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Journal articles on the topic 'Topography'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Vetter, William M., Hidekazu Tsuchida, Isaho Kamata, and Michael Dudley. "Simulation of Threading Edge Dislocation Images in X-Ray Topographs of Silicon Carbide Homo-Epilayers." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.411.

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Among the types of dislocation seen in homo-epilayers of SiC grown upon 4H-SiC wafers with an 8° surface offcut are basal plane dislocations propagated into the epilayer at an 8° inclination, and threading edge dislocations. These types may be imaged by monochromatic synchrotron x-ray topography in the grazing-incidence reflection geometry using the 11 2 8 reflection. Equations needed to apply the ray-tracing method of computer simulating x-ray topographic defect images in this experimental geometry were derived and used to simulate images of the threading edge dislocations. Simulations of the

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Vetter, W. M., H. Tsuchida, I. Kamata, and M. Dudley. "Simulation of threading dislocation images in X-ray topographs of silicon carbide homo-epilayers." Journal of Applied Crystallography 38, no. 3 (2005): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889805005819.

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Three types of dislocation are seen in homo-epilayers of SiC grown on 4H-SiC wafers with an 8° surface offcut: axial screw dislocations, basal plane dislocations propagated into the epilayer at an 8° inclination and threading edge dislocations. These types may be imaged by monochromatic synchrotron X-ray topography in the grazing-incidence reflection geometry using the 11\overline 28 reflection. Equations needed to apply the ray-tracing method of computer simulating X-ray topographic defect images in this experimental geometry were derived and used to simulate images of all three. Simulations

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Lovelace, Jeffrey J., Cameron R. Murphy, Reinhard Pahl, Keith Brister, and Gloria E. O. Borgstahl. "Tracking reflections through cryogenic cooling with topography." Journal of Applied Crystallography 39, no. 3 (2006): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889806012763.

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The mosaic structure of a single protein crystal was analyzed by reflection profiling and topography using highly parallel and monochromatic synchrotron radiation. Fine-φ-sliced diffraction images (0.002° stills) were collected using a conventional large-area CCD detector in order to calculate reflection profiles. Fine-φ-sliced topographic data (0.002°) stills were collected with a digital topography system for three reflections in a region where the Lorentz effect was minimized. At room temperature, several different mosaic domains were clearly visible within the crystal. Without altering the

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Yosanny, Agustinna, Muhammad Ismail, and Handoko Said. "Perancangan Augmented Reality untuk Peta Topografi." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 4, no. 2 (2013): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v4i2.2587.

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Topography is the science about the earth's surface and other objects such as planets, satellites, and asteroids. Topography is studied at school and is found quite difficult to understand because it requires imagination to understand the meaning of contour maps as well as the lines. To motivate students in learning topography,we design an learning application of interactive topographic map with 3D features using Augmented reality technology. In this research we implement analysis and design method. The result achieved is a learning topographic map application based on augmented reality. The c

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Zivkovic, Dragica, and Aleksandar Valjarevic. "Digital analyses of cartometric Fruska Gora guidelines." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 93, no. 3 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1303001z.

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Modern geo morphological topography research have been using quantity statistic and cartographic methods for topographic relief features, mutual relief features, mutual connection analyses on the grounds of good quality numeric parameters etc. Topographic features are important for topographic activities are important for important natural activities. Important morphological characteristics are precisely at the angle of topography, hypsometry, and topography exposition and so on. Small yet unknown relief slants can deeply affect land configuration, hypsometry, topographic exposition etc. Expos

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Lee, Cho-Hee, Yeong Bae Seong, John Weber, Sangmin Ha, Dong-Eun Kim, and Byung Yong Yu. "Topographic metrics for unveiling fault segmentation and tectono-geomorphic evolution with insights into the impact of inherited topography, Ulsan Fault Zone, South Korea." Earth Surface Dynamics 12, no. 5 (2024): 1091–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1091-2024.

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Abstract. Quantifying today's topography can provide insights into landscape evolution and its controls, since present topography represents a cumulative expression of past and present surface processes. The Ulsan Fault Zone (UFZ) is an active fault zone on the southeastern Korean Peninsula that was reactivated as a reverse fault around 5 Ma. The UFZ strikes NNW–SSE and dips eastward. This study investigates the relative tectonic activity along the UFZ and the landscape evolution of the hanging-wall side of the UFZ, focusing on neotectonic perturbations using 10Be-derived catchment-averaged de

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Abaid, Ibrahim Emhemed, and Omar Hamza Tika. "The Influence of Land Topography on Landscape Architecture through Several Views." International Science and Technology Journal 36, no. 1 (2025): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.62341/ieoh1925.

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This research focuses on the different relationship between land topography and landscape architecture, examining how natural terrain influences design decisions, spatial organization, and overall landscape quality. The study evaluates the effectiveness of topographic analysis techniques and their implications for the practice and education of landscape architecture. Findings indicate that land topography significantly shapes design processes and outcomes, highlighting the importance of integrating topographic considerations into landscape architecture practice. Practical recommendations are o

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8

Winter, J. M., R. E. Green, and K. A. Green. "Application of Synchrotron and Flash X-Ray Topography to Improved Processing of Electronic Materials." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, A (1991): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800008880.

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AbstractWhite beam transmission topography was used to image defect structures in gallium arsenide single crystal substrates representative of those used for microwave integrated circuit fabrication. A scanning topographic camera was developed for Beamline X-19C at the National Synchrotron Light Source. Acquiring film topographs within a particular range of scan rates and x-ray fluxes was found to produce distorted images. The distortions were shown to be thermoelastic, arising from inhomogeneous deposition of thermal energy through the absorption of residual x-rays. The problem could be circu

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9

Chu, Xuefeng, Xinhua Jia, and Yang Liu. "Quantification of wetting front movement under the influence of surface topography." Soil Research 56, no. 4 (2018): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17071.

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Soil surface topography affects fundamental hydrologic processes, such as infiltration and soil water percolation. Topographic variations potentially alter both the magnitude and directions of unsaturated flow. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of surface topography on wetting front moving patterns under different rainfall and soil conditions through combined experimental and numerical modelling studies. Specifically, laboratory-scale infiltration and unsaturated flow experiments and HYDRUS-2D modelling were conducted for different topographic surfaces, rainfall intensitie

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Chen, Cheng, Yigang Wang, and Huiming Huang. "Investigations of Topographic Effect on Radial Current in South Yellow Sea." Polish Maritime Research 24, s3 (2017): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2017-0114.

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Abstract Large scaled projects are conducted in South Yellow Sea in recent years. Topographic effect and tidal current are key issues to the coastal engineering and the ocean engineering. In this study, field surveys were conducted to investigate the tidal level, current velocity, and current direction in South Yellow Sea. A numerical model was developed to simulate the radial current field based on the field data. To investigate the mechanism of the radial current field, the actual topography and a smoothed topography were applied in the numerical model, respectively. Results show that, the c

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11

Biahun, Ratsibor. "Maps of Minsk of the late XVIII – early XIX century as the sources on social topography of the city." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 3 (March 2020): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.3.32406.

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This article examines the maps of Minsk of the late XVIII &ndash; early XIX century as the sources on social topography of the city. Socio-topographic approach in history implies combining topographic data and social research. City maps have been traditionally viewed as the sources for reconstructing urban topography. However, they often contain valuable data on population of the city, thus it is suggested viewing the maps of Minsk as the carriers of two types of information &ndash; topographic and social. Having prepared a review of twenty city maps, the author demonstrates the contex

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Shragge, Jeffrey. "Reverse time migration from topography." GEOPHYSICS 79, no. 4 (2014): S141—S152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0405.1.

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Migration of seismic data from topography using methods based on finite-difference (FD) approximation to acoustic wave propagation commonly suffers from a number of imaging drawbacks due to the difficulty of applying FD stencils to irregular computational meshes. Altering the computational geometry from Cartesian to a topographic coordinate system conformal to the data acquisition surface can circumvent many of these issues. The coordinate transformation approach allows for acoustic wave propagation and the crosscorrelation and inverse-scattering imaging conditions to be posed and computed dir

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Yin, Zhen, Chen Zuo, Emma J. MacKie, and Jef Caers. "Mapping high-resolution basal topography of West Antarctica from radar data using non-stationary multiple-point geostatistics (MPS-BedMappingV1)." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 4 (2022): 1477–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1477-2022.

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Abstract. The subglacial bed topography is critical for modelling the evolution of Thwaites Glacier in the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE), where rapid ice loss threatens the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. However, mapping of subglacial topography is subject to uncertainties of up to hundreds of metres, primarily due to large gaps of up to tens of kilometres in airborne ice-penetrating radar flight lines. Deterministic interpolation approaches do not reflect such spatial uncertainty. While traditional geostatistical simulations can model such uncertainty, they become difficult to appl

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Cai, Yiheng, Fuxing Wan, Shinan Lang, Xiangbin Cui, and Zijun Yao. "Multi-Branch Deep Neural Network for Bed Topography of Antarctica Super-Resolution: Reasonable Integration of Multiple Remote Sensing Data." Remote Sensing 15, no. 5 (2023): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051359.

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Bed topography and roughness play important roles in numerous ice-sheet analyses. Although the coverage of ice-penetrating radar measurements has vastly increased over recent decades, significant data gaps remain in certain areas of subglacial topography and need interpolation. However, the bed topography generated by interpolation such as kriging and mass conservation is generally smooth at small scales, lacking topographic features important for sub-kilometer roughness. DeepBedMap, a deep learning method combined with multiple surface observation inputs, can generate high-resolution (250 m)

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Zhao, Baojun, and Jiaxin Wang. "Forced solitary wave and vorticity with topography effect in quasi-geostrophic modelling." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 15, no. 1 (2023): 168781322211402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221140212.

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A forced KdV equation including the special topography effect is derived to describe nonlinear long wave and solitary eddy based on the quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity model. We obtain the theoretical solution of the equation and the concrete form of stream function through perturbation theory and multi-scale analysis methods. It is found that the joint effect of weak shear basic flow and topography can change the cyclone and anticyclone structure of eddy, and in the meantime topographic structure affects the East-West propagation direction of solitary wave. Finally, according to the int

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Zhang, Ying, Shikun Dai, Qianjiang Zhang, Qingrui Chen, and Jiaxuan Ling. "Numerical Modeling of Anisotropic Magnetic Field for High Susceptibility in Undulating Topography." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2651, no. 1 (2023): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2651/1/012084.

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Abstract Most minerals with high magnetism have anisotropic characteristics, and the magnetic field distribution will be affected by topography. Based on the numerical modeling of magnetic field of anisotropic ferromagnetic body, this paper introduces the undulating topographic surface, sets up multiple horizontal planes with different depths between the highest point and the lowest point of the undulating terrain, calculates the magnetic field of these horizontal planes, and finally obtains the distribution of magnetic anomaly field on undulating topographic surface through interpolation. The

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17

White, Andrew J., and N. Robb McDonald. "The Motion of a Point Vortex near Large-Amplitude Topography in a Two-Layer Fluid." Journal of Physical Oceanography 34, no. 12 (2004): 2808–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2658.1.

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Abstract This work examines the dynamics of point vortices in a two-layer fluid near large-amplitude, sharply varying topography like that which occurs in continental shelf regions. Topography takes the form of an infinitely long step change in depth, and the two-layer stratification is chosen such that the height of topography in the upper layer is a small fraction of the overall depth, enabling quasigeostrophic theory to be used in both layers. An analytic expression for the dispersion relation of free topographic waves in this system is found. Weak vortices are studied using linear theory a

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18

Lin, Changhong, Sumei Zhong, Esben Auken, et al. "The effects of 3D topography on controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric responses." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 2 (2018): WB97—WB108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0429.1.

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We have investigated the 3D topographic effects on controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric data. Two 3D topographic models are considered: a trapezoidal-hill model and a trapezoidal-valley model. Different responses are generated, including the amplitude of the electric field, the amplitude of the magnetic field, the apparent resistivity, and phase data. The responses distorted by the 3D topography are simulated for the source located next to and on the hill/valley. Our study indicates that all electric field, magnetic field, apparent resistivity, and phase data are influenced by 3D

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19

Balmforth, Neil J., and Thomas Peacock. "Tidal Conversion by Supercritical Topography." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 8 (2009): 1965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4057.1.

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Abstract Calculations are presented of the rate of energy conversion of the barotropic tide into internal gravity waves above topography on the ocean floor. The ocean is treated as infinitely deep, and the topography consists of periodic obstructions; a Green function method is used to construct the scattered wavefield. The calculations extend the previous results of Balmforth et al. for subcritical topography (wherein waves propagate along rays whose slopes exceed that of the topography everywhere), by allowing the obstacles to be arbitrarily steep or supercritical (so waves propagate at shal

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Zhao, Yujin, Liaoying Zhao, Huaguo Zhang, and Bin Fu. "LSTM-Based Remote Sensing Inversion of Largescale Sand Wave Topography of the Taiwan Banks." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (2021): 3313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163313.

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Shallow underwater topography has important practical applications in fisheries, navigation, and pipeline laying. Traditional multibeam bathymetry is limited by the high cost of largescale topographic surveys in large, shallow sand wave areas. Remote sensing inversion methods to detect shallow sand wave topography in Taiwan rely heavily on measured water depth data. To address these problems, this study proposes a largescale remote sensing inversion model of sand wave topography based on long short-term memory network machine learning. Using multi-angle sun glitter remote sensing to obtain sea

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Landais, F., F. Schmidt, and S. Lovejoy. "Universal multifractal Martian topography." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 22, no. 6 (2015): 713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-22-713-2015.

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Abstract. In the present study, we investigate the scaling properties of the topography of Mars. Planetary topographic fields are well known to roughly exhibit (mono)fractal behavior. Indeed, the fractal formalism reproduces much of the variability observed in topography. Still, a single fractal dimension is not enough to explain the huge variability and intermittency. Previous studies have claimed that fractal dimensions might be different from one region to another, excluding a general description at the planetary scale. In this article, we analyze the Martian topographic data with a multifr

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Landais, F., F. Schmidt, and S. Lovejoy. "Universal multifractal Martian topography." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Discussions 2, no. 4 (2015): 1007–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npgd-2-1007-2015.

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Abstract. In the present study, we investigate the scaling properties of the topography of Mars. Planetary topographic fields are well known to roughly exhibit (mono)fractal behavior. Indeed, the fractal formalism is reproduces much of the variability observed in topography. Still, a single fractal dimension is not enough to explain the huge variability and intermittency. Previous studies have claimed that fractal dimensions might be different from one region to an other, excluding a general description at the planetary scale. In this article, we are analyzing the Martian topographic data with

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Poulin, F. J., and G. R. Flierl. "The Influence of Topography on the Stability of Jets." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 5 (2005): 811–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2719.1.

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Abstract In this article, the effect shelflike topography has on the stability of a jet that flows along the smooth shelf is addressed. The linear stability problem is solved to determine for which nondimensional parameters a shelf can either destabilize or stabilize a jet. These calculations reveal an intricate dependence of growth rate on topography. In particular, the authors determine that retrograde topography (with the shallow water on the left) always stabilizes the jet (in relation to the flat-bottom equivalent), whereas prograde topography (with the shallow water on the right) can eit

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Goff, Benjamen. "Medicalizing Topography: The French Army and Mediterranean Climates, 1760–1860." Canadian Journal of Health History 41, no. 1 (2024): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjhh.624-122022.

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This article details how the French army employed medical topography as a tool of military occupation throughout the Mediterranean world from the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century. It departs from other works by focusing exclusively on medical topography's military applications. Medical topographies charted the connections between health and the environment by observing a location's features, such as soil, air, and water quality, as well as elevation, prevailing winds, common local diseases, sources of potential contagion, and the cleanliness of urban environments. Because a medical-top

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Kalishchuk, Oksana, and Lyudmyla Strilchuk. "The Main Directions of Historical and Topographic Research of Ukrainian Cities." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 44 (December 15, 2021): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2021.44.91-104.

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The article analyzes the main directions and problems of historical and topographic research of Ukrainian cities of the Middle Ages and early modern times. One of the important areas of historical research is the study of the historical topography of settlements at different stages of their evolution. A necessary condition for such research is the study of the historical topography of settlements at different stages of development. Quite often the reason for insufficient study of the historical and topographic dominants of the medieval city is the limited number of narrative evidence on the hi

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Barthel, Alice, Andrew McC. Hogg, Stephanie Waterman, and Shane Keating. "Jet–Topography Interactions Affect Energy Pathways to the Deep Southern Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 7 (2017): 1799–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0220.1.

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AbstractIn the Southern Ocean, strong eastward ocean jets interact with large topographic features, generating eddies that feed back onto the mean flow. Deep-reaching eddies interact with topography, where turbulent dissipation and generation of internal lee waves play an important role in the ocean’s energy budget. However, eddy effects in the deep ocean are difficult to observe and poorly characterized. This study investigates the energy contained in eddies at depth, when an ocean jet encounters topography. This study uses a two-layer ocean model in which an imposed unstable jet encounters a

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Ardi, Dennise Tanoko, Yue Gang Li, Kelvin Hau Kong Chan, Liam Blunt, and M. R. Bache. "The Role of Surface Topography on Fatigue Behaviour of Nickel Based Superalloys." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.48.

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Advanced areal (three-dimensional) characterisation of surface topography was applied to laboratory scale fatigue test specimens manufactured from the nickel based superalloy Alloy720Li. Finishing was deliberately manipulated to offer four distinct grades of topography. Subsequent low cycle fatigue performance was then correlated to a range of parameters selected to represent the surface topography. The aim of the ongoing study is to predict fatigue performance and aid to establish correlations between topographic parameters and fatigue life.

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Scott, Chelsea Phipps, Matthew Beckley, Minh Phan, et al. "Statewide USGS 3DEP Lidar Topographic Differencing Applied to Indiana, USA." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (2022): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040847.

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Differencing multi-temporal topographic data (radar, lidar, or photogrammetrically derived point clouds or digital elevation models—DEMs) measures landscape change, with broad applications for scientific research, hazard management, industry, and urban planning. The United States Geological Survey’s 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) is an ambitious effort to collect light detection and ranging (lidar) topography over the United States’ lower 48 and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) in Alaska by 2023. The datasets collected through this program present an important opportunity to chara

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Chen, Junming, Guangfa Lin, and Zhibiao Chen. "Effect of Topographic Factors on Ecological Environment Quality in the Red Soil Region of Southern China: A Case from Changting County." Sustainability 17, no. 4 (2025): 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041501.

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The evaluation of ecological environment quality (EEQ) is an important method to determine regional eco-environment status, and topography, as one of the key factors affecting eco-environment, has an impact on the EEQ by influencing hydrothermal conditions. However, research on the effect of topography on the EEQ still needs to be strengthened, especially in the red soil region of southern China. Therefore, based on the evaluation of the EEQ for Changting County using the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) combined with Landsat images from 2000 to 2019, the effects of topography on the EEQ

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Cheng, Qianyu, Zeyu Chen, Shanshan Hu, Balaji Raghothamachar, and Michael Dudley. "Investigation of Inclusions and Associated Dislocation Configurations in 4H-SiC Wafers through Synchrotron X-Ray Topography and Ray-Tracing Simulation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 36 (2024): 2511. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02362511mtgabs.

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Silicon carbide (SiC) is a wide bandgap semiconductor that steadily replacing the application of conventional semiconducting materials such as silicon-based devices. Its superior properties such as larger bandgap, higher electron saturation velocity and thermal conductivity [1, 2] enables devices to be more effective and efficient with smaller volume, higher dielectric strength, and lower energy loss [3-5]. The prerequisite of expanding SiC devices industry is to achieve steady manufacture of large-scale, high-quality, polytypic stable SiC substrate wafers. Therefore, understanding the nature

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Dauphin-Ducharme, Philippe, W. Jeffrey Binns, Michael E. Snowden, David W. Shoesmith, and Janine Mauzeroll. "Determination of the local corrosion rate of magnesium alloys using a shear force mounted scanning microcapillary method." Faraday Discussions 180 (2015): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00276h.

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The successful development of scanning probe techniques to characterize corrosion in situ using multifunctional probes is intrinsically tied to surface topography signal decoupling from the measured electrochemical fluxes. One viable strategy is the shear force controlled scanning microcapillary method. Using this method, pulled quartz micropipettes with an aperture of 500 nm diameter were used to resolve small and large variations in topography in order to quantify the local corrosion rate of microgalvanically and galvanically corroded Mg alloys. To achieve topography monitoring of corroded s

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Fewster, P. F., and N. L. Andrew. "Interpretation of the diffuse scattering close to Bragg peaks by X-ray topography." Journal of Applied Crystallography 26, no. 6 (1993): 812–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889893006259.

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Perturbations from crystal perfection will result in diffuse X-ray scattering, which can be imaged by topography to yield defect information without the swamping contribution of perfect-crystal scattering. This paper illustrates the importance of the probe shape for obtaining topographic images in this diffuse region not only to aid interpretation but to isolate the contributors to this scattering. The diffuse scattering in the vicinity of the Bragg peaks of GaAs, Si and Ge substrate crystals has been mapped to very high resolution and the diffuse scattering has been imaged by topography. It w

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Ibrahim, O., S. Bogan, and G. O. Waring. "Patterns of Corneal Topography after Penetrating Keratoplasty." European Journal of Ophthalmology 6, no. 1 (1996): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112067219600600101.

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Background The topography of corneas after penetrating keratoplasty is highly variable. We classify the topography into five groups. Methods We performed videokeratography on 45 clear compact penetrating keratoplasties, with all sutures removed. Three ophthalmologists classified the keratographs independently into five previously defined topographic groups, based on the pattern of the normalized color-coded videokeratograph. Results The five topographic patterns included: prolate bow tie, 14 (30%); oblate bow tie, 14 (30%); mixed prolate and oblate bow tie, 8 (17%); asymmetric, 3 (9%); and ste

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Liang, Zhong Wei, Chun Liang Zhang, Yi Jun Wang, and Yi Dan Hu. "Positioning of Characteristic Points in IC Chip’s Micro-Topography Based on Cross Correlation Matching and Image Projection Transformation." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 1996–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.1996.

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In accurate optical inspection of IC chip, it is necessary to recognize and calibrate the IC micro-topography completely and accurately. Positioning method of characteristic points in IC chip’s micro-topography based on cross correlation matching and image projection transformation is investigated to realize high precision detection of surface topography. On the basis of extracting wavelet high-frequency components of IC topography conjugate images which is shot by high- definition CCD cameras from different space positions, the coordinate information of some selected topography’s characterist

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Gong, Ming-Hao, and Yan-Ling Song. "Topographic habitat features preferred by the Endangered giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca: implications for reserve design and management." Oryx 45, no. 2 (2011): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001043.

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AbstractThe effect of landscape on populations is of great importance, especially given the number of species inhabiting patchy landscapes. Developments in geographical information systems are facilitating a greater application of spatial analyses to threatened species, such as the Endangered giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca, for which habitat patchiness and quality are key limiting factors. Of all factors that influence the suitability of habitat for the giant panda, topography is not subject to change. Here, we report a spatial and statistical analysis of the high quality topographic habit

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Yamaguchi, Hirotaka, and Hirofumi Matsuhata. "Threading Dislocations in 4H-SiC Observed by Double-Crystal X-Ray Topography." Materials Science Forum 725 (July 2012): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.725.7.

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Threading dislocations in 4H-SiC wafer were observed by using a double crystal X-ray topography technique. The incident beam was collimated by the first crystal so that the angular divergence was reduced to sufficiently smaller than the rocking curve of a diffraction of the specimen (the second crystal). At off-Bragg angles, cross-sectional projection of threading dislocations appeared on the topographic images. From these results, we found that outcrops of the screw dislocation at the wafer surfaces suffered from significant strain, giving strong contrast on the topograph even under the condi

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Yang, Junjun, Zhicai Luo, Liangcheng Tu, Shanshan Li, Jingxue Guo, and Diao Fan. "On the Feasibility of Seafloor Topography Estimation from Airborne Gravity Gradients: Performance Analysis Using Real Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (2020): 4092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244092.

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Compared with airborne gravimetry, a technique frequently used to infer the seafloor topography at places inaccessible to ship soundings due to the presence of ice shelf or ice mélange, airborne gravity gradiometry inherently could achieve higher spatial resolution, thus it is promising for improved inference of seafloor topography. However, its estimation capability has not been demonstrated by real projects. Theoretical analysis through admittance shows that compared with gravity disturbance, gravity gradient is more sensitive to the short-wavelength seafloor topography but diminishes faster

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Pegler, Samuel S., Herbert E. Huppert, and Jerome A. Neufeld. "Topographic controls on gravity currents in porous media." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 734 (October 9, 2013): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.466.

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AbstractWe present a theoretical and experimental study of the propagation of gravity currents in porous media with variations in the topography over which they flow, motivated in part by the sequestration of carbon dioxide in saline aquifers. We consider cases where the height of the topography slopes upwards in the direction of the flow and is proportional to the $n\text{th} $ power of the horizontal distance from a line or point source of a constant volumetric flux. In two-dimensional cases with $n\gt 1/ 2$, the current evolves from a self-similar form at early times, when the effects of va

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Kennedy, Rebecca S. H., and Thomas A. Spies. "An assessment of dead wood patterns and their relationships with biophysical characteristics in two landscapes with different disturbance histories in coastal Oregon, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 5 (2007): 940–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-298.

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Understanding the relative importance of landscape history, topography, vegetation, and climate to dead wood patterns is important for assessing pattern–process relationships related to dead wood and associated biodiversity. We sampled dead wood at four topographic positions in two landscapes (1400–2100 km2) that experienced different wildfire and salvage histories in coastal Oregon. Study objectives were to (i) determine whether and how the landscapes differed in dead wood amounts and characteristics and (ii) evaluate relationships between dead wood characteristics and potentially related bio

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Maurer, K., T. Dierks, and R. Rupprecht. "Computerized electroencephalographic topography (CET) during sleep: Topographic hypnograms." Psychiatry Research 29, no. 3 (1989): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90115-7.

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Chiba, Susumu, and Takashi Noda. "Factors maintaining topography-related mosaic of barnacle and mussel on a rocky shore." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 4 (2000): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400002435.

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Substratum heterogeneity on rocky shores can affect the distribution pattern of sessile epibenthic organisms. The rocky shore at Usujiri, southern Hokkaido, Japan, is composed of well-developed, columnar jointed dolerites. In this area, landscape is characterized by a mosaic of barnacle and mussels, where species composition in patches differs among typical topographic-classes, i.e. barnacles dominate on horizontal planes and vertical planes while mussels only inhabit in grooves. To determine the factors maintaining those distribution patterns, the recruitment of dominant sessile species in th

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Huang, X. R., M. Dudley, W. M. Vetter, W. Huang, W. Si, and C. H. Carter Jr. "Superscrew dislocation contrast on synchrotron white-beam topographs: an accurate description of the direct dislocation image." Journal of Applied Crystallography 32, no. 3 (1999): 516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889899002939.

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A kinematic (geometrical) diffraction simulation model has been developed to provide understanding of direct dislocation images on synchrotron white-beam X-ray topographs, and has been successfully applied to illustrate the contrast formation mechanisms involved in images of micropipe-related superscrew dislocations in silicon carbide crystals. The coincidence of the simulations with the contrast features of the superscrew dislocation images, recorded using a series of synchrotron topography techniques, shows that this model is capable of revealing the detailed diffraction behavior of the high

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Merryfield, William J., and Greg Holloway. "Inviscid quasi-geostrophic flow over topography: testing statistical mechanical theory." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 309 (February 25, 1996): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096001565.

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Numerical simulations are employed in a detailed test of the statistical mechanical description of topographic turbulence. Predictions of steady flows correlated with topography are given particular attention. Agreement between numerical and statistical mechanical results is demonstrated for a large range of parameter values, and over an ensemble of random choices of topography and initial conditions.

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Nigamadyanov, N. R., M. B. Tsykunov, G. E. Ivanova, and V. I. Lukyanov. "Analisis of posture in school-age children according to optical topography." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 26, no. 4 (2019): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/vto201904143.

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Purpose of study: the study of posture in school children in three planes according to computer optical topography. Patients and methods. A screening examination of 1835 children was performed using computer optical topography of the back, the average age was 11.2±1.7 years, girls 930 (50.6%), boys 905 (49.3%). Results and conclusion. The study showed that computer optical topography is a highly effective method for screening diagnostics of posture disorders in school children, posture disorders are a common condition, according to the topographic classification of posture disorders, occur in

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Zhang, Yu, Joseph Pedlosky, and Glenn R. Flierl. "Shelf Circulation and Cross-Shelf Transport out of a Bay Driven by Eddies from an Open-Ocean Current. Part I: Interaction between a Barotropic Vortex and a Steplike Topography." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 5 (2011): 889–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4496.1.

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Abstract This paper examines interaction between a barotropic point vortex and a steplike topography with a bay-shaped shelf. The interaction is governed by two mechanisms: propagation of topographic Rossby waves and advection by the forcing vortex. Topographic waves are supported by the potential vorticity (PV) jump across the topography and propagate along the step only in one direction, having higher PV on the right. Near one side boundary of the bay, which is in the wave propagation direction and has a narrow shelf, waves are blocked by the boundary, inducing strong out-of-bay transport in

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Xu, Guo Dong, Zheng Hua Zhou, Jing Shan Bo, and Wei Hua Fang. "Effect of Ridge Topography on Earthquake Ground Motion." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 1696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.1696.

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The ridge topography can substantially influence seismic ground motion and, in general, causes the amplification of seismic ground motion amplitude at ridges. Fortunately, sets of three-component accelerogram, obtained by the observation arrays for topographic effect at Zigong Xishan, Jiangyou Doutuan and Qingchuan Sanguo from the great Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershocks, provided basic data for analyzing the effect of ridge topography on seismic ground motion. On the base of these acceleration records, peak ground acceleration and response spectrum ratios are calculated, and examined and

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Petty, A. A., M. C. Tsamados, N. T. Kurtz, et al. "Characterizing Arctic sea ice topography using high-resolution IceBridge data." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 6 (2015): 6495–543. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-6495-2015.

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Abstract. We present an analysis of Arctic sea ice topography using high resolution, three-dimensional, surface elevation data from the Airborne Topographic Mapper, flown as part of NASA's Operation IceBridge mission. Surface features in the sea ice cover are detected using a newly developed surface feature picking algorithm. We derive information regarding the height, volume and geometry of surface features from 2009–2014 within the Beaufort/Chukchi and Central Arctic regions. The results are delineated by ice type to estimate the topographic variability across first-year and multi-year ice r

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Lee, Jinsun, Md Shahjahan Hossain, Mohammad Taheri, Awse Jameel, Manas Lakshmipathy, and Hossein Taheri. "Characterization of Surface Topography Features for the Effect of Process Parameters and Their Correlation to Quality Monitoring in Metal Additive Manufacturing." Metrology 2, no. 1 (2022): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metrology2010005.

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Layering deposition methodology in metal additive manufacturing (AM) and the influence of different processing parameters, such as energy source level and deposition speed, which can change the melt pool condition, are known to be the important influencing factors on properties of components fabricated via AM. The effect of melt pool conditions and geometry on properties and quality of fabricated AM components has been widely studied through experimental and simulation techniques. There is a need for better understanding the influence of solidified melt pool topography on characteristics of ne

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Wang, Xin, and Shibiao Bai. "Indicative Effect of Excess Topography on Potential Risk Location of Giant Ancient Landslides—A Case Study in Lengqu River Section." Applied Sciences 13, no. 14 (2023): 8085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148085.

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In order to identify giant ancient landslides more effectively and to quantify the risk of giant ancient landslides, this study takes a Lengqu River section located on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau as an example and then uses the red relief image map (RRIM) method to enhance the digital elevation model (DEM) for topographic 2D visualization to identify giant ancient landslides. Then, the relationships between giant ancient landslides (GALs), resurgent GALs, the deposition of inactive GALs and the excess topography of hillslopes under 30° threshold are analyzed separately. A total of 54 GALs are id

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Nuber, André, Edgar Manukyan, and Hansruedi Maurer. "Ground topography effects on near-surface elastic full waveform inversion." Geophysical Journal International 207, no. 1 (2016): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw267.

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Abstract The effects of neglecting ground surface topography variations in elastic full waveform inversion are investigated using two classes of synthetic example. The models include various high-contrast velocity and density anomalies, as they are often observed in near-surface applications. The first type of example shows that failing to account for even small amplitude fluctuations in topography introduces velocity artefacts in the near-surface part of the tomogram as well as degrades significantly the spatial resolution of features at greater depths. The disturbances are particularly sever

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