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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tornado Warnings

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Academic literature on the topic 'Tornado Warnings'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tornado Warnings"

1

Coleman, Timothy A., Kevin R. Knupp, James Spann, J. B. Elliott, and Brian E. Peters. "The History (and Future) of Tornado Warning Dissemination in the United States." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 567–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010bams3062.1.

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Since the successful tornado forecast at Tinker AFB in 1948 paved the way for the issuance of tornado warnings, the science of tornado detection and forecasting has advanced greatly. However, tornado warnings must be disseminated to the public to be of any use. The Texas tornado warning conferences in 1953 began to develop the framework for a modern tornado warning system and included radar detection of tornadoes, a spotter network, and improved communications between the U.S. Weather Bureau, spotters, and public officials, allowing more timely warnings and dissemination of those warnings to the public. Commercial radio and television are a main source of warnings for many, and the delivery methods on TV have changed much since 1960. NOAA Weather Radio (NWR) was launched after the 1974 Super Outbreak of tornadoes, with the most important feature being the tone alert that allowed receivers to alert people even when the radio broadcast was turned off. Today, NWR reaches most of the U.S. population, and Specific Area Message Encoding technology has improved its warning precision. Outdoor warning sirens, originally designed for use in enemy attack, were made available for use during tornado warnings around 1970. “Storm based” warnings, adopted by the National Weather Service in 2007, replaced countybased warnings and greatly reduce the warning area. As communications advances continue, tornado warnings will eventually be delivered to precise locations, using GPS and other location technology, through cellular telephones, outdoor sirens, e-mails, and digital television, in addition to NWR.

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Mason, Lisa Reyes, Kelsey N. Ellis, Betsy Winchester, and Susan Schexnayder. "Tornado Warnings at Night: Who Gets the Message?" Weather, Climate, and Society 10, no. 3 (June 29, 2018): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-17-0114.1.

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Abstract Nocturnal tornadoes are a public health threat, over twice as likely to have fatalities as tornadoes during the day. While tornado warning receipt is an important factor in models of individual behavioral response, receipt of warnings at night has not been studied in the literature to date. This study uses survey data from a random sample of Tennessee residents (N = 1804) who were randomly assigned to day or night versions of a near-identical survey instrument. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses compare chance of warning receipt, warning sources, and predictors of warning receipt for day versus night scenarios of a tornadic event. Over 80% of participants asked about a daytime tornado said there was a high/very high chance of receiving the warning, compared to fewer than 50% of participants asked about a nighttime event. Whereas demographic and cognitive factors helped predict tornado warning receipt during the day, cognitive and geographic factors were salient for the night. Perceived county risk and prior experience with a tornado were positively associated with chance of nighttime receipt, while belief that luck is an important factor in surviving a tornado and living in east (compared to west) Tennessee were negatively associated. Future research should consider partnering with the National Weather Service, emergency managers, and local media to increase the likelihood that people will receive tornado warnings at night and to better understand the role that cognitive factors and particular beliefs play in individual efforts to ensure that warnings are received.

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Simmons, Kevin M., and Daniel Sutter. "Tornado Warnings, Lead Times, and Tornado Casualties: An Empirical Investigation." Weather and Forecasting 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007waf2006027.1.

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Abstract Conventional wisdom holds that improved tornado warnings will reduce tornado casualties, because longer lead times on warnings provide extra opportunities to alert residents who can then take precautions. The relationship between warnings and casualties is examined using a dataset of tornadoes in the contiguous United States between 1986 and 2002. Two questions are examined: Does a warning issued on a tornado reduce the resulting number of fatalities and injuries? Do longer lead times reduce casualties? It is found that warnings have had a significant and consistent effect on tornado injuries, with a reduction of over 40% at some lead time intervals. The results for fatalities are mixed. An increase in lead time up to about 15 min reduces fatalities, while lead times longer than 15 min increase fatalities compared with no warning. The fatality results beyond 15 min, however, depend on five killer tornadoes and consequently are not robust.

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Brotzge, J., and S. Erickson. "Tornadoes without NWS Warning." Weather and Forecasting 25, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009waf2222270.1.

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Abstract During a 5-yr period of study from 2000 to 2004, slightly more than 26% of all reported tornadoes across the United States occurred without an NWS warning being issued. This study examines some of the reasons behind why no warnings were issued with these tornadoes, and what climatological, storm classification, and sociological factors may have played a role in the lack of warnings. This dataset of tornado records was sorted by F scale, geographically by region and weather forecast office (WFO), hour of the day, month of the year, tornado pathlength, tornado-to-radar distance, county population density, and number of tornadoes by day and order of occurrence. Results show that the tornadoes most likely to strike when the public is least likely to be aware were also those tornadoes with the greatest chance of not being warned. Singular tornado events (one tornado report per day within a WFO county warning area) and the first tornado report of the day were the most difficult scenarios on which to warn, with over half of all solitary tornado events not warned. Geographic areas that experienced a significant proportion of weak, solitary, and/or nocturnal tornadoes had a much higher ratio of missed warnings. In general, the stronger the tornado, as estimated from its F-scale rating and/or track length, the greater chance it was warned. However, the tornado distance from radar had a significant impact on tornado warning statistics. In addition, many weak tornadoes were not warned, and the overall ratio of missed tornado warnings to reported tornadoes actually increased over more densely populated regions, likely due to more complete postevent verification.

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Brotzge, J., and S. Erickson. "NWS Tornado Warnings with Zero or Negative Lead Times." Weather and Forecasting 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008waf2007076.1.

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Abstract During a 5-yr period of study from 2000 to 2004, slightly more than 10% of all National Weather Service (NWS) tornado warnings were issued either simultaneously as the tornado formed (i.e., with zero lead time) or minutes after initial tornado formation but prior to tornado dissipation (i.e., with “negative” lead time). This study examines why these tornadoes were not warned in advance, and what climate, storm morphology, and sociological factors may have played a role in delaying the issuance of the warning. This dataset of zero and negative lead time warnings are sorted by their F-scale ratings, geographically by region and weather forecast office (WFO), hour of the day, month of the year, tornado-to-radar distance, county population density, and number of tornadoes by day, hour, and order of occurrence. Two key results from this study are (i) providing advance warning on the first tornado of the day remains a difficult challenge and (ii) the more isolated the tornado event, the less likelihood that an advance warning is provided. WFOs that experience many large-scale outbreaks have a lower proportion of warnings with negative lead time than WFOs that experience many more isolated, one-tornado or two-tornado warning days. Monthly and geographic trends in lead time are directly impacted by the number of multiple tornado events. Except for a few isolated cases, the impacts of tornado-to-radar distance, county population density, and storm morphology did not have a significant impact on negative lead-time warnings.

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Strader, Stephen M., Alex M. Haberlie, and Alexandra G. Loitz. "Assessment of NWS County Warning Area Tornado Risk, Exposure, and Vulnerability." Weather, Climate, and Society 13, no. 2 (April 2021): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-20-0107.1.

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AbstractThis study investigates the interrelationships between National Weather Service (NWS) county warning area (CWA) tornado risk, exposure, and societal vulnerability. CWA climatological tornado risk is determined using historical tornado event data, and exposure and vulnerability are assessed by employing present-day population, housing, socioeconomic, and demographic metrics. In addition, tornado watches, warnings, warning lead times, false alarm warnings, and unwarned tornado reports are examined in relation to CWA risk, exposure, and vulnerability. Results indicate that southeastern U.S. CWAs are more susceptible to tornado impacts because of their greater tornado frequencies and larger damage footprints intersecting more vulnerable populations (e.g., poverty and manufactured homes). Midwest CWAs experience fewer tornadoes relative to Southeast and southern plains CWAs but encompass faster tornado translational speeds and greater population densities where higher concentrations of vulnerable individuals often reside. Northern plains CWAs contain longer-tracked tornadoes on average and larger percentages of vulnerable elderly and rural persons. Southern plains CWAs experience the highest tornado frequencies in general and contain larger percentages of minority Latinx populations. Many of the most socially vulnerable CWAs have shorter warning lead times and greater percentages of false alarm warnings and unwarned tornadoes. Study findings provide NWS forecasters with an improved understanding of the relationships between tornado risk, exposure, vulnerability, and warning outcomes within their respective CWAs. Findings may also assist NWS Weather Forecast Offices and the Warning Decision Training Division with developing training materials aimed at increasing NWS forecaster knowledge of how tornado risk, exposure, and vulnerability factors influence local tornado disaster potential.

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Anderson-Frey, Alexandra K., Yvette P. Richardson, Andrew R. Dean, Richard L. Thompson, and Bryan T. Smith. "Characteristics of Tornado Events and Warnings in the Southeastern United States." Weather and Forecasting 34, no. 4 (July 25, 2019): 1017–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-18-0211.1.

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Abstract The southeastern United States has become a prime area of focus in tornado-related literature due, in part, to the abundance of tornadoes occurring in high-shear low-CAPE (HSLC) environments. Through this analysis of 4133 tornado events and 16 429 tornado warnings in the southeastern United States, we find that tornadoes in the Southeast do indeed have, on average, higher shear and lower CAPE than tornadoes elsewhere in the contiguous United States (CONUS). We also examine tornado warning skill in the form of probability of detection (POD; percent of tornadoes receiving warning prior to tornado occurrence) and false alarm ratio (FAR; percent of tornado warnings for which no corresponding tornado is detected), and find that, on average, POD is better and FAR is worse for tornadoes in the Southeast than for the CONUS as a whole. These measures of warning skill remain consistent even when we consider only HSLC tornadoes. The Southeast also has nearly double the CONUS percentage of deadly tornadoes, with the highest percentage of these deadly tornadoes occurring during the spring, the winter, and around local sunset. On average, however, the tornadoes with the lowest POD also tend to be those that are weakest and least likely to be deadly; for the most part, the most dangerous storms are indeed being successfully warned.

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Sutter, Daniel, and Somer Erickson. "The Time Cost of Tornado Warnings and the Savings with Storm-Based Warnings." Weather, Climate, and Society 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009wcas1011.1.

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Abstract The authors examine the cost of time spent under tornado warnings issued annually by the National Weather Service (NWS). County-based tornado warnings imposed substantial costs on the nation: an average of 234 million person-hours spent under warnings annually between 1996 and 2004, with a value of $2.7 billion (U.S. dollars) per year. Counties are large relative to tornado damage areas; therefore, county-based warnings overwarned for tornadoes, warning many persons a safe distance from the storm and not in immediate danger. In October 2007 the NWS introduced storm-based warnings (SBW) for tornadoes, which are expected to reduce the area warned by 70%–75%. SBW consequently will reduce the time spent under warnings by over 160 million person-hours per year, with a value of $1.9 billion. The time spent under warnings does not measure the full cost to society because many people do not respond to the warnings. Adjusting for warning response, this study estimates that SBW might save 66 million person-hours actually spent sheltering a year with a value of $750 million. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the value of time spent sheltering saved by SBW exceeds $100 million per year with a probability of 0.95.

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Brotzge, Jerald A., Steven E. Nelson, Richard L. Thompson, and Bryan T. Smith. "Tornado Probability of Detection and Lead Time as a Function of Convective Mode and Environmental Parameters." Weather and Forecasting 28, no. 5 (October 1, 2013): 1261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-12-00119.1.

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Abstract The ability to provide advanced warning on tornadoes can be impacted by variations in storm mode. This research evaluates 2 yr of National Weather Service (NWS) tornado warnings, verification reports, and radar-derived convective modes to appraise the ability of the NWS to warn across a variety of convective modes and environmental conditions. Several specific hypotheses are considered: (i) supercell morphologies are the easiest convective modes to warn for tornadoes and yield the greatest lead times, while tornadoes from more linear, nonsupercell convective modes, such as quasi-linear convective systems, are more difficult to warn for; (ii) parameters such as tornado distance from radar, population density, and tornado intensity (F scale) introduce significant and complex variability into warning statistics as a function of storm mode; and (iii) tornadoes from stronger storms, as measured by their mesocyclone strength (when present), convective available potential energy (CAPE), vertical wind shear, and significant tornado parameter (STP) are easier to warn for than tornadoes from weaker systems. Results confirmed these hypotheses. Supercell morphologies caused 97% of tornado fatalities, 96% of injuries, and 92% of damage during the study period. Tornado warnings for supercells had a statistically higher probability of detection (POD) and lead time than tornado warnings for nonsupercells; among supercell storms, tornadoes from supercells in lines were slightly more difficult to warn for than tornadoes from discrete or clusters of supercells. F-scale intensity and distance from radar had some impact on POD, with less impact on lead times. Higher mesocyclone strength (when applicable), CAPE, wind shear, and STP values were associated with greater tornado POD and lead times.

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Liu, Brooke Fisher, Michael Egnoto, and JungKyu Rhys Lim. "How Mobile Home Residents Understand and Respond to Tornado Warnings." Weather, Climate, and Society 11, no. 3 (May 21, 2019): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-17-0080.1.

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Abstract Mobile home residents experience higher fatality rates from tornadoes than “fixed home” residents. Yet, research on how mobile home residents understand and respond to tornado warnings is lacking. Such research can help meteorologists and their partners better communicate tornado risk. We conducted four surveys with residents of the southeastern United States. This region has the highest concentration of tornado fatalities and killer tornadoes, in part because of the high density of mobile homes. Findings reveal that today’s tornado warning system inadequately prepares mobile home residents to respond safely to tornadoes. The study offers recommendations for how to improve tornado communication for mobile and fixed home residents.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tornado Warnings"

1

Donner, William R. "An integrated model of risk perception and protective action public response to tornado warnings /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 224 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1397915961&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Ripberger, Joseph, Carol Silva, Hank Jenkins-Smith, Jinan Allan, Makenzie Krocak, Wesley Wehde, and Sean Ernst. "Exploring Community Differences in Tornado Warning Reception, Comprehension, and Response Across the United States." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7859.

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Effective risk communication in the weather enterprise requires deep knowledge about the communities that enterprise members serve. This includes knowledge of the atmospheric and climate conditions in these communities as well as knowledge about the characteristics of the people living in these communities. Enterprise members often have access to data that facilitate the first type of knowledge, but relatively little social or behavioral data on the populations they serve. This article introduces an effort to overcome these challenges by developing a database of community statistics and an interactive platform that provides dynamic access to the database. Specific emphasis is given to one set of statistics in the community database: estimates of tornado warning reception, comprehension, and response by county warning area in the contiguous United States. Exploration of these estimates indicates significant variation in reception and comprehension across communities. This variation broadly aligns with tornado climatology, but there are noticeable differences within climatologically comparable regions that underline the importance of community-specific information. Verification of the estimates using independent observations from a random sample of communities confirms that the estimates are largely accurate, but there are a few consistent anomalies that prompt questions about why some communities exhibit higher or lower levels of reception, comprehension, and response than models suggest. The article concludes with a discussion of next steps and an invitation to use and contribute to the project as it progresses.

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Krocak, Makenzie, Sean Ernst, Jinan Allan, Wesley Wehde, Joseph Ripberger, Carol Silva, and Hank Jenkins-Smith. "Thinking Outside the Polygon: A Study of Tornado Warning Perception Outside of Warning Polygon Bounds." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7865.

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When the National Weather Service (NWS) issues a tornado warning, the alert is rapidly and widely disseminated to individuals in the general area of the warning. Historically, the assumption has been that a false-negative warning perception (i.e., when someone located within a warning polygon does not believe they have received a tornado warning) carries a higher cost than a false-positive warning perception (i.e., when someone located outside the warning area believes they have received a warning). While many studies investigate tornado warning false alarms (i.e., when the NWS issues a tornado warning, but a tornado does not actually occur), less work focuses on studying individuals outside of the warning polygon bounds who believe they received a warning (i.e., false-positive perceptions). This work attempts to quantify the occurrence of false-positive perceptions and possible factors associated with the rate of occurrence. Following two separate storm events, Oklahomans were asked whether they perceived a tornado warning. Their geolocated responses were then compared to issued warning polygons. Individuals closer to tornado warnings or within a different type of warning (e.g., a severe thunderstorm warning) are more likely to report a false-positive perception than those farther away or outside of other hazard warnings. Further work is needed to understand the rate of false-positive perceptions across different hazards and how this may influence warning response and trust in the National Weather Service.

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Taylor, Bonnie J. "The Spatial Distribution of Siren Acoustics in Columbiana County, Ohio." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1367282756.

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Walsh, John. "Efficacy of community education programmes in influencing public reception and response behaviour factors related to tornado warning systems." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2016. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/27321/.

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The thesis explores the U.S. early warning system in the context of three separate but interlocking components: emergency management; special needs populations, in this case represented by the Deaf and hard of hearing community; and disaster education. Of importance is the need to bring further understanding to the relevancy of each and how the interrelationship among all three reflects a microcosm illustrative of the larger early warning paradigm and its challenges. Meeting those challenges requires implementation of innovative interventions and evidence-based approaches for adapting to the changing urban and rural demographics, climatological and technological environments. Severe weather and tornado hazard early warning is the embodiment of an integration of multiple systems requiring complex coordination of functions consisting of forecasting, detection, analysis, message development and dissemination, message reception, and action. This culminates in individual decision making for taking self-protection measures. The thesis methodological framework consisted of a mixed method approach. Data collection utilised a survey questionnaire instrument, individual interviews and focus groups. The research questioned if current warning processes within the U.S. tornado early warning system positively integrate with emergency management practices and effectively influence protective actions of the special needs population. Results indicate the emergency management system continues to be institutionally focused and operationally centric. Emergency managers recognise the need to become more of an integrated component between the warning mechanism and the communities they represent. Data indicate the Deaf and hard of hearing population remains underserved and generally ill-prepared for severe weather events. Disaster education programmes addressing their particular needs are scarce and current warning notification processes are often inadequate. Although tornado early warning detection and notification times are increasing, questions remain on how to more effectively encourage individuals to better heed warning messages.

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"A Spatial Analysis of “Most Weather Warned” Counties by Severe Weather Phenomena in the Contiguous United States." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53568.

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abstract: Severe weather affects many regions of the United States, and has potential to greatly impact many facets of society. This study provides a climatological spatial analysis by county of severe weather warnings issued by the National Weather Service (NWS) between January 1st, 1986 to December 31st, 2017 for the contiguous United States. The severe weather warnings were issued for county-based flash flood, severe thunderstorm, and tornado phenomena issued through the study period and region. Post 2002 severe weather warnings issued by storm warning area were included in this study in the form of county-based warnings simultaneously issued for each affected county. Past studies have researched severe weather warnings issued by the NWS, however these studies are limited in geographic representation, study period, and focused on population bias. A spatial analysis of severe weather warning occurrences by county identify that (a) highest occurrences of flash flood warnings are located in the desert Southwest and Texas, (b) severe thunderstorm warning occurrence is more frequent in Arizona, portions of the Midwest, the South, and the Mid and South Atlantic states, (c) the tornado activity regions of Tornado Alley and Dixie Alley (i.e. Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, and Illinois) contained the highest occurrences of tornado warnings, and (d) the highest instances of aggregate warning occurrences are found in the desert Southwest, the Midwest, and the Southern regions of the United States. Generally, severe weather warning “hot spots” tend to be located in those same regions, with greater coverage. This study concludes with a comparison of local maxima and general hot spot regions to expected regions for each phenomenon. Implications of this study are far reaching, including emergency management, and has potential to reduce risk of life.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Geography 2019

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Books on the topic "Tornado Warnings"

1

Leftwich, Preston W. A dyad of papers concerning joint verification of severe local storm watches and warnings during tornado events. Kansas City, Mo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, National Severe Storms Forecast Center, 1990.

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United States. National Weather Service. Tampa Bay area tornadoes, October 3, 1992. Silver Spring, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, 1993.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment. Tornado warnings and weather service modernization: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One hundred first Congress, first session, August 7, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment. Tornado warnings and weather service modernization: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, August 7, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment. Tornado warnings and weather service modernization: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, August 7, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Storm warning: The story of a killer tornado. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.

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Environment, United States Congress House Committee on Science Subcommittee on Energy and. Tornadoes: Understanding, modeling, and forecasting supercell storms : hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment and the Subcommittee on Basic Research of the Committee on Science, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, June 16, 1999. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment. Field briefing on tornado prediction and preparedness in the Carolinas during the severe weather of March 28, 1984: Briefing before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session, October 18, 1984. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment. Field briefing on tornado prediction and preparedness in the Carolinas during the severe weather of March 28, 1984: Briefing before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session, October 18, 1984. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment. Field briefing on tornado prediction and preparedness in the Carolinas during the severe weather of March 28, 1984: Briefing before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session, October 18, 1984. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tornado Warnings"

1

Simmons, Kevin M., and Daniel Sutter. "Tornado Warnings: How Doppler Radar, False Alarms, and Tornado Watches Affect Casualties." In Economic and Societal Impacts of Tornadoes, 117–71. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-02-7_4.

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Baker, Earl J. "Empirical Studies of Public Response to Tornado and Hurricane Warnings in the United States." In Prediction and Perception of Natural Hazards, 65–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8190-5_8.

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Burgess, Donald W. B., Ralph J. Donaldson, and Paul R. Desrochers. "Tornado detection and warning by radar." In Geophysical Monograph Series, 203–21. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm079p0203.

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T, Kavitha, and Saraswathi S. "Smart Technologies for Emergency Response and Disaster Management." In Smart Technologies for Emergency Response and Disaster Management, 1–40. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2575-2.ch001.

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Disasters are the convergence of hazards that strikes a vulnerable community which is insufficient to withstand with its adverse effects and impact. Completely avoiding natural or anthropogenic disaster is not possible but its impact can be minimized by generating timely warning. The real-time earth observation is very important for generating such early warning. The earth observation is improving through the advancement in remote sensing technologies. Sensing technology provides real time monitoring and risk assessment. It helps in fast communication of an event occurrence. Disaster detection in urban areas is greatly improved by using remote sensing techniques. This chapter discus various devices used for real time earth monitoring of disaster events like Flood, Tsunami, Tornadoes, Droughts, Extreme Temperatures, Avalanches and Landslide. These devices gather information by continuous monitoring in their deployed location. The sensor information thus gathered must be communicated and processed to extract the disaster information.

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T, Kavitha, and Saraswathi S. "Smart Technologies for Emergency Response and Disaster Management." In Emergency and Disaster Management, 939–79. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6195-8.ch044.

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Disasters are the convergence of hazards that strikes a vulnerable community which is insufficient to withstand with its adverse effects and impact. Completely avoiding natural or anthropogenic disaster is not possible but its impact can be minimized by generating timely warning. The real-time earth observation is very important for generating such early warning. The earth observation is improving through the advancement in remote sensing technologies. Sensing technology provides real time monitoring and risk assessment. It helps in fast communication of an event occurrence. Disaster detection in urban areas is greatly improved by using remote sensing techniques. This chapter discus various devices used for real time earth monitoring of disaster events like Flood, Tsunami, Tornadoes, Droughts, Extreme Temperatures, Avalanches and Landslide. These devices gather information by continuous monitoring in their deployed location. The sensor information thus gathered must be communicated and processed to extract the disaster information.

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Louchet, Francois. "Snow and Avalanches in a Climate Warming Context." In Snow Avalanches, 57–60. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866930.003.0007.

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We first show why current climate forecasting techniques, based on continuous extrapolations, are unreliable in the case of complex arrangements of interacting entities like the atmosphere–ocean system. By contrast, according to the well-established theory of dynamical systems, the observed present increase of fluctuations (as heat waves, droughts, tornadoes, forest fires) is a warning signal for an impending discontinuous climate tipping. A comparison with paleoclimatic events suggests that the atmospheric temperature would be likely to increase in this case by 6–9 °C in the next few years. In the transient period, the succession of heavy snow-falls and thawing episodes would favor spontaneous full-depth avalanches with larger run-out distances. After tipping into a new equilibrium, significantly warmer temperatures would shift snow-covered areas towards higher altitudes, probably by more than 1000 m, resulting in closure of a number of ski resorts. Glacier retreat and permafrost thawing would also enhance both ice and rock-fall frequency.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tornado Warnings"

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Liu, Yongxiang, Anahita Shayesteh, Gokhan Memik, and Glenn Reinman. "Tornado warning." In the 19th annual international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1088149.1088157.

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Bedard, Alfred J. "The Infrasound Network (ISNet) as an 88D Adjunct Tornado Detection Tool: The Status of Infrasonic Tornado Detection." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10480.

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After a background of operation through three years (2003–2005), the purpose of this paper is to summarize the status of our efforts to evaluate the potential of NOAA’s Infrasonic Detection Network (ISNet) for tornado detection and warning. The network implementation has involved parallel efforts at hardware design, detection algorithm development, designing displays, application of a fully compressible numerical model to understand infrasound generation processes, and modeling propagation using a 3-D acoustic ray tracing program. In combination, these efforts are placing us in a position to realistically assess the potential of infrasound to help with tornado detection and warning. One of our initial expectations, (that a 3-station network separated by about 200Km would robustly triangulate on acoustic tornadic sources) was shattered. Only at longer ranges (typically > 200Km because of an upper atmospheric wave guide) did the 3 stations (at Boulder, CO, Pueblo, CO, and Goodland, KS) monitor the same source with clear detections. On the other hand, individual stations showed regional tornado detection skill with different stations at times simultaneously detecting different regional tornadoes. Ray trace simulations have explained these regional detection differences, indicating that there is a need for closer network station spacing. Examples of both good and failed detections of tornadic storms are presented and recommendations are made for optimum network spacing. The needs for further evaluation are reviewed; including implementation of a denser network, improved verification (network stations can contribute guidance to field programs), improved display options, and timeliness. An intriguing aspect of our observations is that storms often produce infrasound about 30 minutes prior to a first tornado report. Numerical simulations completed and in progress should help illuminate the infrasonic source processes. Figure 1 below indicates the important elements involved with infrasonic tornado detection.

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Jaenisch, Holger M., James W. Handley, Kristina L. Jaenisch, Ronald E. Carlson, Nathaniel G. Albritton, and Stephen E. Moren. "Data modeling for lightning strike severity prediction for severe storm and early tornado warning." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Jeff J. Güell and Maarten Uijt de Haag. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.817844.

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Chatfield, Akemi Takeoka, and Uuf Brajawidagda. "Crowdsourcing Hazardous Weather Reports from Citizens via Twittersphere under the Short Warning Lead Times of EF5 Intensity Tornado Conditions." In 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2014.281.

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Philips, Brenda, Ted Ryan, V. Chandrasekar, Eric Lyons, Tom Bradshaw, Mark Fox, Francesc Junyent, and Apoorva Bajaj. "Tracking tornados down streets: Using casa radars in real time severe weather warning operations in north central texas." In 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2017.8128370.

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Young, William. "Renewable Energy and Disaster-Resistant Buildings." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76044.

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Hurricanes, floods, tornados and earthquakes create natural disasters that can destroy homes, businesses and the natural environment. Such disasters can happen with little or no warning, leaving hundreds or even thousands of people without medical services, potable water, sanitation, communications and electrical services for up to several weeks. The 2004 hurricane season ravaged the State of Florida, U.S.A., with four major hurricanes within a 6-week timeframe. Over nine million people evacuated their homes and damage to property was extensive. One proactive strategy to minimize this type of destruction and disruption to lives is the implementation of disaster-resistant buildings that are functional and operational. This approach uses the best energy-efficient buildings, fortified to the latest codes, and incorporates renewable energy systems. Businesses, government facilities and homes benefit from using photovoltaics to power critical items. This concept is a mitigation tool to reduce damage and cost of the destructive forces of hurricanes and other disasters. This past season’s experience showed that buildings designed and built to the latest standards with photovoltaic and solar thermal systems survived with little damage and continued to perform after the storm passed. Even following a disaster, energy conservation and use of renewables promotes energy assurance while allowing occupants to maintain some resemblance of a normal life.

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