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Forssén, Clara. "Definitionen av tortyr och fallet Gui Minhai : Är tvingade bekännelser att klassificeras som tortyr?" Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik, konst och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85060.
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Mänskliga rättigheter är en central del i en rättsstat och av stor betydelse för befolkningen i många länder. Exempel på mänskliga rättigheter är rätten till liv och en rätt att inte bli torterad. Förbudet mot tortyr regleras i FN:s tortyrkonventionen och innebär ett förbud att utsätta en individ för någon form av omänsklig och tortyrliknande behandling. I uppsatsen är mänskliga rättigheter och tortyrbegreppet i fokus, och syftet är att avgöra om (forced confessions) är att klassificeras som tortyr eller inte. Uppsatsen har även som syfte att besvara frågeställningar angående om Kina bryter mot tortyrkonventionen i och med användadet av tvingade bekännelser. Uppsatsen går även in djupare i ett försök att definera begreppet tortyr och vad som krävs för ett uppsägande av ett svenskt medborgarskap. Det kopplades samman med den svenske medborgaren Gui Minhai som befinner sig i kinesiskt fängelse och som misstänkts ha blivit ombedd att presentera en tvingad bekännelse. Eftersom Gui ursprungligen är kines har det uppstått en tvist om han ska klassificeras som svensk eller kinesisk medborgare. Metoden som används är framför allt den rättsdogmatiska och ett tillämpande av olika internationella konventioner som alla berör begreppet tortyr. I analysen framkommer bland annat att det finns brister i Kinas definition av tortyr samt att det är en utmaning att bevisa att mental misshandel förekommer. Av uppsatsen framgår det även att det finns vissa kriterier för ett avsägande av det svenska medborgarskapet.
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Jonsson, Sanna, and Siri Silvereke. "Asylsökandes skydd mot tortyr i hemlandet : enligt folkrätt och svensk rätt." Thesis, Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-5361.
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År 2007 fick 1564 skyddsbehövande uppehållstillstånd i Sverige på grund av sin rädsla att utsättas för tortyr i hemlandet. Personer som omfattas av FN:s flyktingkonvention har rätt att söka asyl och få skydd. Dock har konventionen ett mycket snävt flyktingbegrepp och omfattar inte skyddsbehövande.
Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vad Sverige som konventionsstat gör för att upprätthålla förbudet mot tortyr i FN:s Tortyrkonvention, artikel 1, 3 och 4 och Europakonventionen, artikel 3. Vi frågar oss vilka folkrättsliga förpliktelser Sverige har beträffande asylsökandes skydd mot tortyr i hemlandet och hur dessa uppfylls. Men även vilka kriterier som ska uppfyllas för att en asylsökande ska anses vara skyddsbehövande enligt svensk lag.
Då vi inriktat oss på skyddsbehövande har vi därmed uteslutit flyktingar eftersom den svenska utlänningslagen skiljer mellan dessa begrepp. Skyddsbehövande är en person som känner välgrundad fruktan för att utsättas för bland annat tortyr. För att fastställa förfarandet i ett asylärende och tolka begreppet välgrundad fruktan har vi valt att använda oss av UNHCR:s handbok som Migrationsöverdomstolen erkänt som rättskälla. Anledningen härtill är att propositionen till Utlänningslagen ej närmare går in på detta och istället hänvisar till handboken.
Vi har använt oss av en rättsvetenskaplig metod som innebär att vi, förutom konventionstexten, granskat Utlänningslagen och dess proposition samt praxis från Europadomstolen, Tortyrkommittén och Migrationsöverdomstolen. Vi har även tagit hjälp av en del doktrin som är relevanta för vårt ämne.
Folkrätten reglerar förhållandet mellan stater och måste ha stöd från stater och dess medborgare för att fungera. I Sverige är de folkrättsliga förbindelserna inte direkt tillämpliga, utan måste transformeras för att bli gällande. Tortyr är ett folkrättsligt begrepp vars definition går att finna i artikel 1, Tortyrkonventionen. Till skillnad härifrån är skyddsbehövande ett svenskt juridiskt begrepp. För att söka asyl i Sverige måste man vända sig till Migrationsverket vars beslut kan överklagas till Migrationsdomstolen och sedan, om prövningstillstånd beviljas, till Migrationsöverdomstolen.
Europakonventionen, som är införd och därmed jämställd med svensk lag, fastslår att ingen får utsättas för tortyr och dess efterlevnad kontrolleras främst av Europadomstolen vars beslut är bindande för Sverige. Tortyrkonventionen, som ej har medfört några lagändringar i svensk lag, stadgar att ingen stat ska utvisa en person som är i fara att utsättas för tortyr samt att alla tortyrhandlingar ska utgöra brott enligt nationell strafflag. Kontrollen över konventionen sker genom Tortyrkommittén som vart fjärde år granskar medlemsstaterna. Enskilda personer kan klaga till kommittén; dock är dess beslut ej rättsligt bindande.
I analysen ser vi att de svenska domstolarna inte lägger någon vikt vid praxis vare sig från Europadomstolen eller från Tortyrkommittén i frågor som rör asylsökande som riskerar tortyr vid ett återvändande. Vi ser även ett antal problem som kan uppkomma vid bedömningen av vem som ska räknas som skyddsbehövande. Trots detta hyser Sverige stor respekt för de mänskliga rättigheterna och de folkrättsliga förpliktelserna. I arbetet med att ständigt förbättras begår Sverige ändå misstag som i det stora hela kan verka små, men som i det enskilda fallet kan vara av oerhört stor betydelse.
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Åstrand, Björn. "Tortyr och pinligt förhör : våld och tvång i äldre svensk rätt /." Umeå : Univ, 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/333260821.pdf.
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Åstrand, Björn. "Tortyr och pinligt förhör - våld och tvång i äldre svensk rätt." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Historiska studier, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-13230.
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Torture in the past is the subject of this dissertation. The aim of the study is to discuss one of the grand narratives of Swedish history. In an evolutionary frame Sweden has been put forward as a country which early developed judicial security for citizens. This dissertation contains a critique against an objectivistic view of the concept of knowledge. It proposes instead an evolutionary concept. In the discussion of sources I argue that although historians have been skilful in their evaluation of sources important problems still remains. The phenomenon of torture is here investigated at three different levels, as discourse, as norm and as practice. A point of departure is an overview of the discourse of torture and the use of torture in the past, from ancient times to the beginning of the early modern period in Europe. The purpose of that study is to gain some general insight concerning torture to which the main study, with focus on the phenomenon of torture in Sweden, could be related. The presentation of the history of torture starts in ancient Greece. The ability to use torture was regulated in Greek society. An important element in the discourse concerns a social regulation of torture; another is the connection with different concepts of truth. The conditions for the use of torture have changed over time. In early Middle Ages the practice of ordeals was common in Europe. In difficult cases tribes decided guilt with help from God. When the Christian church during the High Middle Ages rose to power it prohibited the use of ordeals. The obvious consequence of this act was that people had to make decisions by themselves, when they no longer could turn to God’s will when making decisions in severe judicial cases. In this context torture became important and was put into use. The existence of ordeals has been an obstacle to the use of torture. Torture had a strong position at the end of the medieval era, and this dissertation discusses whether the legislation is to be understood as implementation of torture or as regulation of an already existing practice. The first study of torture in a Swedish context deals with the discourse concerning the concept of torture. It is found that accusations of use of torture were used in propaganda and that torture in this context was understood as something unswedish and shameful. Next part focuses on the Old Swedish legislation prior to 1614. It is found that there is a prohibition against torture in the legislation from the fourteenth century, which must be regarded as a first attempt in Swedish law to regulate the use of torture. The study also focuses on the fact that the plaintiff had such extensive rights, that these could enable use of torture. The last part of the dissertation deals with the legal practice in Stockholm between 1474 and 1614. It identifies places for torture, actors and the judicial context in which the use of torture was practised.
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Mattsson, Marie, and Mikael Hemtman. "Mänskliga grymheter." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16180.
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The purpose of this essay is to give the reader an insight in the subject of torture. This is done through both an historical perspective and by showing how torture methods are used today, even though torture is prohibited by law. Many refugees who come to Sweden today have survived torture, and the trauma can cause multiple illnesses related to the tragic memories. In addition to physical damage many also suffer from depression and post traumatic stress, due to the experiences of torture. Together with the Swedish Red Cross we designed a questionnaire which was sent to politicians and elected officials. In the questionnaire we asked questions concerning knowledge of injuries due to torture and what treatment options these people have in Sweden. Some of the questions are based in the concept of solidarity. The responses from this survey are the basis for analysis and discussion and are linked to our theories of organization and solidarity. The analysis shows that the knowledge is generally good, and the political parties in general have a collective solidarity approach to the care of people who are victims of torture.
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Hellmér, Malin. "Sadistiska soldater? : En folkrättslig analys om tortyr och händelserna på Abu Graib." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-439.
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Uppsatsen analyserar begreppet tortyr. Utifrån detta bedöms huruvida händelserna på Abu Ghraib i Irak 2003 ska anses vara tortyr i juridisk mening och vad USA:s juridiska skyldigheter är i detta sammanhang.
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Benali, Karima. "Den stulna värdigheten : En studie om fransk tortyr under det algeriska självständighetskriget 1954-1962." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kriminologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-63044.
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Tortyr brukar ofta förknippas med förhör och våld. Men finns det några andra sätt som tortyr kan förstås och förklaras på? Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka på vilka sätt tortyr kan definieras, förklaras och förstås. Den kontext som tortyr studeras i är det algeriska självständighetskriget år 1954-1962, där tortyr mot algerier användes i stor utsträckning av den franska armén. Undersökningen utgörs av en litteraturstudie där bl.a. böcker och artiklar har använts för att be-svara följande frågeställningar: Vad är tortyr? Hur har tortyr i det algeriska självständighetskriget förklarats i tidigare forskning? En kvalitativ innehållsanalys har tillämpats för att analysera det material som studien bygger på och sedan har Herbert C. Kelmans teori "Violence Without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the De-humanization of Victims and Victimizers" (som förklarar uppkomsten av massivt och brett vålds-utövande i bl.a. krigskontexter) applicerats som begreppsram för att besvara och analysera de ställda frågorna. Av resultatet framgår det att tortyr enligt fransmännen betraktades som ett conditio sine qua non, ett medel som kriget inte kunde vinnas utan, och därför blev tortyren ett krigsvapen som det algeri-ska folket i sin helhet bekämpades med. Det som blev avgörande för tortyrens användning var av-humaniseringen av algerierna. Dessa betraktades inte som människor, och därmed blev an-vändningen av tortyr legitim. Kombinerat med en auktorisering av tortyranvändningen och till följd därav en rutinisering hade en situation av systematisk tortyranvändning uppstått. Analysen visade sedan att tortyr inte bara kunde definieras som en våldsmetod eller en förhörs-metod, utan att den innebar förnedring och destruktivitet på många olika sätt. Det har sedan konsta-terats att det inte kan formuleras en allmängiltig (och djupgående) definition av tortyr eftersom be-greppet tenderar till att ändra karaktär beroende på vilken kontext det sätts i.
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Persson, Bejgrund Jennie. "Våldtäktsbrott med statlig anknytning inom definitionen för tortyr, omänsklig eller förnedrande behandling : i enlighet med internationella tortyrkonventioner." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-52715.
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Östgren, Daniel, Micael Andersson, and Peter Larsson. "Komparativ studie av USA:s och Storbritanniens lagstiftning rörande terroristbekämpning och dess relation till mänskliga rättigheter och humanitärrätt." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-1203.
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I den här uppsatsen behandlar vi frågorna om tortyr och frihetsberövande inom folkrätten och gör en komparativ analys mellan USA och Storbritannien. Båda de presenterade staterna är medlemmar av internationella och regionala konventioner. Våra slutsatser visar på både likheter och skillnader. Vad gäller tortyr så ligger den största skillnaden i att USA tillåter bevis inhämtat med hjälp av tortyr så länge de uppfyller vissa kriterier medan Storbritannien tydligt tagit avstånd till det. De skillnader vi observerat gällande frihetsberövande är framför allt att problematiken som möter de brittiska domstolarna är mer av en materiell art medan problematiken i USA är organisatorisk eller framför allt en fråga om kompetensfördelning. Även om det skett förändringar i de båda jämförda staterna genom ny lagstiftning vilket lett till ett bättre skydd för frihetsberövade så är gällande lagstiftning vid dags dato fortfarande under kritik.
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Sundqvist, Jonatan. "Tortyrbrottets kriminalisering - Har Sverige gjort tillräckligt för det internationella samfundet och för tortyrens offer?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161296.
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Ateva, Victoria. "Häktning av unga - Tortyr eller skälig åtgärd? : - En utredning kring lämpligheten i att använda häktning och restriktioner för unga lagöverträdare." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295025.
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Europarådets kommitté mot tortyr CPT, har under 24 år kritiserat Sveriges hantering av häktning och restriktioner för unga lagöverträdare. Den senaste kritiken kom den 17 februari 2016 och avser CPT:s besök i Sverige året innan. Åter igen visade rapporten på stora brister i svenska häkten. Av barnombudsmannens och barnrättskommitténs kritik framgår vidare att ungas hälsa kan påverkas negativt under häktning då unga löper en ökad risk för att drabbas av psykisk ohälsa om de isoleras. Det är även vanligt att isolerade personer uppvisar psykosliknande tillstånd. Begränsning i kontakt med familj och vänner, är något som de unga häktade själva har uppgett är svårt att hantera då häktningen innebär en kris för den unge. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om häktning av unga och åläggande av restriktioner för unga kan ses som tortyr eller om häktning av unga och åläggande av restriktioner för unga är en skälig åtgärd utifrån den kritik som presenteras i uppsatsen. Frågeställningarna som behandlas i uppsatsen är: Hur ser aktuell lagstiftning ut gällande häktning av unga och åläggande av restriktioner för unga? Kan häktning av unga samt att ålägga unga restriktioner ses som tortyr eller skälig åtgärd utifrån kritiken som har presenterats av barnombudsmannen, FN:s specialrapportör mot tortyr, barnrättskommittén, europarådets kommitté mot tortyr CPT samt häktes- och restriktionsutredningen? Uppsatsen visar att häktning av unga och åläggande av restriktioner för unga, inte kan ses som tortyr enligt tortyrkonventionens definition. Däremot kan häktning enligt tortyrkonventionen artikel 16 punkt 1 ses som omänsklig behandling eller bestraffning vilket konventionsstaterna så långt möjligt är skyldiga att förhindra. Barnombudsmannen och FN:s specialrapportör mot tortyr anser att effekterna av häktning av unga kan ses som tortyr när den unge isoleras längre än 15 dagar. Dessutom kan häktning och restriktioner för unga ses som omänsklig behandling enligt barnkonventionen, EKMR och tortyrkonventionen. Utifrån vad framställningen har visat är det sannolikt att Sverige kommer att förändra förfarandet kring häktning och restriktioner för unga. I augusti 2016 presenterar häktes- och restriktionsutredningen ett förslag om hur antalet häktningar och förekomsten av restriktioner kan minskas samt hur häktningstiderna kan förkortas för att på det sättet minska den pågående isoleringen i svenska häkten. Det är uppenbart att häktning och restriktioner mot unga är ett område som behöver utvecklas vidare. En önskvärd förändring skulle vara att Sverige tar kritiken som har lyfts fram på allvar och försöker förändra unga lagöverträdares vistelse i häkten för att minimera psykisk ohälsa bland unga lagöverträdare som häktas.
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Olovsson, Emil. "Försvar av det oförsvarbara : En studie i debatt och opinion om CIA:s tortyranvändning." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-28173.
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Denna uppsats har till syfte att studera den debatt som uppstod efter den 9:e december, då en rapport om CIA:s användning av tortyr som del av kriget mot terrorismen släpptes. Detta sker igenom en kritisk diskursanalys av amerikansk media, specifikt med en metod kallad förklarande kritik, med fokus på vad politiker citeras säga och vad opinionsskribenter själva säger gör tortyr rätt eller fel att använda. Igenom analys av sådant material ges här både en inblick i de ställningstaganden som görs i debatten, där censur av rapporten bidrar till att en debatt där båda parter kan göra starka sanningsanspråk om effektivitet och politisering, samt även förklaringar av de pragmatiska och affektiva argument som används i media för att legitimera CIA:s tortyranvändning.This essay has as its purpose to study the debate that occurred after the 9th of December, when a report about CIA’s use of torture as part of the war against terror was released. This is done through a critical discourse analysis of American media, specifically through a method called explanatory critique, focusing upon what politicians are cited to say, and what various opinion writers say make torture right or wrong to employ. Through analysis of such material, a glimpse is given into the positions that are taken in the debate, where redactions contribute to a debate where both parties can make strong claims of truth about efficacy and politisation, along with explanations of the pragmatic and emotional arguments used in media to legitimize CIA’s use of torture.
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Kullberg, Björn. ""Det som nu pågår i Vietnam är en form av tortyr" : En studie om Olof Palmes retorik under Vietnamkriget 1965-1972." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97045.
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The purpose of this essay is to analyze three of Olof Palme’s speeches during the Vietnam War. Olof Palme was leader of the Swedish Social democrats 1969-1986 and Prime minister 1969-1976; and 1982 until his death 1986. The speeches are from the years 1965-1972 when the Vietnam War was a central theme throughout the world, including in Sweden. The aim is to understand how Olof Palme’s speeches and rhetoric changed during this time period and which mode of persuasion (ethos, pathos and logos) that dominates in the speeches. Furthermore, the essay analyzes media reactions to Olof Palme’s speeches, with a special focus on the newspapers in Aftonbladet and Expressen. The methods used for processing the source material are rhetorical analysis and qualitative content analysis. The results of the study show that Palme’s rhetoric develops over the time period 1965-1972. In the speeches he makes various arguments to convey his message. The results also show that pathos dominates in all three speeches. The media responses reflect the political ideology of the studied newspapers. Aftonbladet is generally more empathetic to Palme’s speeches while Expressen is more critical and disagrees with him in some parts of the speeches. The media reactions reflect the political climate of the time when Palme presented his speeches.
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Bäckman, Veronika. "Det omänskliga lidandets diskurs : En diskussion kring FN:s definition av tortyrbegreppet i dialog med postkolonial teori." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-254736.
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The aim of this thesis has been to discuss whether remainders of colonial influences exist within the UN's definition of torture or not. The discussion has been presented from a postcolonial point of view, in dialogue with contemporary power critical theorists. In order to raise awareness of a potential colonial influence, the following questions were intended to be answered: – Are there any reasons, if so – which ones, to regard the UN's definition of torture as a colonial project? And; – To what extent is the term “inhumane” limiting for the prohibition against torture from a postcolonial perspective? One of the most central arguments of the chosen theories is that the term “inhumane” evokes prejudices that a racializing apparatus within the social norms of the UN automatically produces. These prejudices are, according to the theorists, influenced by images of people in non-western and non-secular (especially muslim) societies as more prone to exercise “violence” and “cruelty” towards their own citizens as well as towards the population of the world in general. Thereby, these people's state of being leave them with no access to the human rights – they are not acting in a humane way and are therefore not allowed to be treated humanely. Even though the reasoning of the theorists are understandable at a theoretical and emotional level, the language of the convention against torture leaves no substantial evidence for this assumed cultural bias and colonial tendency. Where the theories point out some human suffering as excluded from the definition, the solutions on how to include more aspects of suffering might be too intangible to be sustainable within the context of international law. One of the theorists however, Talal Asad, makes an appealing effort by introducing a paragraph of consent within the definition of torture. A paragraph of consent makes it, according to him, easier to account for emotional experiences of suffering. At the same time it makes it possible to exercise self-selected suffering (such as religious rituals and certain sexual preferences) between two or more consenting adults, without them being stigmatized within the discourse of suffering. By introducing the paragraph of consent and the elimination of the word “cruel” (because of its tendency of being linked to racializing factors) from the definition, Asad's argumentation points out a way to possibly improve the prohibition to include more aspects of suffering.
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Alshamani, Mariam. "Principen om non-refoulement : en studie om förhållandet mellan exklusionsbestämmelserna från skyddsstatus i utlänningslagen och principen om non-refoulement samt det absoluta förbudet mot tortyr." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-129768.
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Wallin, Svensson Alexandra. "Sveriges efterlevnad av principen om non-refoulement i Tortyrkonventionens artikel 3 i praktiken : Brister i värderingen av risken för tortyr ur ett rättighets- och rättssäkerhetsperspektiv." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-435945.
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Sverige är konventionsstat till ett flertal internationella konventioner som principen om non-refoulement återfinns i. Uppsatsens kritiska granskning har resulterat i slutsatsen att de svenska myndigheterna, även om ett antal åtgärder har införts under det tidsspann som granskningen omfattar, ännu inte till fullo efterlever principen om non-refoulement vid utvisningsärenden i praktiken. I uppsatsen har fokus legat på regleringen av principen i artikel 3 i Tortyrkonventionen, vari förbudet mot att återsända enskilda till en stat i vilken det föreligger en risk att utsättas för tortyr är absolut. Det föreligger därmed hinder mot att verkställa ett utvisningsbeslut om den enskilde har kunnat visa en personlig risk för att utsättas för tortyr i mottagarstaten. Ändock har Sverige vid 16 tillfällen mellan år 2000–2020 beslutat om att utvisa en person trots att det förelegat en risk för tortyr i det enskilda fallet enligt Tortyrkommittén i FN. Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda om det vid dessa 16 tillfällen kan urskiljas ett mönster av brister i de svenska myndigheternas värdering av risken för tortyr. Den kritiska granskningen av Tortyrkommitténs avgöranden visar att de svenska myndigheterna är strikta i värderingen av landinformation och inlämnad bevisning och av berättelsens trovärdighet. Den visar även att svenska myndigheter gör otillräckliga utredningar av risken för att utsättas för tortyr samt att rätten till ett effektivt rättsmedel inte till fullo säkerställs. Därefter förs en diskussion om anledningarna till bristerna i de svenska myndigheternas värdering och utredningar. Det föreligger därmed ett ytterligare behov av åtgärder för att säkerställa efterlevnaden av principen om non-refoulement i praktiken. Det är av yttersta vikt att de svenska myndigheterna inte ställer för höga beviskrav utan säkerställer att dess bedömningar av risken för tortyr harmoniserar med de internationella organens bedömningar. Uppsatsen har, mot bakgrund av att en verkställighet av ett utvisningsbeslut i strid med principen om non-refoulement kan innebära förödande konsekvenser för enskilda, anlagts ett rättighets- och rättssäkerhetsperspektiv.
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Nordman, Mattias. "Kriget mot terrorismen: Från krigshandling till brottshandling?" Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22537.
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Syftet med den här studien var att komma till insikt om huruvida Bushadministrationens ageranden kring behandlingen av internerna i det nordamerikanska fånglägret på Kuba kan betraktas vara legala eller inte. Mina analyser visar att USA har brutit mot internationella såväl som nationella lagar.Jag har kommit till denna insikt genom att identifiera de viktigaste handlingarna – och dess syften – i anslutning till USAs ageranden och genom att jämföra dessa med internationell rätt och med USAs nationella lagar och avtal. Tre handlingar har stått i fokus; upprättandet av fånglägret på Kuba, med syfte att eliminera fångarnas konstitutionella skydd genom att internera dem utom USAs landsgränser; instiftningen av begreppet "illegal kombattant", med syfte att tillintetgöra internernas krigsfångestatus och därmed det internationellrättsliga skydd som tillfaller krigsfångar genom krigets lagar och; den hårda fysiska och psykiska behandlingen av fångarna, med syfte att erhålla information för att förhindra terrorism.Med en juridisk arbetsmetod har jag således prövat dessa handlingar mot USAs konstitution och mot instiftningen av nya nationella lagar, mot Genèvekonventionerna med dess tilläggsprotokoll och mot FN-konventioner.The purpose of this study was to come to realization on whether the Bush administration's conduct regarding the treatment of inmates in the American prison camp in Cuba can be considered legal or not. My analysis shows that the U.S. has violated international and national laws.I have come to this realization by identifying the most important single actions – and their purposes – related to the U.S. conduct, and by comparing them with international law and U.S. national laws and agreements. Three single actions have been in focus; the establishment of the prison camp in Cuba, with the purpose to eliminate the prisoners' rights to constitutional protection by detaining them outside U.S. land borders; the establishment of the term "unlawful combatant", with the purpose to eliminate the prisoners' POW status, and thus the international legal protection accruing prisoners of war within the laws of war and; the rough physical and psychological treatment of the prisoners, in order to obtain information to prevent terrorism.With a legal method of working, I have thus tested these actions against the U.S. Constitution and the establishment of new national laws, against the Geneva Conventions and its additional protocols, and against UN conventions.
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Stjärneblad, Sebastian. "Kriget mot terrorismen - Paradigmskifte av rättfärdiga metoder i modern krigföring?" Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21934.
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Syftet med denna studie är att analytiskt granska och undersöka de legala aspekter som uppstått i samband med kriget mot terrorismen. Bush-administrationens juridiska argumentation kring praktikerna indefinite detentions och enhanced interrogation techniques står i fokus. Genom att använda en juridisk metod undersöks det huruvida argumentationen är förenlig med internationell rätt för att fastställa praktikernas legala status. Vidare utrönas det genom detta förfarande huruvida praktikerna kan uppnå en juridisk kodifiering internationellt och på sätt bringa ett paradigmskifte av rättfärdiga metoder inom den moderna krigsföringen. Den juridiska analysen påvisar att praktikerna ej är förenliga med internationell rätt och strider mot regleringar inom både den humanitära rätten och mänskliga rättigheter. Slutsatsen är att den amerikanska juridiska argumentationen av indefinite detentions och enhanced interrogation techniques ej kan uppnå någon juridisk kodifiering internationellt och således ej heller bringa något paradigmskifte av rättfärdiga metoder inom den moderna krigsföringen.The purpose of this study is to analytically review and examine the legal aspects arising in connection with the war on terrorism. The Bush-administration’s legal arguments on the practices indefinite detentions and enhanced interrogation techniques are in focus. By using a legal method it will be examined whether the arguments is consistent with international law to determine the practices legal status. Furthermore, it is ascertained thru this procedure whether the practices can achieve a legal codification internationally and in that way bring a paradigmatic shift of righteous methods in modern warfare. The legal analysis demonstrates that the practices are inconsistent with international law and in conflict with regulations in both humanitarian law and human rights. The conclusion is that the American legal reasoning regarding indefinite detentions and enhanced interrogation techniques cannot achieve any legal codification internationally and thus not bring any paradigmatic shift of righteous methods in modern warfare.
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Juteräng, Staffan. "Legitimerade psykoterapeuters upplevelser och hantering av behandlingen av krigs- och tortyrskadade flyktingar." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke högskola, S:t Lukas utbildningsinstitut, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-6378.
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Inledning: Behovet av traumabehandling till flyktingar har ökat. Psykoterapeuten blir vittne till berättelser som handlar om lidande, rädsla och smärta. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur psykoterapeuter upplever sitt arbete med behandling av krigs- och tortyrskadade flyktingar. Frågeställningar: 1. Hur upplever psykoterapeuter arbetet med krigs- och tortyrskadade flyktingar? 2. Använder sig psykoterapeuter av bemästringsstrategier för att hantera sina upplevelser i arbetet med krigs- och tortyrskadade flyktingar? Om så är fallet, vilka? Metod: Kvalitativ metod med fenomenologisk, deskriptiv ansats valdes. Fem psykoterapeuter som arbetar med krigs- och tortyrskadade flyktingar intervjuades. Resultat: Studiens resultat har en manifest del och en latent del. ”Att pendla mellan vanmakt och skapande förändring” är ett tema som representerar det underliggande, latenta budskapet, d.v.s. det som sägs ”mellan raderna” och representerar den röda tråd som finns i samtliga intervjuer. Det manifesta resultatet visar att terapeuterna upplever sitt arbete som ett privilegium och som betungande. Terapeuterna använder medvetna bemästringsstrategier för att hantera känslomässig stress. Diskussion: Terapeuternas beskrivning av sitt arbete med krigs- och tortyrskadade stämmer väl överens med tidigare forskning. Terapeuternas upplevelse av sitt arbete kan förstås genom begreppen motöverföring, projektiv identifikation, vikarierande traumatisering, sekundär traumatisk stress och posttraumatic growth.Introduction: The need for trauma treatment for refugees has increased. The psychotherapist testifies to stories that concern suffering, fear and pain. The purpose of this study is to investigate how psychotherapists experience their work in dealing with war and torture injured refugees. Research questions: How do psychotherapists experience the work of war and torture injured refugees? Are psychotherapists using coping strategies to handle their experiences in the work of war and torture-injured refugees? If so, which? Method: Qualitative method with phenomenological, descriptive approach was chosen. Five psychotherapists working with war and torture injured refugees were interviewed. Results: ”Oscillating between powerlessness and creative change" is a theme that represents the underlying latent message, what is said "between the lines" and represents the red thread found in all the interviews. The manifest results show that the therapists experience their work as a privilege and as burdensome. The therapists use conscious coping strategies to deal with emotional stress. Discussion: The therapists' description of their work on war and torture injured is in line with previous research. Therapists' experience of their work can be understood by the concepts of transference, projective identification, vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress and posttraumatic growth.
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Gronostaj, Patrik. "En effectivenesstudie om multidisciplinär behandling på specialistkliniker för traumatiserade flyktingar." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-139185.
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Antalet flyktingar i Sverige ökar och därmed behovet av behandling. Multidisciplinär behandling används för flyktingar då de ofta lider av post-traumatiskt stress syndrom (PTSD), psykisk och somatisk komorbiditet, samt social problematik. Studiens syfte var att undersöka behandlingseffekter på PTSD-symtom och komorbida ångest- och depressionssymtom, samt undersöka prediktorer för utfall. Mätningar från 49 patienter på två specialistkliniker användes för att undersöka skillnader mellan före och efter behandling på skalorna PTSD Checklist-Civilian och Hopkins Symtom Checklist-25.Resultaten visade statistiskt signifikant effekt på både PTSD-symtom (p < 0,001,d = 1,46) och komorbida symtom (p < 0,001, d = 1,28). Prediktorer som hade samband med utfallet var ålder och nivå av PTSD-symtom innan behandling. Resultaten påvisar en begränsad kliniskt signifikant effekt av behandling och en modell för prediktion som förklarar en stor del av variansen (R 2 = 33 %). Stort bortfall mellan mätning före och efter behandling minskar generaliserbarheten.
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Romano, Alessandro. "Quantum tort law: the law of torts in a probabilistic world." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/201082.
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Despite the findings of natural scientists and philosophers, the law of torts is still clinging on a strictly deterministic (in the Laplacian sense) idea of the world. Probabilistic considerations are not alien to the legal world, yet they are generally regarded as ad hoc exceptions to handle particularly complex cases. From this perspective, this thesis advocates the need for a theoretical shift. A probabilistic approach to reality should become the norm, whereas determinism should only be considered a heuristic tool when confronted with prima facie deterministic cases.
In Chapter II it is shown that a strictly deterministic concept of causation is inadequate to face the intricacies characterizing modern litigation. In fact, the deterministic version of the ‘but for’ test necessarily creates frictions with the kind of evidence produced by modern science. The introduction of a purely probabilistic concept of causality is advocated and a distinction is drawn between the ex-ante and the ex-post probabilistic approach to causation. The former seems to be a better approach for lagged torts, whereas the latter is more appropriate to handle instant torts. Also, it is shown that in a probabilistic world the very concept of harm assumes a different meaning.
Building on the new definition of harm introduced in Chapter II, in Chapter III it is suggested that the debate on the goals of tort law should be reconsidered. In a probabilistic world welfare maximization and corrective justice are not mutually exclusive, but must be regarded as necessary complements.
In Chapter IV, it is argued that the problems created by a deterministic mindset stretch way beyond the analysis of causation. In fact, a Laplacian (deterministic) view of the world often prevents us from contemplating probabilistic solutions even when deterministic options have failed. From this perspective, Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) are a perfect example. Both the legal and the economic literature have advanced solutions to improve CRAs incentives to issue accurate ratings. Yet, in most cases, the proposed solutions did not exploit the probabilistic nature of ratings, thus they were not framed exclusively in probabilistic terms. To the contrary, by designing a simple and legally workable strict liability rule it is possible to tie CRAs profits to the quality of their probabilistic predictions.
In Chapter V, it is investigated whether the law and economics movement can be considered the answer to the indeterminacy of predictions haunting other sciences. Not surprisingly, the answer to this question is no. Even the extremely simplified world of tort law and economics is dominated by an indeterminacy principle.
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Arfors, Karl. "Analys av nyckelrättigheter i väpnade konflikter : Hur nyckelrättigheter respekteras i det pågående kriget i Syrien." Thesis, Enskilda Högskolan Stockholm, Avdelningen för mänskliga rättigheter och demokrati, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ths:diva-1223.
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Abstract This essay has been about investigating and analyzing key rights in armed conflicts and howthey are respected in the Syrian war. The essay brings up three key rights and they are- the right to life- torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment- protection of cultural propertyRegarding these rights, questions are formulated- How have the human key rights been respected in the Syrian war?- How does the protection for the key rights look within IHL?- What do the prospects for an acceptable situation look like in short term?The Syrian war started in mars 2011 as a result of the Arabic spring. The situation for Syria’spopulation has gotten worse since the war’s beginning. It has not gotten better during thesenine years despite hard work from UN and other humanitarian organizations. There was along battle against IS who has been defeated, but there are different actors in Syria thatcontinue to fight.Syria’s president Al-Assad is one of them that bears to biggest responsibility for Syria’scrisis, but he gets supported by for example Russia and Iran. Russia was in Syria to fight IS,but fought rebel groups instead, because they were a threat to Al-Assad. Al-Assad wanted itto look like he was protecting Syria from terrorism. He released islamic prisoners to fightthem. Some of the worst battles has happened in Aleppo, which is the most important cityfinancially.A lot of countries are militarily involved and that does not make it better when it’s abouthuman rights in Syria. When I investigate the respect of international humanitarian law inSyria, it shows that fighting parties fail hard to respect IHL. Cruel crimes against the keyrights has happened since the violence got worse. It is a lot of casualties, people get torturedin prisons and a lot of old culture gets destroyed.Syria’s economy has and continues to fall. Syria has the most refugees in the world since thesecond world war, and this civil war is the worst humanitarian crisis in modern time. Syriahad 20 million residents when the war began and now 11 million people is on flight. Syria has100 armed groups, and they are divided. Syria’s population miss access to survival needs andtheir everyday is life threatening. One cause to fatalities in Syria is lack of food, water andcare. At the same time as USA started to pull their forces back, Turkey took in their forces.Turkey thinks that USA approved the offensive when they pulled their forces back, but USAdenies that. Turkey will not interrupt the offensive, but USA wants it to be suspended.In my investigation I have used a legal dogmatic method in form of articles and based on thesources I have interpreted the key rights and their compliance in Syria. I have used literaturestudies in form of news articles, printed literature and books. Key rights in armed conflict andIHL have big roles in this essay. Literature about key rights within international human rightslaw and its application in the Syrian war is central in the analyze. A SWOT analysis is used toget structure for the description and leads to the conclusions used to answer the given questions. 6(37)In the essay I explain the situation in Syria, IHL and key rights role and situation in Syria andwhat the conflict looks like today. My sources highlight events in different areas in Syria, whichare used in the analysis and as answers to the questions:- In armed conflicts it’s very hard to protect the studied key rights and the war in Syria is noexception. There are plenty of tragic examples on how people are killed or tortured. Manyinvaluable cultural heritage has been systematically destroyed or stolen.- IHL was developed to reduce human suffering and to demand a human acting from fightingparties. In an armed conflict it is IHL that rules.- In the Syrian war there’s only one solution that UN has come up with and is pushing for it tobe implemented. That solution is a Syrian owned and Syrian led political process.
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Nieto, Diego. "Nos limites da memoria = testemunhos da tortura em Flavio Tavares e Luis Roberto Salinas Fortes." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/321353.
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Orientador: Marcio Orlando Seligmann-SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Mestrado
Teoria e Critica Literaria
Mestre em Teoria Literaria
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Cruz, Rivera Cristián, and Fuentes Magdalena Garcés. "La tortura." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2001. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/107275.
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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo
Este es un estudio sobre la tortura, una práctica especialmente cruel, repudiada en distintos momentos de la historia y, sin embargo, recurrente en la historia de la humanidad. Formalmente prohibida, la tortura es utilizada por los mismo estados que sostienen rechazarla. La tortura genera un profundo daño en sus víctimas, así como en la sociedad en donde ella se práctica, generando temor y pasividad en la población. En este sentido, la tortura es un mecanismo de control sobre la sociedad y un instrumento del poder político, La tortura transforma en objetos a sus víctimas, y en este sentido constituye una negación de la dignidad humana. No obstante, también éste es un estudio sobre los derechos humanos, especialmente de los avances del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en pos de la prohibición absoluta de la tortura
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PAULA, Eder Mendes de. "Os sons do silêncio: o louco e a loucura em Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2320.
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Previous issue date: 2011-04-08The Teacher Adauto Botelho, Psychiatric hospital, was constructed in Goiânia in 1954. After its opening a new category becomes part of Goiás society and help in identifying the normal behavior. The mad in Goiás were used during the process of modernization experienced from 1930, consolidated after two decades. However, the connexion between the madman, the madness and normality happens in a conflictual and violent form in different historical contexts, in this dissertation, the focus will be in the period of military dictatorship. It is through the footprints of a Polish, Pawel Gutko and your involvements with the ex- governator Mauro Borges, that we trying analysing the representations about the madman and madness in Goiás through the micro-history. After his prison, torture and hospitalization during 1964, when the servicemen get the power in Brazil, conjecture about the several contexts that are formed with the past, the construction of patterns of behaviors considered normal and abnormal.
O Hospital Psiquiátrico Profº. Adauto Botelho foi construído em Goiânia no ano de 1954. Após a sua inauguração uma categoria passa a fazer parte da sociedade goiana e auxiliar no processo de definição do comportamento normal. Os loucos em Goiás foram utilizados durante o processo de modernização vivenciado a partir dos anos de 1930 e consolidados duas décadas depois. No entanto, a relação entre o louco, a loucura e normalidade se dá de forma conflituosa e violenta nos diversos contextos históricos, no que tange essa dissertação o foco se dará no período do regime militar. É através dos rastros de um polonês radicado de guerra, Pawel Gutko e de seu envolvimento com o ex-governador Mauro Borges, que se procura analisar as representações em torno do louco e da loucura em Goiás através da micro-história. A partir de sua prisão, tortura e internação durante o ano de 1964 após os militares tomarem o poder no Brasil vislumbra-se, no diversos contextos que se formam com o passado, a construção dos padrões de comportamento considerados normais e anormais.
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De, la Barreda Solórzano Luis. "Temporary custody; Criminality; Human rights; Impunity; Torture." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117575.
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This article is about a pair of factors that cause the distress that can be observed within the mexican society: the overflowed criminality and the impunity, by virtue of which the State is not fullfiling its essential historical duty: to provide an aceptable level of public security. This has two sources that complement each other. One is the sensation we get when we face an unpredictable threat. It is caused by crime. The other is defencelessness or knowing that we can only rely in our own strength because there is no one willing to protect or assist us.El artículo versa sobre el par de factores que provocan el malestar que se advierte en la sociedad mexicana: la criminalidad desbordada y la impunidad, en virtud de las cuales el Estado no está cumpliendo con su deber histórico fundamental: brindar un nivel aceptable de seguridad pública. Ésta tiene dos fuentes que se complementan entre sí. Una es la sensación que nace al enfrentarnos a un peligro imprevisible. Es suscitada por el crimen. La otra es la indefensión, o sea, el saber que sólo se cuenta con las propias fuerzas porque no hay nadie más dispuesto a protegernos o auxiliarnos.
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Nota, David Adriano. "Violação de direitos humanos pelos agentes da polícia no ato de investigação do crime : (um estudo de caso da província de Tete)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/142484.
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Esta dissertação procurou identificar ações concretas que podem ser desenvolvidas para evitar torturas e violações de direitos humanos perpetrados por agentes da polícia no ato de investigação de crimes na província de Tete, em Moçambique. Através de entrevistas e questionários dirigidos aos agentes que compõem o sistema de administração da justiça – juízes, procuradores, membros da Liga Moçambicana dos Direitos Humanos, advogados do Instituto de Patrocínio e Assistência Jurídica e membros da Polícia de Moçambique – foi possível perceber as causas que levam os polícias a pautar pela tortura no ato da investigação criminal e identificar ações para evitá-la. A pesquisa revelou variadas causas que contribuem para que a polícia na Cidade de Tete cometa o crime de tortura durante a investigação de crimes: parte-se, pois, da má formação dos agentes policiais em matéria dos direitos humanos até a falta de uma lei própria que defina e criminalize a tortura em Moçambique, além da ausência de um advogado por parte do suspeito no momento do primeiro interrogatório policial e da fiscalização deficitária das celas da polícia e das penitenciárias por parte dos órgãos competentes (procuradores) para evitar casos de maus-tratos e/ou tratamentos desumanos nesses locais de detenção. Como recomendação, propõe-se a criação de uma lei própria e exclusiva que defina e incrimine a tortura; a presença obrigatória de um advogado durante o primeiro interrogatório policial – em caso de o indiciado não ter condições de contratar um advogado particular, que lhe seja garantido um defensor oficioso por parte do governo; a inspeção médica imediatamente após a detenção para apurar se o suspeito possui lesões corporais e, em caso afirmativo, a apuração das causas das lesões; revisões periódicas e formações sistemáticas de regras de interrogatórios, instruções, métodos e práticas aos agentes aplicadores das leis por parte do Estado; e a realização de visitas e inspeções regulares aos locais de detenção por um órgão independente que tenha poderes para ouvir queixas dos detidos de modo a obter informações sobre o tratamento policial.This research aims to identify concrete actions that can be developed to prevent the violation of human rights and actions of torture performed by police officers on criminal investigation in the province of Tete, Mozambique. Interviews and questionnaires delivered to the agents responsible for the justice system, such as, judges, prosecutors, members of the Mozambican League of Human Rights, lawyers from the Institute for Legal Assistance and Representation, and police officers, have revealed why do police officers torture suspects under investigation, making it possible to identify actions that best prevent the violation of human rights in such cases. Among the causes that contribute for the police of the province of Tete, Mozambique, to commit the crime of torture during criminal investigation are: the poor instruction of police officers as far as Human Rights are concerned; the absence of a specific law to define and criminalize the practice of torture in the country; the absence of the attorney at the moment of the first police interrogation; and the lack of inspection in police cells and penitentiaries by relevant bodies (prosecutors) to prevent cases of abuse and ill-treatment in places of detention. As a recommendation, it is proposed: the creation of a separate and unique law to define, incriminate and apply an abstract criminal frame for the crime of torture; the mandatory presence of the attorney by the time of the first police interrogation (if the suspect is unable to get a private attorney on his own, then the government must ensure him a public defender); a physical exam right after the arrest so as to ascertain whether the suspect is injured (if so, the causes of the injury must be determined); regular systematic reviews and lectures on interrogation rules, instructions, methods and practices for laws agents; and regular visits and inspections in places of detention by an independent body that is empowered to hear complaints from prisoners in order to learn about police treatment.
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Gracia, Emerson Flores. "Masculinidades e Tortura: gênero e o uso sistemático da tortura na Ditadura Civil-Militar Brasileira." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/180923.
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A presente dissertação tem por objetivo compreender os entrecruzamentos entre as masculinidades militares e policiais e o processo de tortura na ditadura civil-militar brasileira, através da análise dos depoimentos prestados à Comissão Nacional da Verdade. Para tanto foi necessário passar em revista a lógica do butim de guerra, os discursos militares sobre o regime ditatorial e a tortura e a violência sexual contra mulheres e homens. Utilizando-me dos conceitos de masculinidade personalista e burocrática, sistematização proposta por Huggins, Fatouros e Zimbardo no livro Operários da Violência, busquei visualizar mais nitidamente o papel das masculinidades dos agentes estatais na construção do sistema repressivo. Agindo como um exército de ocupação de um território estrangeiro, os policiais e militares levaram a cabo a tarefa de reprimir – legal e ilegalmente - os opositores e opositoras do governo. Ao controle social, exercido pelas forças de segurança, se somou a vigilância da ordem de gêneros. Assim como a guerra contra as esquerdas, o trabalho de restabelecimento dos lugares sociais de gênero conhecia poucos limites.The present dissertation has the objective understand the criss-cross between militaire and police masculinities and the torture process in the civil-militaire brasilian dictatorship, through the Comissão Nacional da Verdade depositions analysis. For the task was necessarie to go through the war booty logic, the militaire discourse on the dictatorial regime and the torture and the sexual violence against women and men. Using the concepts of personalistic and burocratic masculinities, systematization proposed by Huggins, Fatouros and Zimbardo in the book Violence Workers, I seeked to visualize more clearly the state agents’s role in the repressive system’s building. Acting like a occupation army in a foreign country, the policemen and militaires bring off the task of repress – legally and illegally – the government opponents. To the social control, exercised by the security forces, the gender order’s vigilance was added. As the war against the lefts, the social gender places restoration work knowed few limits.
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Silver, Nathaniel Aaron. "Primetime Torture: Selective Perception of Media Modeled Efficacy of Torture." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1428513408.
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Thomas, Christian. "The Tiberius Torture." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2016. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2195.
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León, Oré Reyna Isabel, Silva Jennifer Luciana Llanos, Capcha Nataly Pamela Machacuay, Cisneros Patricia Paz, and Aguirre Kelly Joan Ruiz. "Peqachu: Tortas Saludables." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/654936.
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La consciencia por la mejora en la elección de los alimentos a consumir, ha tomado más fuerza con el pasar de los años. En el Perú el 80% de las personas de clase media tienden a tomar en cuenta la información alimentaria antes de comprar un producto; y están dispuestos a pagar más por dicha elección (Gestión, 2019).
Esta tendencia no excluye a la pastelería, que es un rubro bastante solicitado para ocasiones especiales. Sin embargo, en el mercado limeño actual, las opciones de pastelerías saludables son bajas; pues la mayoría de establecimientos trabajan con ingredientes compuestos de azúcares, grasa y otros. Adicional a ello, es frecuente tener inconvenientes en el tiempo de entrega de las tortas.
Por ello, se crea Peqachu ofrecerá tortas elaboradas a base de granos andinos, edulcorantes y variedad de frutas, y dicha preparación tendrá la orientación de un nutricionista. Cabe resaltar, la pastelería será virtual, se atenderá a través de los canales digitales como Facebook y una página web. Así mismo, los pedidos serán entregados a los clientes mediante el servicio de delivery.
Finalmente se demuestra que el negocio es rentable con altas posibilidades de crecimiento, al tener como valor agregado el uso de los granos andinos como insumo principal en la elaboración de tortas. De acuerdo al análisis financiero, se demuestra que el proyecto es viable y rentable para su muestra en marcha.The awareness for the improvement in the choice of food to consume, has gained more strength over the years. In Peru, 80% of middle class people tend to take food information into account before buying a product; and they are willing to pay more for said election (Gestión, 2019). This trend does not exclude pastry, which is a very popular item for special occasions. However, in today's Lima market, healthy bakery options are low; since most establishments work with ingredients composed of sugars, fat and others. Additionally, it is common to have problems in the delivery time of the cakes. For this reason, Peqachu is created will offer cakes made from Andean grains, sweeteners and a variety of fruits, and said preparation will have the guidance of a nutritionist. It should be noted, the pastry shop will be virtual, it will be served through digital channels such as Facebook and a website. Likewise, orders will be delivered to customers through the delivery service. Finally, it is shown that the business is profitable with high growth possibilities, having as an added value the use of Andean grains as the main input in the preparation of cakes. According to the financial analysis, the project is shown to be viable and profitable for its ongoing sample.
Trabajo de investigación
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Loch, Selma. "Tornar-se gerente." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/93046.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Florianópolis, 2009.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T15:43:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 276665.pdf: 1407766 bytes, checksum: b6d712416f682d3afdbfff3e64da4316 (MD5)
Esta pesquisa é o resultado das minhas inquietações profissionais em relação ao alto nível de abandono da gerência por profissionais de saúde, principalmente os médicos, e os muitos conflitos vividos por eles nessa função. Em um levantamento bibliográfico, percebi a escassez de estudos relacionados à experiência de ser gerente. Os pesquisadores da área orientam-se, preferencialmente, pelos interesses institucionais de grandes empresas. Com esta pesquisa, procurei compreender, através de um estudo fenomenológico e hermenêutico (VAN MANEN, 1990), a experiência vivida por médicos da família e da comunidade como gerentes de Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBSs) da Região da Grande Florianópolis (SC), no período de 2004 a 2009. Obtive relatos de experiências vividas por seis médicos da família e da comunidade, através do método da entrevista em profundidade (SEIDMAN, 1998). Suas histórias revelaram o significado de ser médico da família e da comunidade e os principais temas que marcaram suas experiências como gerentes. Ao se tornarem gerentes, os médicos se depararam com um ambiente de trabalho tenso, uma rotina de trabalho intenso e variado, e foram surpreendidos pelas prioridades institucionais, que impediam a implantação das suas agendas. Altamente dependentes de outros setores para realizarem o seu trabalho, contaram principalmente com o apoio dos seus subordinados e com os contatos de dentro e de fora da instituição. Resolvendo problemas e superando desafios, eles revisaram seus conceitos e passaram por um processo de mudança de consciência, que os levou a pensar e agir como gerentes. Também experimentaram mudanças em seu comportamento, que se refletiram em sua vida profissional e pessoal. Habilidades como saber ouvir, ser paciente, ter empatia e ser flexível foram importantes para o seu desempenho. Mas, para isso, precisaram aprender a suportar as tensões do cargo gerencial, superar o medo e correr riscos, estabelecer seus limites éticos, aprender a lidar com o poder e a ser um membro da comunidade de gestores. Em seus aprendizados, utilizaram-se, principalmente, das suas experiências como contribuidores individuais, dos contatos na rede de relacionamentos e das avaliações feitas pelos subordinados e pela população. Ser médico da família e da comunidade e gerente de UBS significou, na experiência desses médicos, ser um organizador, um mediador de conflitos, um negociador, um catalisador, um líder e um porta-voz, um agente de mudanças gerenciando processos de melhoria na Unidade, em função da comunidade onde se insere.
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Arantes, Maria Auxiliadora de Almeida Cunha. "Tortura: testemunhos de um crime demasiadamente humano." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2282.
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Previous issue date: 2011-10-24This work aims at the theoretical approach of torture as a practice that runs through and remains in the history of humans. The sustainment of torture through the ages, despite the continuous process of cultural development, presupposes the existence of an intrinsic obstacle to the humans that prevents its exclusion from the realm of civilization. The search of the obstacle to the ultimate eradication of torture is the main objective of this work. Being essentially a human practice, the theoretical framework consists of the Freudian texts referring to culture and texts of contemporary thinkers who wrote about the cruelty and destructiveness as intrinsic to the relations between men. The approach to torture has been possible from testimonies and narratives of events where this was an extreme practice. The work focuses on the testimony of former political prisoners tortured during the civil-military dictatorship in Brazil and adds information about the state of exception that prevailed during this period. The reference to history is adressed through events at different times, which makes evident that the practice is age-old, despite the civilizational efforts to prohibit it. In the closing remarks, are expressed the main conclusions: torture is an act that only humans do and practice throughout history; the torturer who exercises it is fully aware of what is and therefore is responsible for his crime of extreme cruelty; and finally, the finding that the psychic inscription of torture cannot be erased, for nothing that once formed can perish
Este trabalho tem como objetivo a abordagem teórica da tortura como uma prática que percorre a história dos humanos, e que se mantém. A sustentação da tortura ao longo dos tempos, apesar do processo contínuo de desenvolvimento da cultura, faz supor que há um empecilho intrínseco aos humanos que impede sua exclusão do campo da civilização. A busca deste entrave à erradicação definitiva da tortura é o principal objetivo deste trabalho. Sendo uma prática essencialmente humana, o referencial teórico é constituído pelos textos freudianos que se referem à cultura e textos de pensadores contemporâneos que escreveram sobre a crueldade e a destrutividade como intrínsecos às relações entre os homens. A aproximação com a tortura foi possível a partir de testemunhos e de narrativas de acontecimentos onde esta foi uma prática extrema. Privilegio os testemunhos de ex-presos políticos que foram torturados durante a ditadura civil-militar no Brasil e acrescento informações sobre o estado de exceção que vigorou nesse período. A referência à história é abordada através de acontecimentos em diferentes períodos, o que torna evidente que a prática é milenar, apesar dos esforços civilizatórios que a proíbem. Nas considerações finais, estão expressas as principais conclusões: a tortura é um ato que só os humanos praticam e o fazem ao longo da história; o torturador que a exerce é plenamente consciente do que faz e por isso é responsável pelo seu crime de extrema crueldade; e, finalmente, a constatação de que a inscrição psíquica da tortura não se apaga, pois nada do que uma vez se formou pode perecer
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Medel, Paulina. "Plaza embarcadero Caleta Tortel: Caleta Tortel, Región de Aysén, Patagonia de Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/101130.
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Este proyecto surge como una respuesta, desde la arquitectura, a la situación actual de
localidades como Caleta Tortel, que se encuentran en proceso de adaptación a los cambios,
producto del desarrollo de las comunicaciones, el mejoramiento de las conectividades y que
comienzan a afectar fuertemente la armonía propia del lugar; me refiero a su especialidad
cultural, a su equilibrio ecológico y a su estabilidad socio-cultural principalmente.
El proyecto busca preservar, fortalecer y desarrollar sus caracteres propios; culturales,
sociales y naturales, de la localidad en particular y la Comuna en general, reconociendo así
su especificidad y particularidad, elementos asimilados como potenciales a desarrollar.
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Grimaldi, Cleo. "Why Not Penal Torture?" Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/105.
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I argue here that the practice of penal torture is not intrinsically wrongful. A common objection against the practice of penal torture is that there is something about penal torture that makes it wrongful, while this is not the case for other modes of punishment. I call this claim the asymmetry thesis. One way to defend this position is to claim that penal torture is intrinsically wrongful. It is the claim I argue against here. I discuss and reject three versions this claim. I first address a version that is based on the idea that penal torture, unlike other modes of punishment, is intrinsically wrong because it is inhuman. I then address a version grounded on the claim that, because penal torture is an assault upon the defenseless, it is morally impermissible. Finally, I discuss a version that concerns the idea that penal torture attacks human dignity and undermine agency.
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Bernardes, Suela Maiara. "Tornar-se (in)visível." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2015. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/135810.
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Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Mental e Atenção Psicossocial, Florianópolis, 2015.Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-27T03:09:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 335621.pdf: 1135571 bytes, checksum: 8c9a0846c4f36c2ee2a7a2f46b6be015 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender os sentidos da automutilação para adolescentes que a praticam e são acompanhados no âmbito da rede de atenção psicossocial do município de Blumenau, Santa Catarina. Este trabalho utilizou a perspectiva da lógica histórica, desenvolvida na epistemologia de Edward Thompson, bem como os conceitos de vida cotidiana e dialética da ontologia do ser social presentes na obra de Agnes Heller. Compreendemos a constituição de sujeito junto a pensadores da abordagem gestáltica, aprofundando a compreensão sobre automutilação a partir dos conceitos de fronteira do  eu e retroflexão. Foram entrevistadas seis adolescentes que praticaram automutilação no último ano, atendidas na rede de atenção psicossocial. Como resultado, podemos entender a automutilação como um comportamento de perda de contato com o mundo, principalmente quando a adolescente se depara com um ambiente ameaçador, não acolhedor e agressivo. O comportamento de retroflexão surge, então, quando não se percebe novas formas de interação com o mundo. Existe uma busca das adolescentes por um lugar de visibilidade, um lugar de escuta e acolhimento. Os espaços e grupos que as adolescentes circulam, como família e escola, ou seja, onde ocorre a vida cotidiana, tem mostrado fragilidades na relação com as adolescentes. A (in)visibilidade, identificada a partir das entrevistas, acontece e é perpetuada por esses grupos e espaços. As políticas públicas, também contribuem para o lugar de (in)visibilidade quando ainda existem fragiligidades no acesso aos serviços de saúde na atenção básica, como preconiza a política da rede de atenção psicossocial. Por outro lado, percebemos que a atenção psicossocial estratégica - CAPSi, tem possibilitado cuidados aos adolescentes de forma contínua e costante. Contudo, torna-se relevante o aprimoramento da rede de atenção psicossocial e novos estudos sobre adolescência.
Abstract : This paper has the goal of understanding the senses of self-mutilation of teenagers that practice it and are accompanied in the scope of psychosocial care system in the city of Blumenau, Santa Catarina. This study was based on the concept of historical logic, developed from Edward Thompson?s epistemology, as well the concepts of every day life and dialectical ontology of social being presents in the work of Agnes Heller and Georges Lukács. We comprehend the constitution of the subject through gestaltic approach thinkers, deepening the compreention about self-mutilation from the concepts of I-boundery and retroflection. Six teenagers that have had self-mutilation behavior last year and have been accompanied by the psychosocial care of the city were interviewed. As a result, we can understand self-mutilation behavior as a ?loss of contact with the world? conduct, mainly when a teenager faces with threatening, not welcoming and aggressive environment. In this way, retroflection behavior emerges when one is not able to realize other ways of interaction in the world. There?s a search of a visibility position, where they can be heard and be taken care of. Places and groups where these teenagers are - as family or school- where life is actually happening has shown fragilities in their relations. The (in) visibility, identified by the interviews, does happen and keep on going by these groups and places. Public policy also contribute to the (in) visibility when there are still fragilities in the access to the basic care health service, as its preconized by the psychosocial care policy. Never the less we have realized that the strategy of psychosocial attention ? CAPSi - has allowed constantly and continuously care of teenagers. Even though, it becomes relevant the improvement of the psychosocial care system as the new studies of youth.
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Egil, Sellgren. "Krims återförenande med fosterlandet : - Ett rättfärdigt krig?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-90922.
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This essay seeks to evaluate whether or not the war in Crimea, conducted by the Russian Federation, is to be considered “just”. This is done in accordance with the theory of Just war, which demands that there be two separate evaluations of the war. Firstly the reasons and actions that lead up to the war must be evaluated if they fulfill the demands set up by the theory, this is called “Jud ad bellum”. Next, the conduct once in the war must be evaluated if it fulfills the demands set up in the theory, this is called “jus in bello”. The Russian occupation of Crimea was not following a declaration of war, was against several international agreements and the war was not a last resort after attempts of diplomatic solutions all of these actions violate key demands of jus ad bellum. Going through reports by various human rights organizations on the matter, the demands set up by “jus in bello” are determined to not be satisfied, mostly due to the Russian use of torture on prisoners to subtract incriminating information for use in court against prisoners of war.
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Berni, Antonio Augusto Durgante. "FIM DO PRAGMATISMO: AS RELAÇÕES ENTRE ESTADO E OS FERROVIÁRIOS EM SANTA MARIA/RS DURANTE O PRIMEIRO PERÍODO DA DITADURA CIVIL-MILITAR NO BRASIL (1964-1968)." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/6223.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThis study aims to examine the relationship between the State and railroad workers of Santa Maria during the first period of the Civil-Military Dictatorship in Brazil between 1964 and 1968. Given this, we seek to establish the main line of work as the idea that in this period due to the violent repression that followed mainly against the most active class-leaders, the pragmatism that characterized the political praxis of the railways during the so-called populist state (1945 -1964) came to an end. Likewise, the role of representative organizations scattered in associations, unions, etc. lost his sense of being due to policy interventions suffered at the summit which led to a depoliticization of workers and take a role especially bureaucratic in relation to conflicts at work. Thus, the railways have been jettisoned not only their influence on the other professional categories in the city, as well as the various spheres of power which had representatives. The issue of torture against political prisoners in Santa Maria was another important issue that has examined and direct connection with the practice intervention and demobilization class carried out by the authoritarian regime that was imposed in the country from 1964.
O presente estudo visa examinar as relações entre o Estado e os trabalhadores ferroviários de Santa Maria durante o primeiro período da Ditadura Civil-Militar brasileira, entre 1964 e 1968. Diante disto, procuramos estabelecer como linha principal do trabalho a ideia de que neste período devido à violenta repressão que se seguiu principalmente contra os líderes classistas mais atuantes, o pragmatismo que caracterizou a práxis política dos ferroviários durante o período do assim chamado Estado populista (1945-1964) chegou ao fim. Da mesma forma, a atuação dos organismos representativos dispersos em associações, uniões, etc., perdeu seu sentido de ser devido às intervenções sofridas na cúpula diretiva o que levou a uma despolitização do meio classista e a assumirem uma feição notadamente burocrática em relação aos conflitos do trabalho. Sendo assim, os ferroviários foram alijados não apenas de sua influência sobre as demais categorias profissionais da cidade, como também das várias esferas de poder onde possuíam representantes. A questão da tortura contra os presos políticos em Santa Maria foi outra questão importante examinada e que possui ligação direta com a prática de intervenção e desmobilização classista levada a efeito pelo regime autoritário que se impôs no país a partir de 1964.
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Araujo, Virginia Novaes Procópio de. "O ato médico no crime de tortura." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-29102012-163521/.
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A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar se a legislação pós Segunda Guerra Mundial foi apta a inibir o comportamento maleficente de médicos no auxílio em especializar, dissimular e acobertar a tortura. Nesse sentido, pretende-se demonstrar o envolvimento médico com experimentos em seres humanos durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial e corroborar que a maleficência médica, todavia, ainda nos dias de hoje é empregada na sociedade contemporânea, permitindo aos profissionais de saúde, desde o período da Guerra Fria, o envolvimento com a tortura e a consequente violação dos princípios da Bioética, especialmente, na conjuntura atualíssima da guerra norte-americana contra o terrorismo. Em um segundo momento, o intuito é propor soluções, caso se verifique que a legislação e os demais esforços se demonstrem contraproducentes, tendo em vista as noções de Bioética, as normas de Direito Internacional e os Direitos Humanos.The present research aims to verify if legislation created after World War II was able to inhibit maleficent behavior from medical doctors in the improvement and cover-up of torture. This study aims to demonstrate the medical involvement in experiments with human beings during World War II and confirm that medical maleficence was and still is part of our reality, allowing doctors to involve with torture since the Cold War until current days, especially in the United States war on terrorism, violating the basic principles of Bioethics. Secondly, if legislation and overall efforts prove to be inoperative and inefficient, the objective is to propose solutions, in light of notions of Bioethics, rules of International Law and Human Rights.
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Jesus, Maria Gorete Marques de. "O crime de tortura e a justiça criminal: um estudo dos processos de tortura na cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-05022010-171309/.
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O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a continuidade da tortura no atual Estado Democrático de Direito existente no Brasil, destacando a dissonância entre a criminalização da tortura no ordenamento jurídico e político e a efetividade da punição desse crime pelo sistema de justiça criminal. Destaca-se o fato de que a lei 9.455/97, que tipifica o crime de tortura no Brasil, considera que qualquer pessoa pode ser responsabilizada por crime de tortura. Ela difere da Convenção Contra a Tortura e Outros Tratamentos ou Penas Cruéis, Desumanos e Degradantes, que especifica que a tortura é todo o ato praticado por agentes do Estado, restringindo a penalidade apenas para esses agentes. Sendo assim, a lei brasileira pode servir para punir tanto os agentes do Estado como os não agentes. Este dado é importante porque existe uma distinção entre os julgamentos em que figuram como réus os agentes do Estado daqueles em que os réus são não agentes do Estado. Essas distinções revelam que os julgamentos de crimes de tortura não se dirigem somente ao ato criminoso, mas aos agressores, vítimas e testemunhas. A pesquisa sustenta que a continuidade da tortura não está baseada apenas na recorrência e dinâmica dessa prática em delegacias, presídios e unidades de internação. Ela está ligada à forma como a tortura é interpretada, não somente pela sociedade, mas pelas instituições de segurança e justiça. Essa interpretação leva em conta o perfil dos acusados e das vítimas, as condições em que esses supostos crimes de tortura ocorreram, em que circunstâncias, quem são os responsáveis pelas denúncias, quem são os acusados, quem são as vítimas, etc. Desse modo, podemos dizer que o que está em julgamento não é o ato criminoso da tortura contra um ser humano, mas se este ser humano é titular de um direito, se ele é considerado um membro da comunidade, de um mundo comum em que as pessoas são vistas como iguais e como cidadãs.This dissertation presents a study of the continual use of torture within Brazils contemporary democratic regime, drawing attention to the discord between the criminalization of torture in political and judicial ordinances and the effectiveness of punishment for that crime under the criminal justice system. The work highlights the fact that the Law 9.455/1997 (Torture Act), which categorizes torture in Brazil, considers that any individual can be held responsible for the crime of torture. This law differs from the 1984 Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment which specifies that torture is an act that can only be committed by agents of the State, thus restricting penalty only to those agents. Therefore, Brazilian Law can serve to punish both State agents and non-State agents. This is an important fact because there is a distinction between trials where the defendants are State Law Enforcement Officials and those where the defendants are not State agents. These distinctions reveal that trials for crimes of torture do not only address the criminal action but also the perpetrators, victims and witnesses. Research shows that the persistence of torture is not only based on the recurrence and dynamic of these practices in police stations, prisons, facilities belonging to the armed forces and juvenile detention centers. It is linked to the way torture is interpreted not only by society but also by the security and justice institutions. This interpretation takes into account the profile of the accused and of the victims, the conditions in which the alleged crimes occurred, in what respective circumstances, who are responsible for the denunciations, who are the accused, who are the victims, etc. Consequently, one can say that what is on trial is not the criminal act of torturing a human being but whether this human being is entitled to have rights, whether he or she is considered a member of the community, of a common world in which all people are should be seen as equal and as citizens.
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Ribeiro, Junior Euripedes Clementino. "O DIREITO INTERNACIONAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS E O COMBATE À TORTURA NO BRASIL." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2011. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2627.
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Previous issue date: 2011-11-03This work aims to highlight the human rights law, emphasizing the practice of torture in the international scope, and its impact on Brazilian law. In the first chapter is followed by the search for a foundation of human dignity, which then immediately brings up the issue of torture observing valuable lessons arising from Verri, Beccaria and Foucaut. By contextualizing the torture, there is the historical practice of torture from ancient times through the Enlightenment to get to the criminalization of torture in the Contemporary Age. The second chapter covers the internationalization of human rights and the crime of torture, during which promotes a deepening of the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment of which Brazil is a signatory, highlighting its internal divisions such as the called Committee against Torture, which was established by the Convention. Following a logical reasoning, adds Chapter 3 about torture in Brazil and the country's failure to enforce the regulation which provides domestic and international. It is a contextualization of the crime nationwide highlighting the inadequacy of the Law N. 6.683/1979 to punish the torturers of the dictatorship who once settled in the country, demonstrating the current reality of crime in Brazil today, ending with specific comments about the Law No. 9.455/1997.
A presente dissertação tem por objetivo destacar o direito internacional dos direitos humanos, ressaltando a tratativa da tortura em âmbito internacional, e o seu impacto no direito brasileiro. No primeiro capítulo segue-se a busca por uma fundamentação da dignidade humana, onde logo em seguida traz-se a temática da tortura observando-se preciosos ensinamentos advindos de Verri, Beccaria e Foucaut. Ao contextualizar a tortura observa-se a histórica prática da tortura desde a antiguidade, passando pelo Iluminismo até se chegar à criminalização da tortura na Idade Contemporânea. O segundo capítulo traz a internacionalização dos direitos humanos e do crime de tortura, oportunidade em que promove-se um aprofundamento na Convenção contra a Tortura e outros Tratamentos ou Penas Cruéis, Desumanos ou Degradantes do qual o Brasil é signatário, destacando as suas divisões internas bem como o chamado Comitê contra a Tortura, que foi instituído pela Convenção. Seguindo um raciocínio lógico, aduz o capítulo 3 acerca da tortura no Brasil e a omissão do País para se fazer cumprir o que dispõe o regulamento interno e internacional. Faz-se uma contextualização do crime de tortura em âmbito nacional destacando a insuficiência da Lei N. 6.683/1979 para se punir os torturadores do regime ditatorial que outrora se instalou no país, demonstrando a realidade atual desse crime no Brasil de hoje, finalizando com comentários específicos acerca da Lei N. 9.455/1997.
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Campos, Paulo Jorge Corrêa. ""Falta alguém em Nuremberg?: a repressão do primeiro governo Vargas revelada pela imprensa e legislativo nos anos 1940"." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8664.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorO trabalho busca analisar o papel de dois setores representativos brasileiros (imprensa e poder legislativo), de 1945 a 1948, na investigação e divulgação de práticas repressivas do Estado brasileiro de 1935 a 1945 descambando para o tema da tortura no período. Para tal, tem-se como objeto empírico parte das publicações do conglomerado editorial Diários Associados e a formação da Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito dos Atos Delituosos da Ditadura. Tomados no bojo da redemocratização a partir de 1945, as reportagens e a Comissão possuíram uma profunda interrelação nas denúncias às torturas ocorridas antes mesmo da instauração do Estado Novo. Ao se estudar o tema, observa-se que essas acusações, embora comuns, não encontraram eco e se perderam tanto na possibilidade de ações judiciais (no caso da Comissão Parlamentar) como à memória. O objetivo deste trabalho é, então, demarcar o caminho das denúncias e apontar as causas que culminaram no seu esquecimento público.
This dissertation intends to analyze the role of two brazilian representative sectors (press and legislative power), from 1945 to 1948, in the investigation and discovering of repressive practices of the Brazilian State from 1935 to 1945 touching on the theme of torture during this period. For this purpose, I have as an empirical object some of the publications of the editorial conglomerate Diários Associados and the formation of the Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito dos Atos Delituosos da Ditadura (Parliamentary commission of delituous acts survey). Under the redemocratization starting in 1945, those reports and the commission had a profound blending with the accusations of torture that took place even before the instauration of the Estado Novo. By studying the subject, we observe that those accusations, although common, didnt find support and were by consequence deprived of the possibility of becoming a judicial complaint (in the case of the Parliamentary Comission) and of being part of the historical heritage. The goal of this dissertation is, then, to outline the path of the accusations and point out the reasons why they were left behind.
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Harris, Richard Samuel. "Impact from Texas Tort Law on Damages Recovered." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1382.
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This paper looks at Texas tort law reform to make claims regarding the relationship between Texas tort reform and damages recovered. Starting with reform in 1977, Texas has passed 15 pieces of legislation that, in principle, restrict the damages plaintiffs recover. Most empirical analyses have focused primarily on analyzing behavior resulting from the tort reform. In other cases, research has looked at the impact the most recent reform has had on damages recovered in medical malpractice lawsuits. This paper is the first to study the impact of Texas tort law reform on damages recovered while looking at the entirety of recent law reform in the state. Specifically, I test the impact of the 15 different laws on total allocated loss, economic loss, and noneconomic loss recovered in all cases from 1988-2012. My findings suggest that caps on medical liability damages are successful at decreasing damages recovered when the cap is geared at either noneconomic damages, or a total damage figure that excludes punitive damages. This suggests that future caps on medical liability damages should explicitly cap either economic or noneconomic damages. Next, the results imply that caps on punitive damage legislature were most successful when using specific value caps paired with an evidence standard—caps of this nature decreased total damages by 28% in 1987 and 85% in 1995. Finally, an introductory legislation restricting the use of joint and several liability in cases when plaintiffs had little guilt was successful, it decreased total damages by 18.6%. This was followed by three failed attempts to impact the application of joint and several liability where the guilt threshold was higher, suggesting that joint and several liability is rarely used if the plaintiff has substantial guilt.
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Geiger, Gunfried. "Paläoklima-Modellierungen für das Obermiozän Reaktionen des general circulation model ECHAM 3 auf systematische Veränderungen von Orographie und SST /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=973284846.
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Batista, Deniele Pereira. "Experiências do tornar-se professora." Universidade Católica de Petrópolis (UCP), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/6566.
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PROQUALI (UFJF)
Este estudo focaliza o processo de formação docente de professoras dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Volta-se, mais especificamente, para experiências que tenham contribuído para a construção de seus saberes docentes e de suas profissionalidades, vividas em contextos de prática pedagógica. Buscou-se levantar experiências com significância, isto é, experiências que tenham influenciado o trabalho dessas professoras, ocorridas na formação inicial e ao longo da carreira docente. Esquadrinhou-se ainda condições objetivas e subjetivas implicadas no processo de aprendizagem sobre a docência, a fim de interpretar possibilidades e impossibilidades relacionadas à experiência. Princípios da entrevista compreensiva subsidiaram os procedimentos de coleta, análise e interpretação de dados. Fazem parte da pesquisa treze professoras, escolhidas intencionalmente com critérios e perfis predefinidos, de modo a assegurar a composição de um grupo representativo de profissionais, reconhecidas pelo compromisso com a aprendizagem dos alunos e exitosas em suas práticas docentes. Da análise dos dados emergiram aspectos relacionados às singularidades com as quais as professoras tornam-se docentes dos anos iniciais, dentre os quais sobressaem: (a) os saberes docentes que ajudam as professoras a dar “conta do recado” do trabalho com crianças não foram construídos, com primazia, no contexto da formação inicial, representado pelo curso de Magistério e pelo curso de Pedagogia, nem nos cursos de formação continuada, mas na prática do “chão da escola”; (b) a escola e a sala de aula da educação básica são reconhecidas como espaços privilegiados de aprendizagens docentes, sobretudo por ensejarem experiências com significância, ainda que careçam de mecanismos para o compartilhamento destas com os pares profissionais, por meio de processos de mediações e reflexões; (c) o sistema educacional, por meio das políticas que têm exercido controle sobre as escolas, representa forte entrave ao trabalho e à formação dessas professoras, uma vez que sua competência e autonomia são postas em xeque; (d) as situações conflituosas do cotidiano escolar funcionam para as professoras, sobretudo para as que possuem mais tempo de magistério, como um “nicho” para a produção de experiências capazes de revestir de sentido suas ações, embora tais situações não deixem de acenar para a presença constante de um cenário marcado pela sobrevivência do trabalho docente; (e) por meio da deliberação reflexiva e da coragem de agir, as professoras elaboram suas experiências buscando coerência interna entre suas convicções pedagógicas e aquilo que o ambiente lhes oferece, confirmando que a experiência não depende apenas das condições externas e objetivas, mas é determinada pelo desejo, atitude e propósito de cada um.
This study focuses on the teacher training process of teachers from the initial years of elementary school. It aims, more specifically, to examine experiences that have contributed to the construction of their teaching knowledge and their professionalities, lived in contexts of pedagogical practice. It has sought to collect experiences with significance, that is, experiences that have influenced the work of these teachers, occurred in the initial training and throughout the teaching career. It has also scrutinized for objective and subjective conditions involved in the process of learning about teaching, so as to interpret possibilities and impossibilities related to experience. Comprehensive interview principles subsidized procedures of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Thirteen teachers take part in the research. They were intentionally chosen with pre-defined criteria and profiles, in order to ensure the composition of a representative group of professionals, recognized by their commitment to student learning and successful in their teaching practices. From the analysis of the data emerged aspects related to the singularities with which the teachers become teachers of the initial years, among which stand out: (a) the teachers' knowledge that help them to “deliver the goods” of working with children were not built with primacy neither in the context of initial training, represented by the teaching and pedagogical courses, nor in the continuing education courses, but in the practice within the school; (b) the school and the basic education classroom are recognized as privileged spaces for teaching learning, mainly because they provide meaningful experiences, although they lack mechanisms to share these with professional peers, through mediation and reflections processes; (c) the educational system, through the policies that have exerted control over the schools, represents a strong obstacle to the work and the formation of these teachers, since their competence and autonomy are put in a hard spot; (d) the conflicting situations of everyday school work for teachers, especially for those who have more teaching time, as a "niche" for the production of experiences capable of making sense of their actions, although such situations do not fail to indicate the constant presence of a scenario marked by the survival of teaching work; (e) through reflective deliberation and courage to act, the teachers elaborate their experiences seeking internal coherence among their pedagogical convictions and what the environment offers them, confirming that the experience does not depend only on external and objective conditions, but is also determined by the desire, attitude and purpose of each one.
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Barnes, Jamal. "Why the torture taboo matters." Thesis, Barnes, Jamal (2013) Why the torture taboo matters. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2013. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/21554/.
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Torture is one of the most prohibited practices in international society and has become a symbol of cruel and unnecessary suffering. Despite this absolute prohibition, torture is widely practiced by states around the world. This disparity between the prohibition of torture and the practice of states raises fundamental questions about the role and power of moral norms in world politics. Does the torture taboo matter? Or are political realists correct in arguing that power politics rules?
This thesis makes the paradoxical argument that despite its widespread violation, not only does the torture taboo matter, but that its strength can be found by studying its violation. The torture taboo constitutes state identities and interests and shapes state actions. Even during times of security crisis, the torture taboo is not forgotten. States hide, deny, and re-define their torture, outsource it to other states, or use techniques that do not leave marks on the body. The fact states go to such great lengths to hide their use of torture demonstrates not the weakness of the taboo, but rather its strength.
In order to demonstrate the power of the torture taboo, and explain why states deny their use of torture, I trace a genealogy of the taboo from the eighteenth century to the twenty first century. I show how international society came to understand torture the way it does today. I show also that the taboo has not developed in a linear fashion, but has become more robust over time due to a series of fortuitous events, and, most surprisingly, in response to widespread inhumanity. By showing that the history of the torture taboo is also a story about what it means to be human, I seek to show that the taboo contains normative values immanent in the present that are integral to experiencing the good life.
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Giudice, de Argollo Helvécio. "Tortura : na atividade policial investigativa." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2003. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/4403.
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Previous issue date: 2003Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz
Este trabalho versa sobre o fenômeno social da tortura; do seu sentido polissêmico, do seu aspecto multifacetado e dos desafios que engendra, notadamente da sua perseverança nas sociedades, a despeito do banimento pelos textos legais, tanto no plano do direito transnacional quanto na maioria dos ordenamentos jurídicos do mundo ocidental. A tortura tem uma história que se confunde com a história da própria humanidade e, nesse sentido, o seu estudo desafia um périplo histórico sociológico. Ela também desafia o direito positivo, na medida em que, mesmo proscrita, subsiste, de modo que a sua análise não pode prescindir do exato entendimento da lei em seu derredor. Igualmente, a tortura desafia questões éticas e morais, de modo que o olhar da filosofia e, mais especificamente, da filosofia jurídica, torna-se imprescindível para a sua compreensão e combate. Considerando essa multi perspectiva teórica que o fenômeno social da tortura suscita, inevitável que o presente trabalho dela se acercasse com metodologias específicas para cada uma das formas de sua apreensão nele procedida, destacando-se a nossa ênfase à sua incidência no procedimento policial investigativo, ou seja, no inquérito policial
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Simonsen, Natasha. "Rethinking torture in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a30e1900-4417-4ef2-b426-d614c9cda644.
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This thesis seeks to identify the moral wrong of torture, and to trace the relationship between that wrong and the definition of torture in international law. Because understanding a concept's modern manifestation requires an understanding of its history, the thesis begins by tracing the historical trajectory of legal prohibitions of different forms of ill-treatment beginning with the English Bill of Rights in 1689, subsequently articulated in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that 'no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment'. This prohibition, almost universally accepted by States, has come to be interpreted as embodying a hierarchy with torture at the apex. The shift towards a hierarchical interpretation of the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment in international law was remarkable, both for its decisiveness and for its surprisingly recent occurrence. The reasons for that shift are examined, before turning to a consideration of the competing accounts of what it is that makes torture wrong. Two predominant accounts of the moral wrong of torture are identified, described here as the 'dignitarian' and the 'defencelessness' accounts. Although most international instruments and judicial decisions on torture implicitly reflect the dignitarian account, the thesis argues that this account is open to challenge on normative grounds. Instead, it argues that the preferable account of the moral wrong of torture is a modified form of the defencelessness account, according to which torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering in the context of a profoundly asymmetric power relation. Finally, the thesis turns to a consideration of the definitions of torture in international law. It contends that there are distinct conceptions of torture operating in the criminal paradigm, and in the human rights paradigm, respectively. While both conceptions of torture at present reflect the dignitarian account, the thesis argues that there is scope in the human rights paradigm for a more expansive 'defencelessness' conception of torture to be adopted.
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Borges, Joana Vieira. "Para além do "tornar-se"." Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/90067.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-graduação em HistóriaMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T05:44:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 238949.pdf: 711570 bytes, checksum: 6554278c00d95538e2a47405a72e6882 (MD5)
Publicado em 1949 na França, O Segundo Sexo passou a ser uma das obras pioneiras dos estudos sobre as mulheres e das relações de gênero, sendo referência para os feminismos principalmente a partir dos anos 60 e 70. Nesta obra, ao analisar minuciosamente a "condição da mulher" na sociedade, Beauvoir compreendeu que a "figura feminina" e as posturas que lhes são atribuídas nada mais são do que construções do social produzidas ao longo da história. Partindo de uma história da leitura de O Segundo Sexo, informada pelas narrativas e pelas obras de divulgação das feministas brasileiras, este trabalho busca refletir sobre as possíveis ressonâncias que o texto de Simone de Beauvoir teria produzido no feminismo nacional. Published in 1949 in France, The Second Sex became one of the pioneer works of the studies on the women and of the gender relations, being mainly reference for the feminisms starting from the sixties and seventies. In this work, when analyzing the "woman's condition" minutely in the society, Beauvoir understood that the "feminine figure" and the postures that are attributed to them are nothing more than constructions of the social produced along the history. Leaving of a history of the reading of The Second Sex, informed by the narratives and for the works of the Brazilian feminists, this work intends to reflect about the possible resonances that the text of Simone de Beauvoir would have produced in the national feminism.
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Weber, Cátia. "Tornar-se professora xokleng/laklãnõ." Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/90249.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação. Programa de Pós-Graduação em EducaçãoMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T07:40:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 247688.pdf: 1225882 bytes, checksum: 1b4f65334327dc88429af6b7b313f765 (MD5)
Tendo como base os referenciais teóricos da Antropologia e da Educação, esta dissertação objetiva compreender como se constitui a identidade étnica para as professoras Xokleng/Laklãnõ, no contexto de escolarização e Ensino Superior na Uniasselvi, através do qual promoveram a sua formação profissional para exercer a docência nas escolas da Terra Indígena Ibirama. Para tanto, foi necessário investigar quais os sentidos empregados por estas mulheres a determinados elementos culturais significativos extraídos de seus relatos e que são compartilhados por seu povo no processo de designação étnica, sendo: a memória histórica de espoliação do território tradicional, o aldeamento, as experiências de autoria, autonomia da gestão das escolas indígenas, faccionalismo, sistema de nominação, autodenominação, essenciais para entender o ser índia através do olhar não-indígena, as relações de gênero que delimitam o ser índia Xokleng/Laklãnõ e, por fim, o processo de tornar-se professora indígena através da escolarização e formação profissional nos cursos de capacitação de professores indígenas, do magistério diferenciado (ambos oferecidos pelo NEI/SED/SC) e no Ensino Superior da Uniasselvi. Estas mulheres são membros do povo Xokleng/Laklãnõ e residem na Terra Indígena Ibirama, localizada entre os municípios de José Boiteux, Victor Meirelles, Doutor Pedrinho e Itaiópolis. Taking as base the theoretical references of anthropology and education, this dissertation has as its objective to understand how the ethnic identity of "Xokleng/Laklano" teachers is constituted, in the context of primary and upper-level education in "Uniasselvi", means by which their professional qualification as professors in the Aboriginal Land "Ibirama" was attained. For this, an investigation was needed to verify the sense attributed by these women to certain significant cultural elements extracted from their narrations and that are shared by their people in the process of ethnic designation, being: the historical memory of spoliation of the traditional territory, the villages, the experiences of ownership, autonomy for management of the aboriginal schools, factionalism, nomination system, self-denomination, are essential for understanding the Indian through non-aboriginal eyes, the gender relations that delimit being a Xokleng/Laklãnõ indian and finally, the process of becoming an aboriginal teacher through schooling and professionalism in the courses of qualification for aboriginal professors (both offered by the NEI/SED/SC) and in the upper level education of Uniasselvi. These women are members of the Xokleng/Laklãnõ People and reside in the Aboriginal Land Ibirama, located between the municipalities of Jose Boiteux, Victor Meirelles, Doctor Pedrinho and Itaiopolis.