Relevant bibliographies by topics / Topping

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Topping'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Topping"

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Sedláková, Markéta, and Petr Sedlák. "Optimization of Mineral Dry-Shake Topping Dosage in Industrial Concrete Floors with Respect to Selected Quality Parameters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (December 2016): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.112.

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For the final quality of the industrial floors with mineral dry-shake toppings is a decisive factor amount of the mineral dry-shake topping in the course of its implementation. Amount of the mineral dry-shake topping affects mainly on the abrasion resistance, which is critical for the real life of the floor. Another important property is the absorbability of the finished floor and mineral shake-layer coherence with the concrete base. This paper summarizes a study on the ideal amount of mineral dry shake toppings when considering the resulting wear resistance of floor surface finish as well as its water absorption and also the adhesion properties of the studied layer to the concrete base.
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Skinner, Jonathan, Richard Harris, Kevin Paine, Peter Walker, and Julie Bregulla. "Ultra-Thin Topping Upgrades for Improved Serviceability Performance." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 673–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.673.

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Timber floors can be refurbished by connecting a concrete topping to the timber joists; stiffening the floor and reducing serviceability problems, including vibration. Research to date has focused on upgrade solutions with relatively thick toppings (40mm or greater). This paper presents a novel, ultra-thin topping solution where the topping is placed at a thickness of 20mm or less. Advantages of the solution include: reducing the mass added to the existing structure and minimising the change in floor to ceiling height whilst delivering a significant increase in floor stiffness. This paper reports the findings from the serviceability testing of an upgraded, full scale timber floor. Measurements prior to and after the upgrade are compared, including: elastic testing under static loads, vibration testing and short-term bending tests. The paper also compares the results with simple analytical approaches and design limits prescribed in Eurocode 5 Part 1-1.
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ZHANG, GUOXIN, YAN ZHAO, and XIAOCHU PENG. "SIMULATION OF TOPPLING FAILURE OF ROCK SLOPE BY NUMERICAL MANIFOLD METHOD." International Journal of Computational Methods 07, no. 01 (March 2010): 167–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876210002118.

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As one type of rock slope failures, topping failure can be accurately simulated only when several aspects are correctly calculated such as deformation and stress, contacts between blocks, contact stress, movement of blocks, open/close of contacts between blocks, development of failure plane, and crack generation and propagation. Current numerical methods encounter many difficulties in simulating toppling failure, especially for rock slope with lots of rock-bridges. Numerical manifold method (NMM) can deal with these highly discontinuous problems and be used to model the toppling failure of rock slopes. This paper first introduces the fundamental principles, modeling of contacts, calculation of contact force and stress, and modeling of failure in NMM. Then, several case studies are conducted to testify the accuracy and convergence of method; comparisons with method, based on limit equilibrium principle, which was proposed by Goodman and Bray (G–B method) and centrifuge test are conducted. Finally, the topping failure of left bank of one high dam is simulated. Results show that the NMM can be used to correctly calculate the toppling safety factor, simulate the failure process of slope toppling, and accurately model the whole failure process of rock slopes with many rock-bridges.
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Nurrahman, Indah. "UJI EKSPERIMENTAL GESER INTERFACE SUBSTRATE DAN TOPPING DENGAN VARIASI KEKUATAN TEKAN PADA LAPIS TOPPING." INERSIA: lNformasi dan Ekspose hasil Riset teknik SIpil dan Arsitektur 14, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/inersia.v14i2.22540.

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ABSTRACTThe study aims to: determine the shear strength of concrete connection with applying compressive strength variations plans on topping layer. Extra toppings on a substrate made 28 days (the concrete substrate) and shear test connection 56 days of age (age 28 days connection). The type of concrete used is normal concrete where the connection does not roughened surface and without addictive substances. The study was conducted using laboratory experiments. This study uses the compressive strength of concrete plans substrate 20 MPa (NCS20) and compressive strength of concrete plans topping is 20 MPa (NCT20), 25 MPa (NCT25) and 30 MPa (NCT30). The test object cuboid with dimensions of 20x20x20cm. In the concrete susbtrate has a thickness of 12.5 cm and for concrete topping with a thickness of 7.5 cm. Each specimen consists of 3 specimens with a total of 9 specimens. Data analysis using quantitative descriptive. The results of the study obtained compressive strength in the sample substrate with a mean NCCS20 notation is 18.51 MPa. Concrete topping cylindrical samples with notation NCCT20, NCCT25, and NCCT30 obtained a mean compressive strength is 22.21 MPa, 24.39 MPa and 30.93 MPa. Shear strength test results NCST20-20 connection with the notation, NCST20-25, and NCST20-30 ie 0.44 MPa, 0.45 MPa and 0.3 MPa. Value shear test connection is influenced by several factors, such as the connection surface texture, hydration process, aggregate functions, compressive strength, porosity of concrete, slump value and watertight.Keywords: shear strength of the connection, substrate, toppingABSTRAKKajian dilakukan untuk mengetahui kuat geser sambungan beton dengan menerapkan variasi kekuatan tekan rencana pada lapis topping. Penambahan topping pada substrate dilakukan umur 28 hari (umur beton substrate) dan uji geser sambungan umur 56 hari (umur sambungan 28 hari). Jenis beton yang digunakan adalah beton normal dimana permukaan sambungannya tidak dikasarkan dan tanpa bahan zat adiktif. Kajian dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen di laboratorium. Kajian ini menggunakan kuat tekan rencana beton substrate 20 MPa (NCS20) dan kuat tekan rencana beton topping yaitu 20 MPa (NCT20), 25 MPa (NCT25), dan 30 MPa (NCT30). Benda uji berbentuk kubus dengan dimensi 20x20x20cm. Pada bagian beton susbtrate memiliki ketebalan 12,5 cm dan untuk beton topping dengan ketebalan 7,5 cm. Setiap spesimen berjumlah 3 buah benda uji dengan jumlah keseluruhan 9 buah benda uji. Analisis data menggunakan deskritif kuantitatif. Hasil dari kajian didapat kuat tekan pada sampel substrate dengan notasi NCCS20 rerata yaitu 18,51 MPa. Beton silinder sampel topping dengan notasi NCCT20, NCCT25, dan NCCT30 didapat kuat tekan rerata yaitu 22,21 MPa, 24,39 MPa dan 30,93 MPa. Hasil uji kuat geser sambungan dengan notasi NCST20-20, NCST20-25, dan NCST20-30 yaitu 0,44 MPa, 0,45 MPa dan 0,3 MPa. Nilai uji geser sambungan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, seperti tekstur permukaan sambungan, proses hidrasi, fungsi agregat, kuat tekan, porositas beton, nilai slump dan kedap air Kata kunci: kuat geser sambungan, substrate, topping
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Haber, James E. "TOPping Off Meiosis." Molecular Cell 57, no. 4 (February 2015): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.004.

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Haber, James E. "TOPping Off Meiosis." Molecular Cell 57, no. 6 (March 2015): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2015.03.008.

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Carliner, Saul. "Topping the text." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication PC-29, no. 4 (1986): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpc.1986.6448993.

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Würz, Douglas André, José Luiz Marcon Filho, Alberto Fontanella Brighenti, Ricardo Allebrandt, Betina Pereira de Bem, Maicon Magro, Leo Rufato, and Aike Anneliese Kretzschmar. "Effect of shoot topping intensity on 'Cabernet Franc' grapevine maturity in high-altitude region." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 10 (October 2017): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017001000015.

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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of 'Cabernet Franc' grape subjected to different levels of shoot topping. The experiment was conducted in the 2008 and 2009 vintages, and the levels of shoot topping consisted of: control, without topping; and reductions of 15, 30, and 45% in total leaf area. The effect of shoot topping intensity on the chemical composition of the 'Cabernet Franc' grape berries was observed. A reduction of 26% in the vegetative canopy through a moderate shoot topping increased the total polyphenol index and the anthocyanin content. Shoot topping is a practice that must be carried out with caution, since severe shoot topping, i.e., a reduction greater than 26% of the leaf area, may negatively impact grape quality by reducing the content of soluble solids and decreasing the total polyphenol index and the content of anthocyanins of 'Cabernet Franc' grape berries.
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ARSENAULT, W. J. "EFFECT OF TOPPING HEIGHT AND STAGE OF FLORAL DEVELOPMENT AT TOPPING ON YIELD AND TOTAL ALKALOIDS OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-031.

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Topping flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) at the stretch bud stage of floral development increased yield and total alkaloid level of the leaves compared to topping at first open bloom or full flower stages of floral development. An increase in topping height increased yield and decreased level of total alkaloids.Key words: Tobacco (flue-cured), total alkaloids, floral development, yield, topping height
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FOLINA, Antigolena, Ioanna KAKABOUKI, Evangelia TOURKOCHORITI, Ioannis ROUSSIS, Harry PATEROULAKIS, and Dimitrios BILALIS. "Evaluation of the Effect of Topping on Cannabidiol (CBD) Content in Two Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivars." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 77, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2019.0021.

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In order to define the finest cultivation practices for two of the most commercial hemp cultivars (‘Fedora 23’ and ‘Futura 75’) under the Mediterranean climate, the treatment of topping was applied in hemp crop in Central Greece. The object of the study was to assess if topping can increase the cannabidiol (CBD) production. In addition, the growth of the two cultivars was also investigated. Our results showed that the treatment of topping and cultivar affected the CBD content. The inflorescence compactness index and the number of nodes were affected by cultivar and topping. The number of inflorescences on secondary shoots was affected only by topping. The leaf area was affected by the interaction of cultivar and topping. The maximum height was recorded in un-topped Futura 75 plants, while the highest fresh and dry weight were found in topped Futura 75 plants. The total inflorescence dry matter was higher in topped plants.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Topping"

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Richmond, Mitchell D. "CHEMICAL TOPPING BURLEY TOBACCO." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/103.

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The act of topping tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) involves the removal of the terminal bud or inflorescence of the tobacco plant. This practice ordinarily is accomplished by manually removing the top of each tobacco plant in an entire field which is labor intensive and costly. Chemical topping utilizes sucker control products to inhibit the terminal bud and axillary bud growth without manually removing the top of the tobacco plant. There were several research objectives in order to determine the utility of a chemical topping system: 1) determine if burley tobacco could be chemically topped with currently registered suckercide products while maintaining control of subsequent sucker growth; 2) compare chemical topping to manual topping for yield and leaf quality; 3) identify burley tobacco varieties that are better suited for chemical topping systems; 4) determine the optimum plant growth stage at which chemical topping treatments should be applied; and 5) identify genes that are differentially expressed following suckercide applications. To pursue our objectives, studies were initiated investigating the optimum timing of application, ideal variety maturity, and efficacy of suckercide applications using combinations of maleic hydrazide (MH), butralin, and fatty alcohols (FA). The terminal bud was not well controlled with FA or butralin alone nor was acceptable sucker control or total yield achieved. Our data suggest that chemically topping burley tobacco with a tank mixture of MH and a local systemic may be a suitable alternative to manual topping, as total yield and leaf quality grade index were not significantly different and total TSNA and MH residues were not significantly higher compared to manual topping. The 10% button and 50% button application timings were best suited for chemical topping practices. Treatments that targeted the 10% bloom stage did not completely halt flower development, but all application timings resulted in excellent sucker control. Medium and late maturity burley varieties were found to be suitable for chemical topping methods; however, timing the suckercide application may be less difficult in later maturing varieties. Chemically topping burley tobacco at 10 to 50% button stages with a tank mixture of MH and a local systemic suckercide was found to be a suitable alternative to manual topping, and would potentially result in labor savings for burley tobacco growers. Expression of genes related to phytohormones, meristem development, cell division, DNA repair and recombination were affected following MH treatment, which likely leads to the inhibition of apical and axillary meristem development.
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Skinner, Jonathan. "Thin topping timber-concrete composite floors." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606665.

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A timber-concrete composite (TCC) combines timber and concrete, utilising the complementary properties of each material. The composite is designed in such a way that the timber resists combined tension and bending, whilst the concrete resists combined compression and bending. This construction technique can be used either in new build construction, or in refurbishment, for upgrading existing timber structures. Its use is most prolific in continental Europe, Australasia, and the United States of America but has yet to be widely used in the United Kingdom. To date, the topping upgrades used have been 40mm thick or greater. Depending on the choice of shear connection, this can lead to a four-fold increase in strength and stiffness of the floor. However, in many practical refurbishment situations, such a large increase in stiffness is not required, therefore a thinner topping can suffice. The overarching aim of this study has been to develop a thin (20mm) topping timber-concrete composite upgrade with a view to improving the serviceability performance of existing timber floors. Particular emphasis was given to developing an understanding of how the upgrade changes the stiffness and transient vibration response of a timber floor. Initially, an analytical study was carried out to define an appropriate topping thickness. An experimental testing programme was then completed to: characterise suitable shear connectors under static and cyclic loads, assess the benefit of the upgrade to the short-term bending performance of panels and floors, and evaluate the influence of the upgrade on the transient vibration response of a floor. For refurbishing timber floors, a 20mm thick topping sufficiently increased the bending stiffness and improved the transient vibration response. The stiffness of the screw connectors was influenced by the thickness of the topping and the inclination of the screws. During the short-term bending tests, the gamma method provided a non-conservative prediction of composite bending stiffness. In the majority of cases the modal frequencies of the floors tested increased after upgrade, whilst the damping ratios decreased. The upgrade system was shown to be robust as cracking of the topping did not influence the short-term bending performance of panels. Thin topping TCC upgrades offer a practical and effective solution to building practitioners, for improving the serviceability performance of existing timber floors.
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Berglund, Marie. "Röjningsformen och stamantalets effekt på höjd- och diametertillväxt i toppröjda och konventionellt röjda tallbestånd." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44838.

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Topping is a precommercial thinning (PCT) method where secondary stems are cut higher above the ground compared to conventional PCT. The secondary stems continue to live for a period and are supposed to compete with the main stems and promote their quality. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of PCT on height and diameter growth between topping and conventional PCT. The study also analysed the relationship between height and diameter growth and the number of stems after PCT. Nine topped stands and six conventional precommercially thinned stands were visited between February 28th and March 5. One sample plot per hectare was laid out in the investigated stands. In every sample plot the number of stems was counted and five main stems were measured for height, height growth since PCT, diameter and diameter growth since PCT. The results showed significantly higher effect on height growth after topping as compared to conventional PCT but no significant difference in the effect of diameter growth between topping and conventional PCT. After PCT the H/D quote (height/diameter quote) was higher (less taper) in topped stands and lower (larger taper) in conventional PCT.
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O'Driscoll, Patrick J. "A study in the financial valuation of a topping oil refinery." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2016. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/232/.

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Oil refineries underpin modern day economics, finance and engineering – without their refined products the world would stand still, as vehicles would not have petrol, planes grounded without kerosene and homes not heated, without heating oil. In this thesis I study the refinery as a financial asset; it is not too dissimilar to a chemical plant, in this respect. There are a number of reasons for this research; over recent years there have been legal disputes based on a refiner's value, investors and entrepreneurs are interested in purchasing refineries, and finally the research in this arena is sparse. In this thesis I utilise knowledge and techniques within finance, optimisation, stochastic mathematics and commodities to build programs that obtain a financial value for an oil refinery. In chapter one I introduce the background of crude oil and the significance of the refinery in the oil value chain. In chapter two I construct a traditional discounted cash flow valuation often applied within practical finance. In chapter three I program an extensive piecewise non linear optimisation solution on the entire state space, leveraging off a simulation of the refined products using a set of single factor Schwartz (1997) stochastic equations often applied to commodities. In chapter four I program an optimisation using an approximation on crack spread option data with the aim of lowering the duration of solution found in chapter three; this is achieved by utilising a two-factor Hull & White sub-trinomial tree based numerical scheme; see Hull & White (1994) articles I & II for a thorough description. I obtain realistic and accurate numbers for a topping oil refinery using financial market contracts and other real data for the Vadinar refinery based in Gujurat India.
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Bond, Shirley Ann. "Enzyme-Hydrolyzed Retentate for the Development of a Whipped topping Mix." DigitalCommons@USU, 1991. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5365.

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Ultrafiltered skim milk concentrated to 20-22% solids was hydrolyzed with a mixture of proteases from Aspergillus oryzae and an acid protease from Aspergillus niger. The enzyme preparation from A. oryzae did not produce bitterness, so the effects of its hydrolyzing action on the whipping properties of the retentate in liquid and powdered forms were examined. Its effect on the amount of soluble nitrogen in the powder was also determined. After inoculation of 250 ml retentate with .05% w/v enzyme, the samples were held in a 45°C water bath. The samples thickened with increasing hydrolysis until syneresis occurred. They also took on a slightly ropy or slimy appearance after thickening and before syneresis. Hydrolysis was stopped by removing from the 45°C bath and holding in an 80°C bath for 35 minutes. When cooled to refrigerator temperature, retentate samples produced a stable whip with fine bubbles and firm but soft peaks. Air capacity of whipped samples decreased with increasing hydrolysis time and retentate solids. Stability increased with increasing solids and longer hydrolysis times. Skim milk retentate to be dried was concentrated to 20-24% solids and reconstituted to 20% before whipping. Hydrolysis time up to 20 minutes before enzyme denaturation did not have an effect on the air capacity of the whipped reconstituted powder. Air capacity decreased as the retentate solids increased. Whip stability increased slightly then decreased with increasing hydrolysis. Whip stability was impaired by protein denaturation in the powder during the drying process. Soluble nitrogen in the powder, as determined by the Harland-Ashworth procedure, increased with increasing hydrolysis and decreased with increasing solids.
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Michelson, David George. "Design study for third harmonic flat-topping of the Triumf 520 MeV cyclotron." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26315.

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The accelerating voltage in the 520 MeV/200 uA H-cyclotron at TRIUMF is developed in a resonant cavity and consequently has a sinusoidal time dependence. It is possible to "flat-top" the accelerating voltage waveform by superimposing a third harmonic waveform of the appropriate relative amplitude and phase on the fundamental waveform. This increases the phase acceptance of the cyclotron by reducing the spread in energy gain per turn normally associated with the spread in phase of the ion beam with respect to the peak of the RF waveform. Slight adjustments to the shape of the waveform can introduce longitudinal bunching mechanisms which tend to compensate for several second order effects that normally limit the cyclotron's performance during high current or high energy resolution modes of operation. The relative simplicity of TRIUMF's dee geometry suggests that both the fundamental and third harmonic modes could be excited in the same rather than in separate accelerator RF cavities. Implementing such a system will require the development of new cavity coupling and tuning mechanisms for the existing radio frequency cavity and a new radio frequency control system. Because access to the cyclotron is severely restricted by scheduled beam production and high residual radioactivity in the cyclotron vacuum tank, a test cavity built fromcomponents identical to those used in the cyclotron RF cavity was adapted for initial development and testing of third harmonic cavity tuning and control systems at operational dee voltages (100 kilovolts at 23 MHz, 11 kilovolts at 69 MHz) and under hard vacuum (10⁻⁷ Torr). This thesis describes: a. the scope and technical objectives of the third harmonic flat-topping project at TRIUMF including required improvements to the fundamental RF system; b. the design and initial development of cavity tuning and coupling mechanisms for the RF test cavity; c. the demonstration of a flat-topped accelerating voltage in the test cavity at operational voltage levels while under vacuum; and, d. the design and initial development of a prototype version of the new radio frequency control system. The results obtained show that under realistic conditions of vacuum and RF input power, it is possible to simultaneously excite the fundamental and third harmonic modes in an RF cavity with mechanical construction and operational characteristics similar to those of the cyclotron RF cavity.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Soares, Lucas Kelvin Dias. "Manejo da copa diminui o fator de afilamento do fuste e altera fisiologia foliar de Eucalyptus urophylla." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-25042017-151747/.

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A pluridade de características de espécies nativas, aliada a leis que limitam sua exploração, acarreta na necessidade de estabelecimento de novas espécies capazes de suprir a demanda madeireira brasileira. Os Eucalyptus spp. são altamente produtivos sob clima tropical, sendo extensamente plantados no país para diversas finalidades, em especial papel e celulose, energia, painéis e serraria, entretanto, pouca ênfase tem sido dada a esta última, devido ao horizonte longo de planejamento, dificuldades no processamento primário e defeitos na madeira apresentados pelas espécies mais produtivas do gênero. Visando traçar estratégias que minimizem essas dificuldades, analisamos o efeito de 2 formas de manipulação de copa - destopo e desrama -, sob diferentes regimes de luminosidade, em parâmetros da copa e do tronco em híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla dos 11 aos 23 meses de idade. Tanto o destopo quanto a desrama afetaram negativamente o incremento diamétrico e volumétrico do híbrido, entretanto, árvores destopadas sob níveis maiores de luminosidade exibiram fatores de afilamento menores, quando comparadas ao tratamento Controle. Dentro do mesmo regime de luminosidade, árvores desramadas também apresentaram fatores de afilamento inferiores. Apesar de sua alta demanda por luz, o híbrido foi capaz de alterar sua estrutura foliar de acordo com o nível de luminosidade: árvores sob regimes de luminosidade reduzida adaptaram suas folhas à sombra (folhas de sombra), enquanto que àquelas sem limitação de luminosidade folhas adaptadas ao sol (folhas de sol). Brotações em resposta ao destopo se resumiram à brotações epicórmicas próximo à seção destopada.
The diversity of characteristics of native species, allied to laws that limit their exploration, reinforces the need of establishing news species to supply the national wood demand. The Eucalyptus spp. are highly productive under tropical whether, being extensively planted in the country to many finalities, especially paper, pulp, energy, panels and sawn wood, however, low attention is being given to the last due to the long term planning, difficulties in the primary processing and wood blemishes present in the most productive species of the gender. Aiming to trace strategies that minimize these hardships, we analyzed the effects of two forms of crown manipulation - topping and pruning -, under different light patterns, in parameters of crown and bole of Eucalytpus urophylla hybrids from 11 to 23 months of age. Both topping and pruning impacted negatively the diametric and volumetric increment, although topped trees showed smaller taper when compared to the Control treatment. Within the same light pattern pruned trees also presented smaller taper. Although the hybrid demands high amounts of light, it was capable of altering its foliage structure according to the light level: trees under reduced light adapted its leaves to shadow (\"shadow leaves\"), while those without light limitation leaves adapted to sun (\"sunleaves\"). Shoots in response to topping were resumed to epicormic shoots close to the topped section.
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Cox, Jennifer Marie. "Analysis of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell topping cycle with a modified rankine bottoming cycle." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17531.

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Mullins, Seth David. "Influence of cultivar, topping height, and harvest treatment on physical and chemical characteristics of flue-cured tobacco." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41004.

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There has been an increased interest among the tobacco industry in the production of tip leaves in flue-cured tobacco. Different harvest treatments of flue-cured tobacco were compared across six cultivars and two topping heights with the objective of identifying tip grade tobacco. Agronomic and cured leaf chemistry data were collected. Cultivar had significant influences on yield, average price, grade index, and value in three growing seasons. NC 71 and RG H51 were the highest yielding cultivars, with grade indices among the highest as well. Increasing topping height increased tobacco yield in two of three years. As topping height increased there was a significant increase in the percentage of tobacco receiving a tip grade. The four harvest treatments focused on the ten uppermost leaves of the plant. Harvest treatments that allowed proper separation of stalk positions (5&5L and 7&3L treatments) resulted in increased yields and tip grades. Harvest treatments that separate upper stalk position tobacco resulted in a higher percentage of tip grades from a tobacco company grader. Chemical analysis identified differences between stalk positions at the top of the plant. In order for cigarette manufacturers to properly blend the tobacco used to make American blend cigarettes, this separation of stalk positions is important. Harvest treatments that combined stalk positions resulted in the loss of these chemical differences. By topping flue-cured tobacco four to five leaves higher than current extension recommendations and separating stalk positions correctly, tobacco growers can meet the crop throw requirements of tobacco marketing contracts.
Master of Science
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Ligné, Daniel. "New technical and alternative silvicultural approaches to pre-commercial thinning /." Umeå, Sweden : Dept. of Silviculture, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/s331.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Topping"

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Toppins, Barbara. Topping, Toppings, Toppins family history. [Ohio: B. Toppins & P.T. Reed], 2008.

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Reese, Laura. Topping from below. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1996.

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Reese, Laura. Topping from below. London: Coronet Books, 1995.

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Topping from below. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.

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Reese, Laura. Topping from below. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2012.

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Harpur, Merrily. The Nightmares of Dream Topping. New York: Parkwest, 1985.

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Bunde, Elizabeth. Zimbabwe: Delivery team topping up (DTTU) system assessment. Arlington, VA: USAID/Deliver Project, 2007.

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Company, Kraft Foods. Jell-o & Cool Whip whipped topping simply delicious. Lincolnwood, IL: Publications International, 2001.

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Easton, Dossie. The topping book, or, Getting good at being bad. San Francisco: Greenary Press, 1995.

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Hitman: Forty years making music, topping charts, & winning Grammys. New York: Pocket Books, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Topping"

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Xiong, R., L. Dong, and G. W. Xu. "Characteristics of Pyrolytic Topping in Fluidized Bed for Different Volatile Coals." In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, 404–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02682-9_60.

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White, James C., Wendy H. Petry, and William R. Wagner. "Discussion with Mark Hammond, Jennifer Morgan, Wolfram Schoett, and John Topping." In Evaluating Climate Change Action Plans, 201–3. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0341-1_34.

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Klein-Holte, Ronald, and Wim Jansze. "Testing and Design of Shear Capacity of Hollowcore Slabs with Structural Topping." In High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering Meet, 1093–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59471-2_127.

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Wang, Baoqun, Li Dong, Yin Wang, Y. Matsuzawa, and Guangwen Xu. "Process Analysis of Lignite Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Coupled with Pyrolysis Topping." In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, 706–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02682-9_109.

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White, James C., Wendy H. Petry, and William R. Wagner. "Discussion with Richard Findlay, Mark Hammond, Satoshi Tanaka, Wolfram Schoett, and John Topping." In Evaluating Climate Change Action Plans, 191–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0341-1_32.

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Wyllie, Duncan C. "Toppling failure." In Rock Slope Engineering, 269–90. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315154039-11.

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Wyllie, Duncan C. "Toppling failure." In Rock Slope Engineering, 269–90. Fifth edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315154039-10.

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Nagakumar, M. S., N. Ajay, and Sharu Elishuba John. "An Analytical Approach to Analysis of Concrete Overlay (White Topping) Over Flexible Pavement (Hot Mix Asphalt) Using ANSYS Software." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 363–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2826-9_24.

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Bulusu, Venkata Joga Rao, Sudhakar Reddy Kusam, and Amarnatha Reddy Muppireddy. "Using Linear Elastic Layer Analysis Based Method for Back-Calculating the Layer Moduli of Small Paneled Thin White Topping Pavements." In RILEM Bookseries, 1917–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46455-4_243.

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Hamby, Sherry, and John Grych. "Conclusion: Toppling the Silos." In The Web of Violence, 105–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5596-3_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Topping"

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Welch, G., and G. Welch. "Wave engine topping cycle assessment." In 35th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1997-707.

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Riley, Bob, and Scott Bickel. "Long-Term Thinking Yields Innovative Wharf Topping." In 12th Triannual International Conference on Ports. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41098(368)95.

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Kayukawa, Naoyuki. "Comparative studies of advanced MHD topping power generation systems." In 35th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-2889.

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Kopko, William L., and John S. Hoffman. "New Free-Piston Topping Cycle for Gas-Turbine Power Plants." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38015.

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A proposed topping cycle inserts a free-piston internal-combustion engine between the compressor and the combustor of a combustion turbine. The topping cycle diverts air from the compressor to supercharge the free-piston engine. Because the free-piston engine uses gas bearings to support the piston and is built of high-temperature materials, the engine can increase the pressure and temperature of the gas, exhausting it to a small expander that produces power. The exhaust from the topping-cycle expander is at a pressure that can be re-introduced to the main turbine, allowing almost complete recovery of waste heat. A capacity increase exceeding 35% is possible, and overall cycle efficiency can approach 70% when incorporated into a state-of-the-art combined-cycle plant. The cost of per incremental kW of the topping cycle can be dramatically lower than that of the base turbine because of the high power density and simplicity of the engine. Building on decades of progress in combustion turbines systems, the new cycle promises high performance without the engineering risks of manufacturing a completely new cycle.
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Veenema, J. J., H. Brueckner, and H. H. Finckh. "Topping the Groningen Steam Turbine Plant With a Gas Turbine." In ASME 1987 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/87-gt-38.

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Retrofitting existing steam turbine power plants with a gas turbine topping cycle can greatly enhance their efficiency to levels comparable with those of plants originally constructed as fully fired combined cycles. The economic benefits of this approach make it so attractive that utilities in the Netherlands are at present converting well over 3000 MW of conventional steam power. This paper describes various technical and economic aspects of topping the natural gas-fired 600 MW Eemscentrale 2 unit. In particular, the improvements made to the thermodynamic cycle, the adaptation of its components and the partial load behavior of the plant are discussed. The economic analysis reveals that significant fuel savings justify the capital investment.
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Duan, Liqiang, De’an Tao, Yongping Yang, and Binbin He. "Parametric Study on Topping Cycle SOFC-MGT Hybrid Power System." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59689.

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In order to further improve the power generation efficiency, the hybrid power generation system integrated with high temperature fuel cell system has become the research focus in recent years. From the viewpoint of intercrossing of thermodynamics and electrochemistry, this paper studies the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Micro Gas Turbine (SOFC-MGT) hybrid combined cycle system. Firstly, based on the electrochemical analysis, SOFC system model is built and the effects of main parameters (current density, operating temperature and pressure, fuel utilization ratio, et al) on the overall SOFC system are analyzed; then, on the base of integration idea of total energy system, the topping cycle SOFC-MGT hybrid power system has been studied. The key parameters (such as current density, fuel utilization ratio, operating pressure and temperature) that greatly influence the hybrid system performance have been studied and optimized. The research results show both the thermodynamic parameters and electrochemical parameters have an important effect on the overall system performance; the topping cycle SOFC-MGT hybrid system will have a higher efficiency by increasing the operating temperature, operating pressure and fuel utilization ratio; when the operating temperature is 1173K and the current density is 3000A/m2, the hybrid system efficiency is up to 67.39%, which is even higher than that of the current advanced large-scale gas-steam combined cycle system. The achievements obtained from this paper will provide some valuable information for further study on SOFC-GT hybrid system with high efficiency.
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Piechna, Janusz, Rafael Cerpa, Staniszewski Marcin, Pezhman Akbari, and Norbert Mu¨ller. "Numerical Analysis of the Wave Topping Unit for Small Turbojet." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23064.

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The paper is focused on the numerical analysis of a wave topping unit used in a small turbojet engine. The analysis focuses on a four-port reverse flow (RF) wave rotor. The special feature of the considered wave rotor is its very high rotational speed. The wave rotor is connected directly with the common shaft between compressor and turbine, thus, the effects of Coriolis accelerations become important. In this study, first a one-dimensional model is used to estimate geometry of the wave rotor and port timings. Then, multi-dimensional analysis models are employed to predict the different flow characteristics inside the wave rotor channels. Three-dimensional flow features that reduce machine performance and influence rotor blade and duct wall thermal loads are identified.
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Silaen, Armin, Bin Wu, Dong Fu, Chenn Zhou, Kazuaki Yazawa, and Ali Shakouri. "Numerical Model of Thermoelectric Topping Cycle of Coal Fired Power Plant." In ASME 2013 4th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2013-22248.

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Traditional fossil fuel power generation process typically has low efficiency. Large amount of the energy loss in Rankine cycle steam turbines (ST) is due to the temperature difference between the combustion flame temperature ∼2250 K (adiabatic) and the high pressure steam temperature up to 900 K. However, some of this energy can be harvested using solid-state thermoelectric (TE) power generators which are placed into the gap between the flame temperature and the steam temperature that produce additional electrical power. This study investigates the potential placement of TE on water tube wall inside a boiler at a coal fired power plant. Three dimensional (3D) numerical model of a simplified TE module is developed and hot gas temperature and steam temperature from the boiler are used as boundary conditions at the hot side and cold side of the TE. The numerical results are compared with analytical calculations. The 3D effects of the thermal spreading in the TE module are investigated. Parameters such as TE leg cross-section area and TE fill factor are examined in order to maximize the electrical power production of the TE without sacrificing the boiler efficiency (i.e., reducing the steam temperature). The study also looks into the various locations inside the boiler that have good potential for TE installation.
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Zauner, Erwin, Yau-Pin Chyou, Frederic Walraven, and Rolf Althaus. "Gas Turbine Topping Stage Based on Energy Exchangers: Process and Performance." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-058.

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Power generation in gas turbines is facing three main challenges today: • Low pollution prescribed by legal requirements. • High efficiency to obtain low operating cost and low CO2 emissions. • High specific power output to obtain low product and installation cost. Unfortunately, some of these requirements are contradictory: high efficiency and specific power force the development towards higher temperatures and pressures which increase NOx emissions and intensify the cooling and material strength problems. A breakthrough can be achieved by applying an energy exchanger as a topping stage. Inherent advantages are the self-cooled cell-rotor which can be exposed to much higher gas temperature than a steady-flow turbine and a very short residence time at peak temperature which keeps NOx emissions under control. The basic idea has been proposed long time ago. Fundamental research has now led to a new energy exchanger concept. Key issues include symmetric pressure-wave processes, partial suppression of flow separation and fluid mixing, as well as quick afterburning in premixed mode. The concept has been proven in a laboratory-scale engine with very promising results. The application of an energy exchanger as a topping stage onto existing gas turbines would increase the efficiency by 17% (relative) and the power by 25%. Since the temperature level in the turbine remains unchanged, the performance improvement can also be fully utilized in combined cycle applications. This process indicates great potentials for developing advanced gas turbine systems as well as for retrofitting existing ones.
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Domeracki, William F., T. E. Dowdy, and Dennis M. Bachovchin. "Topping Combustor Status for Second Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed Cycle Application." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-106.

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Second-Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed (PFB) combined cycles employ topping combustion to raise the turbine inlet temperature for enhanced cycle efficiency. This concept creates special combustion system requirements that are very different from requirements of conventional gas turbine systems. The topping combustor provides the means for achieving state-of-the-art turbine inlet temperatures and is the main contributor to enhanced plant performance. The objective of this program is to develop a topping combustor that provides low emissions, and is a durable, efficient device exhibiting stable combustion and manageable wall temperature. The combustor will be required to burn a low-Btu syngas under normal “coal-fired” conditions. However, for start-up and/or carbonizer outage, it may be necessary to fire a clean fuel, such as, oil or natural gas. Prior testing has shown the Westinghouse Multi-Annular Swirl Burner (MASB) to have excellent potential for this application. Metal wall temperatures can be maintained at acceptable levels, even though most “cooling” is done by 1600°F vitiated air. Good pattern factors and combustion efficiencies have been obtained. Additionally, low conversion rates of fuel bound nitrogen to NOx have been demonstrated. This paper presents an update of the status of an ongoing topping combustor development and test program for application to “Second Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combined Cycles (PFBCC).” The program is sponsored by the Department of Energy’s Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE/METC) and will first be applied commercially into the Clean Coal Technology Round V Four Rivers Energy Modernization Project. Phase 1 of the program involved a conceptual and economic study (Robertson et al., 1988); Phase 2 addresses design and subscale testing of components; and Phase 3 will cover pilot plant testing of components integrated into one system.
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Reports on the topic "Topping"

1

McWhirter, J. D. Multiple Rankine topping cycles. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/206551.

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Lawson, Vincent, and Henry G. Taber. Sweet Corn Topping Evaluation. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2171.

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Author, Not Given. MHD Integrated Topping Cycle Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5012492.

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McTigue, Joshua Dominic P., Nicholas D. Kincaid, Guangdong Zhu, Daniel Wendt, Joshua Gunderson, and Kevin Kitz. Solar-Driven Steam Topping Cycle for a Binary Geothermal Power Plant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1484347.

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Sawatzky, H., I. Clelland, and J. Houde. Effect of topping temperature on Cold Lake asphalt's susceptibility to temperature. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304486.

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Domeracki, W. F., T. E. Dowdy, and D. Bachovchin. Development of topping combustor for advanced concept pressurized fluidized-bed combustion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10185681.

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Author, Not Given. MHD Integrated Topping Cycle Project: Quarterly progress report, 30 September--31 October 1987. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6100033.

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Author, Not Given. MHD Integrated Topping Cycle Project: Third quarterly progress report, 1 February--30 April 1988. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6100029.

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Mones, Ryan M., and Sergio F. Breña. Flexural and Shear Strength of Hollow-core Slabs with Cast-in-place Field Topping. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pci.rr.comp-008.

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Author, Not Given. MHD (Magnetohydrodynamics) Integrated Topping Cycle Project: Second quarterly technical progress report, November 1, 1987--January 31, 1988. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6103490.

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