Journal articles: 'Topping'

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Sedláková, Markéta, and Petr Sedlák. "Optimization of Mineral Dry-Shake Topping Dosage in Industrial Concrete Floors with Respect to Selected Quality Parameters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (December 2016): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.112.

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For the final quality of the industrial floors with mineral dry-shake toppings is a decisive factor amount of the mineral dry-shake topping in the course of its implementation. Amount of the mineral dry-shake topping affects mainly on the abrasion resistance, which is critical for the real life of the floor. Another important property is the absorbability of the finished floor and mineral shake-layer coherence with the concrete base. This paper summarizes a study on the ideal amount of mineral dry shake toppings when considering the resulting wear resistance of floor surface finish as well as its water absorption and also the adhesion properties of the studied layer to the concrete base.

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Skinner, Jonathan, Richard Harris, Kevin Paine, Peter Walker, and Julie Bregulla. "Ultra-Thin Topping Upgrades for Improved Serviceability Performance." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 673–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.673.

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Timber floors can be refurbished by connecting a concrete topping to the timber joists; stiffening the floor and reducing serviceability problems, including vibration. Research to date has focused on upgrade solutions with relatively thick toppings (40mm or greater). This paper presents a novel, ultra-thin topping solution where the topping is placed at a thickness of 20mm or less. Advantages of the solution include: reducing the mass added to the existing structure and minimising the change in floor to ceiling height whilst delivering a significant increase in floor stiffness. This paper reports the findings from the serviceability testing of an upgraded, full scale timber floor. Measurements prior to and after the upgrade are compared, including: elastic testing under static loads, vibration testing and short-term bending tests. The paper also compares the results with simple analytical approaches and design limits prescribed in Eurocode 5 Part 1-1.

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ZHANG, GUOXIN, YAN ZHAO, and XIAOCHU PENG. "SIMULATION OF TOPPLING FAILURE OF ROCK SLOPE BY NUMERICAL MANIFOLD METHOD." International Journal of Computational Methods 07, no. 01 (March 2010): 167–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876210002118.

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As one type of rock slope failures, topping failure can be accurately simulated only when several aspects are correctly calculated such as deformation and stress, contacts between blocks, contact stress, movement of blocks, open/close of contacts between blocks, development of failure plane, and crack generation and propagation. Current numerical methods encounter many difficulties in simulating toppling failure, especially for rock slope with lots of rock-bridges. Numerical manifold method (NMM) can deal with these highly discontinuous problems and be used to model the toppling failure of rock slopes. This paper first introduces the fundamental principles, modeling of contacts, calculation of contact force and stress, and modeling of failure in NMM. Then, several case studies are conducted to testify the accuracy and convergence of method; comparisons with method, based on limit equilibrium principle, which was proposed by Goodman and Bray (G–B method) and centrifuge test are conducted. Finally, the topping failure of left bank of one high dam is simulated. Results show that the NMM can be used to correctly calculate the toppling safety factor, simulate the failure process of slope toppling, and accurately model the whole failure process of rock slopes with many rock-bridges.

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Nurrahman, Indah. "UJI EKSPERIMENTAL GESER INTERFACE SUBSTRATE DAN TOPPING DENGAN VARIASI KEKUATAN TEKAN PADA LAPIS TOPPING." INERSIA: lNformasi dan Ekspose hasil Riset teknik SIpil dan Arsitektur 14, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/inersia.v14i2.22540.

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ABSTRACTThe study aims to: determine the shear strength of concrete connection with applying compressive strength variations plans on topping layer. Extra toppings on a substrate made 28 days (the concrete substrate) and shear test connection 56 days of age (age 28 days connection). The type of concrete used is normal concrete where the connection does not roughened surface and without addictive substances. The study was conducted using laboratory experiments. This study uses the compressive strength of concrete plans substrate 20 MPa (NCS20) and compressive strength of concrete plans topping is 20 MPa (NCT20), 25 MPa (NCT25) and 30 MPa (NCT30). The test object cuboid with dimensions of 20x20x20cm. In the concrete susbtrate has a thickness of 12.5 cm and for concrete topping with a thickness of 7.5 cm. Each specimen consists of 3 specimens with a total of 9 specimens. Data analysis using quantitative descriptive. The results of the study obtained compressive strength in the sample substrate with a mean NCCS20 notation is 18.51 MPa. Concrete topping cylindrical samples with notation NCCT20, NCCT25, and NCCT30 obtained a mean compressive strength is 22.21 MPa, 24.39 MPa and 30.93 MPa. Shear strength test results NCST20-20 connection with the notation, NCST20-25, and NCST20-30 ie 0.44 MPa, 0.45 MPa and 0.3 MPa. Value shear test connection is influenced by several factors, such as the connection surface texture, hydration process, aggregate functions, compressive strength, porosity of concrete, slump value and watertight.Keywords: shear strength of the connection, substrate, toppingABSTRAKKajian dilakukan untuk mengetahui kuat geser sambungan beton dengan menerapkan variasi kekuatan tekan rencana pada lapis topping. Penambahan topping pada substrate dilakukan umur 28 hari (umur beton substrate) dan uji geser sambungan umur 56 hari (umur sambungan 28 hari). Jenis beton yang digunakan adalah beton normal dimana permukaan sambungannya tidak dikasarkan dan tanpa bahan zat adiktif. Kajian dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen di laboratorium. Kajian ini menggunakan kuat tekan rencana beton substrate 20 MPa (NCS20) dan kuat tekan rencana beton topping yaitu 20 MPa (NCT20), 25 MPa (NCT25), dan 30 MPa (NCT30). Benda uji berbentuk kubus dengan dimensi 20x20x20cm. Pada bagian beton susbtrate memiliki ketebalan 12,5 cm dan untuk beton topping dengan ketebalan 7,5 cm. Setiap spesimen berjumlah 3 buah benda uji dengan jumlah keseluruhan 9 buah benda uji. Analisis data menggunakan deskritif kuantitatif. Hasil dari kajian didapat kuat tekan pada sampel substrate dengan notasi NCCS20 rerata yaitu 18,51 MPa. Beton silinder sampel topping dengan notasi NCCT20, NCCT25, dan NCCT30 didapat kuat tekan rerata yaitu 22,21 MPa, 24,39 MPa dan 30,93 MPa. Hasil uji kuat geser sambungan dengan notasi NCST20-20, NCST20-25, dan NCST20-30 yaitu 0,44 MPa, 0,45 MPa dan 0,3 MPa. Nilai uji geser sambungan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, seperti tekstur permukaan sambungan, proses hidrasi, fungsi agregat, kuat tekan, porositas beton, nilai slump dan kedap air Kata kunci: kuat geser sambungan, substrate, topping

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Haber, James E. "TOPping Off Meiosis." Molecular Cell 57, no. 4 (February 2015): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.004.

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Haber, James E. "TOPping Off Meiosis." Molecular Cell 57, no. 6 (March 2015): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2015.03.008.

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Carliner, Saul. "Topping the text." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication PC-29, no. 4 (1986): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpc.1986.6448993.

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Würz, Douglas André, José Luiz Marcon Filho, Alberto Fontanella Brighenti, Ricardo Allebrandt, Betina Pereira de Bem, Maicon Magro, Leo Rufato, and Aike Anneliese Kretzschmar. "Effect of shoot topping intensity on 'Cabernet Franc' grapevine maturity in high-altitude region." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 10 (October 2017): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017001000015.

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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of 'Cabernet Franc' grape subjected to different levels of shoot topping. The experiment was conducted in the 2008 and 2009 vintages, and the levels of shoot topping consisted of: control, without topping; and reductions of 15, 30, and 45% in total leaf area. The effect of shoot topping intensity on the chemical composition of the 'Cabernet Franc' grape berries was observed. A reduction of 26% in the vegetative canopy through a moderate shoot topping increased the total polyphenol index and the anthocyanin content. Shoot topping is a practice that must be carried out with caution, since severe shoot topping, i.e., a reduction greater than 26% of the leaf area, may negatively impact grape quality by reducing the content of soluble solids and decreasing the total polyphenol index and the content of anthocyanins of 'Cabernet Franc' grape berries.

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ARSENAULT, W. J. "EFFECT OF TOPPING HEIGHT AND STAGE OF FLORAL DEVELOPMENT AT TOPPING ON YIELD AND TOTAL ALKALOIDS OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-031.

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Topping flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) at the stretch bud stage of floral development increased yield and total alkaloid level of the leaves compared to topping at first open bloom or full flower stages of floral development. An increase in topping height increased yield and decreased level of total alkaloids.Key words: Tobacco (flue-cured), total alkaloids, floral development, yield, topping height

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FOLINA, Antigolena, Ioanna KAKABOUKI, Evangelia TOURKOCHORITI, Ioannis ROUSSIS, Harry PATEROULAKIS, and Dimitrios BILALIS. "Evaluation of the Effect of Topping on Cannabidiol (CBD) Content in Two Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivars." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 77, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2019.0021.

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In order to define the finest cultivation practices for two of the most commercial hemp cultivars (‘Fedora 23’ and ‘Futura 75’) under the Mediterranean climate, the treatment of topping was applied in hemp crop in Central Greece. The object of the study was to assess if topping can increase the cannabidiol (CBD) production. In addition, the growth of the two cultivars was also investigated. Our results showed that the treatment of topping and cultivar affected the CBD content. The inflorescence compactness index and the number of nodes were affected by cultivar and topping. The number of inflorescences on secondary shoots was affected only by topping. The leaf area was affected by the interaction of cultivar and topping. The maximum height was recorded in un-topped Futura 75 plants, while the highest fresh and dry weight were found in topped Futura 75 plants. The total inflorescence dry matter was higher in topped plants.

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Fogaça, Marco Aurélio de Freitas, Izaias Boff, Marcio Nilton Lima Mautone, Marcus Toebe, Cristina Valéria Souza Cantanhede, and Antônio Romagna. "Épocas de desponte de cachos na variedade de uva rainha Itália (Vitis vinifera L.), produzida em ambiente protegido na Serra Gaúcha." Revista Agraria Academica 4, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32406/v4n3/2021/25-32/agrariacad.

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The objective of the work was to evaluate the production and quality of the cultivar Italia produced in a protected environment, submitted to three seasons of topping of bunch. The experiment was carried out in 2015, in Caxias do Sul - RS. The experimental design used blocks at random with four treatments, being: without topping of bunch, topping of bunch in pre-flowering, topping of bunch in full bloom, topping of bunch in post-blooming. The variables analyzed were: production per plant, bunch weight, bunch length, berry diameter and number of bunches soluble solids and titratable acidity. Regardless of the pruning time of the bunches, the factors of production and the evaluated chemical physics were not affected, obtaining bunches with weight and shape according to market requirements.

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Olesen, Trevor, David Robertson, Alister Janetzki, and Tina Robertson. "Half-topping 'A4' macadamia trees has a markedly different effect on yield than full-topping." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (2016): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16065.

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Mechanically hedging the tops of macadamia trees to control tree size is referred to as topping. Topping the entire upper canopy causes a substantial reduction in yield and is not a recommended industry practice. Here we compare topping just half the upper canopy with full-topping, and with control trees that were not pruned, to test whether half-topping is a more acceptable means of size control, with less of a yield penalty. We used macadamia cultivar ‘A4’ as the subject for the study. The trees were topped horizontally at anthesis. Full-topping reduced yields by 78% in the first year and 63% in the second year compared with the control trees. By the end of the second year the height of the fully-topped trees was approximately the same as that of the control trees. In contrast, topping just the western half of the upper canopy resulted in little yield penalty. Yields were reduced non-significantly by 14% in the first year, and negligibly in the second year, compared with the control trees; and by the end of the second year, the regrowth on the topped halves of the trees was only two-thirds the height of that on the full-topped trees. The results are encouraging because topping is simple and cheap, and would be an attractive tree size control option for growers at the yield penalty described here for the half-topped treatment.

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Sun, Xuan, Yan Zhang, Cheng Long Tang, Hong Hua Zhao, and Chang Sheng Ai. "Development of the Field of Cotton Plant Protection Robot Precise Multi-Topping Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 851 (August 2016): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.415.

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For cotton multi-topping manual operation efficiency is low, small mechanical operation precision is low, is developed in the field of C310 industrial controller as the control core of cotton plant protection robotic multi-multi-topping control system. The system according to the sensor detects the plant protection robot walking speed and cotton top position, dynamic adjustment in multi-multi-topping blade height, in order to realize accurate, efficient and intelligent multi-multi-topping. By experimental verification, the system operation precision is above 90%, conform to the actual requirements.

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Basnet, KB. "Response of Cotton Varieties to the Stage of Topping under Rainfed Condition of Bardiya, Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 27 (May 1, 2006): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v27i0.712.

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A field experiment was conducted to study the impact of topping at different growth stages (3-4, 6-7, 9-10 and 12-13 sympodial branches) on productivity of two (Tamcot SP-37 and H-777) cotton varieties under rainfed condition at the Kumbher Farm (Bardiya district) of Cotton Development Board in 1995. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The interaction effect between variety and stages of topping showed that significantly higher yield (1.23 t/ha) was produced by topping plants at the stage of 12-13 sympodial banches of the variety Tamcot SP-37 as compared to all other treatments. At all stages of topping the yield produced by Tamcot SP-37 was significantly higher than H-777. The average seed cotton yield (1.03 t/ha) of Tamcot SP-37 was significantly higher than that of H- 777 (0.71 t/ha) and the difference in yield was 45.0%. The seed-cotton yield increased from 0.75 to 1.00 t/ ha with the postponed of topping from 3-4 to 12-13 sympodial branches, but significant difference was recorded between late (12-13 sympodial branches) and early (3-4 and 6-7 sympodial branches) stages of topping. Thus, for rainfed condition of Bardiya Tamcot SP-37 was a suitable variety with 12-13 sympodial branches as an appropriate stage of topping for sustainable production of cotton. Key words: Variety, topping, sympodial branches. J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:165-168 (2006)

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Nuryanto, Nuryanto. "Pengaruh Umur Pemangkasan Batang Tanaman Jagung Diatas Tongkol (Topping) Untuk Pakan Ternak Terhadap Bobot Panen Tanpa Klobot." Jurnal Pengembangan Penyuluhan Pertanian 16, no. 29 (September 26, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36626/jppp.v16i29.68.

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Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 4 bulan (Mei sampai dengan Agustus 2018) dilahan sawah seluas 1.000 m2 di Desa Pagersari, Mungkid, Magelang. Lahan dibagi 64 petak (2,25 x 6 m) untuk ditanami jagung hibrida jarak baris 70 cm dan jarak dalam baris 20 cm. Secara acak, 64 petak dibagi 8 macam perlakuan umur pemangkasan tanaman jagung diatas tongkol untuk pakan ternak (topping) dan diulang 8 kali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bobot hijauan pakan tenak hasil hasil topping (gr/btg) dan bobot panen jagung tanpa klobot (gr/tkl). Data dianalisis dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (8 X 8) danuntuk uji kepastiannya digunakan Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa, umur topping berpengaruh sangat nyata (P < 0,01) terhadap bobot hijauan pakan ternak maupun bobot panen jagung tanpa klobot. Pada umur topping 8 sampai dengan 11 minggu, bobot hijauan hasil topping semakin menurun, yakni berturut-turut 148 gr/btg, 120 gr /btg, 114 gr/btg dan 113 gr/btg tetapi bobot panen jagung tanpa klobot semakin meningkat, yakni berturut-turut 127 gr/tkl, 139 gr/tkl, 149 gr/tkl dan 159 gr/tkl. Mulai umur topping 12 sampai dengan 15 minggu, kedua variabel cenderung konstan, yakni bobot hijaun hasil topping berturut-turut 107 gr/btg, 101 gr/btg, 100gr/btgdan 100 gr/btg sedangkan bobot panen jagung tanpa klobot berturut-turut adalah 180 gr/tkl, 181 gr/tkl, 186 gr/tkl dan 187 gr/tkl. Disimpulkan bahwa, agar bobot panen tanpa klobot tidak terpengaruh, maka pemangkasan tanaman jagung diatas tongkol (topping) untuk pakan ternak seyogyanya dilakukan mulai umur 12 minggu.

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Wang, Wei, Xiangyao Sun, Tongtong Zhang, Siyuan Sun, Chao Kong, and Shibao Lu. "Topping-Off Technology versus Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion in the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Meta-Analysis." BioMed Research International 2020 (January 13, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2953128.

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The treatment effects of topping-off technique were still controversial. This study compared all available data on postoperative clinical and radiographic outcomes of topping-off technique and posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane were systematically reviewed. Variations included radiographical adjacent segment disease (RASD), clinical adjacent segment disease (CASD), global lumbar lordosis (GLL), visual analogue scale (VAS) of back (VAS-B) and leg (VAS-L), Oswestry disability index (ODI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, duration of surgery, estimated blood loss (EBL), reoperation rates, and complication rates. Sixteen studies, including 1372 cases, were selected for the analysis. Rates of proximal RASD (P=0.0004), distal RASD (P=0.03), postoperative VAS-B (P=0.0001), postoperative VAS-L (P=0.02), EBL (P=0.007), and duration of surgery (P=0.02) were significantly lower in topping-off group than those in PLIF group. Postoperative ODI after 3 years (P=0.04) in the topping-off group was significantly less than that in the PLIF group. There was no significant difference in the rates of CASD (P=0.06), postoperative GLL (P=0.14), postoperative ODI within 3 years (P=0.24), and postoperative JOA (P=0.70) and in reoperation rates (P=0.32) and complication rates (P=0.27) between topping-off group and PLIF. The results confirmed that topping-off technique could effectively prevent ASDs after lumbar internal fixation. However, this effect is effective in preventing RASD. Topping-off technique is more effective in improving the subjective feelings of patients rather than objective motor functions compared with PLIF. With the development of surgical techniques, both topping-off technique and PLIF are safe.

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Johanse-Berg, H. "Topping the science charts." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5, no. 4 (April 2001): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01641-7.

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Bursztyn, Marcel, and Seema Purushothaman. "Interdisciplinarity: Topping the charts." Nature 526, no. 7573 (October 2015): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/526323c.

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Appleby, J., and J. Maybin. "Topping up NHS care." BMJ 337, no. 06 3 (November 6, 2008): a2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2449.

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Bartek, Jiri, and Niels Mailand. "TOPping up ATR Activity." Cell 124, no. 5 (March 2006): 888–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.029.

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Mollah, A. F., M. M. Rahman, M. Z. Tareq, M. M. Hasan, and A. B. M. Z. Hoque. "Yield and Quality of Kenaf Seed as Influenced by De-Topping and Spacing Under Transplanting Method." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i4.13521.

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An experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Regional Station, Kishoreganj, Bangladesh during July to December 2010 and 2011 to study the effect of spacing and time of de-topping on yield and quality of kenaf seed cv. HC-95 grown under transplanting method. The experiment comprised three plant spacing (viz., 40 cm × 15 cm, 30 cm × 15 cm and 20 cm × 15 cm) and five de-topping (viz., no de-topping, de-topping at transplanting, de-topping at 15, 30 and 45 days after transplanting (DAT) in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The highest yield of kenaf seed was obtained from planting at 30 cm × 15 cm spacing. The best quality seed in respect to germination and vigour was also obtained from transplanting at 30 cm × 15 cm spacing. The highest seed yield, germination and vigour of seed were obtained for de-topped at 30 DAT. The study concludes that late season kenaf produces highest seed yield with best quality when planted at 30 cm x 15 cm spacing and for de-topping at 30 DAT. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(4): 626-634

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Lee, Peter, Ying H. Chui, Ian Smith, Noel Mailvaganam, and Gerry Pernica. "NotePrediction of early age curling in thin concrete topping over wood floor systems." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-054.

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This paper presents finite element simulations of curling of unreinforced concrete topping laid over wood floor systems. The finite analysis consists of two parts. The first part calculates the relative moisture distribution with respect to the age of the concrete, while the second determines the topping curling deformation based on modulus of elasticity, density, and shrinkage of the concrete. With the finite element model the curling profile at any point in time can be predicted. Predictions agree reasonably well with measurements from a full-sized wood floor with a thin concrete topping. A model-based parametric study was performed. For the floor size investigated the results of the parametric study indicate that curling is greatly influenced by topping thickness and relative humidity of the surrounding air. Although the modelling as discussed is a preliminary approach, it provides a basis for further enhancements that will address factors such as creep and relaxation of concrete and deformation of the underlying floor system. Key words: finite element analysis, concrete topping, wood floor, curling, shrinkage.

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Ferguson, L., J. Maranto, and R. Beede. "Mechanical Topping Mitigates Alternate Bearing of `Kerman' Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.)." HortScience 30, no. 7 (December 1995): 1369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.7.1369.

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The effects of four mechanical pruning treatments [hedging, topping, hedging/topping, and hand-pruning (control)] on nut yield, nut quality, alternate bearing, and growth of 14-year-old female `Kerman' pistachio trees on Pistacia atlantica L. rootstocks were assessed. A single pruning was done before an “off,” or low-crop, year followed by retopping of those treatments incorporating topping the first year. Over 7 years, yields of hedged/topped and topped trees were equal to those of control trees, while hedged trees produced significantly less. The incidence of nonsplit shells and blank nuts were not affected by pruning. Nuts weighed more all years for hedged/topped and topped trees than for the others. Alternate-bearing indices within 7 years were lower for pruning treatments incorporating topping. Topping mitigated the fluctuating annual vegetative growth pattern and resulted in 27% of the shoots retaining buds through three successive alternate-bearing cycles after the year of treatment. Hedged/topped and topped trees had significantly less alternation in annual girth growth than control or hedged trees. These results demonstrated that two successive seasons of mechanical topping, started before the off year, produced changes in shoot growth, trunk growth, and bud retention that mitigated alternate bearing through three biennial cycles, without decreasing yield. Thus, severe annual hand-pruning could be used to prevent or minimize alternate bearing of pistachios.

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Covarelli, L. "Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Photosynthetic Activity, Growth and Yield of Virginia Tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.)." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 18, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0688.

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AbstractA field experiment was carried out in 1996 in Central Italy in order to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization (0, 60, 120 kg h-1 N) of Virginia tobacco (cv. K394) in terms of net assimilation, growth and yield. Measurements of net leaf assimilation of CO2 were taken at midday under conditions of strong sunlight (Anhigh) using a portable infra-red gas analyzer and at decreasing photosynthetic photon flux density by shading the leaves with filters (An vs PPFD). For An vs PPFD measurements the Anmax value was calculated as the asymptote of the function proposed by CONNOR et al. (1). Growth was analysed by taking weekly samples to determine the fresh and dry weight and LAI (Leaf Area Index).Before topping, Anhigh (average assimilation found in lower, middle and upper leaves) rose in proportion to increased levels of N (14.7, 17.2, 20.2 μmolm-2 s-1, for 0, 60 and 120 kg ha-1 N respectively). After topping, Anhigh also grew with increased levels of N, but at a lower rate (6.8, 7.2 and 8.2μmol m-2 s-1, respectively).Similarly, for each of the three fertilization methods (N0, N60 and N120) the increase in Anmax in relation to N levels was greater before topping than afterwards (i.e. 18.7, 23.3, 26.3 μmolm-2 s-1 before topping compared to 7.5, 14.0 and 17.8 μmol m-2 s-1 after topping for each treatment respectively). The decrease of CO2 assimilation after topping was probably caused by the accumulation of soluble photo assimilates in the leaf which could have led to a feed-back control on leaf photosynthesis. In N60 and N120 treatments, which had the same leaf expansion rate of 0.14 m2 m-2 d-1 (m2 of leaf on m2 of soil per day), the rapid leaf expansion phase started about 40 days after transplanting, while it started some days later in N0 (rate of 0.11 m2 m-2 d-1). That phase ended at topping in N60 and N120, while in N0 it ended some days before topping. Biomass accumulation followed the same pattern of LAI. The rapid biomass accumulation phase was characterised by growth rates of 9, 16 and 19 g d.m. m-2 d-1, respectively for the N0, N60 and N120 treatments but did not end at topping. This confirms that assimilate accumulation occurred after topping but was not accompanied by leaf expansion. At fertilization rates of 0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1 the yields of cured leaf tobacco were 3226, 4202 and 4839 kg ha-1 respectively.

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Van_Epenhuijsen, C. W., B. B. C. Page, and J. P. Koolaard. "Preventative treatments for control of fungus gnats and shore flies." New Zealand Plant Protection 54 (August 1, 2001): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2001.54.3737.

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Preventative treatments for control of fungus gnats (Bradysia sp nr paupera Diptera Sciaridae) and shore flies (Scatella tonnoiri Hendel Diptera Ephydridae) were carried out by drenching potted tobacco plants with diflubenzuron and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti) The treatments were applied at different rates and times and compared with the use of sand and sawdust toppings to cover the potting mix Diflubenzuron treatments applied at three and nine weekly intervals and Bti applied at weekly intervals gave the lowest numbers of fungus gnats The sand topping for the control of shore flies gave significantly better results than the untreated control

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Derkowski, Wit, and Mateusz Surma. "Influence of concrete topping on behaviour of prestressed Hollow Core floor slabs on flexible supports." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 1 (March 11, 2013): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2180.

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Slim Floors (SF) are the structures made of the Hollow Core (HC) slabs supported on the slender beams, where the beam height is usually slightly greater than the height of precast slab element. With the increase of the supports' deflection, the deformation of the HC slab occurs, and in consequence, additional transverse normal and shear stresses appear in the precast element, which can cause a diagonal cracking and destruction of external webs of this element. It may also result in longitudinal cracks on bottom surface of the slab. Despite the frequent implementation of this type of structures, the existing standard EN 1168 gave only a brief record of the need to take the reduction in design shear capacity into account, but is not given any calculation procedure. It is widely believed that reduction of unfavourable effects of shear stress in the HC slab’s web can be achieved by filling the cores with concrete or arrangement of the monolithic layer or concrete topping. The fib guidelines are practically the only one document which allows to determine the shear capacity of SF slabs, including the influence of concrete topping or core filling – brief description of this design model is presented in the paper. In order to determine the effect of concrete topping on the behaviour of prestressed HC slabs on the flexible supports, a number of calculation analyzes were performed, which take into account the effects of thickness of the concrete topping, the value of the friction coefficient between the concrete topping and the precast element, the sequence of concreting of vertical joints and topping layer and the amount of supplementary reinforcement in the topping. The results of the calculations, and the conclusions derived from them, are presented in the article.

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Bee´r, J. M., and R. V. Garland. "A Coal-Fueled Combustion Turbine Cogeneration System With Topping Combustion." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815567.

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Cogeneration systems fired with coal or other solid fuels and containing conventional extracting-condensing or back pressure steam turbines can be found throughout the world. A potentially more economical plant of higher output per unit thermal energy is presented that employs a pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) and coal carbonizer. The carbonizer produces a char that is fed to the PFB and a low heating value fuel gas that is utilized in a topping combustion system. The topping combustor provides the means for achieving state-of-the-art turbine inlet temperatures and is the main contributor to enhancing the plant performance. An alternative to this fully coal-fired system is the partially coal, partially natural gas-fired air heater topping combustion cycle. In this cycle compressed air is preheated in an atmospheric pressure coal-fired boiler and its temperature raised further by burning natural gas in a topping gas turbine combustor. The coal fired boiler also generates steam for use in a cogeneration combined cycle. The conceptual design of the combustion turbine is presented with special emphasis on the low-emissions multiannular swirl burner topping combustion system and its special requirements and features.

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ZAUBIN, ROBBER, and RUDI SURYADI. "PENGARUH TOPPING, JUMLAH DAUN, DAN WAKTU PENYAMBUNGAN TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN PENYAMBUNGAN JAMBU MENTE DI LAPANGAN." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 8, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v8n2.2002.55-60.

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Rendahnya produktivitas perkebunan jambu mente di Indonesia, yaitu rata-rata hanya 350 kg gclondongha, disebabkan antara lain karena pohon- pohonnya berasal dari bibit (seedling) yang mutunya kurang baik. Untuk meningkatkan potensi produksinya, pertanaman jambu mente yang ada sebaiknya disambung dengan batang atas (entres) unggul.Teknik penyam- bungan dirumah atap sudah tersedia dengan hasil 90% - 95% sambungan hidup, sedangkan untuk penyambungan di lapangan baru dilakukan dengan metode sambung samping dengan keberhasilan 40%. Suatu penelitian telah dilakukan di Instalasi Penelitian Cikampek mulai Januari 2000 sampai dengan Januai 2001, dengan tujuan untuk menguji perlakuan topping, jumlah daun batang bawah dan waktu penyambungan yang terbaik untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan penyambungan jambu mente di lapangan Rancangannya adalah petak tcrpisah dengan 2 ulangan dan 32 sambungan/ perlakuan. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah (1) lopping (pembuangan pucuk batang bawah), sebagai petak utama, terdii atas (al) tanpa topping, dan (a2) topping; (2) jumlah daun pada batang bawah dan waktu penyambungan, sebagai anak petak, terdiri atas : (bl) 2 daun, disambungpukul 08.00-11.00, (b2) 2 daun, disambung pukul 1 1.00-13 00, (b3) 2 daun, disambung pukul 13.00-15.00, (M) 4 daun, disambung pukul 08.00-11.00, (b5) 4 daun, disambung pukul 11.00-13.00, (b6) 4 daun, disambung, pukul 13.00-15.00. Topping dilakukan 7 hai sebelum penyambungan. Sebagai batang bawah digunakan tunas-tunas yang tumbuh dai pangkal batang mente jenis Pecangaan yang ditebang pada tinggi I m. Batang atas diambil dai pohon unggul jenis Balakrisnan-02. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah sambungan yang hidup, pertumbuhan tunas, dan jumlah daun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya interaksi yang nyata dari perlakuan terhadap semua parameter. Interaksi terbaik diperoleh pada topping dengan 4 helai daun pada batang bawah dan waktu penyambungan pukul 08.00 - 11.00, dengan jumlah sambungan hidup, pertumbuhan tunas dan jumlah daun tetinggi, masing-masing 86.36% ; 27 cm ; dan 14 daun, sedangkan hasil terendah ditunjukkan oleh interaksi tanpa topping dengan 2 helai daun pada batang bawah dan waktu penyambungan pukul 1 3 00-15.00, dengan 10% sambungan hidup, petumbuhan tunas 12 cm, dan 5 helai daun.Kata kunci: Anacardium occidentale L, topping, teknik penyambungan, produktivitas ABSTRACTEffect of topping, number of leaves and time of grafting on the success of cashew grafting at ield conditionsThe low productivity of cashew plantation in Indonesia, average 350 kg pods/ha, is among others caused by low quality of the cashew plants developed from seedlings. To increase the productivity, the existing trees should be grated with scions taken from high yielding vaieties. The grating technique of cashew at lath-house conditions is available with a success of 90-95%, however, grating technique for ield conditions using (he side grat succeded only 40%. The experiment was conducted at Cikampek Research Installation - Balittro, from January 2000 to January 2001, lo studs the efect of topping, number of leaves on rootstock, and the lime of grating on the success of cashew grating at ield conditions. The design was a split plot, with 2 replicates and 32 grats/treatment. The treatments were (1) topping of the rootstock, as the main plot, consisted of (al) without topping, (a2) topping, and (2) number of leaves on the rootstock and period of grating, as the subplot, consisted of (bl) 2 leaves at the rootstock/grated at 8.00 - 1 1.00, (b2) 2 leaves at the rootstock/graded at 11.00-13.00, (b3) 2 leaves al the rootstock/gratcd at 13.00-15.00, (b4) 4 leaves at the rootstock/gratcd at 08.00- 11.00, (b5) 4 leaves at the rootstock/grafted at 11.00-13.00, (b6) 4 leaves at the rootstock/gratcd at 13.00-15.00. Topping was conducted 7 days before grating Shoots grown from the trunk of the Pecangaan type, coppiced at I m height, were used as the rootstock Scions were taken from high yielding vaiety Balakisnan 02 type. Parameters assessed were number of 'lakes" and growth of scion, consisted of length of scion and number of leaves. Results of the expeiment showed that there were significant interaction of the treatments on all of the parameters. The best interaction was shown by topping with 4 leaves at the rootstock and grated at 8.00-11.00 which resulted in a 86.3% of "takes", 27 cm length of scion with 14 leaves, while the lowest results were shown by without topping with 2 leaves at the rootstock and grated at 13.00- 15.00 with 10% of "takes". 12 cm lengOi of scion with 5 leaves.Key words Anacardium occidentale L., grafting technique, topping, productivity

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Kobayashi, Noriyoshi. "Henry Topping and His Family." Historical English Studies in Japan, no. 21 (1989): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5024/jeigakushi.1989.155.

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Martínez, J. "Topping Process Using Different Methodologies." IOSR Journal of Engineering 4, no. 4 (April 2014): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-04413040.

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Kent, Alexander J. "Cartography, Cook and Roseberry Topping." Cartographic Journal 55, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2018.1472848.

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Henning, Elizabeth (Elbie). "Topping up on ‘top down’." Education as Change 15, no. 1 (July 2011): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16823206.2011.602183.

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Cameron, D., D. Allen, and K. Galway. "Everyone needs some dream topping." Journal of Substance Use 6, no. 2 (January 2001): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/146598901300271112.

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Yates, Nigel, and Alison Cresswell. "Kathleen Margaret Topping (1952 – 2002)." Journal of the Society of Archivists 26, no. 1 (April 2005): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039810500047623.

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35

Woodward, John B. "The Rankine Topping Cycle Revisited." Journal of Ship Research 36, no. 01 (March 1, 1992): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.1992.36.1.91.

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Cascaded thermodynamic machines are familiar in marine engineering, even if the word "cascade" is not common currency in that field. The author refers to the almost universal practice of exhausting the working fluid (air) of a diesel engine into a gas turbine (the turbocharger, usually), followed by exhausting of that working fluid into a heat exchanger that energizes the working fluid (water) of yet another turbine. If the same practice is to be described in terms of the respective power cycles, we would probably say that the cascade consists of a Rankine cycle topped by a Brayton cycle which is in turn topped by a diesel cycle. In similar fashion, recognized nomenclature might describe the diesel component as the "topping cycle," and the Rankine as the "bottoming cycle." The topping/bottoming nomenclature usually implies two different working fluids, so that the Brayton cycle might be described as a subpart of the topping cycle.

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36

Xiong, Ran, Li Dong, Jian Yu, Xiaofang Zhang, Ling Jin, and Guangwen Xu. "Fundamentals of coal topping gasification: Characterization of pyrolysis topping in a fluidized bed reactor." Fuel Processing Technology 91, no. 8 (August 2010): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.07.005.

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Chou, Po-Hsin, Hsi-Hsien Lin, Howard S. An, Kang-Ying Liu, Wei-Ren Su, and Cheng-Li Lin. "Could the Topping-Off Technique Be the Preventive Strategy against Adjacent Segment Disease after Pedicle Screw-Based Fusion in Lumbar Degenerative Diseases? A Systematic Review." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4385620.

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The “topping-off” technique is a new concept applying dynamic or less rigid fixation such as hybrid stabilization device (HSD) or interspinous process device (IPD) for the purpose of avoiding adjacent segment disease (ASD) proximal to the fusion construct. A systematic review of the literature was performed on the effect of topping-off techniques to prevent or decrease the occurrence of ASD after lumbar fusion surgery. We searched through major online databases, PubMed and MEDLINE, using key words related to “topping-off” technique. We reviewed the surgical results of “topping-off” techniques with either HSD or IPD, including the incidence of ASD at two proximal adjacent levels (index and supra-adjacent level) as compared to the fusion alone group. The results showed that the fusion alone group had statistically higher incidence of radiographic (52.6%) and symptomatic (11.6%) ASD at the index level as well as higher incidence (8.1%) of revision surgery. Besides, the HSD (10.5%) and fusion groups (24.7%) had statistically higher incidences of radiographic ASD at supra-adjacent level than the IPD (1%). The findings suggest that the “topping-off” technique may potentially decrease the occurrence of ASD at the proximal motion segments. However, higher quality prospective randomized trials are required prior to wide clinical application.

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Mollah, Md Abul Fazal, Md Moshiur Rahman, Md Zablul Tareq, ABM Zahidul Hoque, and Mir Mehedi Hasan. "Seed Yield and Quality of Late Season Direct Seeded Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as Influenced by Spacing and Time of De-topping." Agriculturists 15, no. 1 (August 4, 2017): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v15i1.33432.

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An experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Regional Station, Kishoreganj during July to December of 2010 and 2011 to investigate the effect of spacing and de-topping on yield and quality of kenaf seeds cv. HC-95 grown under direct seeding method. Three plants spacings (40 cm × 15 cm, 30 cm × 15 cm and 20 cm × 15 cm) and four de-topping treatments (no de-topping, de-topping at 15, 30 and 45 days after emergence (DAE) were applied in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The highest yield of kenaf seed (1403 and 1646 kgha-1 in 2010 and 2011, respectively) was obtained from sowing at 30 cm × 15 cm spacing. The best quality seed in respect to germination and vigour was also obtained from sowing at 30 cm × 15 cm spacing. The highest seed yield, germination and vigour of seed were obtained for de-topped at 45 days after emergence. It is concluded that the highest seed yield and quality of late season direct seeded kenaf could be obtained by sowing at a spacing of 30 cm x 15 cm and de-topping at 45 days after emergence. The Agriculturists 2017; 15(1) 92-100

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Xu, Yan, Jian Ping Zhou, and Ji Chun Wu. "Topping Height Automatic Control System of Cotton Top Cutter." Key Engineering Materials 522 (August 2012): 715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.522.715.

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Conforming the requirements of the agricultural machinery automation, the project combined with infrared sensor technology, codec technology, hydraulic transmission control technology, sensor technology and MCU control technology, developed a cotton top cutter of precision, fast response, strong anti-jamming capability, intelligent control. Intelligent cotton top cutter can replace effectively the chemicals topping and artificial topping. The machine of high automation and high precision can reduce effetely of apical dominance on cotton growing in the maximum extent. Intelligent cotton topping is of great significance on the management of cotton-growing and have a good role in promoting automation level of agricultural machinery

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Novitasari, Rifni. "PEMBUATAN PIZZA SEBAGAI USAHA PENGEMBANGAN SKILL KULINER BAGI IBU-IBU PKK, KHUSUSNYA DI NAGARI AIA GADANG." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN 8, no. 1 (May 2, 2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32520/jtp.v8i1.579.

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Telah dilakukan Pelatihan Pembuatan Pizza sebagai Usaha Pengembangan Skill Kuliner Bagi Ibu-ibu PKK di nagari Aia Gadang pada tanggal 2 Maret 2019, Pelatihan ini bertujuan untuk menambah wawasan para Ibu-ibu PKK tentang produk olahan pangan siap saji yang merupakan Panganan berskala Internasional yang nantinya dikombinasi dengan topping yang bercitra rasa khas Indonesia. Pada pelatihan ini para Ibu-ibu PKK diajarkan beberapa metode pembuatan maupun variasi bentuk dan topping yang dapat disajikan sebagai daya tarik dari pizza itu sendiri. Variasi bentuk yang diajarkan adalah variasi bentuk standar (Original Pizza), Flower Pizza, Pigura Pizza. Dengan topping handalan yakni daging asap, sosis, mix sayur dan rendang khas Padang

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Osorio-Acosta, Guadalupe, Jorge Siller-Cepeda, and Jorge Avlos. "Date and Intensity of Topping before Spur Pruning Alters Budbreak of Primary Buds in `Flame Seedless' Grapevines." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 683b—683. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.683b.

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In the Sonoran desert, vines are forced to break with early pruning and cyanamide application. Usually topping of the canes (leaving canes 50 cm long) is done on 10 Dec. to facilitate spur pruning and cyanamide application after 20 Dec. However, budbreak is irregular over the years. There is no reason why date and intensity of topping is done that way. The objective of this work was to evaluate budbreak at different dates and intensity of topping. Five-year-old `Flame Seedless' vines were prune topped on three dates (21 Nov., 1 Dec., and 11 Dec.) and at three different intensities (leaving canes 25, 50, and 75 cm long). A control block was also included without top pruning. Spur pruning and cyanamide application (Dormex 7%) was done on 24 Dec. Budbreak on canes left 50 cm long before spur pruning was 83%, 84%, and 58% on 21 Nov., 1 Dec., and 11 Dec., respectively, while nontop-pruned plants break only 58% of the buds. Number of clusters per plant in the same order were 52, 42, 39, and 26, respectively. There was an interaction of date and intensity of topping with the cluster number, since slight topping (leaving 75 cm long canes) on 1 and 11 Dec. improved the number of clusters per vine up to 47 and 60, respectively.

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Orphanos, P. I., and C. Metochis. "Effect of topping and irrigation on yield of flue-cured tobacco grown in a Mediterranean environment." Journal of Agricultural Science 113, no. 1 (August 1989): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084689.

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SUMMARYTopping of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants (removal of the inflorescence) is not practised in Cyprus. Two field experiments were carried out at Akhelia Station, in 1985 and 1986, to test whether topping increased the yield or improved leaf quality of flue-cured tobacco grown under different types of irrigation. In contrast to the results of other studies, topping when the corolla had appeared on half the flowers did not increase yield. Topping when the inflorescence was just clear of the leaves (21 leaves harvested from topped plants v. 32 leaves from untopped plants) increased fresh yield by 7·0% but dry matter yield by 18·0%. The effects of topping were more marked on the leaves reaped at the third and fourth harvests, which constituted 52% of the fresh yield or 60% of the dry matter yield. At these harvests, leaves from topped plants had a lower percentage of midrib material (18·5 v. 21·0%) than leaves from untopped plants but a higher dry matter content (19·2 v. 17·2%) and specific leaf weight (80·0 v. 56·0 g/m2). Leaves of the fourth harvest from topped plants (27% of the total fresh yield) contained appreciably more nicotine (1·34%) than leaves from untopped plants (0·40%) but had a similar content of reducing sugars (20%). Topping did not influence the N, P and K contents of the leaves.Irrigation increased fresh yield from 12·0 t/ha (225 mm water) to 24·0 t/ha (450 mm water) and dry matter yield from 2·0 to 3·8 t/ha, respectively, in Expt 1.As Cypriot tobacco growers are paid for fresh yield delivered to the curing plant, the marginal increase of fresh yield with topping will hardly cover the cost of the extra operations involved.

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Gilman, Edward F., Gary W. Knox, and Patricia Gomez-Zlatar. "Pruning Method Affects Flowering and Sprouting on Crapemyrtle." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-26.3.164.

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Abstract ‘Natchez’ (Lagerstroemia indica × fauriei) and ‘Carolina Beauty’ (Lagerstroemia indica L.) crapemyrtle were pruned in three manners including topping, pollarding, and pencil-pruning plus a non-pruned control for four years to determine influence on flowering and sprouting. The topping and pollarding of ‘Natchez’ delayed appearance of the first flower up to one month compared to non-pruned trees for the first two years following initial pruning. In contrast, topping and pollarding ‘Carolina Beauty’ induced flowering by as much as one week sooner one and three years following initial pruning with no effect in years two and four. Topping both cultivars delayed peak flowering date compared to non-pruned trees. Topping ‘Natchez’ the first and second year following initial pruning and pollarding in the second year reduced duration of flowering period compared to the non-pruned trees. Flower effect (panicle number × panicle volume) was not influenced by pruning method on ‘Carolina Beauty’ for any year. Flower effect for topped ‘Natchez’ was significantly smaller than for pollarded and pencil-pruned trees the first year after pruning; flower effect on non-pruned ‘Natchez’ was no different from any of the pruning treatments. Pruning cut diameter was inversely correlated with number of days ‘Natchez’ trees were in flower, number of flower panicles, and date of flowering; however, cut diameter influence on flower effect was not predictable for ‘Carolina Beauty’. Sprouting along the trunk and from the roots increased with diameter of the pruning cut. Topping took less time to complete than other pruning methods in all but the last year which probably accounts for its popularity. Topped trees grew in height following pruning faster than pollarded trees, which grew faster than pencil-pruned trees, which grew faster than non-pruned trees for both cultivars.

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Pham, Tam T. M. "Effects of topping times on growth and yield of three sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) varieties cultivated in the net house." Journal of Agriculture and Development 17, no. 04 (August 28, 2018): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.3.04.2018.

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The study was carried out from June to December, 2014. The objective of this study was to determine a suitable topping time for sweet basil variety grown in the net house at Research and Development Center for Hi-Tech Agriculture Ho Chi Minh City. A two-factorial experiment was designed by the CRD (Completely Randomized Design) with three replications. Factor A consisted of three sweet basil varieties (TN12 as Control, TN33, and TN39) and the factor B was the topping times including untopping (the control), the topping when sweet basil at the four-leaves, at the six-leaves and at the eight-leaves period. The results showed that variety TN39 was suitable for extracting basil-oil because of the highest yield (3,365.4 kg/1,000 m2) and high total essential oil content (0.25%). Variety TN12 could be grown for fresh-eating spicy. The variety TN12 resulted in the fairly high yield (1,955.4 kg/1,000 m2) and total essential oil content (0.20%) with good taste. Topping the basil plant at the six-leaves period reached the highest yield of 2,172.3 kg/1,000 m2.

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Trahutami, Sri Wahyu Istana. "SUSHI : SEBUAH TRADISI DALAM MODERNITAS." KIRYOKU 2, no. 2 (June 20, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kiryoku.v2i2.103-109.

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(Title: Sushi: Tradition in Modernity) Rice and fish are central to Japanese cuisine and the two come together perfectly in sushi. Sushi has become a favourite food throughout the world. Nigirizushi is the most famous sushi of all. Nigiri means “press in the hand” and zushi means “sushi”. Nigirizushi is a clump of sushi rice pressed together with a topping that is usually raw fish. Traditional sushi takes along time and much effort to make. Japanese cuisine would not be complete without sushi. Edomae topping benefits from many long years of innovations in preparation methods all with the aim of achieving a balance, a harmony between the rice an the topping and the waonderful taste wich that harmonius balance can give.Keywords : sushi; nigirizushi; Japanese cuisine; edomae zushi

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SCHWAB, A. H., B. A. WENTZ, J. A. JAGOW, A. SWARTZENTRUBER, A. P. DURAN, J. M. LANIER, R. J. BARNARD, and R. B. READ. "Microbiological Quality of Cream-Type Pies During Processing." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.1.70.

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In-line samples of crust, filling and topping were collected from pies being prepared by all U.S. firms making frozen cream-type pies for interstate distribution. All firms adhered to Good Manufacturing Practices, as determined by visual inspection. Geometric mean aerobic plate count values were generally low for crust, filling and topping, ranging from 49 CFU/g for topping containing dairy ingredients as it was deposited onto the pie filling to 2400 CFU/g for filling containing dairy ingredients as it was deposited into the crust of the pie. Geometric mean coliform, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus values were generally lower than the limits of detection, which were 3/g for coliforms and E. coli and 10/g for S. aureus.

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Walsh, Michael J., and Stephen B. Powles. "Impact of crop-topping and swathing on the viable seed production of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 7 (2009): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08286.

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Crop-topping, the practice of applying non-selective herbicides at crop maturity, has proved to be an effective management technique in preventing the input of seed into the seedbank for some annual weed species of southern Australian crop production systems. However, the efficacy of this practice on the dominant broad-leaf weed of these systems, wild radish, is not well understood. These studies investigated the effect of crop-topping and swathing on the viable seed production of wild radish. Crop-topping with either glyphosate or sprayseed (paraquat 135 g/L + diquat 115 g/L) can provide large reductions of 80–90% in viable seed production of wild radish plants present in crops at the end of the growing season. However, the efficacy of this practice was found to be highly variable and therefore, cannot be relied upon to consistently produce these large reductions in seed numbers. Similarly, swathing also produced large reductions in viable seed production but results from this practice were even less consistent than crop-topping treatments. For all treatments, early application timings of growth stage 6.5 or earlier, were optimum for targeting wild radish seed production. However, these treatment timings also resulted in large crop yield losses of ~30%. To preserve at least 90% of crop yield, crop-topping and swathing treatments need to be delayed until wild radish growth stage 8.5, with expected reductions in seed numbers of up to 70%. However, in high-density infestations the need to preserve grain yield will be less important than preventing substantial inputs of wild radish seed into the seedbank.

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Сєногонова, Галина Ігорівна. "Functional topping "Capacity sports" for athletes." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 2(6) (September 6, 2012): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2012.4715.

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Holt, Laura. "Ryan N. S. Topping. St. Augustine." Augustinian Studies 42, no. 2 (2011): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/augstudies201142226.

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Angelino, G., and C. Invernizzi. "Ejector-assisted liquid metal topping cycles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 218, no. 2 (January 2004): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095765004773644111.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Topping'

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