, scale, spatial granularity and the overall intentions of the mapmakers [2]. Often neglected, such properties are constitutive components and dimensions of the mapping style which forms the context and gives crucial information on the accuracy and the relationships between geo-historical data enclosed in. Our poster provides a renewed cartographic visualisation of the sheet 52nd sheet of the Carte de France, centred on the french cities of Clermont, Riom and Thiers. It reveals unnoticed cartographic entities that were hardly legible in the original map. The historiography of cartography has been largely, and for a long time, based on critical edition of old maps published as non-georeferenced facsimile . We propose to renew this approach by producing digital maps from vector geographic databases that combine the aesthetics and semiology of old map styles with the modelling capabilities of modern GIS.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Bagaturiya, Georgy Otarovich, and Anna Anatolievna Pashko. "At the root of SPbSPMU: by memory of the founder of the Department of Operational surgery and topographic anatomy prof. F. I. Valker." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 6, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped64154-159.

Full text

Abstract:

This article is about a scientist, a surgeon, an anatomist, a founder of the doctrine of the development of organs and systems of human after birth. It is based on archival and printed sources. His role as an important organizer, founder and a head of the department of operative surgery and topographic anatomy of the Leningrad Pediatric Medical Institute is mentioned. He was the closest student and a follower of of Professor V. N. Shevkunenko he made a significant contribution to the study of the morphological features of organs and systems during humans postnatal development. His outstanding abilities as an organizer and teacher are shown on the example of a creation of the department of operative surgery in Tashkent Medical Institute and in Leningrad Pediatric Institute, and also on being an acting head of the department of operative surgery and topographic anatomy at the Military Medical Academy during evacuation in the time of the Great Patriotic War, and participating in the organization of assistance to the wounded solders during the Civil, the Finnish wars. His style of teaching, the principles on which he built his relationship with colleagues, students, doctors, and his role in educating of a whole generation of well known scientists and teachers is shown. A large number of anatomical facts of the development of organs and systems of human, obtained by F. I. Valker was summed up in his life's work: "Development of a human after birth" (1951). The evolution of the postnatal development of the nervous, cardiovascular and urinary systems, as well as respiratory and digestive systems is shown in this big work. This doctrine is still of a practical an theoretical importance for doctors of many specialties, especially pediatricians and pediatric surgeons.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Thompson Jobe, Jessica Ann, Belle Philibosian, Colin Chupik, Timothy Dawson, Scott E. K. Bennett, Ryan Gold, Christopher DuRoss, et al. "Evidence of Previous Faulting along the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, Earthquake Ruptures." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 4 (July 21, 2020): 1427–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200041.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT The July 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes in southeastern California were characterized as surprising by some, because only ∼35% of the rupture occurred on previously mapped faults. Employing more detailed inspection of pre-event high-resolution topography and imagery in combination with field observations, we document evidence of active faulting in the landscape along the entire fault system. Scarps, deflected drainages, and lineaments and contrasts in topography, vegetation, and ground color demonstrate previous slip on a dense network of orthogonal faults, consistent with patterns of ground surface rupture observed in 2019. Not all of these newly mapped fault strands ruptured in 2019. Outcrop-scale field observations additionally reveal tufa lineaments and sheared Quaternary deposits. Neotectonic features are commonly short (<2 km), discontinuous, and display en echelon patterns along both the M 6.4 and M 7.1 ruptures. These features are generally more prominent and better preserved outside the late Pleistocene lake basins. Fault expression may also be related to deformation style: scarps and topographic lineaments are more prevalent in areas where substantial vertical motion occurred in 2019. Where strike-slip displacement dominated in 2019, the faults are mainly expressed by less prominent tonal and vegetation features. Both the northeast- and northwest-trending active-fault systems are subparallel to regional bedrock fabrics that were established as early as ∼150 Ma, and may be reactivating these older structures. Overall, we estimate that 50%–70% (i.e., an additional 15%–35%) of the 2019 surface ruptures could have been recognized as active faults with detailed inspection of pre-earthquake data. Similar detailed mapping of potential neotectonic features could help improve seismic hazard analyses in other regions of eastern California and elsewhere that likely have distributed faulting or incompletely mapped faults. In areas where faults cannot be resolved as single throughgoing structures, we recommend a zone of potential faulting should be used as a hazard model input.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Owen, Lewis A., Robert C. Finkel, Patrick L. Barnard, Ma Haizhou, Katsuhiko Asahi, Marc W. Caffee, and Edward Derbyshire. "Climatic and topographic controls on the style and timing of Late Quaternary glaciation throughout Tibet and the Himalaya defined by 10Be cosmogenic radionuclide surface exposure dating." Quaternary Science Reviews 24, no. 12-13 (July 2005): 1391–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.014.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Kamitova, Alevtina Vasilevna, and Tatyana Ivanovna Zaitseva. "ARTISTIC ASSIMILATION OF THE WORLD IN THE ESSAY PROSE OF M. G. ATAMANOV (BASED ON THE BOOK “I AM UDMURT. WHY DOES IT HURT?”)." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 14, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2020-14-3-459-464.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper reflects the specificity of the fundamental ideas of the artistic world of M. G. Atamanov, which includes a wide range of literary facts from the content level of the text of the works to their poetics. A particularly important role in the works of M. G. Atamanov is played by cross-cutting themes and images that reflect the author's individual style and his idea of national-ethnic identity. The subject of the research is the book of essays “Mon - Udmurt. Maly mynym vös’?” (“I am Udmurt. Why does it hurt?”), which most vividly reflected the main spiritual and artistic searches of M. G. Atamanov, associated with his ideas about the Udmurt people. The main motives and plots of the works included in the book under consideration are accumulated around the concept of “Udmurtness”. The comprehension of “Udmurtness” is modeled in his essays through specific leit themes: native language, Udmurt people, national culture, mentality, geographic and topographic features of the Udmurt people’ places of residence, the Orthodox idea. The “Udmurt theme” is recognized and comprehended by the writer through the prism of national identity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Beyazıt, Deniz. "Defining Ottoman Realism in the Uppsala Mecca Painting." Muqarnas Online 37, no. 1 (October 6, 2020): 209–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-00371p08.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This article analyzes a little-known painting of the sanctuary at Mecca in the Uppsala University Library, Sweden—one of the most sophisticated depictions of its kind. Datable to ca. 1700 and attributable to Cairo, the painting is among the earliest known depictions of the Holy Places in an illusionistic style with a bird’s-eye view, composed according to linear perspective. With minutely rendered details accompanied by more than seventy inscriptions, the work functions as an early map of Mecca. The Uppsala Mecca painting exemplifies the complexity of artistic exchange between Europe and the Ottoman world, which yielded highly original results. This discussion sheds light on the long, hybrid journey of Ottoman art towards realism, applied to a large-scale topographic landscape composition. The work marks a turning point in the history of Mecca painting and served as a model for European prints, through which the imagery spread all the way to East Asia. This study attempts to unravel the mysterious origins of the painting in the context of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Egypt and the power struggles to control Egypt, the Hijaz, and the Hajj.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Goto, Hideaki, Kohsaku Arai, and Taichi Sato. "Topographic Anaglyphs from Detailed Digital Elevation Models Covering Inland and Seafloor for the Tectonic Geomorphology Studies in and around Yoron Island, Ryukyu Arc, Japan." Geosciences 8, no. 10 (September 29, 2018): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8100363.

Full text

Abstract:

Anaglyphs produced using a digital elevation model (DEM) are effective to identify the characteristic tectono–geomorphic features. The objective of this study is to reinvestigate the tectonic geomorphology and to present novel tectonic maps of the late Quaternary in and around the Yoron island based on the interpretation of extensive topographical anaglyphs along the map areas that cover the inland and seafloor. Vintage aerial photographs are used to produce the 3-m mesh inland digital surface model (DSM); further, the 0.6-s to 2-s-mesh seafloor DEM is processed using the cloud point data generated through previous surveys. Thus, we identify anticlinal deformation on both the Pleistocene marine terrace and the seafloor to the north of the island. The deformation axis extends in a line and is parallel to the general trend of the island shelf. The Tsujimiya fault cuts the marine terraces, which extend to the Yoron basin’s seafloor. If we assume that the horizontal compressive stress axis is perpendicular to the island shelf, these properties can easily explain the distribution and style of the active faults and deformation. This study presents an effective methodology to understand the island arc tectonics, especially in case of small isolated islands.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Tenzer, Robert, Mohammad Bagherbandi, Lars E. Sjöberg, and Pavel Novák. "Isostatic Crustal Thickness Under The Tibetan Plateau And Himalayas From Satellite Gravity Gradiometry Data." Earth Sciences Research Journal 19, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n2.44574.

Full text

Abstract:

The global gravity and crustal models are used in this study to determine the regional Moho model. For this purpose, we solve the Vening Meinesz-Moritz’s (VMM) inverse problem of isostasy de ned in terms of the isostatic gravity gradient. The functional relation between the Moho depth and the second-order radial derivative of the VMM isostatic potential is formulated by means of the (linearized) Fredholm integral equation of the rst kind. Methods for a spherical harmonic analysis and synthesis of the gravity eld and crustal structure models are applied to evaluate the gravity gradient corrections and the respective corrected gravity gradient, taking into consideration major known density structures within the Earth’s crust (while mantle heterogeneities are disregarded). The resulting gravity gradient is compensated isostatically based on applying the VMM scheme. The VMM inverse problem for finding the Moho depths is solved iteratively. The regularization is applied to stabilize the ill-posed solution. The global geopotential model GOCO-03s, the global topographic/bathymetric model DTM2006.0 and the global crustal model CRUST1.0 are used to generate the VMM isostatic gravity gradient with a spectral resolution complete to a spherical harmonic degree of 250. The VMM inverse scheme is used to determine the regional isostatic crustal thickness beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas (compiled on a 1x1 arc-deg grid). The differences between the isostatic and seismic Moho models are modeled and subsequently corrected for by applying the non-isostatic correction. Our results show that the regional gravity gradient inversion can model realistically the relative Moho geometry, while the solution contains a systematic bias. We explain this bias by more localized information on the Earth’s inner structure in the gravity gradient eld compared to the potential or gravity fields. Espesor isostático de la corteza bajo la meseta tibetana y los Himalayas a partir de datos satelitales de gradiente gravitatoria ResumenEste estudio utiliza los modelos globales de gravedad y de espesor de la corteza para determinar un modelo regional de la discontinuidad de Mohorovičić (Moho). Con este fin se resolvió el problema inverso de isostasia Vening Meinesz-Moritz (VMM) de nido en términos de gradiente gravitatoria isostática. La relación funcional entre la profundidad de la Moho y la derivación radial de segundo orden del potencial isostático VMM fue formulado a través de la ecuación integral Fredholm de primera clase. Se aplicaron métodos para el análisis esférico armónico y para la síntesis del campo gravitacional, y los modelos de estructura de corteza para evaluar las correcciones de gradiente gravitatoria y el respectivo gradiente gravitatorio corregido, considerando el conocimiento de las principales densidades de la estructura al interior de la corteza de la Tierra (las heterogenidades del manto fueron ignoradas). El gradiente gravitatorio resultante se compensó isostáticamente con la aplicación del esquema VVM. Se resolvió reiterativamente el problema inverso VVM para encontrar las profundidades de la discontinuidad Moho. Se aplicó la regularización para estabilizar la solución planteada. El modelo geopotencial global GOCO-03s, el modelo global topográfico/batimetrico DTM2006.0 y el modelo global de la corteza CRUST 1.0 permitieron generar el gradiente gravitacional isostático VVM con una resolución espectral completa a un grado esférico armonioso de 250. A través del esquema inverso VMM se determinó el espesor isostático regional bajo la meseta Tibetana y los Himalayas (compilada en una cuadrícula de 1x1 grados sexagesimales). Las diferencias entre los modelos isostático y sísmico de la Moho fueron modeladas y corregidas con la aplicación de la corrección no isostática. Los resultados muestran que la inversión del gradiente gravitatorio puede modelar realísticamente la geometría de la Moho, a pesar que la solución contiene una desviación sistemática. Esta inclinación se explica por la información estructural interna de la Tierra en el campo del gradiente gravitatorio comparado con el potencial gravitatorio.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Schenk, Paul M., and Jeffrey M. Moore. "Topography and geology of Uranian mid-sized icy satellites in comparison with Saturnian and Plutonian satellites." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2187 (November 9, 2020): 20200102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0102.

Full text

Abstract:

Newly processed global imaging and topographic mapping of Uranus's five major satellites reveal differences and similarities to mid-sized satellites at Saturn and Pluto. Three modes of internal heat redistribution are recognized. The broad similarity of Miranda's three oval resurfacing zones to those mapped on Enceladus and (subtly) on Dione are likely due to antipodal diapiric upwelling. Conversely, break-up and foundering of crustal blocks accompanied by extensive (cryo)volcanism is the dominant mode on both Charon and Ariel. Titania's fault network finds parallels on Rhea, Dione, Tethys and possibly Oberon. Differences in the geologic style of resurfacing in the satellite systems (e.g. plains on Charon, Dione, Tethys and perhaps Titania versus ridges on Miranda and Ariel) may be driven by differences in ice composition. Surface processes such as volatile transport may also be indicated by bright and dark materials on Oberon, Umbriel and Charon. The more complete and higher quality observations of the Saturnian and Plutonian mid-sized icy satellites by Cassini and New Horizons reveal a wealth of features and phenomena that cannot be perceived in the more limited Voyager coverage of the Uranian satellites, harbingers of many discoveries awaiting us on a return to Uranus. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Future exploration of ice giant systems'.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Gröbe, Mathias, and Dirk Burghardt. "Developing and Evaluating Multi-Scale Map Styles: Creating a Multi-Scale Legend." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 13, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-100-2019.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. In recent years, the usage of zoomable maps strongly increased. The development of small and cheap electronic devices with wireless internet connection such as smartphones and tablets has made maps nowadays to a crucial part of everyday life. For the navigation and orientation, the user often uses zoomable maps (Muehlenhaus, 2014). Currently the technological development controls the map design and less cartographic design rules, which leads to the impress those current maps have a lower graphic quality. A sample for this trend is the new vector tile based maps, which offer the advantage of rotatable, multilingual maps build on one database (Martinelli and Roth, 2016). There is a need for the development of cartographic design guidelines to guarantee consistent map readability over all zoom levels. The infinitely zoomable maps especially vector maps intensify this development. Analog maps had one specific scale, while a series of topographic maps were offered in manageable number of scales in comparison to OpenStreetMaps 20 zoom levels for raster tiles (Anon, 2019). Raster web maps had a number of predefined zoom levels, while vector maps offer the possibility of continuous zooming. This fact clarifies the requirement of research and development of rules for such types of maps. A first important task for the fulfilment of this objective is the evaluation of a multi-scale map styles. For this task, we developed the concept of a multi-scale legend. This new tool should help cartographers and designer to create, modify and improve multi-scale map styles. It can help to explore existing map styles, identify inconsistencies and support the design process. We decided to use the legend due to the abstraction of the map style from map content. For visualization of the scale-dependencies for each feature in a row, the scale/zoom level changes in each column. In combination with other map features and zoom levels results a two-dimensional matrix showing the scale-dependent visualization. This legend matrix shows the map features in every zoom level, which allows reaching an overview of the symbolization of features over several scales. In this way, it is possible to check how consistent a map style is in one zoom level as well as over a set of zoom levels. Figure 1 shows an example for a legend matrix using the OpenStreetMap Carto style: the representation of selected water bodies depending on the scale is illustrated. Streams and springs always occur together within the same zoom levels. In contrast to the rivers, the width of the streams remains nearly constant across the different scales. It is also visible that the color for the spring differs from the other water features. A multi-scale legend offers the possibility of grouping feature classes by topics (e.g. water bodies, vegetation and road network) as in the example. Other possibilities are geometry, color or occurrence in similar zoom levels. This can help in the search for errors, in the identification of breaks in the symbolization and in the development of continuous symbolization. The result is similar but more illustrative than the ScaleMaster (Brewer and Buttenfield, 2007, 2010), which is a diagram describing how feature classes are visualized depending from scale. Benefits of this legend are clarification of scale depended visualizations and the graphic implementation of design guidelines. A challenge is the implementation for different map styles due to the associated effort and the resulting sometimes very large overviews. An on-going technological development takes place, wherefore cartographers should upgrade the design guidelines and methods for the production of current technological, well-looking maps. With the multi-scale legend, we provided a smart legend for a zoomable map. Nevertheless, these new ideas we have developed need more research and should always take the map purpose in account. Further, we would like to apply the multi-scale legend on existing map styles to reach more information about how these styles are working. In addition, we will further develop the multi-scale legend to a documentation of the creation of the map, showing how data is generalized and visualized.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Di Traglia, Federico, Sonia Calvari, Luca D'Auria, Teresa Nolesini, Alessandro Bonaccorso, Alessandro Fornaciai, Antonietta Esposito, Antonio Cristaldi, Massimiliano Favalli, and Nicola Casagli. "The 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli: New Insights from In Situ and Remote-Sensing Measurements." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2018): 2035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10122035.

Full text

Abstract:

In situ and remote-sensing measurements have been used to characterize the run-up phase and the phenomena that occurred during the August–November 2014 flank eruption at Stromboli. Data comprise videos recorded by the visible and infrared camera network, ground displacement recorded by the permanent-sited Ku-band, Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBInSAR) device, seismic signals (band 0.02–10 Hz), and high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) reconstructed based on Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and tri-stereo PLEIADES-1 imagery. This work highlights the importance of considering data from in situ sensors and remote-sensing platforms in monitoring active volcanoes. Comparison of data from live-cams, tremor amplitude, localization of Very-Long-Period (VLP) source and amplitude of explosion quakes, and ground displacements recorded by GBInSAR in the crater terrace provide information about the eruptive activity, nowcasting the shift in eruptive style of explosive to effusive. At the same time, the landslide activity during the run-up and onset phases could be forecasted and tracked using the integration of data from the GBInSAR and the seismic landslide index. Finally, the use of airborne and space-borne DEMs permitted the detection of topographic changes induced by the eruptive activity, allowing for the estimation of a total volume of 3.07 ± 0.37 × 106 m3 of the 2014 lava flow field emplaced on the steep Sciara del Fuoco slope.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Smallman, Harvey S., Maia B. Cook, Daniel I. Manes, and Michael B. Cowen. "Naïve Realism in Terrain Appreciation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 19 (October 2007): 1317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705101908.

Full text

Abstract:

Previously, we have shown that shaded perspective view (“3-D”) displays are better for understanding the shape and rough layout of terrain than conventional 2-D views. We have coined the term Naïve Realism for users' misplaced, blanket faith in these 3-D displays (Smallman & St. John, 2005). There are hints in the individual difference literature that those of low spatial ability may be particularly prone to Naïve Realism. Here, we integrate these notions to test several theoretical predictions and to develop a new terrain simplification concept. Thirty-three participants had their spatial ability and problem-solving style measured. Then participants predicted which displays would, and then did, best support them in performing a task of threading a concealed route through realistic terrain. Depth relief (shading vs. topographic lines), viewing angle (90° vs. 45°) and terrain fidelity (high/unfiltered sharp vs. low/spatially smoothed) were all varied. Of the eight display combinations, Naïve Realism correctly predicted the greatest preference for the highest fidelity, realistic 3-D view (sharp, shaded, 45°). Yet the routing task was best performed with lower fidelity views. Spatially filtering terrain unmasks canyons and other gross terrain features, enabling them to pop-out more easily. Individuals of high spatial ability had better task performance and better calibrated their post-task display preferences, suggesting they are generally more savvy about the ways that display format affects their performance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Stahl, T. A., N. A. Niemi, M. P. Bunds, J. Andreini, and J. D. Wells. "Paleoseismic patterns of Quaternary tectonic and magmatic surface deformation in the eastern Basin and Range, USA." Geosphere 16, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02156.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The competing contributions of tectonic and magmatic processes in accommodating continental extension are commonly obscured by a lack of on-fault paleoseismic information. This is especially true of the Sevier Desert, located at the eastern margin of the Basin and Range in central Utah (USA), where surface-rupturing faults are spatially associated with both regional detachment faults and Quaternary volcanism. Here, we use high-resolution topographic surveys (terrestrial lidar scans and real-time kinematic GPS), terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (10Be and 3He) exposure dating, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and new neotectonic mapping to distinguish between modes of faulting and extension in a transect across the Sevier Desert. In the western Sevier Desert, the House Range and Cricket Mountains faults each have evidence of a single surface-rupturing earthquake in the last 20–30 k.y. and have time-integrated slip and extension rates of <0.1 and ∼0.05 mm yr−1, respectively, since ca. 15–30 ka. These rates are similar to near-negligible modern geodetic extension estimates. Despite relatively low geologic, paleoseismic, and modern extension rates, both faults show evidence of contributing to the long-term growth of topographic relief and the structural development of the region. In the eastern Sevier Desert, the intrabasin Tabernacle, Pavant, and Deseret fault systems show markedly different surface expressions and behavior from the range-bounding normal faults farther west. Pleistocene to Holocene extension rates on faults in the eastern Sevier Desert are >10× higher than those on their western counterparts. Faults here are co-located with Late Pleistocene to Holocene volcanic centers, have events temporally clustered around the timing of Pleistocene volcanism in at least one instance, and have accommodated extension ∼2×–10× above geodetic and long-term geologic rates. We propose a model whereby Pliocene to recent extension in the Sevier Desert is spatially partitioned into an eastern magma-assisted rifting domain, characterized by transient episodes of higher extension rates during volcanism, and a western tectonic-dominated domain, characterized by slower-paced faulting in the Cricket Mountains and House Range and more typical of the “Basin and Range style” that continues westward into Nevada. The Sevier Desert, with near-complete exposure and the opportunity to utilize a range of geophysical instrumentation, provides a globally significant laboratory for understanding the different modes of faulting in regions of continental extension.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Graham, A. J. "Thasos: the topography of the ancient city." Annual of the British School at Athens 95 (November 2000): 301–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824540000469x.

Full text

Abstract:

The recently published ‘Stele from the Harbour’ of Thasos provides important new evidence for the topography of the ancient city. Some streets and other topographical features are named or described. There are many problems, however, in locating these features on the ground. These problems are fully discussed and some new solutions are proposed. At the same time, the new evidence bears on several difficult and unresolved topographical questions, which have long engaged the attention of students of Thasos. These questions are, therefore, reconsidered here. Finally, the important evidence for the topography of the city, which is found in the Hippocratean Epidemics, is fully set out for the first time, and discussed in relation to the archaeological evidence.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Courjault-Radé, Pierre, Marguerite Munoz, and Nicolas Hirissou. "Geological caracterisation of plots belonging to the Gaillac vineyard (Tarn, Midi-Pyrénées) - consequences on the determination of Basic Terroir Units (BTU) and the choice of vegetative material." OENO One 39, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2005.39.3.893.

Full text

Abstract:

Detailed geological analyses of plots belonging to the «AOC Gaillac» area have been carried out in order to adress one of the main natural component ruling the terroir effect process. These plots belong to terraces of the left bank of the Tarn river which coincides with one of the three main terroirs of the AOC area. Precisely, the analysed plots are localised on the rissian-aged (Å 200 000 yrs B.P.) terrace composed of alluvial shelves crosscut by small valleys where the Oligocen (ca. 28 My) marly molassic basement outcrops. Three different Basic Terroir Units (BTU) have been identified : terrace shelf, terrace slope and comb. Each of them has specific viticultural potentialities related to its topographical, geological and pedological characteristics. Representative profiles have been analysed in each BTU. Field analysis has evidenced that all rocks material have derived from Rissian alluvial deposits due to solifluxion processes when part of the alluvial material deposited on the terrace shelf has slept onto the slope overlying the marly Oligocen molassic basement. This solifluxion phase has taken place during the late-glacial Würmian climatic oscillations interval (Böllering-Alerod episode ca. 12,000 years BP). Afterwards, during the Holocene period (i.e. the last 10,000 years) the alluvial-derived material has suffered pedogenetic alteration. The nature of the resulting alterites depends on the initial topographic situation inherited from the late-Würmian solifluxion phase. On to the terrace shelf the soil sequence begins by a reddish clayey horizon (up to 0, 6m) because of the erosion of the eluvial horizon during the last 10,000 years. It is followed by a thick (Å 1m average) reddish coarse-pebble horizon rich in clays and iron oxydes. On the terrace slope, characteristics luvisols have developped composed by an eluvial silty-sandy horizon (up to 0.60 m) overlying an illuvial pebble-sand level (up to 3m) where clays and ferrous oxydes are moderatly accumulated. Finaly, the thick (> 2m) dark silts and clays sequence (with scattered gravels and small pebbles) of the comb derive from the deposition of eroded soil material of the above terrace shelf and slope units (colluvium).On the basis of the role of high qualitative limiting factor played by the water stress parameter such as quality of drainage, permeability of soils, the down-side slope terrace unit appears as the most appropriate unit because of its slope gradient combined with the occurrence of a thick permeable pebble-sand sequence. Finally, combination of physical and chemical results - acidic pH and very low CEC - permits to recommand the Gravesac rootstock adapted to well-drained acidic soils and Syrah/Fer Servadou climatic-adapted grapevine varieties as the most suitable vegetative material. In addition, the knowledge of the geological component at the scale ot the basic units allows for the adaptation of some cultural practices in order to enhance the viticultural potentialities of the plots. In order to encourage the vine's roots to dig deep and reach the sandy-pebbles horizon, two cultural possibilities are proposed: inter-row grassing associated with the « inter-plant » method or earthing down under the row associated with inter-row ploughing. The choice will depends on the soil erosion amplitude if the inter-row ploughing method is used.The analysis demonstrate the efficiency of detailed geological survey using BTU concept as an operational tool. Further, it enhances that the geological component can be regarded as an amplification point of the terroir system as any alteration - even of minor importance - of the geological parameters, may have noticeable consequences on the resulting terroir effect.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Glasser, N. F., T. A. Scambos, J. Bohlander, M. Truffer, E. Pettit, and B. J. Davies. "From ice-shelf tributary to tidewater glacier: continued rapid recession, acceleration and thinning of Röhss Glacier following the 1995 collapse of the Prince Gustav Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 203 (2011): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311796905578.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractWe use optical (ASTER and Landsat) and radar (ERS-1 and ERS-2) satellite imagery to document changes in the Prince Gustav Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, and its tributary glaciers before and after its January 1995 collapse. The satellite image record captures the transition from an ice-shelf glacier system to a tidewater glacial system and the subsequent rapid retreat and inferred ‘fatal’ negative mass balances that occur as lower glacier elevations lead to higher ablation and tidewater-style calving collapse. Pre-1995 images show that the central ice shelf was fed primarily by Sjögren Glacier flowing from the Antarctic Peninsula and by Röhss Glacier flowing from James Ross Island. Numerous structural discontinuities (rifts and crevasses) and melt ponds were present on the ice shelf before the collapse. After the ice shelf collapsed, Röhss Glacier retreated rapidly, becoming a tidewater glacier in 2002 and receding a total of ∼15 km between January 2001 and March 2009, losing >70% of its area. Topographic profiles of Röhss Glacier from ASTER-derived digital elevation models show a thinning of up to ∼150 m, and surface speeds increased up to ninefold (0.1–0.9 m d−1) over the same period. The rates of speed increase and elevation loss, however, are not monotonic; both rates slowed between late 2002 and 2005, accelerated in 2006 and slowed again in 2008–09. We conclude that tributary glaciers react to ice-shelf removal by rapid (if discontinuous) recession, and that the response of tidewater glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula to ice-shelf removal occurs over timescales ranging from sub-annual to decadal.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Belozerova, Natalia N. "Human internal organs as a possible and textual world." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2019-5-2-20-34.

Full text

Abstract:

Ever since Shakespeare had sent a fat king to go a progress through the guts of a lean beggar [31] human internal organs started to serve as a textual locus in fiction and non-fiction, or a subject in a possible world. Their presentation varies depending upon the purpose, the form and the style of writing, semiotic modalities of their exposition, as well as the epistemological development of knowledge. These varieties come under the umbrella property known as “the possibility of the impossible” [12]. In such possible world a cat can walk in the brain as if it were his apartments [3], or together with children travel through the whole system of human internal organs [9], or a concerto could be designed for neurons and synapses [22]. In scientific articles, a textual world takes the form of topographic maps and models, including semantic distribution [11]. With this in the mind, we state the purpose for this paper to classify the types of textual “chronotops” (in a Bakhtinian sense [2]) that characterize fictional and nonfictional loci of human internal organs. We also aim at stating the type of dependences that provide narrative shapes to a possible world inside a human body. For the analyses we attract among others M. Bakhtin’s theories of the “carnival poetics” and “Chronotop” [2], and Yu. Lotman’s theories of “semiotic textualization” [18] and “semantic intersection” [19]. We state as our hypotheses that a blend of epistemological knowledge, personal involvement of the authors into any sort of scientific experiment and an educational goal determine the type of the deixis or “chronotop”, the major semiotic modality being “SAVOIR”-TO KNOW (in the Greimasian sense).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Visintini, D., E. Marcon, G. Pantò, E. P. Canevese, T. De Gottardo, and I. Bertani. "ADVANCED 3D MODELING VERSUS BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING: THE CASE STUDY OF PALAZZO ETTOREO IN SACILE (ITALY)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 5, 2019): 1137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-1137-2019.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. This paper presents an experience of 3D modeling starting from laser scanning data and following two alternative approaches: the first one, called “Advanced 3D modeling”, based on an original meshing algorithm, while the second make use of Revit BIM software.The case study in Palace Ettoreo in Sacile (Pordenone, Italy), constructed in Renaissance Venetian style in the 16th century: it has a trapezoid plan and is developed on three floors, with the ground one endowing a portico on two façades.The palace has been surveyed by two terrestrial laser scanners: a Riegl Z420i for 5 external scans and a FARO Photon 120 for 53 internal scans; also a topographic surveying of 270 targets have been carried out. The final TLS cloud has 1,4 billions of points.The Advanced 3D modeling has produced a “smart” mesh, allowing also to model the elements with deformations (out of plumb, bulges and troughs). Moreover, this model drastically reduce the stored data: the whole palace is modeled by 111.496 polygons only.The modeling with Revit follows the classical flowchart where the principal architectonical elements are gradually composed: this HBIM process has required a strong manual work in exploiting the available parametric objects and/or in the definition of new objects.Comparing the two models with respect the points cloud, both have evidenced advantages and limitations: therefore, the best solution is a process involving their combination. At the beginning, the Advanced 3D modeling is performed onto the points cloud, so well exploiting the segmentation tools and the smart meshing of the surfaces preserving any geometrical irregularity. Such obtained model allows metrical and morphological evaluation on the various structural and architectonical elements. Afterwards, this very light model becomes the entry data for the modeling in BIM environment, where also the shape of irregular elements are so imported.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Kent, Alexander J. "The Soviet Military Plan of Tokyo (1966)." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-169-2019.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. As part of its secret Cold War mapping programme, the Soviet Union produced detailed plans of over 2,000 towns and cities within foreign territories around the globe. Some of these maps were made available for the first time in 1993 at the 16th International Cartographic Conference in Cologne, Germany, via a Latvian map dealer who discovered them at an abandoned depot outside Riga as the Red Army withdrew. However, Soviet city plans have only recently become the topic of cartographic research, which has provided some insights into aspects of their production, accuracy and purpose, that continue to have relevance for mapping diverse urban environments today.This paper focuses on the city plan of Tokyo, which comprises four sheets and was produced by the General Staff of the Soviet Union in 1966. Street names are transcribed to allow phonetic pronunciation and the plan identifies almost 400 important objects (from factories to hospitals), which are described in a numbered list. Although the street-level detail of the plan is produced according to a standard specification and symbology, it adopts an uncommon scale of 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;20,000 (with contours at 5-metre intervals) and incorporates an unusual and transitory cartographic style in the history of the series.In addition to highlighting the main features of the plan and exploring some possible sources, this paper interprets the wider context of the Soviet military plans of Japanese towns and cities (over 90 are known to have been mapped during the Cold War). Aside from their historical significance, it suggests how understanding the city plans can reveal how problems of the design and portrayal of detailed topographic information may be overcome through their unfamiliar, yet comprehensive, cartographic language.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Spry, T. B., and I. Ward. "THE GWYDION DISCOVERY: A NEW PLAY FAIRWAY IN THE BROWSE BASIN." APPEA Journal 37, no. 1 (1997): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj96005.

Full text

Abstract:

The Gwydion-1 oil and gas discovery well is located in exploration permit WA-239-P on the sparsely explored Yampi Shelf area of the Browse Basin. The Gwydion feature was first recognised as a series of stacked seismic amplitude anomalies, which were interpreted to represent hydrocarbon-bearing Barremian to Albian age shallow marine sandstones draped over a prominent basement high. Amplitude versus offset analysis and modelling supported this interpretation.Gwydion-1 was spudded on 4th June, 1995, and discovered three gas bearing zones and one oil and gas bearing zone. The lowermost zone is Barremian to Hauterivian in age and consists of 12.6 m of net gas-filled glauconitic sand overlying a 9.5 m net oil-filled quartz sand. The three overlying hydrocarbon zones consist of glauconitic reservoirs of Barremian to Albian age.The play fairway for Gwydion-style traps has been named as the Echuca/Swan-Bathurst Island Group/Shelfal Play Fairway. It comprises mature Swan Group and Echuca Shoals Formation source rocks, and Bathurst Island Group reservoirs and seals. The limits of the play fairway on the shelf are controlled by the existence of topographic relief in the underlying basement metasediments. Migration pathway analysis suggests that the eastern margin of the Browse Basin is favourably situated to receive charge from the mature source rocks within the basin.The dominant northwesterly dip of the strata on the Yampi Shelf limits the potential for structural traps. Accordingly, a thorough understanding of the sequence stratigraphic architecture of the succession is necessary in order to generate the stratigraphic play concepts which hold the bulk of the prospectivity in the area.Gwydion-1 was plugged and abandoned as an uneconomic oil and gas discovery. It was, however, significant as it validated a new play type and generated renewed interest in the eastern margin of the Browse Basin for the first time since the mid 1970s; an area previously thought to be too shallow, too far from mature source and lacking reliable seal.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

GIS, Wojciech, Jacek PIELECHA, Jerzy MERKISZ, Stanisław KRUCZYŃSKI, and Maciej GIS. "Determining the route for the purpose light vehicles testing in Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-311.

Full text

Abstract:

In the regulations concerning approval of light vehicles starting from September 2019 it will be necessary to conduct exhaust emis-sions tests both on a chassis dynamometer and for real driving emissions. It is a legislative requirement set forth in EU regulations for the purpose of the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) procedure. To decide on the RDE route for the purpose of the LV exhaust emissions tests many requirements must be fulfilled, regarding for ex-ample external temperature and the topographic height of the tests, driving style (driving dynamic parameters), trip duration, length of respective test sections (urban, rural, motorway, etc.). The works on outlining RDE routes are continued across the country in various research centres. Specifying the RDE route for test purposes, i.e. works in which the authors of this article are actively involved, has become a major challenge for future approval surveys concerning the assessment of hazardous emissions from light vehicles and for development studies focusing on – for example – the consumption of energy in electric and hybrid vehicles. The vehicle load was consistent with the requirements of the standard and included the aforesaid measurement device, the driver and the operator of PEMS. The tests were carried out on working days. The streets and roads used for the tests were hard-surfaced. Meas-urements were performed in accordance with the requirements of RDE packages (Package 1–4), i.e. taking into account – among others the engine cold start. The article discusses the method of outlining the test route fulfilling the specific requirements for RDE testing. Chosen results of ex-haust emissions from a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine along the defined RDE test route have been provided. The tests discussed in the article are introductory in the area of RDE tests and provide an introduction into further studies of exhaust emissions and energy consumption in real driving conditions in conventional vehicles and vehicles with alternative engines, e.g. hybrid and electric vehicles.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Yuan, Qing, Hong Leng, and Tuo Shi. "Research on Style-Shaping Strategies of Small Towns Based on Style Symbol." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 1112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.1112.

Full text

Abstract:

Small town is a key point in China's urbanization to achieve urban-rural integration. Style is a significant factor to evaluate development. In order to resolve problems, such as lack of protection to historic style, confusion in expression to current style and insufficient in innovation to future style, this article analyzed the connotation, significance and characteristics of style symbol through a comparison with style carrier. Then, it makes a further symbol subdivision according to topography, geology, hydrology, meteorology climate, landscape ecology, as well as history, culture, industry, economic, spatial texture and the community spirit. In addition, this paper proposes strategies on the protection, expression and innovation in style-shaping, hoping to promote further research and practice.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Irimia, Liviu Mihai, Cristian V. Patriche, and Hervé Quénol. "Analysis of viticultural potential and delineation of homogeneous viticultural zones in a temperate climate region of Romania." OENO One 48, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.3.1576.

Full text

Abstract:

Aims : To characterize the viticultural potential and delineate homogeneous viticultural zones in the Huşi wine growing region (Romania) in order to provide necessary information for viticultural zoning.Methods and results: The methodology is based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis of 15 ecological parameters, representative of the topography, climate and soils in temperate continental climate vineyards. Three homogeneous viticultural zones were identified : one suitable for quality white wines and red table wines ; one suitable for quality white wines ; and one suitable for white table wines, sparkling wines and wines for distillates.Conclusion: In order to characterize the viticultural potential, it is necessary to assess the suitability of all ecological factors that influence the quality of the grapes. Omitting one ecological factor may lead to erroneous results in suitability assessment. Climate suitability determines altitudinal differentiation of the viticultural potential, while topographical and pedological suitability determines a horizontal differentiation.Significance and impact of the study: This study provides the necessary information for viticultural zoning in the Huşi wine growing region in Romania. The methodology allows to evaluate viticultural potential and to delineate homogeneous viticultural zones in wine growing regions with a temperate continental climate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Topographic style'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles