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Journal articles on the topic 'Topographical surveying'
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Kolkos, G., A. Stergiadou, A. Kantartzis, and A. Tselepis. "Accuracy of topographical instruments and Unmanned Aerial Systems for mapping and surveying environmental projects." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1123, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012015.
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Abstract For the implementation of environmental technical projects, such as the urban forest management, a key element is the topographical and cartographic mapping of the area. Topographical instruments are based on digital, aerial or satellite information’s that can be used for producing topographical maps. This research aims to highlight that UAVs in combination with low-cost survey methods, produce topographical mapping with accepted accuracy for the implementation of environmental projects, how we can survey a road network in order to produce digital topographic maps and also how the implementation of four different ways of measuring can help us to accomplish it. The methods for executing topographic projects differ in quality, accuracy, time and cost. The results of surveying with a total station, a binary satellite positioning system, a handheld satellite positioning system and an unmanned aerial system were compared based on the accuracy of the results. Estimation of measurement error combined by the time required and the cost of each instrument and associated software for data processing were estimated. The results obtained prove that low-cost methods give sufficient and acceptable accuracy; especially the Unmanned Aerial Systems, are capable of being used for the design and implementation of forest urbanization studies.
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Litynskyi, Volodymyr, Svyatoslav Litynskyi, Anatolii Vivat, Mykhailo Fys, and Andrii Brydun. "The accuracy investigation of point coordinates’ determination using a fixed basis for high-precision geodesy binding." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 107, no. 1 (May 11, 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2019-0003.
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AbstractModern scanners can perform terrestrial topographic survey with resolution of 1 cm and accuracy of 2 mm in just a few minute‘s time, from the distance of up to 100 meters. However, for surface topographical surveying of large territories or complex industrial objects, it is necessary to conduct geodetic traverses and perform their binding to the points of the geodesic basis. One method of coordinate transferring during surveying is by using the method of inverse linear-angular intersection, which involves the measuring of the respective sides S1, S2 and the β angle between them. This method is more precise than the classical one, which usually contains centring and reduction errors. The linear-angular intersection method can also be used for many applications in engineering geodesy, for laying geodetic traverses, and for binding to the wall based points of ground-surveying.
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Yasada, Gede, Evin Yudhi Setyono, and I. Ketut Sutapa. "Three-dimensional (3D) land contour modeling using QGIS software on topography mapping in Buwit Village, Kediri District, Tabanan Regency, Bali." International research journal of engineering, IT & scientific research 9, no. 5 (September 28, 2023): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v9n5.2373.
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A topographical map is a map that contains information about the elevation of the land surface in a place to the mean sea level (Mean Sea Level), which is depicted by contour lines. Information from the coordinates and elevation of detailed land points as a result of land surveying can be used to create a three-dimensional model of the land surface on the map using the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) software application. With a three-dimensional (3D) model, the objects on the map are seen more alive as they actually are in the field, so that analyzing a topographic map can be done more easily. To support these activities, three-dimensional (3D) land contour modeling was carried out with QGIS software on topographical mapping in Buwit Village, Kediri District, Tabanan Regency, Bali.
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Bakrac, Sasa, Boris Vakanjac, Stevan Radojcic, Dejan Djordjevic, and Vladan Tadic. "Significant results of Serbian military topographical and cartographical activities." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 104, no. 1 (2024): 451–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd2401451b.
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Serbian military topographic and cartographic activity has existed for almost 150 years. During that time, a relatively small country like Serbia faced difficult temptations but successfully produced topographic maps. During this period, Serbia was affected by numerous wars and other trials. First, there was a war for liberation with the Turkish Empire, then came the Balkan Wars, the First and Second World Wars and the transformation of Yugoslavia from a kingdom into a socialist state, as well as the final disintegration of Yugoslavia. During all that time, the Serbian army managed to create maps that were a necessary tool used by many civilian institutions. Serbian military topography developed solutions related to geodetic surveying, and cartography provided and developed many maps of different scales with appropriate cartographic keys. Although it often faced difficult situations, the Military Geographical Institute - MGI managed to recover, train new personnel, and continue with topographic surveying, map making, aerial photogrammetry, application of satellite images and implementation of digital technology. In this paper, we provide primary data on the development of military cartographic and topographic activity through a presentation of results and activities from establishing the Military Geographical Institute to the present day. The topographic activity, in addition to topography, includes trigonometric and levelling surveying.
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von Brevern, Jan. "Fototopografia: The “Futures Past” of Surveying." reproduire, no. 17 (September 8, 2011): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1005748ar.
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This article examines a particular problem in the early history of photographic land surveying: the unwavering desire to use photography to capture accurate topographical information for map-making, even in light of practical difficulties. It considers how both the practical survey work and the status of photography changed when, instead of the landscape itself, photographs were measured. Photography’s promise to simplify strenuous fieldwork was almost as old as photography itself—but in practice, it took decades of experimenting until the process was feasible.
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Al-Siaede, Riaed S. "GEOTECHNICAL APPROACH TO CALCULATE SILT VOLUME IN DWERIGE WEIR RESERVOIR BY DIRECT SURVEYING METHODS." Iraqi Geological Journal 52, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.52.1.4ms-2019-06-26.
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Dwerige weir is a small hydraulic structure was constructed for reducing the flooding impact, irrigation regulation and environmental purposes. Also, the project was considered as a pilot water harvesting project in the eastern part of Missan Province. In this study, the problem of siltation in the weir reservoir was studied depending on the topographic surveying data of the reservoir, before it is was filled with water, and the final silt elevation taken directly during the reservoir drying period. The study uses the topographical and geotechnical approach to calculate the silt volume and the economic estimation of the economic loss of the project. A comparison between the designed and real project lives was made and the results are discussed in detail in order to avoid this problem in the future of the weirs and dams in the study area.
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Chen, Hang, Zhang Ying, Zhen Feng Shao, and Zhi Qiang Du. "3D Reconstruction of Mining Area Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanner and Calculation of Extraction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 1787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.1787.
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This paper analyzes the characteristics of terrestrial laser scanning technology and it's advantages of surveying and mapping application in mining area. Through the analysis of the specific topographical features of mining area, we design a new method in measurement based on the terrestrial laser scanning technology, and probe into the methods of 3D reconstruction and calculation of extraction. Experiments show that the proposed method can improve the efficiency of surveying and mapping in mining area , the 3D model can be used to monitor the extraction of mining area.
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Levin, Eugene, Roman Shults, Reza Habibi, Zhongming An, and William Roland. "Geospatial Virtual Reality for Cyberlearning in the Field of Topographic Surveying: Moving Towards a Cost-Effective Mobile Solution." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 7 (July 10, 2020): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070433.
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In spite of the tremendous success in artificial intelligence technology and a high level of automation in geospatial data obtaining processes, there is still a need for topographical field data collection by professional surveyors. Understanding terrain topology and topography is a cognitive skill set that has to be demonstrated by geospatial Subject Matter Experts (SME) for the productive work in the topographic surveying field. For training of the mentioned above skillset, one has to be exposed to the theory and must also practice with surveying instruments in field conditions. The challenge of any surveying/geospatial engineering workforce training is to expose students to field conditions which might be limited due to equipment expenses and meteorological conditions that prevent good data collection. To meet this challenge, the Integrated Geospatial Technology research group is working on a geospatial virtual reality (VR) project which encompasses the following components: (a) immersive visualization of terrain; (b) virtual total station instrument; (c) virtual surveyor with reflector installed on the virtual rod. The application scenario of the technology we are working with has the following stages: (1) student is installing total station on the optimal location; (2) students move virtual surveyor on the sampling points they consider to be important (3) contours are generated and displayed in 3D being superimposed on 3D terrain; (4) accuracy of terrain modeling is observable and measurable by comparing the sampling model with initial one.
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Han, Jen-Yu, and Po-Han Li. "Utilizing 3-D topographical information for the quality assessment of a satellite surveying." Applied Geomatics 2, no. 1 (February 6, 2010): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12518-010-0016-y.
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Khlebnikova, Tatyana A., Aleksandr S. Goril'ko, and Andrej M. Astapov. "DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR CREATING DIGITAL ENGINEERING-TOPOGRAPHIC-TOPOGRAPHICAL PLANS USING MATERIALS OF UNMANNED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY SYSTEMS AT LOW ALTITUDES." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1 (May 21, 2021): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-1-57-64.
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Currently, the existing approaches to geodetic support for the design, survey, construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures do not fully meet the needs of the construction industry. Digital large scale topographic plans do not fully reflect the situation on the construction site. In this regard, to supplement digital engineering and topographic plans with information obtained using the survey materials of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is proposed. The article discusses the possibilities of obtaining and processing the materials of surveying with UAS at low altitudes, using the example of the construction of a new metro station in Novosibirsk. The DJI Phantom 4 PRO quadrocopter was used as a UAS. The accuracy of the obtained orthophotoplan is sufficiently suitable as explanatory information for the digital engineering and topographic plan of the object under study.
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Perera, G. S. N., and H. A. Nalani. "UAVS FOR A COMPLETE TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2022 (May 30, 2022): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2022-441-2022.
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Abstract. With the advancement of sensor technology, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones revolutionize several fields including topographic surveying, agriculture, recreation, emergency, rescue and so on. The autonomous flight modes available in current UAVs make it broaden to manoeuvring by an unskilled person. This, of course, causes to widely use the drone technology among different user communities. Of the revolutionized fields, topographic surveying is prominent because many low cost UAVs with on-board light weight optical payloads often deliver mapping products such as ortho-photos and DEMs with centimetre level accuracy (in XY and Z) that had been exclusively bounded to the expensive field surveying methods earlier. Though drones enables to obtain centimetre level geometric accuracy, the main drawback of the technology is inability to see underneath vegetation canopy which hinders applicability of drones for a complete topographical survey. In order to view beneath the tree canopies, UAV LiDAR is a solution but due to its high cost, it is still not popular among several communities who involve with land surveying. To measure underside vegetation, field surveying methods such as total stations and theodolites traversing are being mainly practised by the users. But it is also not a viable solution since it consumes much time and money. If remotely sensed data collection is able to capture landscapes that had been hampers by the canopies, definitely it will be a cost effective and a rapid solution. As such, oblique imagery (UAV) acquired in manual flight mode at very low altitudes is a good solution. The objective of the study is to develop a novel approach to generate UAV deliveries without vegetation canopy in vegetated areas.First, autonomous flight mission is completed while maintaining 80% and 70% forward and lateral overlaps. For the terrain patches where they are covered by tree canopies, oblique imageries have been collected while operating the drone manually at low altitudes. Each UAV flight is separately processed and merged in to a single image to extract 2D maps without gaps beneath tree canopies. Re-sampling is fulfilled prior to stitching in order to gain a seamless product. Performed accuracy analysis confirmed that the developed approach is sufficient to produce DTMs and ortho-mosaics having average RMSE-XY 0.087m and RMSE-Z 0.177m at 4.0cm GSD which is really acceptable. Besides, there is not any significant accuracy variation between underneath canopy areas and open areas.
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Liu, Hui, Qing Xu, Guowang Jin, and Hongmin Zhang. "MIMO Antenna Polynomial Weighted Average Design Method of Downward-Looking Array SAR." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3029847.
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MIMO antenna polynomial weighted average design method of downward-looking array SAR was proposed from the angle of surveying and mapping in this paper, in order to solve the ill-posed problem that an equivalent virtual array can be implemented by a variety of physical transmitter-receiver arrays for bistatic MIMO linear array. For wave band, resolution, elevation precision, and working height concerned by the applications of surveying and mapping, the length of equivalent virtual array and actual physical array meeting the needs of large scale topographical mapping was solved. Then array numbers and position vectors of MIMO downward-looking array SAR of real aerial mapping platform were optimized. According to this design, some simulation experiments and comparisons were processed. The results proved the rationality and effectiveness of this array configuration by comparing the differences of 3D imaging results and the original simulation scene, counting mean and standard deviation of elevation reconstruction error eliminating the influence of shadow areas, and counting the probability of elevation reconstruction error within half a resolution of the whole scene and individual building area.
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Zargar, Er Tajamul. "The Revolutionary Role of Remote Sensing in Civil Engineering." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39109.
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Abstract: Civil engineering is considered as the second oldest engineering discipline of the world. It deals with the design, maintenance and constructions of different structural and building elements like roads, bridges, dams etc. It comprises of many sub divisions like surveying, water resources, environment etc. Remote sensing plays a key role in acquiring and providing topographical data and 3D images. It also helps in examining existing structures and layouts. Thus remote sensing is indispensable in the field of civil engineering. This paper tries to give a brief overview of what remote sensing is and how it plays a vital role in making civil engineering more convenient, simple and efficient.
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ISHII, Kunihiro, Mitsutomo NAKAMURA, Chiaki INABA, and Naomi NAGATA. "The Digital Topographical Surveying from the Aircraft. The Case of the Change of Ground Level at Usu Volcano." Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology 42, no. 6 (2002): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5110/jjseg.42.380.
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Senciales-González, J. M., J. Rodrigo-Comino, and P. Smith. "Surveying topographical changes and climate variations to detect the urban heat island in the city of Málaga (Spain)." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 46, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 521–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.4228.
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The main aim of this research was to detect a possible urban heat island (UHI) in the tourist city of Málaga (Spain). To achieve this goal, different methods to validate annual and monthly temperature data have been used, and the internal variability of the UHI with respect to the topographical changes was also surveyed. Our results showed two types of atmospheric thermal gradients: one characterized by a positive gradient according to an elevation above sea level, and another with a negative gradient related to rural areas. The maximum impact of the UHI was found to be 9.1 ºC for an instantaneous event, 4.4 ºC for daily minimum temperatures in August, with a maximum weighted average difference of 2.3 ºC between data from urban and rural stations. We conclude that the detection of UHI is useful as a tool to help urban planners, in order to reduce the intensity of possible climate changes in cities. It is also concluded that UHI is not only a meteorological phenomenon in Málaga city but a climatic phenomenon, present during most days and across the transect of increasing intensity from the sea to the city.
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Shafan, Tukashaba. "Design of a Stormwater Management System in Lady Irene Campus." East African Journal of Engineering 7, no. 1 (July 8, 2024): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eaje.7.1.2029.
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This project aimed to design an efficient drainage system for Ndejje University's Lady Irene Campus, addressing issues of erosion and flooding exacerbated by recent construction projects. The goal was to create a hydraulic conveyance system that balances environmental protection with structural integrity and affordability. The project involved field reconnaissance, data collection, and analysis of the campus's landscape, soil types, and development trends to inform the design. Methodologically, the project used GPS surveying to create topographical maps and obtained rainfall data to size drainage facilities using the rational method. The peak runoff was calculated considering land use characteristics, while Manning’s formula was applied to design drainage channels and culverts. The design aimed to ensure high hydraulic capacity and prevent erosion with specific slope and material choices. An Environmental Impact Assessment was conducted, addressing noise, dust, water quality, waste management, and ecological impacts. Mitigation measures were recommended to minimize adverse effects during the construction and operation phases. Despite challenges such as limited access to surveying equipment and data, the project concluded with a comprehensive stormwater management plan. Recommendations include rehabilitating the university’s weather station and establishing a project database to support future planning and research. The project underscores the importance of integrating sustainable practices in urban development to safeguard environmental and infrastructural integrity.
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Gladilin, Valeriy,, Tatiana Siroshtan, Tetyana Sviderska, Nataliia Shudra, and Petro Chulanov. "SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS OF CONTROL MEASUREMENTS IN TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEODETIC PRODUCTION." Spatial development, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2786-7269.2022.1.80-93.
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When performing topographical surveying, when performing planning, construction - installation and other works, it is necessary to perform control - geodetic measurements of the quality of their execution. Until now, control and geodetic measurements were established for various reasons, which did not have a completely specific scientific and industrial approach.
It will be most correct to perform control-geodetic measurements using the method of probabilistic-statistical sequential analysis, the foundations of which were developed by Wald.
Sequential analysis has already been used to optimally determine the methods of angular measurements in triangulation, but it should be noted that the calculated number of measurements in triangulation (polygonometry, trilateration, GPS) is known in advance, it is given in the instructions.
When using control-geodetic measurements, their number is unknown in advance, for this purpose, the theory of sequential analysis using Markov random processes was refined.
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Muecke, Frances. "BIONDO FLAVIO ON THE ROMAN ELECTIONS." Papers of the British School at Rome 84 (September 20, 2016): 275–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246216000088.
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Elections and voting were of great importance in the constitution and the politics of the Roman Republic. They also presented challenges to a Renaissance reader who wanted to know where, when and exactly how they took place, challenges that appealed deeply to Biondo Flavio, the mid fifteenth-century historian of Roman institutions. In book III ofRoma triumphans, the first on the government of Rome, he devotes considerable attention to them. This paper is an analysis of this first early-modern attempt to understand the Roman voting assemblies(comitia). In it I compare Biondo's approach inRoma triumphanswith his earlier statement on the importance of thecomitiain his topographical treatise on the city of Rome,Roma instaurata. After surveying Biondo's treatment as a whole I focus on his understanding of the Comitium, thecomitiaand the century chosen to vote first(centuria praerogativa).
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Duffy, James, Jamie Shutler, Matthew Witt, Leon DeBell, and Karen Anderson. "Tracking Fine-Scale Structural Changes in Coastal Dune Morphology Using Kite Aerial Photography and Uncertainty-Assessed Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry." Remote Sensing 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10091494.
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Coastal dunes are globally-distributed dynamic ecosystems that occur at the land-sea interface. They are sensitive to disturbance both from natural forces and anthropogenic stressors, and therefore require regular monitoring to track changes in their form and function ultimately informing management decisions. Existing techniques employing satellite or airborne data lack the temporal or spatial resolution to resolve fine-scale changes in these environments, both temporally and spatially whilst fine-scale in-situ monitoring (e.g., terrestrial laser scanning) can be costly and is therefore confined to relatively small areas. The rise of proximal sensing-based Structure-from-Motion Multi-View Stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetric techniques for land surface surveying offers an alternative, scale-appropriate method for spatially distributed surveying of dune systems. Here we present the results of an inter- and intra-annual experiment which utilised a low-cost and highly portable kite aerial photography (KAP) and SfM-MVS workflow to track sub-decimetre spatial scale changes in dune morphology over timescales of between 3 and 12 months. We also compare KAP and drone surveys undertaken at near-coincident times of the same dune system to test the KAP reproducibility. Using a Monte Carlo based change detection approach (Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2)) which quantifies and accounts for survey uncertainty, we show that the KAP-based survey technique, whilst exhibiting higher x, y, z uncertainties than the equivalent drone methodology, is capable of delivering data describing dune system topographical change. Significant change (according to M3C2); both positive (accretion) and negative (erosion) was detected across 3, 6 and 12 months timescales with the majority of change detected below 500 mm. Significant topographic changes as small as ~20 mm were detected between surveys. We demonstrate that portable, low-cost consumer-grade KAP survey techniques, which have been employed for decades for hobbyist aerial photography, can now deliver science-grade data, and we argue that kites are well-suited to coastal survey where winds and sediment might otherwise impede surveys by other proximal sensing platforms, such as drones.
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Díaz, Virginia, Jorge Mongil, and Joaquín Navarro. "Topographical surveying for improved assessment of sediment retention in check dams applied to a Mediterranean badlands restoration site (Central Spain)." Journal of Soils and Sediments 14, no. 12 (August 13, 2014): 2045–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0958-5.
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Mackovčin, Peter, and Martin Jurek. "New facts about old maps of the territory of the former Czechoslovakia." Geografie 120, no. 4 (2015): 489–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2015120040489.
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The authors have searched the archives for information concerning the large-scale mapping of Czechoslovakia in the period 1921–1950, when the improvement and updating of older maps inherited from the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was carried out and new large-scale mapping was launched. Several map sets resulted from the mapping, yet they did not cover the whole territory of Czechoslovakia. Among the sets are: Czechoslovak revised topographical sections of the Austrian 3rd Military Survey, Czechoslovak preliminary maps in Beneš projection, Czechoslovak definitive maps in Křovák projection, German maps to the scale 1:25,000 called “Sonderausgabe” (Special Edition), “Karte des Sudetenlandes” (Map of Sudetenland), “Karte der Slowakei” (Map of Slovakia), and “Messtischblätter” surveyed during WWII. According to the authors’ research these maps covered 69.4% of the territory of Czechoslovakia as it was in 1938 and 75.6% of its territory in 1950. Surveying methods had improved over time and included the use of aerial photography.
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Barliba, Livia Luminita, Costel Barliba, and Gabriel Eles. "Use of a digital information system to achive a topographical embossed plan in Farcasesti village, Gorj county." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 73, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:12275.
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The purpose of this paper is to obtain thematic maps and topographic analyzes determined on the field and processed through the basic programs of AutoCAD, TopoLT and Global Mapper which along with topogeodezical details high up in on the field create a database required to implement a feasibility study, as a previous step of the general cadastre in the Farcasesti village, Gorj county.Topographical surveying were made with GNSS technology using the RTK-Kinematic method, South V-82 type in Real Time and data processing was performed by specialized graphics programs.Field data collected with GPS RTK were transferred to a computer using specialized software LeicaGeo Combined Office and other software like Notepad, Excel, Word, AutoCad 2013. The imported data from the field in three spatial coordinates, respectively X, Y and Z, were the basis for drawing up planimetric situation plans by outlining the details of the terrain and elevation.In the present paper, we demonstrate that the use of GPS technology made possible topogeodezical data collection from a large area with high precision in a short time using reduced material and human resources. This allowed us to import data from the field by using topogeodezical specialized programs and accurately achieve the outlines of buildings and perimeter, as verified by superimposing them on orthophotomap. Achieving digital plans using AutoCAD Architectural demonstrated that they can be made with accuracy and precision permitting various analyzes of land, including the construction of contour in 2D and 3D.
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Wang, Yun, Z. Y. Xu, Y. H. Fu, and Lan Cai. "Investigation into LST and its Novel Application in Mould." Advanced Materials Research 24-25 (September 2007): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.24-25.189.
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Laser surface texturing (LST) technology that is firstly used in rollers, is a specialized surface engineering process capable of enhancing the surface material properties, wear resistance, fretting fatigue life and reducing friction. This practical technology of the LST process is based on a pulsating laser beam that, by material ablation, generates the optimum topographical surface. In order to exploit the full potential of the process, a great amount of research has explored from the material removal mechanics to the development of the LST process. This paper reports on the LST research involving the LST technology surveying process optimization, LST equipment and its industrial applications. The paper also highlights the forming theory describing the skin-pass process of transferring the textured roller’s surface structure onto the steel sheet, and the laser-matter interaction that occurs when and intense laser beam is tightly focused in the workpiece surface. It presents the influence of various factors affecting the textured workpiece performance together with the investigations into tribology of textured components. The paper also discusses these developments and some fundamental on future LST research.
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Cattaneo, N., F. Di Maria, F. Guzzetti, A. Privitera, and G. Righetti. "LIDAR MAPPING TECHNOLOGY TO POPULATE GREEN AREAS GIS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XXXVIII-4/C21 (August 31, 2011): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xxxviii-4-c21-79-2011.
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In the last eight years the structure of Topographical Database of green areas has been implemented and consolidated: originally born to manage green areas in Milan, it is now used in other cities. Beside the optimizations achieved in data management (i.e. relationship between data and working process, updating procedures, exhaustive Index of Items) it is now becoming important an optimization in data acquisition: this is the reason why a test was started involving the use of LiDAR technology for surveying those green areas classified as equipped parks (over 50.000 sqmt), as an alternative to the traditional topographycal survey. LiDAR technology is commonly applied to forestry surveying and green mass computation, even in urban contexts, achieving good results also in automation of data processing. Nevertheless this testing activity has a specific aim, that is to derive (also using the contextual orthophoto) as many layers as possible among the ones described by the Specifications on Green areas TDb, preserving the high level of thematical detail and accuracy suggested by the Specifications. To do this, using the application Laserweb© for visualization and interaction with the point cloud, new and specific functions and layouts have been designed and implemented. For each item of the index has been made an effort to encode the optimal strategy for exploring the cloud and exporting the datum. The variety of the elements included in the Specification Index of Items is very differentiated, therefore also the procedures in point cloud analysis are various, as the main purpose of this work is to exploit all the potential information contained in a point cloud.
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Wang, R. J., and C. P. Li. "COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF THINNING METHODS FOR MULTI-BEAM SOUNDING DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W10 (February 8, 2020): 807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w10-807-2020.
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Abstract. Marine surveying and mapping is the basis of all marine development activities, and underwater topographic survey is one of the essential tasks of it. The multi-beam sounding system can give dozens or even hundreds of water depth values in the vertical plane perpendicular to the course at a time, and there is a lot of redundancy in these data. Efficient compression can make better use of water depth data, improve work efficiency, save system hardware resources, and facilitate rapid mapping and the construction of submarine topography model. Thinning requires an optimal balance between data accuracy and sampling density. In this paper, several commonly used thinning methods are selected and applied to the sounding data for experiments, and the application effects of different thinning methods are analyzed and compared. The results show that the mesh-based and system-based thinning methods are simple and efficient, and the results are more evenly distributed. It works well in areas with flat topography and low complexity. But in the area with large relief, the result of thinning may not take into account the topographical features, and the effect of topography representation is poor. The thinning method based on distance and elevation difference takes the elevation factor into account and has a better performance in preserving topography features. However, this method needs to search the points in a given range constantly, and it is inefficient to apply it to large amounts of data. The thinning method based on the Douglas-Peucker algorithm only considers the spatial relationship within each ping data, and the thinning result is not reasonable enough. This paper can provide reference for sounding data thinning.
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Hook, George. "Using spatial technology to locate the view illustrated in Eugene von Guérard’s painting of the Kosciuszko massif." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 130, no. 1 (2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs18002.
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The colonial artist Eugene von Guérard travelled extensively throughout south-eastern Australia sketching thousands of views during his three-decade-long sojourn in Australia. His field drawings are renowned for their fidelity to nature and observational accuracy, but the validity of the latter claim depends on comparing drawings with the view at the sites where he sketched. The location of the view in some artworks, such as Mount Kosciusko, seen from the Victorian Border, has eluded art historians and aficionados who have ventured into the field. This article discusses the collation of clues from historical narratives, maps and surveying techniques to limit the search area for the vantage point where he sketched the view on which he based his painting of the Kosciuszko massif. Novel use of spatial technology utilising satellite imagery, Global Positioning System (GPS) and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, particularly digital elevation models, to locate the actual site is explored, and the topographical accuracy of his sketches evaluated when compared with photographs taken from close to the site. Finally, the potential value of using spatial technology in art history field work is discussed.
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Rychkov, Petro. "ARCHITECTURAL AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF OSTROG THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY – 20S OF 20TH CENTURY." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 84 (September 25, 2023): 276–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2023.84.276-293.
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The article is an attempt to generalize the available old cartographic sources in the shape of fixing and projecting plans of Ostrog town, which are describing its site development and spatial structure from the 18th to the begin of 20th centuries.
History of an old Ukrainian town of Osrtog was reflected in numerous written documents. However, its urban cartography is represented by a small number of primary sources. Nevertheless, several historical maps of this town allow a more detailed assessment of specific social and landscape factors that influenced the formation of its urban identity. The earliest of them is from 1760s. A significant array of more accurate and detailed, although also inaccurate, fixation plans of Ostroh, like other cities of Volhyn, was formed almost immediately after its entry into the Russian Empire. A new stage in the history of mapping of Ostrog Town (from 19th century) was associated with the use of technically more advanced, and therefore much more accurate, methods of topographical surveying. Of special interest are Ostrog's plans of a design direction rather than a fixation. Significant role in the study of old urban history of this town belongs to the first project plan from 1845, which provided for the introduction of significant changes in the development of the town on a regular basis and mass utilitarian construction. Such plans were implemented for other towns of the Volyn Governorate (e.g. Rivne, Lutsk, Starokostiantyniv, Kovel, Dubno, Kremenets). These and other innovations of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries were recorded in great detail in the topographical plan of 1926.
This publication aims to substantiate a kind of summary of the multi-year process of spatial and planning evolution of Ostrog Town over nine centuries, starting from the first mention of it in chronicle sources, was made.
The relevance of the research topic is determined by an array of cartographic sources that are currently inaccessible to Ukrainian scientists and researchers in general.
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Hutchinson, D. "Mr Sanders’ Map." Geological Curator 11, no. 2 (December 2019): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc1480.
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William Sanders' major contribution to geology was as a pioneer in large-scale geological mapping, surveying the area in and around Bristol. Together with the significant contribution he made to the Bristol Institution, Sanders' 'Map of the Bristol coal fields and country adjacent geologically surveyed by William Sanders. F.R.S. F.G.S.' first published in 1862 is a remarkable achievement and legacy that further developed the understanding of the complex geology of the Bristol area. The map was made on a scale of four inches to a mile and was started with the encouragement of Henry Thomas De la Beche and John Phillips. It was constructed from Sanders' own geological surveys together with a topographical map constructed from collating many parish maps on different scales. In total his map covers 720 square miles and was paid for entirely from Sanders' own pocket (Tawney 1876). This huge task took him many years to complete, starting around 1835, finally being published in 1862 in sheet form and in 1864 as a folio atlas. Bristol Museum & Art Gallery (BRSMG) cares for several copies of his folio atlas, individual map sheets and geological material that Sanders donated. No single amateur has ever produced such a work on his own resources (Tawney 1876: p. 505).
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CAMEROTA, FILIPPO. "IL DISEGNO DEL TERRITORIO E LA DIFESA DELLO STATO." Nuncius 14, no. 2 (1999): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539199x00030.
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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The National Archive of Lucca holds an extensive collection of drawings that document a wide-ranging campaign of topographical surveys carried out between 1580 and 1583 for the purpose of tracing a detailed map of fortifications under the domain of the Republic of Lucca. The surveys lie chronologically between the map drawn by the military engineer Alessandro Resta in 1567 and the accurate chorography of the State of Lucca produced at the end of the same century by the Paduan cosmographer Giovanni Antonio Magini. Historical circumstances suggest that the surveys may be attributed to the military engineer Vincenzo Civitali, who had been hired during that period to superintend the State's fortifications along the border between the Duchy of Modena and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Apart from providing information on the Republic's cartographic and defense projects, these drawings provide firsthand documentation of the work of a 16th C. topographer, as well as revealing the strategy applied when locating measuring stations which often coincided with a signaling tower, the choice of measuring instruments most readily associated with the simple theodolite, and the adoption of a surveying methodology that consisted in measuring azimuths and distances according to the codified precepts of 16th C. treatise writers.
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Morsy, Essam A. "A Systematic Approach of Optimal Land-Use Planning by Applying Geo-Environmental Techniques: A Case Study." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2023): 1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031749.
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This article demonstrates the capabilities and integrity of the environmental geological and geophysical techniques for planning the suitability of the extension of Helwan city for construction and engineering purposes. The geological and topographical mapping were utilized as well as environmental geophysical techniques (seismic refraction, ground penetrating radar (GPR), and resistivity soundings) for optimal land-use planning. The seismic refraction profiles were conducted to evaluate the geotechnical characteristics of the bedrock, GPR was applied to define the main subsurface reflectors, and the geoelectrical resistivity survey was used to identify the subsurface stratigraphic sequence and the distribution of main structural elements impacting the investigated area. The integrated results and findings of the environmental geological and geophysical survey inferred two major distinctive subsurface layers: a thin surface layer represented by highly weathered limestone, with an average thickness of 3 m, and a bottom layer equivalent to the bedrock composed of hard limestone. In addition, GPR performed an analysis of two remarkable subsurface layers, which supported the generated model of other geophysical surveying techniques. Finally, all the geological and various geophysical techniques were integrated and merged to generate the optimal land-use plan of the extension of Helwan city for construction and engineering purposes and to avoid high-risk areas to reserve the sustainability of the new urban communities.
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Garcia-León, Josefina, María Milagrosa Ros-Sala, Antonio García Martín, Manuel Torres Picazo, Felipe Cerezo Andreo, and Sebastián F. Ramallo Asensio. "Reconstrucción virtual paleotopográfixca de la ciudad histórica de Cartagena (España)." Virtual Archaeology Review 8, no. 16 (May 22, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2017.5836.
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The city of Cartagena and its immediate surroundings have experienced significant topographical changes throughout its history. Originally built on five hills which border south and west with the Mediterranean Sea, the city has expanded to the north over the last five decades, occupying a lacustrine system which has now dried up due to the diversion of riverbeds which, from time to time, used to flood the place. These changes have been documented and studied from the lithology present in over 400 geotechnical drillings carried out in the urban renewal of the city for the last two decades. In addition, another 20 new continuous drillings have been conducted within the Project “Surveying and planning a privileged Mediterranean city, Arqueotopos I and II” which is still ongoing. The information obtained is completed with the study of all existing historical maps on it. Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) have been generated with this drilling data, then several lithological layers have been selected for its interest: anthropic fill, mud and underlying bedrock. The thickness of each of the layers has been studied in different areas and viewed through various longitudinal profiles that have been plotted. Finally, a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reconstruction has been undertaken to see graphically the documented changes that have occurred in each of these layers, to serve both research and divulgation knowledge.
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Dogon-yaro, M. A., P. Kumar, A. Abdul Rahman, and G. Buyuksalih. "EXTRACTION OF URBAN TREES FROM INTEGRATED AIRBORNE BASED DIGITAL IMAGE AND LIDAR POINT CLOUD DATASETS - INITIAL RESULTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W1 (October 26, 2016): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w1-81-2016.
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Timely and accurate acquisition of information on the condition and structural changes of urban trees serves as a tool for decision makers to better appreciate urban ecosystems and their numerous values which are critical to building up strategies for sustainable development. The conventional techniques used for extracting tree features include; ground surveying and interpretation of the aerial photography. However, these techniques are associated with some constraint, such as labour intensive field work, a lot of financial requirement, influences by weather condition and topographical covers which can be overcome by means of integrated airborne based LiDAR and very high resolution digital image datasets. This study presented a semi-automated approach for extracting urban trees from integrated airborne based LIDAR and multispectral digital image datasets over Istanbul city of Turkey. The above scheme includes detection and extraction of shadow free vegetation features based on spectral properties of digital images using shadow index and NDVI techniques and automated extraction of 3D information about vegetation features from the integrated processing of shadow free vegetation image and LiDAR point cloud datasets. The ability of the developed algorithms shows a promising result as an automated and cost effective approach to estimating and delineated 3D information of urban trees. The research also proved that integrated datasets is a suitable technology and a viable source of information for city managers to be used in urban trees management.
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Mo, F., X. Tang, J. Xie, and C. Yan. "AN ATTITUDE MODELLING METHOD BASED ON THE INHERENT FREQUENCY OF A SATELLITE PLATFORM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-1/W1 (May 30, 2017): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-1-w1-29-2017.
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The accuracy of attitude determination plays a key role in the improvement of surveying and mapping accuracy for high-resolution remote-sensing satellites, and it is a bottleneck in large-scale satellite topographical mapping. As the on-board energy is constrained and the performance of an attitude-measurement device is limited, the attitude acquired is discretely sampled with a settled time interval. The larger the interval, the easier the data transmission, and the more deviation the attitude data will have. Meanwhile, several kinds of jitter frequencies have been detected in satellite platforms. This paper presents a novel attitude modelling (AttModel) method that sufficiently considers the discrete and periodic characteristics, and the attitude model built is continuous and consists of several inherent waves of different frequencies. The process of modelling includes two steps: (a) frequency detection, which uses raw gyroscope data within a period of time to detect the attitude frequencies (as the gyroscope data can actually reflect continuous, very small changes of the satellite platform), and (b) attitude modelling , which processes the attitude data that was filtered by extended Kalman filtering based on general polynomial and trigonometric polynomials, and these trigonometric polynomials are rebuilt by those frequencies detected in the first part of the modelling process. Finally, one experiment designed for verifying the effectiveness of the presented method shows that the AttModel method can reach a slightly better pointing accuracy without ground-control points than traditional attitude-interpolation methods.
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Ahmed, Asif, MD Sahadat Hossain, Pratibha Pandey, Anuja Sapkota, and Boon Thian. "Deformation Modeling of Flexible Pavement in Expansive Subgrade in Texas." Geosciences 9, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100446.
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The tendency of expansive subgrade soil to undergo swelling and shrinkage with the change in moisture has a significant impact on the performance of the pavement. The repeated cycles of wet and dry periods throughout a year lead to considerable stress concentration in the pavement subgrade soil. Such stress concentrations leads to the formation of severe pavement cracks. The objective of the research is to develop a prediction model to estimate the deformation of pavement over expansive subgrade. Two pavement sites—one farm to market road and one state highway—were monitored regularly using moisture and temperature sensors along with rain gauges. Additionally, geophysical testing was performed to obtain a continuous profile of the subgrade soil over time. Topographical surveying and horizontal inclinometer readings were taken to determine pavement deformation. The field monitoring data resulted in a maximum movement up to 80 mm in the farm to market road, and almost 38 mm in the state highway. The field data were statistically evaluated to develop a deformation prediction model. The validation of the model indicated that only a fraction of the deformation was reflected by seasonal variation, while inclusion of rainfall events in the equation significantly improved the model. Furthermore, the prediction model also incorporated the effects of change in temperature and resistivity values. The generated model could find its application in predicting pavement deformation with respect to rainfall at any time of the year.
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Shrestha, R., J. Zevenbergen, U. S. Panday, B. Awasthi, and S. Karki. "REVISITING THE CURRENT UAV REGULATIONS IN NEPAL: A STEP TOWARDS LEGAL DIMENSION FOR UAVS EFFICIENT APPLICATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W3 (December 5, 2019): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w3-107-2019.
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Abstract. UAVs-Unmanned Aerial Vehicles- also known as drones, are an emerging geospatial technology that can facilitate data acquisition at various temporal and spatial scales. Notwithstanding, the wide application of UAVs globally, its wider application is found to be growing in Nepal as well. For instance, precision agriculture, forestry, topographical surveying, etc. It seems that there is a correlation between efficient use of UAVs in these sectors and the legal frameworks that regulate the use of UAVs. Therefore, it seems necessary to obtain holistic national view of UAVs regulations. Aligning with this necessity, this paper provides insight on existing legal provisions for UAVs in Nepal by highlighting the importance, impact, and limitations of UAV regulations. The criteria used in the framework to capture the present holistic legal dimension from literature in the web of science database are a) applicability b) technical requirements c) operational requirements/ limitations d) administration procedure e) human resource requirements and f) implementation of ethical constraints. The adopted methodological approach consists of exploratory case studies, systematic reviews of the concerned literature on UAVs regulations and the workshop on “Flight 4 Purpose” in which various UAVs application were discussed. The results show that the existing legal framework has both strengths and weaknesses for its use to capture the spatial data. The way forward is to harmonize the soft and hard regulations so that such geospatial technology can be applied for overall development and ultimately for the societal benefits.
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Demhardt, Imre Josef. "Advancing Reconnaissance and Valorisation: Map Series of German South West Africa (Namibia), 1892–1918." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-58-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Although the Portuguese discovered the shores of south-western Africa as early as 1487, its hostile coastal desert Namib delayed even limited European reconnaissance of the hinterland until late in the eighteenth century. It was not before the second half of the nineteenth century that serious commercial and missionary interest took off. These explorations resulted in route and basic overview maps of a rugged and for the most only sparsely populated region of about one million square kilometres, stretching from the coastal Namib Desert across a central highland to the slopes of the Kalahari basin in the heart of the subcontinent.</p><p> The need for more detailed mapping arose with the ‘Scramble for Africa’, when German merchant Adolf Lüderitz in 1883 bought Angra Pequena, one of only two natural harbours on that coast. Along with subsequent acquisitions between the Orange River in the south and the Kunene River in the north with a substantial hinterland, in April 1884 was declared Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Südwestafrika, the first and soon most important German colony in Africa. After establishing the boundaries (1885 with Portugal, 1890 with United Kingdom) and succeeding in pacifying the indigenous communities, colonial penetration and valorisation only was possible based on topographical knowledge. To facilitate this, official series ranged from small-scale coverage with scattered features for peripheral regions, often based on simple route traverses, to very detailed and triangulation backed large-scale series with significant private supplement series by land and mining concessionaires.</p><p> This paper discusses the relevant characteristics of nine topographical map series and one atlas, which reflect the scope, achievements and inevitable shortcomings of just a quarter of a century of intense official and private surveying and mapping in German South West Africa:</p><p> 1892&ndash;94 [Francois Sheets], first de facto official series, mostly in 1:300,000</p><p> 1894&ndash;96 Deutscher Kolonial-Atlas by P. Langhans, first completed atlas, 1:2,000,000</p><p> 1904 Hartmann-Karte of the northern protectorate, first private series, 1:300,000</p><p> 1904 Kriegskarte by P. Sprigade & M. Moisel, watershed official series, 1:800,000</p><p> 1906&ndash;08 Deutsch-Südwestafrika, “proto”-version of the official series in medium scale, 1:400,000</p><p> 1908&ndash;12 Krokierblätter Deutsch-Südwestafrika, official series in large scale, 1:100,000</p><p> 1910 Übersichtskarte des Diamantengebietes, largest scale private series, 1:50,000</p><p> 1910&ndash;12 Deutsch-Südwestafrika, preliminary official series in medium scale, 1:400,000</p><p> 1913 Karte des Sperrgebiets in the south-western protectorate, private series, 1:100,000</p><p> 1913&ndash;[21?] [Bergrechtskarte] of the central protectorate, last private series, 1:200,000</p><p> That scope and output of surveying and topography was only reached again half a century later, after two world wars, a recession and a long-time cartographic indifference by South Africa, custodian of the territory in 1919&ndash;90, which also by renewed mapping efforts since the 1970s tried to counter movements towards the ultimate independence of Namibia in 1990.</p>
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Felipe, Alexandre Luis Da Silva, and Lincoln Gehring Cardoso. "AVALIAÇÃO DE ÁREA E DISTÂNCIAS EM PLANTA OBTIDA VIA GOOGLE EARTH." ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA 32, no. 2 (November 27, 2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/energagric.2017v32n2p189-194.
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O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar distâncias horizontais e área de um polígono obtido através de imagem do Google Earth tendo como referência levantamento topográfico realizado em campo utilizando-se Estação Total. O processamento dos dados do levantamento topográfico foi realizado através do programa computacional DataGeosis versão Office que acusou elevada precisão, garantindo sua condição de referência. As coordenadas obtidas pelo Google Earth foram submetidos ao software AutoCAD 13 para desenho. Com os dados assim obtidos foi possível a geração de plantas bem como cálculo de distâncias horizontais e áreas em ambos os casos. Foi possível se plotar ambas as plantas em único desenho por se considerar para o primeiro ponto da poligonal obtida por levantamento topográfico convencional, um par de coordenadas obtido por receptor GNSS no primeiro ponto da poligonal. Concluiu-se que valor de área obtida através do Google Earth ficando próximo do valor da referência, bem como seu entorno, não significa a precisão do polígono visto que comprometedoras diferenças em distâncias ora à maior ora à menor podem estar sendo compensadas, no entanto pode-se admitir esse procedimento comum para uso em planejamento rural.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Levantamento topográfico; Imagem do Google EarthEVALUATION OF AREA AND DISTANCES IN A MAP OBTAINED BY GOOGLE EARTHABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to compare horizontal distances and areas of a polygon obtained by Google Earth image based in a topographical survey as reference using total station. The processing of the survey was made by computer program Datageosis Office version accused high precision and so used as reference. The coordinates obtained on Google Earth was submitted to the AutoCAD 13 software for drawing. The data obtained enabled the maps generation and also to calculate horizontal distances and areas in both cases. It was possible to plot the two maps in a single drawing by considering for the first point of the polygon obtained by conventional surveying, a pair of coordinates obtained by a GPS receiver. It was concluded that the area value obtained through Google Earth being next to the reference value, does not means the polygon precision due to the fact of differences in distances sometimes the largest and sometimes the smallest being compensated, however it is possible to admit this procedure for use in general rural planning.KEYWORDS: Topographical survey ;Google Earth Image.
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Voumard, Jérémie, Marc-Henri Derron, Michel Jaboyedoff, Pierrick Bornemann, and Jean-Philippe Malet. "Pros and Cons of Structure for Motion Embarked on a Vehicle to Survey Slopes along Transportation Lines Using 3D Georeferenced and Coloured Point Clouds." Remote Sensing 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111732.
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We discuss the different challenges, pros and cons of the fairly new Structure for Motion (SfM) embarked on a vehicle (SfM-EV) technique for slope surveys along transportation network tracks using action cameras embarked on standard moving vehicles. This low-cost technique generates georeferenced and coloured 3D point clouds without using any ground control points. Four action cameras, two of which had an integrated GNSS chip, were used to collect a series of pictures of tracksides at a rate of two images per second each. The SfM-EV results were compared with the results of seven other 3D survey techniques to evaluate the precision and accuracy of this technique, demonstrating the ability of this simple setting to generate 3D scenes. Different platforms for the cameras were tested, such as a bike, car, train, funicular, helicopter and so on. The SfM-EV technique was also tested on several study sites to highlight its strengths and weaknesses and obtain data, such as the density of points, equations of errors, overlap ratios and image resolution. The precision of the SfM-EV results was sufficient for detecting topographical changes close to the track for a volume of ~1 dm3 and the absolute positioning obtained with a low sky obstruction was approximately 5 m. The precision of SfM-EV was of a similar order to the other techniques, with an order of magnitude of a few centimetres. This approach possesses a low price-result quality ratio and is very simple to use. The possibility of using any type of vehicle for surveying is an advantage, especially for transportation track embankments.
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Lugassi, Rachel, Eli Zaady, Naftaly Goldshleger, Maxim Shoshany, and Alexandra Chudnovsky. "Spatial and Temporal Monitoring of Pasture Ecological Quality: Sentinel-2-Based Estimation of Crude Protein and Neutral Detergent Fiber Contents." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (April 3, 2019): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070799.
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Frequent, region-wide monitoring of changes in pasture quality due to human disturbances or climatic conditions is impossible by field measurements or traditional ecological surveying methods. Remote sensing imagery offers distinctive advantages for monitoring spatial and temporal patterns. The chemical parameters that are widely used as indicators of ecological quality are crude protein (CP) content and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content. In this study, we investigated the relationship between CP, NDF, and reflectance in the visible–near-infrared–shortwave infrared (VIS–NIR–SWIR) spectral range, using field, laboratory measurements, and satellite imagery (Sentinel-2). Statistical models were developed using different calibration and validation data sample sets: (1) a mix of laboratory and field measurements (e.g., fresh and dry vegetation) and (2) random selection. In addition, we used three vegetation indices (Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI), Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index (WDRVI)) as proxies to CP and NDF estimation. The best models found for predicting CP and NDF contents were based on reflectance measurements (R2 = 0.71, RMSEP = 2.1% for CP; and R2 = 0.78, RMSEP = 5.5% for NDF). These models contained fresh and dry vegetation samples in calibration and validation data sets. Random sample selection in a model generated similar accuracy estimations. Our results also indicate that vegetation indices provide poor accuracy. Eight Sentinel-2 images (December 2015–April 2017) were examined in order to better understand the variability of vegetation quality over spatial and temporal scales. The spatial and temporal patterns of CP and NDF contents exhibit strong seasonal dependence, influenced by climatological (precipitation) and topographical (northern vs. southern hillslopes) conditions. The total CP/NDF content increases/decrease (respectively) from December to March, when the concentrations reach their maximum/minimum values, followed by a decline/incline that begins in April, reaching minimum values in July.
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Dunham, Michael W., SeyedMasoud Ansari, and Colin G. Farquharson. "Application of 3D marine controlled-source electromagnetic finite-element forward modeling to hydrocarbon exploration in the Flemish Pass Basin offshore Newfoundland, Canada." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): WB33—WB49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0451.1.
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In recent years, marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) surveying has become an effective supplemental interpretation tool to the seismic reflection method to help mitigate risk in an offshore exploration setting. Interpretation of marine CSEM data is commonly achieved via finite-difference inversions on rectilinear meshes, which has its merits, but the results are typically of very low resolution. The alternative is forward modeling, which requires a model to be known a priori, but the detail of the model can be created to reflect realistic geologic conditions. What is typically seen in the literature are applications of EM forward modeling codes to synthetic, and sometimes complex synthetic, models. However, what the literature is missing is an application that overcomes the challenges of applying a 3D forward modeling method to real models constructed from real information. We have developed an application of a 3D marine CSEM finite-element forward modeling method to the Bay du Nord prospect in the Flemish Pass Basin offshore Newfoundland. The 3D resistivity model, composed of four topographical layers and the Bay du Nord reservoir body, was built using 2D seismic data, one well log, and a marine CSEM inversion. Although other mesh representations have their merits, we chose to discretize our 3D model into an unstructured tetrahedral mesh because its flexibility enabled the accurate representation of complex structures while minimizing the number of unknowns. The availability of measured marine CSEM data allowed for the resistivities of each layer in the 3D model to be refined, and it also allowed for the simulated data to be assessed in the context of the real noise levels. A subsequent sensitivity analysis of the forward modeling results provided insights regarding the detectability of the Bay du Nord reservoir.
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Trong, Tran Dinh, and Luong Ngoc Dung. "Study on the positioning efficiency of GNSS RTK for road profile surveys - case study in Vietnam." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (JSTCE) - HUCE 18, no. 2 (June 25, 2024): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.huce2024-18(2)-07.
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Traditional topographic profile surveying requires numerous stages following mandatory procedures. Alongsidethat, the outdated traditional surveying equipment has reduced work efficiency during the surveying process. Currently, the Real Time Kinematic (RTK) method has been widely applied in the construction surveying field in Vietnam. However, this method, according to current technical standards, only allows topographic mapping at a scale of 1:1000 and without profile surveying. Although GNSS-RTK has been assessed to be very effective in construction surveys, there has not been a specific evaluation of the efficiency when topographic profile surveying. In this study, the experimental results with the Trimble R8S device applying RTK principles provided many solutions to increase productivity and efficiency in topographic profile surveying. The accuracy of this method has met the technical requirements for the current traditional technical standards in Vietnam. In addition, the advantages of the RTK technique have helped overcome the difficulties of traditional topographic surveying using a total station or theodolite and leveling devices, especially in terms of time and cost efficiency.
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Luh, L. C., H. Setan, Z. Majid, A. K. Chong, and Z. Tan. "High resolution survey for topographic surveying." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 18 (February 25, 2014): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/18/1/012067.
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Dardanelli, Gino, and Antonino Maltese. "On the Accuracy of Cadastral Marks: Statistical Analyses to Assess the Congruence among GNSS-Based Positioning and Official Maps." Remote Sensing 14, no. 16 (August 21, 2022): 4086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14164086.
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Cadastral marks constitute a dense source of information for topographical surveys required to update cadastral maps. Historically, in Italy, cadastral marks have been the cartographic network for the implementation of mapping updates. Different sources of cadastral marks can be used by cadastral surveyors. In recent years, the cadastre is moving toward a digital world, and with the advancement of surveying technology, GNSS CORS technology has emerged in the positioning of cadastral marks. An analysis of congruence among cadastral marks using GNSS CORS and official maps is missing. Thus, this work aims to analyze the positional accuracy of some cadastral marks, located in Palermo, Italy, with regard to the official maps produced by the cadastral bureau, the local cartography, and Google Earth maps. A survey of 60 cadastral marks was carried out by conventional GNSS NRTK procedures, with the lateral offset method due to their materialization (mostly building edges), which is not always directly detectable. The cadastral marks’ positioning was obtained from different maps: cadastral maps and related monographic files, numerical technical maps, and Google Earth maps, to check their coordinate congruence. A statistical approach was performed to check whether the distribution frequencies of the coordinate’s differences belonged to the bivariate normal distribution for the planimetric coordinates and the univariate normal distribution for the altimetric component. The results show that the hypothesis of a normal distribution is confirmed in most of the pairs, and specifically, most of the analyses indicate that the highest congruencies seem to characterize the coordinates determined by using the GNSS and with those that can be deduced by the numerical technical maps. The results obtained experimentally show centimetric accuracies obtained by the GNSS NRTK survey, in both the planimetric and altimetric components, while the accuracies obtained from the georeferencing of the cadastral maps show differences in the order of 0.4–0.8 m. Meanwhile, the differences resulting from comparing the technical cartography produced by the local authority and Google Earth maps show greater criticalities, with a metric order of magnitude.
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Wei, Yuxue. "Practice of Small and Medium UAV in Large Scale Topographic Map." Journal of Smart Cities 5, no. 1 (2020): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26789/jsc.2020.01.003.
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As a basic surveying and mapping work, small uav has been widely used in large scale topographic mapping. According to the needs of production and construction, digital mapping methods and aerial photogrammetry are used to provide technical support for large scale topographic mapping in engineering construction surveying and mapping, urban planning and construction, cadastral surveying and other directions. In order to control the small uav in the terrain elevation information, mapping proportion accuracy and other aspects to get better improvement, the practice of small uav in large scale topographic map is deeply analyzed, in order to understand the practical application value of small uav in large scale topographic map.
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Segre, Julie, Heidi Kong, Fabio Candotti, Steven M. Holland, Alexandra F. Freeman, Julia Oh, and Robert A. Sokolic. "What's the 'Skinny' on Microbiome? Interplay of Immune Cells, Microbes, and Skin Barrier in Health and Disease." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): SCI—46—SCI—46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.sci-46.sci-46.
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Abstract Culture-based methods have been the primary techniques used to study microbes inhabiting humans; however, many species are not successfully grown in culture. We performed high throughput genomic sequencing surveys to investigate the topographical and temporal complexity of skin microbial communities from 20 skin sites in healthy adults. Significant differences were observed in the bacterial species predominating in particular microenvironments: sebaceous, moist, and dry. Surveying fungal diversity with genomic sequencing, we determined that core body and arm sites were dominated by Malassezia fungi, with species-level classifications revealing greater topographical resolution between sites. Three foot sites, plantar heel, toenail, and toeweb, exhibited tremendous fungal diversity. Concurrent analysis of bacterial and fungal communities demonstrated that skin physiological attributes and topography differentially shape these two microbial communities. While activated and shaped by microbiota, little is known of how the human immune system regulates the human microbiome, and in turn, how this can result in a disease phenotype. We describe the microbial characteristics of the skin of primary immunodeficiency (PID) patients who share a common phenotype of skin eczema yet have different syndromes arising from monogenic mutations leading to loss of distinct lymphocytic populations. We surveyed the skin microbiomes of 41 individuals with Hyper IgE, Wiskott-Aldrich, and Dedicator of Cytokinesis 8 syndromes and compared them against classical atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and healthy controls at skin sites characteristically affected by eczema, a control site, and a site of pathogen carriage (nares). We found that primary immunodeficiency increases the permissiveness of skin microbial colonization not observed in healthy controls or AD patients. We observed decreased site specificity and longitudinal stability in the PID patients as well as unique colonization by environmental microbiota very rare in healthy or AD controls. We identified taxa correlated and anti-correlated with clinical metamarkers in the PID patients; while Staphylococcus aureus, a known pathogen, was most strongly correlated with disease severity, other staphylococci such as S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis were significantly overrepresented in the PID individuals. These data provide the first illustration of how PID affects microbial prevalence, diversity, and dynamics in relation to skin disease, gaining insight into host-microbiome interactions and how environmental microbes can uniquely colonize PID patients. This comprehensive survey of the skin microbiome also provided the foundation for analyzing changes in the microbial community associated with common forms of AD, which affect ~15% of U.S. children and ~2% of adults and is associated with Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection. We studied 10 children with moderate to severe AD at baseline, flare, and post-flare, and healthy controls. Severity was quantified using scoring atopic dermatitis (SCORAD). Samples were obtained from characteristically affected areas, a control site, and nares. Bacterial diversity was dramatically reduced during flare as compared to post-flare and controls. Our studies provide comprehensive characterization of skin microbes in AD and controls confirm the frequent culture-based isolation of S. aureus in AD flares and represent one of the earliest longitudinal investigations of the skin microbiome in a dermatologic disorder. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Stevens, D., W. M. McKay, and M. R. May. "TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING: THE JUBILEE LINE EXTENSION SURVEY." Photogrammetric Record 14, no. 79 (August 26, 2006): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1992.tb00209.x.
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Du, Mengmeng, Hanyuan Li, and Ali Roshanianfard. "Design and Experimental Study on an Innovative UAV-LiDAR Topographic Mapping System for Precision Land Levelling." Drones 6, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6120403.
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Topographic maps provide detailed information on variations in ground elevation, which is essential for precision farmland levelling. This paper reports the development and experimental study on an innovative approach of generating topographic maps at farmland-level with the advantages of high efficiency and simplicity of implementation. The experiment uses a low-altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a platform and integrates Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) distance measurements with Post-Processing Kinematic Global Positioning System (PPK-GNSS) coordinates. A topographic mapping experiment was conducted over two fields in Henan Province, China, and primitive errors of the topographic surveying data were evaluated. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between elevation data of the UAV-LiDAR topographic mapping system and ground truth data was calculated as 4.1 cm and 3.6 cm for Field 1 and Field 2, respectively, which proved the feasibility and high accuracy of the topographic mapping system. Furthermore, the accuracies of topographic maps generated using different geo-spatial interpolation models were also evaluated. The results showed that a TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) interpolation model expressed the best performances for both Field 1 with sparse topographic surveying points, and Field 2 with relatively dense topographic surveying points, when compared with other interpolation models. Moreover, we concluded that as the spatial resolution of topographic surveying points is intensified from 5 m × 0.5 m to 2.5 m × 0.5 m, the accuracy of the topographic map based on the TIN model improves drastically from 7.7 cm to 4.6 cm. Cut-fill analysis was also implemented based on the topographic maps of the TIN interpolation model. The result indicated that the UAV-LiDAR topographic mapping system could be successfully used to generate topographic maps with high accuracy, which could provide instructive information for precision farmland levelling.
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De Maeyer, Philippe. "Mapping in Belgium in the 19th Century in a wider context." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-56-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> An important phenomenon in cartography in the 19th Century is the emergence of thematic cartography and especially distribution maps. The latter represent the spatial distribution of a particular feature in an area. Distribution maps may be qualitative such as those representing the land use or land cover, geological maps, … or also quantitative, such as maps representing the population distribution by dots or isolines.</p><p> Even if in the 18th C. (or even earlier), some thematic maps were drawn, the real development of the thematic mapping only started in the 19th C. In cartographic literature, large attention was paid to the cholera map of Snow from 1854. It has often been cited (also in geographical information science) as an example of early spatial analysis; what he visually did is today a well-known technique and methodology of buffer analysis in GIS. But the most impressive thematic maps are the early 19th C. chronostratigraphical maps, mostly described as geological maps. This type of inventory maps - important till the end of the 20th C. &ndash; are now completely substituted by digital data.</p><p> If the development of thematical maps was an answer on one hand to industrialisation and changing ideas about the concept of richness, it was on the other hand also only made possible by the development of new printing techniques. Belgium was a forerunner in realizing geological maps. Already in the Dutch period (1815&ndash;1830) systematic field observations were executed in the southern part of Belgium. In this period a map was realized representing ore deposits (“<i>Geologische kaart van een gedeelte der Nederlanden</i>”), under the direction of J.E. Van Gorkum, with scientific input by professor Van Breda; the map was published in the Netherlands in 1834, after Belgian independency.</p><p> The map is also interesting from another point of view as it is representing the triangulation network the Dutch established in Belgium before 1830 in the framework of the Military Reconnaissance. They were part of a systematic mapping project under supervision of the Topographical Bureau with a section responsible for the Northern provinces and one for the Southern provinces, which realized those Military Reconnaissance maps. Captain Erzey executed a triangulation over the southern provinces. Later on, those coordinates served Vander Maelen to realize his 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;20&thinsp;000 and 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;80&thinsp;000 topographical mapping of Belgium.</p><p> On the one hand, the awareness that a new and a more precise surveying and cartography was needed and on the other hand that inventories of different thematic data were needed, must be seen not only in the context of industrialization but also in the change of the role of landownership in the society through the ages.</p><p> In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the landownership was a synonym for richness. The land-owners (abbeys, noblemen, …) could collect taxes based on this ownership (the so-called taxation paradigm). In the 19th Century, land also became a good that could be traded. The trading land also induced a need for a stricter legal framework. In France, typically Napoleon erected not only the Cadastre Law to partition the tax collection more fairly but he also mentioned “<i>Un bon cadastre parcellaire sera le complément de mon code en ce qui concerne la possession du sol. Il faut que les plans soient assez exacts et assez développés pour servir à fixer les limites des propriétés et empêcher les procès.</i>” (“<i>A good land cadastre will be the complement of my code regarding the ownership of the soil. Maps must be accurate enough and developed enough to set property boundaries and prevent lawsuits</i>”) (Letter of Napoleon to his Minister of Finance Mollien). This period when land also became a negotiable good fits in a so-called legal paradigm.</p><p> The land registry reform affecting the whole French Empire cannot be seen separately from the reform Napoleon wished to set up for his topographical maps. Napoleon established a commission that had to define the cartographic system of a new topographic map covering the French Empire. Even if the ellipsoid of Delambre and the Bonne projection were retained, the map production could never be launched. The measurements of Captain Erzey in the Dutch period can be considered as the first attempt (in Belgium) to map the territory on a geodetically correct basis.</p><p> During one and a half century the negotiable aspect of land was predominant. Map making was requiring the best available geometric accuracy. The needs of map making changed fundamentally when land also became scarcer, when it became a scarce good. The increasing need for planning in the second part of the 20th C. for the sake of land scarcity finally induced &ndash; when techniques (in particular GIS) would allow it - the development of multi-purpose spatial data systems.</p></p>
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Han, Sang-Hyun, and Jong-Sin Lee. "Availability Evaluation of Topographic Surveying Using Panoramic Image." Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2014.12.25.
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Castro-Garcia, M., A. M. Perez-Romero, M. J. Leon-Bonillo, and F. Manzano-Agugliaro. "Developing Topographic Surveying Software to Train Civil Engineers." Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 143, no. 1 (January 2017): 04016013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ei.1943-5541.0000294.
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