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1
Saxer, Victor. "Charles Pietri et la topographie paléochrétienne de Rome." Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Antiquité 111, no. 2 (1999): 597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1999.2092.
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Wiseman, T. P. "M. Royo, Domus Imperatoriae: topographie, formation et imaginaire des palais impériaux du Palatin (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome 303). Rome: École française de Rome, 1999. Pp. 436, 16 pls. ISBN 2-7283-0543-9. Fr 480." Journal of Roman Studies 90 (November 2000): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300233.
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Wiseman, T. P. "M. Royo, Domus Imperatoriae: topographie, formation et imaginaire des palais impériaux du Palatin (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome 303). Rome: École française de Rome, 1999. Pp. 436, 16 pls. ISBN 2-7283-0543-9. Fr 480." Journal of Roman Studies 90 (November 2000): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435800031658.
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Roman, Yves. "Alexandre Simon Stefan, Les guerres daciques de Domitien et de Trajan. Architecture militaire, topographie, images et histoires, Rome, EFR, no 353,2005, 811 p." Histoire urbaine 24, no. 1 (2009): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rhu.024.0141.
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Jolivet, Vincent, and Henri Broise. "L'archéologue et le topographe sur la colline du Pincio: à propos du grand plan de Rome du Jubilé 2000." Journal of Roman Archaeology 14 (2001): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400019887.
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But the city, in its corruption, refused to submit to the dominion of the cartographers, changing shape ai will and without warning…S. Rushdie, The Satanic versesLes plans et les vues cavalières ou panoramiques de Rome, à partir de celle de Paolino da Venezia, de peu postérieure à 1320, et jusqu'à la naissance de la cartographie moderne, considérée comme définitivement acquise avec le plan de Nolli de 1748, sont utilisés comme une source primordiale d'informations pour la topographie de la ville. Par rapport au prodigieux corpus de dessins laissés par les antiquaires de la Renaissance, ces documents présentent l'avantage de figurer l'insertion des différents monuments, même mineurs, dans le tissu urbain, mais souvent l'inconvénient, compte tenu l'échelle des cartes, de les représenter de manière moins détaillée, voire même purement symbolique. De plus, ils répondent à un certain nombre d'exigences, idéologiques ou pratiques, qui déterminent leur degré de fidélité par rapport au réel: le souci de mettre en évidence certains monuments (par exemple le long des itinéraires de pèlerinage), l'impact de la politique d'urbanisme d'un pontife, ou le système défensif de la ville, ont souvent porté à privilégier certains monuments, ou entraîné des changements de proportions entre les édifices figurés, parfois la suppression de quartiers d'habitations entiers; par ailleurs, le souci de rendre plus lisible le réseau viaire, et de dessiner les façades, a porté à l'élargissement des rues, et donc à des distorsions dans la représentation des bâtiments. Surtout, l'attitude de l'auteur de la carte par rapport à son objet à joué, à l'évidence, un rôle déterminant: pour un Bufalini, un Falda ou un Nolli, conscients de la nouveauté et de l'importance de leur projet, et qui y ont consacré de longues années de travail, combien de cartographes pressés, indifférents à la ville, simples compilateurs de leurs prédécesseurs?
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CHARLES, MICHAEL B. "(A.S.) Stefan Les Guerres daciques de Domitien et de Trajan: architecture militaire, topographie, images et histoire. (Collection de l'École Française de Rome 353.) Pp. xiv + 811, ills, maps. Rome: École Française de Rome, 2005. Paper, €160. ISBN: 978-2-7283-0638-1." Classical Review 57, no. 2 (September 3, 2007): 498–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x0700114x.
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Lou, Hsin-Ya, Wenting Zhao, Xiao Li, Liting Duan, Alexander Powers, Matthew Akamatsu, Francesca Santoro, et al. "Membrane curvature underlies actin reorganization in response to nanoscale surface topography." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 46 (October 7, 2019): 23143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910166116.
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Surface topography profoundly influences cell adhesion, differentiation, and stem cell fate control. Numerous studies using a variety of materials demonstrate that nanoscale topographies change the intracellular organization of actin cytoskeleton and therefore a broad range of cellular dynamics in live cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood, leaving why actin cytoskeleton responds to topographical features unexplained and therefore preventing researchers from predicting optimal topographic features for desired cell behavior. Here we demonstrate that topography-induced membrane curvature plays a crucial role in modulating intracellular actin organization. By inducing precisely controlled membrane curvatures using engineered vertical nanostructures as topographies, we find that actin fibers form at the sites of nanostructures in a curvature-dependent manner with an upper limit for the diameter of curvature at ∼400 nm. Nanotopography-induced actin fibers are branched actin nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex and are mediated by a curvature-sensing protein FBP17. Our study reveals that the formation of nanotopography-induced actin fibers drastically reduces the amount of stress fibers and mature focal adhesions to result in the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton in the entire cell. These findings establish the membrane curvature as a key linkage between surface topography and topography-induced cell signaling and behavior.
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Ahmed, A. M., and N. A. Duncan. "Correlation of Patellar Tracking Pattern With Trochlear and Retropatellar Surface Topographies." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 122, no. 6 (July 24, 2000): 652–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1322036.
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The study was aimed to test the hypothesis that in the knee extension range 100 to 30 deg, the patellar “out-of-plane” tracking pattern is controlled by the passive restraint provided by the topographic interaction of the patellofemoral contacting surfaces. The out-of-plane tracking pattern, i.e., the pattern of patellar displacements not in the plane of knee extension/flexion, consists of translation in the medial–lateral direction, and rotations about the anterior–posterior axis (spin) and the proximal–distal axis (tilt). Using 15 fresh-frozen knees subjected to extensor moment magnitudes comparable to those in the “static-lifting” activity (foot-ground reaction=334 N), the patellar displacements were measured using a calibrated six-degree-of-freedom electromechanical goniometer. The topographies of the trochlear and retropatellar surfaces were then measured using a calibrated traveling dial-gage arrangement and the same coordinate system used for the displacement measurements. Three indices were defined to quantify particular natural features of the three-dimensional topographies that are expected to control the patellar displacements. Correlation of the indices with their corresponding displacements showed that topographic interaction was significant in the control of all three displacements. However, for patellar spin, unlike for the other two displacements, the direction of the active quadriceps tension vector was also a significant controlling factor. Patellar medial–lateral translation was found to be controlled dominantly by the trochlear topography, while retropatellar topography also had a significant role in the control of the other two displacements. [S0148-0731(00)01406-0]
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Dumser, Elisha Ann. "Muted images of ancient Rome - YVES PERRIN, ITINÉRAIRES ROMAINS. DOCUMENTS DE TOPOGRAPHIE ET D’ARCHÉOLOGIE HISTORIQUES POUR L’HISTOIRE DE ROME (DE SCIPION À CONSTANTIN) (Ausonius éditions, Mémoires 51; Bordeaux 2018). Pp. 585, figs. 1495. ISSN 1283-2995; ISBN 978-2-35613-224-6. EUR 60." Journal of Roman Archaeology 32 (2019): 612–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759419000412.
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SANSÓN, L. ZAVALA, A. GONZÁLEZ-VILLANUEVA, and L. M. FLORES. "Evolution and decay of a rotating flow over random topography." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 642 (December 4, 2009): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009991777.
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The evolution and decay of a homogeneous flow over random topography in a rotating system is studied by means of numerical simulations and theoretical considerations. The analysis is based on a quasi-two-dimensional shallow-water approximation, in which the horizontal divergence is explicitly different from zero, and topographic variations are not restricted to be much smaller than the mean depth, as in quasi-geostrophic dynamics. The results are examined by comparing the evolution of a turbulent flow over different random bottom topographies characterized by a specific horizontal scale, or equivalently, a given mean slope. As in two-dimensional turbulence, the energy of the flow is transferred towards larger scales of motion; after some rotation periods, however, the process is halted as the flow pattern becomes aligned along the topographic contours with shallow water to the right. The quasi-steady state reached by the flow is characterized by a nearly linear relationship between potential vorticity and transport function in most parts of the domain, which is justified in terms of minimum-enstrophy arguments. It is found that global energy decays faster for topographies with shorter horizontal length scales due to more effective viscous dissipation. In addition, some comparisons between simulations based on the shallow-water and quasi-geostrophic formulations are carried out. The role of solid boundaries is also examined: it is shown that vorticity production at no-slip walls contributes for a slight disorganization of the flow.
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Ardi, Dennise Tanoko, Yue Gang Li, Kelvin Hau Kong Chan, Liam Blunt, and M. R. Bache. "The Role of Surface Topography on Fatigue Behaviour of Nickel Based Superalloys." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.48.
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Advanced areal (three-dimensional) characterisation of surface topography was applied to laboratory scale fatigue test specimens manufactured from the nickel based superalloy Alloy720Li. Finishing was deliberately manipulated to offer four distinct grades of topography. Subsequent low cycle fatigue performance was then correlated to a range of parameters selected to represent the surface topography. The aim of the ongoing study is to predict fatigue performance and aid to establish correlations between topographic parameters and fatigue life.
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Gong, Ming-Hao, and Yan-Ling Song. "Topographic habitat features preferred by the Endangered giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca: implications for reserve design and management." Oryx 45, no. 2 (April 2011): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001043.
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AbstractThe effect of landscape on populations is of great importance, especially given the number of species inhabiting patchy landscapes. Developments in geographical information systems are facilitating a greater application of spatial analyses to threatened species, such as the Endangered giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca, for which habitat patchiness and quality are key limiting factors. Of all factors that influence the suitability of habitat for the giant panda, topography is not subject to change. Here, we report a spatial and statistical analysis of the high quality topographic habitat preferred by the giant panda across its stronghold in the Qinling Mountains, China. High quality topographic habitat, as indicated by a combination of elevation, slope and aspect, covers 92,788 ha, accounting for 15% of the current range of the species. The distribution of the giant panda closely follows patterns of topography and areas with patches of high quality topographic habitat are strongly associated with areas supporting greater numbers of giant pandas. However, comparisons between our model and the existing reserve system reveals a number of inadequacies. Some of the reserves contain little high quality topographic habitat and many patches of high quality topographic habitat are unprotected. Given the importance of topography and the decisive role it plays in shaping habitat, landscapes containing high quality topographic features must be a critical consideration in the design of reserves for the giant panda. The existing system of nature reserves is heavily weighted towards judicial and administrative boundaries, to the detriment of other factors such as topography.
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Ao, Zu Rui, Zhan Qiang Chang, Xiao Meng Liu, and Qi Yao. "New Progress in the Investigation of Spatial Distribution for SRTM DEM Errors." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 4694–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4694.
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The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is an international research effort that obtains digital elevation models (DEM) over 80% of the Earths land surface. SRTM DEM plays a key role in geosciences and GIS. In order to investigate the vertical accuracy of SRTM DEM, we evaluated the root mean square error (RMSE) of height between SRTM DEM and 1:50,000 scale topographic map within north China, and extracted the related topographic factors including height, slope and aspect. Then, we analyzed the relationship between the topographic factors and SRTM DEM errors. The results show that the SRTM DEM errors not only have a tendency to get larger in areas of large slope and complex topography, but also have a strong correlation with aspect. Furthermore, this correlation appears increasingly strong with great slope.
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Yang, Yu, Jian Qiu Guo, Balaji Raghothamachar, Michael Dudley, Gil Yong Chung, Edward Sanchez, and Ian Manning. "Resolving the Discrepancy between Observed and Calculated Penetration Depths in Grazing Incidence X-Ray Topography of 4H-SiC Wafers." Materials Science Forum 897 (May 2017): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.897.209.
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Synchrotron X-ray Topography with grazing incidence geometry is useful for discerning defects at different depths below the crystal surface, particularly for 4H-SiC epitaxial wafers. However, the penetration depths measured from X-ray topographs are much larger than the theoretical values. In order to interpret this discrepancy, we simulate topographic contrast of dislocations based on two of the most basic contrast formation mechanisms – orientation contrast and kinematical contrast. Orientation contrast considers merely the displacement fields associated with dislocations while kinematical contrast also takes the diffraction volume into account. The diffraction volume is defined by the effective misorientation around dislocations and the rocking curve width for particular diffraction vector. Ray Tracing Simulation has been carried out to visualize dislocation contrast for both models, taking into account the photoelectric absorption of X-ray beams inside the crystal. Results show that orientation contrast plays the key role in determining both the contrast and X-ray penetration depths for different types of dislocations.
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Casas, A., S. N. Lane, D. Yu, and G. Benito. "A method for parameterising roughness and topographic sub-grid scale effects in hydraulic modelling from LiDAR data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 8 (August 17, 2010): 1567–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1567-2010.
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Abstract. High resolution airborne laser data provide new ways to explore the role of topographic complexity in hydraulic modelling parameterisation, taking into account the scale-dependency between roughness and topography. In this paper, a complex topography from LiDAR is processed using a spatially and temporally distributed method at a fine resolution. The surface topographic parameterisation considers the sub-grid LiDAR data points above and below a reference DEM, hereafter named as topographic content. A method for roughness parameterisation is developed based on the topographic content included in the topographic DEM. Five subscale parameterisation schemes are generated (topographic contents at 0, ±5, ±10, ±25 and ±50 cm) and roughness values are calculated using an equation based on the mixing layer theory (Katul et al., 2002), resulting in a co-varied relationship between roughness height and topographic content. Variations in simulated flow across spatial subscales show that the sub grid-scale behaviour of the 2-D model is not well-reflected in the topographic content of the DEM and that subscale parameterisation must be modelled through a spatially distributed roughness parameterisation. Variations in flow predictions are related to variations in the roughness parameter. Flow depth-derived results do not change systematically with variation in roughness height or topographic content but they respond to their interaction. Finally, subscale parameterisation modifies primarily the spatial structure (level of organisation) of simulated 2-D flow linearly with the additional complexity of subscale parameterisation.
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Casas, A., S. N. Lane, D. Yu, and G. Benito. "A method for parameterising roughness and topographic sub-grid scale effects in hydraulic modelling from LiDAR data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 2 (April 12, 2010): 2261–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-2261-2010.
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Abstract. High resolution airborne laser data provide new ways to explore the role of topographic complexity in hydraulic modelling parameterisation, taking into account the scale-dependency between roughness and topography. In this paper, a complex topography from LiDAR is processed using a spatially and temporally distributed method at a fine resolution. The surface topographic parameterisation considers the sub-grid LiDAR data points above and below a reference DEM, hereafter named as topographic content. A method for roughness parameterisation is developed based on the topographic content included in the topographic DEM. Five subscale parameterisation schemes are generated (topographic contents at 0, ±5, ±10, ±25 and ±50 cm) and roughness values are calculated using an equation based on the mixing layer theory (Katul et al., 2002), resulting in a co-varied relationship between roughness height and topographic content. Variations in simulated flow across spatial subscales show that the sub grid-scale behaviour of the 2-D model is not well-reflected in the topographic content of the DEM and that subscale parameterisation must be modelled through a spatially distributed roughness parameterisation. Variations in flow predictions are related to variations in the roughness parameter. Flow depth-derived results do not change systematically with variation in roughness height or topographic content but they respond to their interaction. Finally, subscale parameterisation modifies primarily the spatial structure (level of organisation) of simulated 2-D flow linearly with the additional complexity of subscale parameterisation.
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Chiba, Susumu, and Takashi Noda. "Factors maintaining topography-related mosaic of barnacle and mussel on a rocky shore." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 4 (August 2000): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400002435.
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Substratum heterogeneity on rocky shores can affect the distribution pattern of sessile epibenthic organisms. The rocky shore at Usujiri, southern Hokkaido, Japan, is composed of well-developed, columnar jointed dolerites. In this area, landscape is characterized by a mosaic of barnacle and mussels, where species composition in patches differs among typical topographic-classes, i.e. barnacles dominate on horizontal planes and vertical planes while mussels only inhabit in grooves. To determine the factors maintaining those distribution patterns, the recruitment of dominant sessile species in the typical topographic-classes with and without adults of barnacles and mussels were examined by field experiment. The results showed that the distribution pattern was determined by recruitment, and the recruitment pattern was strongly affected by rock-surface topography. Moreover, the presence of conspecific adults contributed to the maintenance of this topography-related mosaic by facilitating recruitment. These results show: (1) the presence of resource division for rocky topography among barnacles and mussels; and (2) that intraspecific positive interaction rather than interspecific competition may play important role in maintaining the topography-related mosaic of barnacle and mussels at Usujiri.
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McFarlin, D. R., K. J. Finn, P. F. Nealey, and C. J. Murphy. "Nanoscale through Substratum Topographic Cues Modulate Human Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 2 (May 2009): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.2.15.
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A major technological barrier to large-scale propagation of human embryonic stem (HES) cells is the persistence of spontaneous differentiation in culture. Our laboratory and others have previously reported that substrate topography, independent of surface chemistry, profoundly modulates fundamental cell behaviors. We hypothesized that topographic cues would also play a role in modulating HES cell behaviors. This hypothesis was tested on substrates containing nanoscale through micron scale grooves and ridges that were generated by soft lithography. Topographically patterned substrates improved maintenance of the self-renewing phenotype (p = 6.7x10-6) under culture conditions that promote stem cell self-renewal. Topographic cues were found to promote differentiation, however, under culture conditions that promote differentiation. To our knowledge these are the first experiments documenting that the physical topography of culture surfaces influences HES cell differentiation and self-renewal. Topographic cues should be considered a fundamental environmental factor that has relevance to emerging strategies of stem cell engineering.
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DAVEREY, AMITA, AUSTIN C. MYTTY, and SRIVATSAN KIDAMBI. "TOPOGRAPHY MEDIATED REGULATION OF HER-2 EXPRESSION IN BREAST CANCER CELLS." Nano LIFE 02, no. 03 (September 2012): 1241009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984412410097.
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This article demonstrates that the surface micro-topography regulates the biology of breast cancer cells, including the expression of HER-2 gene and protein. The breast tumor microenvironment is made up of heterogenous mixture of pores, ridges and collagen fibers with well defined topographical features. Although, significant progress has been achieved towards elucidating the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that underlie breast cancer progression, quantitative characterization of the associated mechanical/topographical properties and their role in breast tumor progression remains largely unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of topography on the adhesion and biology of breast cancer cells in in vitro cultures. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces containing different topographies were coated with polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) to improve cell adhesion and maintain cell culture. HER-2 expressing breast cancer cells, BT-474 and SKBr3, were cultured on these PDMS surfaces. We demonstrate that micro-topography affects the cell adhesion and distribution depending on the topography on the PDMS surfaces. We also report for the first time that surface topography down-regulates the HER-2 gene transcription and protein expression in breast cancer cells when cultured on PDMS surfaces with micro-topographies compared to the tissue culture polystyrene surface (TCPS) control. Results from this study indicate that micro-topography modulates morphology of cells, their distribution and expression of HER-2 gene and protein in breast cancer cells. This study provides a novel platform for studying the role of native topography in the progression of breast cancer and has immense potential for understanding the breast cancer biology.
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Higy, C., and A. Musy. "Digital terrain analysis of the Haute-Mentue catchment an scale effect for hydrological modelling with TOPMODEL." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2000): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-4-225-2000.
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Abstract. It is widely recognised that topography plays an important role in the generation of runoff. The scale of a digital elevation model has been found to have some impacts on the results of hydrological modelling in several studies. In particular it has been shown that the representation of the statistical distribution of the topographic index used by TOPMODEL is sensitive to the scale of the digital terrain model. The objectives of this study are to develop an analysis of the topography and scale effects for the Haute-Mentue catchment and to test the role of different spatial resolution on parameter calibration. The major result is that the spatial scale is important for the parameter values, but not determinant for the modelling results if a pertinent methodology is adopted for the determination of digital watershed representation. Keywords: digital elevation model, topographic index, scale problems, TOPMODEL
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Shi, Hang, Fenglin Xie, Quan Zhou, Xiao Shu, Kerong Zhang, Chaoqi Dang, Shuiyuan Feng, Quanfa Zhang, and Haishan Dang. "Effects of Topography on Tree Community Structure in a Deciduous Broad-Leaved Forest in North-Central China." Forests 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010053.
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Topography strongly influences the compositional structure of tree communities and plays a fundamental role in classifying habitats. Here, data of topography and 16 dominant tree species abundance were collected in a fully mapped 25-ha forest plot in the Qinling Mountains of north-central China. Multivariate regression trees (MRT) were used to categorize the habitats, and habitat associations were examined using the torus-translation test. The relative contributions of topographic and spatial variables to the total community structure were also examined by variation partitioning. The results showed the inconsistency in association of species with habitats across life stages with a few exceptions. Topographic variables [a + b] explained 11% and 19% of total variance at adult and juvenile stage, respectively. In contrast, spatial factors alone [c] explained more variation than topographic factors, revealing strong seed dispersal limitation in species composition in the 25-ha forest plot. Thus, the inconsistent associations of species and habitats coupled with high portion of variation of species composition explained by topographic and spatial factors might suggest that niche process and dispersal limitation had potential influences on species assemblage in the deciduous broad-leaved forest in north-central China.
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Song, Yi Rong, Guang Feng Chen, and Qian Yuan Cheng. "The Application of Riegl Laser Scanner in Topographic Survey." Advanced Materials Research 1055 (November 2014): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1055.122.
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Based on the Guobu topographic survey project in Laxiwa hydropower station at Yellow River, different models of Riegl laser scanning equipment were used to measure each testing area’s topography. Laser scanning measuring technique plays a great role in the process of the hydroelectric topographic survey, and its efficiency works several times higher than that of using traditional measuring means. Moreover, it also can shorten measurement period and reduce the field cost of production, which can achieve good economic benefits and social benefits consequently.
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Birch, Leah, Timothy Cronin, and Eli Tziperman. "Glacial Inception on Baffin Island: The Role of Insolation, Meteorology, and Topography." Journal of Climate 30, no. 11 (May 4, 2017): 4047–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0576.1.
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Abstract Geologic evidence suggests that the last glacial inception (115 kya) occurred within the mountains of Baffin Island. Global climate models (GCMs) have difficulty simulating this climate transition, likely because of their coarse horizontal resolution that smooths topography and necessitates the use of cumulus parameterizations. A regional configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is used to simulate the small-scale topographic and cloud processes neglected by GCMs, and the sensitivity of the region to Milankovitch forcing, topography, and meteorology is tested. It is found that ice growth is possible with 115-kya insolation, realistic topography, and slightly colder-than-average meteorology, represented by specific years within the past three decades. The simulation with low GCM-like topography shows a negative surface mass balance, even with the relevant orbital parameter configuration, demonstrating the criticality of realistic topography. The downslope growth of the ice sheets is studied by looking at the sensitivity of the mass balance to initial snow cover prescribed beyond that of the present day. It is found that the snow-albedo feedback, via its effects on the mass balance, allows such larger snow cover to persist. Implications for GCM studies of glacial inception are discussed.
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Chiba, Tatsuro, Shin-ichi Kaneta, and Makoto Ohashi. "Digital Terrain Representation Methods and Red Relief Image Map, A New Visualization Approach." Proceedings of the ICA 2 (July 10, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-17-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Precise DEM obtained by airborne laser scanning and a global scale DEM were prepared to acquire topographic (elevation) data in recent years. For this reason, methods for visualizing the topography are increasingly required and play an significant role. However the previous terrain data representation methods were not able to represent altitude data between contour lines, and it was difficult to display altitude tints, shaded relief, and micro-topography in an easy to visualize manner. The Red Relief Image Map method shows micro-topography and major landform in one image.</p>
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Barthel, Alice, Andrew McC. Hogg, Stephanie Waterman, and Shane Keating. "Jet–Topography Interactions Affect Energy Pathways to the Deep Southern Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 7 (July 2017): 1799–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0220.1.
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AbstractIn the Southern Ocean, strong eastward ocean jets interact with large topographic features, generating eddies that feed back onto the mean flow. Deep-reaching eddies interact with topography, where turbulent dissipation and generation of internal lee waves play an important role in the ocean’s energy budget. However, eddy effects in the deep ocean are difficult to observe and poorly characterized. This study investigates the energy contained in eddies at depth, when an ocean jet encounters topography. This study uses a two-layer ocean model in which an imposed unstable jet encounters a topographic obstacle (either a seamount or a meridional ridge) in a configuration relevant to an Antarctic Circumpolar Current frontal jet. The authors find that the presence of topography increases the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) at depth but that the dominant processes generating this deep EKE depend on the shape and height of the obstacle as well as on the baroclinicity of the jet before it encounters topography. In cases with high topography, horizontal shear instability is the dominant source of deep EKE, while a flat bottom or a strongly sheared inflow leads to deep EKE being generated primarily through baroclinic instability. These results suggest that the deep EKE is set by an interplay between the inflowing jet properties and topography and imply that the response of deep EKE to changes in the Southern Ocean circulation is likely to vary across locations depending on the topography characteristics.
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Kim, Min Guk, and Chan Ho Park. "The Topographical Optimization of 3D Microgroove Pattern Intervals for Ligamentous Cell Orientations: In Vitro." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 9358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249358.
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Specific orientations of periodontal ligaments (PDLs) to tooth-root surface play an important role in offering positional stabilities of teeth, transmitting and absorbing various stresses under masticatory/occlusal loading conditions, or promoting tissue remodeling by mechanical stimulations to periodontal cells. However, it is still challenging to spatially control PDL orientations and collective PDL cell alignments using 3D scaffold architectures. Here, we investigated the optimization of scaffold topographies in order to control orientations of human PDL cells with predictability in in vitro. The 3D PDL-guiding architectures were designed by computer-aided design (CAD) and microgroove patterns on the scaffold surfaces were created with four different slice intervals such as 25.40 µm (μG-25), 19.05 µm (μG-19), 12.70 µm (μG-12), and 6.35 µm (μG-6) by the digital slicing step. After scaffold design and 3D wax printing, poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) was casted into 3D printed molds and human PDL cells were cultured for 7 days. In the results, μG-25 with low vertical resolution can angularly organize seeded cells predictably rather than μG-6 created by the highest resolution for high surface quality (or smooth surface). Moreover, nuclear orientations and deformability were quantitatively analyzed and a significant correlation between microgroove pattern intervals and cell alignments was calculated for the topographic optimization. In conclusion, controllable microgroove intervals can specifically organize human PDL cells by 3D printing, which can create various surface topographies with structural consistence. The optimal surface topography (μG-25) can angularly guide human PDL cells, but 6.35 µm-thick patterns (μG-6) showed random organization of cell collectivity.
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Smedley, D. A., and K. M. Rowntree. "Rivers as borders, uniting or dividing? The effect of topography and implications for catchment management." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.186.
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South Africa's water resources are unequally distributed over space and time and an already stressed water resource situation will only be exacerbated by climate change if current predictions are correct. The potential for conflict over increasingly strained water resources in South Africa is thus very real. In order to deal with these complex problems, national legislation is demanding that water resource management be decentralized to the local level where active participation can take place in an integrated manner in accordance with the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). However, administrative and political boundaries rarely match those of catchments as, throughout South Africa, rivers have been employed extensively to delineate administrative and political boundaries at a number of spatial scales. The aim of this research is to determine if rivers act as dividing or uniting features in a socio-political landscape and whether topography will influence their role in this context. The Orange-Senqu River is used as a case study. This paper goes on to consider the implications of this for catchment management in South Africa. No study known to the authors has explored the effect of the river itself, and its topographic setting, on the drivers that foster either conflict or cooperation, and allow for participatory management. This study presents evidence that the topography of a catchment has the ability to aggravate or reduce the impact of the variables considered by water managers and thereby influence the role of a river as a dividing or uniting feature. South Africa's proposed form of decentralized water management will have to contend with the effects of different topographies on the way in which rivers are perceived and utilized.
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Rougerie, Pablo, Rafaela Silva dos Santos, Marcos Farina, and Karine Anselme. "Molecular Mechanisms of Topography Sensing by Osteoblasts: An Update." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041791.
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Bone is a specialized tissue formed by different cell types and a multiscale, complex mineralized matrix. The architecture and the surface chemistry of this microenvironment can be factors of considerable influence on cell biology, and can affect cell proliferation, commitment to differentiation, gene expression, matrix production and/or composition. It has been shown that osteoblasts encounter natural motifs in vivo, with various topographies (shapes, sizes, organization), and that cell cultures on flat surfaces do not reflect the total potential of the tissue. Therefore, studies investigating the role of topographies on cell behavior are important in order to better understand the interaction between cells and surfaces, to improve osseointegration processes in vivo between tissues and biomaterials, and to find a better topographic surface to enhance bone repair. In this review, we evaluate the main available data about surface topographies, techniques for topographies’ production, mechanical signal transduction from surfaces to cells and the impact of cell–surface interactions on osteoblasts or preosteoblasts’ behavior.
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Withanage, Sajith, Tharanga Nanayakkara, U. Kushan Wijewardena, Annika Kriisa, and R. G. Mani. "The role of surface morphology on nucleation density limitation during the CVD growth of graphene and the factors influencing graphene wrinkle formation." MRS Advances 4, no. 61-62 (2019): 3337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.73.
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ABSTRACTCVD graphene growth typically uses commercially available cold-rolled copper foils, which includes a rich topography with scratches, dents, pits, and peaks. The graphene grown on this topography, even after annealing the foil, tends to include and reflect these topographic features. Further, the transfer of such CVD graphene to a flat substrate using a polymer transfer method also introduces wrinkles. Here, we examine an electropolishing technique for reducing native foil defects, characterize the resulting foil surface, grow single-crystal graphene on the polished foil, and examine the quality of the graphene for such defects.
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Imai, Takeshi, Takahiro Yamazaki, Reiko Kobayakawa, Ko Kobayakawa, Takaya Abe, Misao Suzuki, and Hitoshi Sakano. "Pre-Target Axon Sorting Establishes the Neural Map Topography." Science 325, no. 5940 (July 9, 2009): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1173596.
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Sensory information detected by the peripheral nervous system is represented as a topographic map in the brain. It has long been thought that the topography of the map is determined by graded positional cues that are expressed by the target. Here, we analyzed the pre-target axon sorting for olfactory map formation in mice. In olfactory sensory neurons, an axon guidance receptor, Neuropilin-1, and its repulsive ligand, Semaphorin-3A, are expressed in a complementary manner. We found that expression levels of Neuropilin-1 determined both pre-target sorting and projection sites of axons. Olfactory sensory neuron–specific knockout of Semaphorin-3A perturbed axon sorting and altered the olfactory map topography. Thus, pre-target axon sorting plays an important role in establishing the topographic order based on the relative levels of guidance molecules expressed by axons.
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Wu, Cheng-Han, and Huang-Hsiung Hsu. "Topographic Influence on the MJO in the Maritime Continent." Journal of Climate 22, no. 20 (October 15, 2009): 5433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2825.1.
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Abstract This study demonstrates that during the passage of the MJO through the Maritime Continent in the boreal winter, the corresponding deep convection and near-surface wind anomalies tend to skirt around mountainous islands. Flow bifurcation around elongated mountainous islands, such as New Guinea, is clearly seen. Topographic blocking generates distinctive vorticity and convergence distributions in this specific domain. Mountain-wave-like structures are also observed throughout the Maritime Continent, with a clear spatial relationship with the high terrains in Sumatra, Sulawesi, and New Guinea. The existence of topography seems to create extra lifting and sinking within the large-scale circulation and thus the convective system exhibits quasi-stationary features near the major topography during the MJO passage through the Maritime Continent. It is suggested that resolving the detailed topographic effects may play a key role in simulating realistic characteristics of the MJO in the Maritime Continent.
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Ramos, Corina H., Edna Rodríguez-Sánchez, Juan Antonio Arias Del Angel, Alejandro V. Arzola, Mariana Benítez, Ana E. Escalante, Alessio Franci, Giovanni Volpe, and Natsuko Rivera-Yoshida. "The environment topography alters the way to multicellularity in Myxococcus xanthus." Science Advances 7, no. 35 (August 2021): eabh2278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh2278.
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The social soil-dwelling bacterium Myxococcus xanthus can form multicellular structures, known as fruiting bodies. Experiments in homogeneous environments have shown that this process is affected by the physicochemical properties of the substrate, but they have largely neglected the role of complex topographies. We experimentally demonstrate that the topography alters single-cell motility and multicellular organization in M. xanthus. In topographies realized by randomly placing silica particles over agar plates, we observe that the cells’ interaction with particles drastically modifies the dynamics of cellular aggregation, leading to changes in the number, size, and shape of the fruiting bodies and even to arresting their formation in certain conditions. We further explore this type of cell-particle interaction in a computational model. These results provide fundamental insights into how the environment topography influences the emergence of complex multicellular structures from single cells, which is a fundamental problem of biological, ecological, and medical relevance.
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Zhang, Geng Pei, Xiao Jun Liu, and Wen Long Lu. "Surface Topography Characterization in Steel Running-in Process of Dry Sliding Friction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.414.
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Running-in is an important and inevitable wear process for machine system, and it plays an indispensable role in extending service life and improving operating performance. Surface topography appears as a significant feature of friction pairs. Therefore, study on modification of surface topography in running-in is crucial to control surface quality and then achieve improvement of machine system. In this paper, to understand the evolution of surface topography in running-in process, steel dry sliding running-in experiments were conducted, and surface topographies in running-in were evaluated with the areal surface evaluation parameters. The results reveal that surface topography evaluation could provide valuable information about wear status of steel running-in process of dry sliding friction, amplitude parameters, area and volume parameters, and hybrid parameters play different and important roles in characterization of surface topography modification in running-in.
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Smith, R. S., R. D. Moore, M. Weiler, and G. Jost. "Controls on groundwater response and runoff source area dynamics in a snowmelt-dominated montane catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2013): 2549–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-2549-2013.
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Abstract. The role of spatial variability in water inputs on runoff source area dynamics has generally not received as much research attention as topography and soils; however, the influence of topography and forest cover on snow surface energy exchanges can result in asynchronous snowmelt throughout a catchment complicating the space-time patterns of runoff generation. This study investigates temporal variation in the relative importance of spatial controls on the occurrence, timing, and persistence of shallow groundwater response utilizing a highly distributed monitoring network in a snowmelt-dominated montane catchment in western Canada. The study findings indicate that deep soil hydraulic conductivity is a first-order control on the distribution of sites that generate shallow groundwater response versus sites that experience only deep percolation. Upslope contributing area and slope gradient are first-order controls on the persistence of groundwater response during peak flow, recession flow, and low flow periods. Runoff source areas expand and contract throughout these periods according to an interplay between catchment wetness and the spatial patterns of topographic convergence. However, controls on the differential timing, intensity, and quantity of snowmelt and controls on vertical versus lateral flux partitioning in the soil overwhelm the influence of topographic convergence on runoff source area dynamics during early spring freshet periods. The study findings suggest that various topographic indices and topography-based rainfall runoff models are not necessarily applicable to modelling snowmelt runoff source area dynamics during all streamflow periods for snowmelt-dominated montane catchments.
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Zhang, Xiao, Yan Wang, and Haiyan He. "Brief Discussion of Surveying Technology of Three-dimensional Digital Topographic Map." Electronics Science Technology and Application 2 (December 3, 2015): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/esta.v2i1.6.
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3D digital Topographic drawing adopts 3D profile technology and demonstrates geographic space phenomenon to users, reflects the space features of geographic entity in an integrated and accurate manner and thus realizes even more complete, accurate and straight-forward expression of the objective world. It can not only express the plane relationship between space objects, but also accurately describe and express the ground elevation and geometric object height which upgrade the space expression ability and measuring level of digital map and enhance the space acknowledge ability and analytic ability of map. This article aims to elaborate on 3D digital topographic drawing in three aspects: surveying, mapping and application; mainly introduce the mapping methods of 3D topography and geometric object, integrated matching technologies of topographic model and geometric object model and application of 3D digital topographic drawing. It is expected to have a positive promotion role in the development of 3D GIS.
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Dixon, Jean L., Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, Kurt Stüwe, and Marcus Christl. "Glaciation's topographic control on Holocene erosion at the eastern edge of the Alps." Earth Surface Dynamics 4, no. 4 (December 22, 2016): 895–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-895-2016.
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Abstract. What is the influence of glacial processes in driving erosion and uplift across the European Alps? It has largely been argued that repeated erosion and glaciation sustain isostatic uplift and topography in a decaying orogen. But some parts of the Alps may still be actively uplifting via deep lithospheric processes. We add insight to this debate by isolating the role of post-glacial topographic forcing on erosion rates. To do this, we quantify the topographic signature of past glaciation on millennial-scale erosion rates in previously glaciated and unglaciated catchments at the easternmost edge of the Austrian Alps. Newly measured catchment-wide erosion rates, determined from cosmogenic 10Be in river-borne quartz, correlate with basin relief and mean slope. GIS-derived slope–elevation and slope–area distributions across catchments provide clear topographic indicators of the degree of glacial preconditioning, which further correlates with erosion rates. Erosion rates in the easternmost, non-glaciated basins range from 40 to 150 mm ky−1 and likely reflect underlying tectonic forcings in this region, which have previously been attributed to recent (post 5 Ma) uplift. By contrast, erosion rates in previously glaciated catchments range from 170 to 240 mm ky−1 and reflect the erosional response to local topographic preconditioning by repeated glaciations. Together, these data suggest that Holocene erosion across the Eastern Alps is strongly shaped by the local topography relict from previous glaciations. Broader, landscape-wide forcings, such as the widely debated deep mantle-driven or isostatically driven uplift, result in lesser controls on both topography and erosion rates in this region. Comparing our data to previously published erosion rates across the Alps, we show that post-glacial erosion rates vary across more than 2 orders of magnitude. This high variation in post-glacial erosion may reflect combined effects of direct tectonic and modern climatic forcings but is strongly overprinted by past glacial climate and its topographic legacy.
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Singh, Gurbir, Gurpreet Kaur, Karl W. Williard, Kelly A. Nelson, and Jon E. Schoonover. "Cover crops and topography differentially influence weeds at a watershed scale." Weed Technology 34, no. 1 (August 23, 2019): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.83.
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AbstractCover crops (CCs) play an important role in integrated weed management. Data necessary to evaluate the role of CCs in weed management at the watershed scale with topographic positions are lacking. We evaluated the effects of cereal rye and hairy vetch CCs on weed suppression at different topographic positions (shoulder, backslope, and footslope) at a watershed scale. Watersheds with a CC treatment followed a crop rotation of corn–cereal rye–soybean–hairy vetch, whereas watersheds without a CC (no-CC) had a crop rotation of corn–winter fallow–soybean–winter fallow. A negative relationship was present between CCs and weed biomass at the shoulder, backslope, and footslope topographic landscape positions, with R2 values of 0.40, 0.48, and 0.50, respectively. In 2016, a cereal rye CC reduced weed biomass 46% to 50% at footslope and shoulder positions compared to no CC. In 2018, a cereal rye CC reduced weed biomass between 52% and 85% at all topographic positions in CC treatment watersheds compared to no-CC watersheds. Hairy vetch in 2017 reduced weed biomass 62% to 72% at footslope and shoulder topographic positions in CC watersheds compared to no-CC. The C:N ratio of weed biomass in CC treatment watersheds was generally higher compared to watersheds without CCs. In this study, several significant interactions were found between the topographic positions and CC treatments. Cover crop–induced weed suppression at different topographic positions can lead to developing better site-specific weed control strategies. Therefore, CC interactions with topography, weed germination potential, and the role of soil moisture at the watershed scale should be further evaluated.
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Trodahl, Marta, and Pål Erik Isachsen. "Topographic Influence on Baroclinic Instability and the Mesoscale Eddy Field in the Northern North Atlantic Ocean and the Nordic Seas." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 11 (November 2018): 2593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0220.1.
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AbstractA weak planetary vorticity gradient and weak density stratification in the northern North Atlantic and Nordic seas lead to time-mean currents that are strongly guided by bottom topography. The topographic steering sets up distinct boundary currents with strong property fronts that are prone to both baroclinic and barotropic instability. These instability processes generate a macroturbulent eddy field that spreads buoyancy and other tracers out from the boundary currents and into the deep basins. In this paper we investigate the particular role played by baroclinic instability in generating the observed eddy field, comparing predictions from linear stability calculations with diagnostics from a nonlinear eddy-permitting ocean model hindcast. We also look into how the bottom topography impacts instability itself. The calculations suggest that baroclinic instability is a consistent source of the eddy field but that topographic potential vorticity gradients impact unstable growth significantly. We also observe systematic topographic effects on finite-amplitude eddy characteristics, including a general suppression of length scales over the continental slopes. Investigation of the vertical structure of unstable modes reveal that Eady theory, even when modified to account for a bottom slope, is unfit as a lowest-order model for the dynamics taking place in these ocean regions.
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Smith, R. S., R. D. Moore, M. Weiler, and G. Jost. "Spatial controls on groundwater response dynamics in a snowmelt-dominated montane catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 5 (May 21, 2014): 1835–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1835-2014.
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Abstract. The role of spatial variability in water inputs on runoff dynamics has generally not received as much research attention as topography and soils; however, the influence of topography and forest cover on snow surface energy exchanges can result in asynchronous snowmelt throughout a catchment, complicating the space–time patterns of runoff generation. This study investigates temporal variation in the relative importance of spatial controls on the occurrence, duration, and timing of shallow groundwater response, utilizing a highly distributed monitoring network in a snowmelt-dominated montane catchment in western Canada. The study findings indicate that deep-soil hydraulic conductivity is a first-order control on the spatial distribution of sites that generate shallow groundwater response versus sites that experience only deep percolation. Upslope contributing area and slope gradient are first-order controls on the duration of groundwater response during peak-flow, recession-flow, and low-flow periods. Shallow runoff response areas expand and contract throughout these periods and follow the general spatial patterns of topographic convergence. However, spatial controls on the timing, intensity, and quantity of snowmelt and controls on vertical versus lateral flux partitioning in the soil overwhelm the influence of topographic convergence on runoff patterns during early spring freshet periods. The study findings suggest that various topographic indices and topography-based rainfall runoff models would not likely be good predictors of runoff patterns in snowmelt-dominated montane catchments during early phases of the spring freshet, but would increase in importance as the freshet and post-freshet periods proceed.
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Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., A. J. George Nurser, Robert B. Scott, and John A. Goff. "The Impact of Small-Scale Topography on the Dynamical Balance of the Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 647–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-056.1.
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Abstract The impact of small-scale topography on the ocean’s dynamical balance is investigated by quantifying the rates at which internal wave drag extracts (angular) momentum and vorticity from the general circulation. The calculation exploits the recent advent of two near-global descriptions of topographic roughness on horizontal scales on the order of 1–10 km, which play a central role in the generation of internal lee waves by geostrophic flows impinging on topography and have been hitherto unresolved by bathymetric datasets and ocean general circulation models alike. It is found that, while internal wave drag is a minor contributor to the ocean’s dynamical balance over much of the globe, it is a significant player in the dynamics of extensive areas of the ocean, most notably the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and several regions of enhanced small-scale topographic variance in the equatorial and Southern Hemisphere oceans. There, the contribution of internal wave drag to the ocean’s (angular) momentum and vorticity balances is generally on the order of ten to a few tens of percent of the dominant source and sink terms in each dynamical budget, which are respectively associated with wind forcing and form drag by topography with horizontal scales from 500 to 1000 km. It is thus suggested that the representation of internal wave drag in general circulation models may lead to significant changes in the deep ocean circulation of those regions. A theoretical scaling is derived that captures the basic dependence of internal wave drag on topographic roughness and near-bottom flow speed for most oceanographically relevant regimes.
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Lei, Jinghao, Zhikun Ren, Takashi Oguchi, Peizhen Zhang, and Shoichiro Uchiyama. "Topographic Evolution Involving Co-Seismic Landslide, Deformation, Long-Term Folding and Isostatic Rebound: A Case Study on the 2004 Chuetsu Earthquake." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061073.
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Co-seismic landslide volume information is critical to understanding the role of strong earthquakes in topographic and geological evolution. The availability of both pre- and post-earthquake high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) provides us with the opportunity to develop a new approach to obtain robust landslide volume information. Here, we propose a method for landslide volume estimation and test it in the Chuetsu region, where a Mw 6.6 earthquake occurred in 2004. First, we align the DEMs by reconstructing the horizontal difference. Then, we quantitatively obtain the landslide volume in the epicentral area by differencing the pre- and post-earthquake DEMs. We convert the landslide volume into the distribution of average catchment-scale denudation and the resulting long-term crustal rebound. Our findings reveal that the Chuetsu earthquake mainly roughens the topography in the low-elevation Chuetsu region. Our results indicate that the preserved topography not only is due to the uplift caused by fault-related folding on the hanging wall of the Muikamachi fault but also undergoes erosion caused by seismically induced landslides and crustal rebound also modifies the topography in the long term. This study confirms that the differential DEM method is a valuable approach for quantitative analysis of topographic and geological evolution.
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Laamrani, Ahmed, and Osvaldo Valeria. "Ranking Importance of Topographical Surface and Subsurface Parameters on Paludification in Northern Boreal Forests Using Very High Resolution Remotely Sensed Datasets." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020577.
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The accumulation of organic material on top of the mineral soil over time (a process called paludification) is common in Northern Boreal coniferous forests. This natural process leads to a marked decrease in forest productivity overtime. Topography both at the surface of the forest floor (i.e., above ground) and the subsurface (i.e., top of mineral soil which is underground) is known to play a critical role in the paludification process. Until recently, the availability of more accurate topographic information regarding the surface and subsurface was a limiting factor for land management and modeling of spatial organic layer thickness (OLT) variability, a proxy for paludification. However so far, no research has assessed which of these two topographic variables has the greatest influence on paludification. This study aims to assess which topographic variable (surface or subsurface) better explains paludification, using high-resolution remote sensing technology (i.e., Light Detection and Ranging: LiDAR and Ground Penetrating Radar: GPR). To this end, field soil measurements were made in over 1614 sites distributed throughout the reference Valrennes Experimental site in Canadian northern coniferous forests. Then, a machine learning model (i.e., Random Forest, RF) was implemented to rank a set of selected predictor topographic variables (i.e., slope, aspect, mean curvature, plan curvature, profile curvature, and topographic wetness index) using the Mean Decrease Gini (MDG) index as an indicator of importance. Results showed that overall 83% of the overall variance was explained by the RF selected model, while the derived subsurface topography predictors had the lowest MDGs for predicting paludification. On the other hand, the surface slope predictor had the highest MDGs and better explained paludification. This finding would be particularly useful for implanting sustainable management strategies based on the surface variables of paludified northern boreal forests. This study has also highlighted the potential of LiDAR data to provide surface topographic spatial detail information for planning and optimizing forest management activities in paludified boreal forests. This is even of great importance when we know that LiDAR variables are easier to obtain compared to GPR derived variables (subsurface topographic variables).
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Nadeau, Louis-Philippe, and Raffaele Ferrari. "The Role of Closed Gyres in Setting the Zonal Transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 6 (June 2015): 1491–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0173.1.
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AbstractEddy-permitting simulations are used to show that basinlike gyres can be observed in the large-scale barotropic flow of a wind-driven channel with a meridional topographic ridge. This is confirmed using both two-layer quasigeostrophic and 25-level primitive equation models at high horizontal resolution. Comparing results from simulations with and without the topographic ridge, it is shown that the zonal baroclinic transport in the channel increases with increasing wind stress when the bottom topography is flat but not when there is a meridional ridge. The saturation of transport for increasing wind occurs in conjunction with the development of recirculating gyres in the large-scale barotropic streamfunction. This suggests that the total circulation can be thought of as a superposition of a gyre mode (which has zero circumpolar transport) and a free circumpolar mode (which contains all of the transport). Basinlike gyres arise in the channel because the topography steers the barotropic streamlines and supports a frictional boundary layer similar to the more familiar ones observed along western boundaries. The gyre mode is thus closely linked with the bottom form stress exerted by the along-ridge flow and provides the sink for the wind momentum input. In this framework, any increase in wind forcing spins a stronger gyre as opposed to feeding the circumpolar transport. This hypothesis is supported with a suite of experiments where key parameters are carried over a wide range: wind stress, wind stress curl, ridge height, channel length, and bottom friction.
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Liu, Z. H., L. Han, T. T. Wu, C. Y. Du, and N. Cao. "WATERSHED TOPOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES ANALYSIS OF THE UPPER REACHES OF THE WEIHE RIVER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W10 (February 7, 2020): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w10-471-2020.
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Abstract. The morphology of watershed is the most intuitive information carrier to reflect regional tectonic activity, surface erosion and morphologic evolution. Active tectonic and fluvial system play a significant role in patterns and characters of regional morphology. Taking twenty-nine tributaries of the upper reaches of the Weihe River as the main study objects, four parameters, such as gully density (GD), basin topography ratio (BTR), roundness ratio (RR), river longitudinal profile fitting exponent (RLPFE), etc., were used to quantitatively analyse the topographic characteristics in this area. To reveal the main cause of the characteristics, the hypsometric integral (HI) were also applied in this area. The results showed that: (1) There is a positive linear function between basin topography ratio (BTR) and mean slope, and the mean values of four indexes in northern channels are smaller than southern channels; (2) The mean HI value is 0.44, indicating that the main topographic characteristics of this area is in maturity, which is in the transitional period of adjustment of the deep erosion and uplift movement; (3) The main cause of this topographic changes is tectonic. These results are consistent with other geological background, and will enrich regional basin morphology research and tectonic activity evaluation, provide important basic data for regional disaster prediction and analysis of soil and water loss.
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Ryzhov, E. A., and K. V. Koshel. "Interaction of a monopole vortex with an isolated topographic feature in a three-layer geophysical flow." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 20, no. 1 (February 14, 2013): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-20-107-2013.
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Abstract. In the frame of a three-layer, quasi-geostrophic analytical model of an f-plane geophysical flow, the Lagrangian advection induced by the interaction of a monopole vortex with an isolated topographic feature is addressed. Two different cases when the monopole is located either within the upper or the middle layer are of our interest. In the bottom layer, there is a delta-function topographic feature, which generates a closed recirculation region in its vicinity due to the background flow. This recirculation region extends to the middle and upper layers, and it plays the role of a topographic vortex. The interaction between the monopole and the topographic vortex causes a complex, including chaotic, advection of fluid particles. We show that the model's parameters, namely the monopole and topographic vortices' strengths and initial positions, and the layers' depths and densities, are responsible for the diverse advection patterns. While the patterns are rather complicated, one can single out two major processes, which mostly govern the fluid particle advection. The first one is the variation in time of the system's phase space structure, so that within the closed region of the topographic vortex, there appear periodically unclosed particle pathways by which the particles leave the topographic vortex. The second one is chaotic advection that arises from the nonstationarity of the monopole–topography interaction.
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Diaconescu, Alexandru. "Dacia and the Dacian Wars - ALEXANDRE SIMON STEFAN, LES GUERRES DACIQUES DE DOMITIEN ET DE TRAJAN. ARCHITECTURE MILITAIRE, TOPOGRAPHIE, IMAGES ET HISTOIRE (Collection de l'École française de Rome 353, 2005). Pp. 811, figs. 286. ISSN 0223-5099; ISBN 2-7283-0638-9. EUR. 160." Journal of Roman Archaeology 21 (2008): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400005006.
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Graniero, P. A., and J. S. Price. "Distribution of bog and heath in a Newfoundland blanket bog complex: topographic limits on the hydrological processes governing blanket bog development." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 30, 1999): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-223-1999.
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Abstract. This research quantified the role of topography and hydrological processes within and, hence, the development of, blanket bogs. Topographic characteristics were derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) developed for the surface and underlying substrate at three blanket bog sites on the southeastern lobe of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. A multinomial logit (MNL) model of the probability of bog occurrence was constructed in terms of relevant topographic characteristics. The resulting model was then used to investigate the probabilistic boundary conditions of bog occurrence within the landscape. Under average curvatures for the sites studied, substrate slopes up to 0.065 favoured blanket bog development. However, steeper slopes could, theoretically, be occupied by blanked bog where water is concentrated by convergent curvatures or large contributing areas. Near community boundaries, bog and heath communities both occupied similar topographic conditions. Since these boundary locations are capable of supporting the hydrological conditions necessary for bog development, the heath is likely to be encroached upon by bog.
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Sheu, Bor-Ching, Chih-Chen Lin, Ying-Hsien Fu, Shih-Yuan Lee, Hsin-Chih Lai, Rung-Shin Wu, Chih-Hao Liu, Jui-Chang Tsai, and Shiming Lin. "Unraveling the Role of the rssC Gene of Serratia marcescens by Atomic Force Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 16, no. 6 (October 20, 2010): 755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610093943.
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AbstractThe product and direct role of the rssC gene of Serratia marcescens is unknown. For unraveling the role of the rssC gene, atomic force microscopy has been used to identify the surfaces of intact S. marcescens wild-type CH-1 cells and rssC mutant CH-1ΔC cells. The detailed surface topographies were directly visualized, and quantitative measurements of the physical properties of the membrane structures were provided. CH-1 and CH-1ΔC cells were observed before and after treatment with lysozyme, and their topography-related parameters, e.g., a valley-to-peak distance, mean height, surface roughness, and surface root-mean-square values, were defined and compared. The data obtained suggest that the cellular surface topography of mutant CH-1ΔC becomes rougher and more precipitous than that of wild-type CH-1 cells. Moreover, it was found that, compared with native wild-type CH-1, the cellular surface topography of lysozyme-treated CH-1 was not changed profoundly. The product of the rssC gene is thus predicted to be mainly responsible for fatty-acid biosynthesis of the S. marcescens outer membrane. This study represents the first direct observation of the structural changes in membranes of bacterial mutant cells and offers a new prospect for predicting gene expression in bacterial cells.
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Yang, Hongwei, Qingfeng Zhao, Baoshu Yin, and Huanhe Dong. "A New Integro-Differential Equation for Rossby Solitary Waves with Topography Effect in Deep Rotational Fluids." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/597807.
Full textAbstract:
From rotational potential vorticity-conserved equation with topography effect and dissipation effect, with the help of the multiple-scale method, a new integro-differential equation is constructed to describe the Rossby solitary waves in deep rotational fluids. By analyzing the equation, some conservation laws associated with Rossby solitary waves are derived. Finally, by seeking the numerical solutions of the equation with the pseudospectral method, by virtue of waterfall plots, the effect of detuning parameter and dissipation on Rossby solitary waves generated by topography are discussed, and the equation is compared with KdV equation and BO equation. The results show that the detuning parameterαplays an important role for the evolution features of solitary waves generated by topography, especially in the resonant case; a large amplitude nonstationary disturbance is generated in the forcing region. This condition may explain the blocking phenomenon which exists in the atmosphere and ocean and generated by topographic forcing.
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Jiménez-Urias, Miguel A., and LuAnne Thompson. "Idealized Study on the Effect of Bottom Topography on the Seasonality of the Stability of the Iceland–Faeroe Front." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 12 (December 2018): 2989–3008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0048.1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe investigate the effects of bottom topography on the instability, eddy-driven heat flux, and overturning of a front that sits atop a ridge by varying the initial location of an idealized frontal outcrop with respect to a topographic ridge. The front is periodic in the along-ridge direction and unstable to both mixed layer and mesoscale baroclinic instabilities with both instabilities focused on the northern flank of the ridge where the front outcrops. We find agreement with the theoretical predictions for the development of mesoscale instability of the jet in the presence of sloping bottom topography, and we find the initial growth of surface mixed layer eddies is insensitive to topographic variations. However, during the finite amplitude phase of mixed layer instability, we find faster development of mesoscale eddies and thus a stronger cross-front eddy heat flux and residual circulation for the position of the jet where we found the faster growth of mesoscale baroclinic instability. Over an advective time scale that represents the transit time of a water parcel along the Iceland–Faeroe Ridge (IFR), the resulting eddy heat flux is greatest in the cases where the frontal jet experiences the most destabilizing bottom topography of the three cases tested, with values comparable to the heat flux associated with the mean flow. Therefore, eddy dynamics over the IFR frontal region are important contributors to the heat exchanges between the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas, with the bottom topography playing a key role in determining the largest heat fluxes, whether the initial growth is dominated by mixed layer eddies or mesoscale eddies.