Academic literature on the topic 'Tot-P'

Steep rise of parton densities in the limit of small parton momentum fraction x poses a challenge for describing the observed energy-dependence of the total and inelastic proton-proton cross sections σ p p tot / inel : considering a realistic parton spatial distribution, one obtains a too-strong increase of σ p p tot / inel in the limit of very high energies. We discuss various mechanisms which allow one to tame such a rise, paying special attention to the role of parton-parton correlations. In addition, we investigate a potential impact on model predictions for σ p p tot, related to dynamical higher twist corrections to parton-production processes.

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> To avoid mesh-related complications, autologous transobturator-tape (a-TOT) technique is a viable option in stress urinary incontinence (SUI) surgery. The method differs from TOT and retropubic tape (RT) in the usage of autologous tissue. We hypothesized that a-TOT improves female sexual dysfunction (FSD) more than TOT and RT. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This is a retrospective cohort study. Patients who underwent a-TOT, TOT, and RT surgeries were surveyed regarding the cure of SUI, complications, and FSD parameters. The groups were compared according to baseline and postoperative data. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A-TOT, TOT, and RT groups included 37, 69, and 36 patients, respectively. The median follow-up time was 19 months. The groups were similar in terms of preoperative characteristics. The objective cure, subjective cure, and overall complication rates were comparable among the groups (<i>p</i> &#x3e; 0.05). A-TOT group had significant improvements in mean female sexual function index (FSFI) scores, TOT group deteriorated, and RT group remained stable (<i>p</i> = 0.001, <i>p</i> = 0.001, and <i>p</i> = 0.226, respectively). The postoperative mean total FSFI scores were 25.73 ± 2.46, 23.17 ± 3.35, and 21.53 ± 2.47 for the a-TOT, TOT, and RT groups, respectively. The a-TOT group had better results than the TOT and RT groups (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05 and <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05), and besides, the difference between the TOT and RT groups was statistically significant (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). According to percentage changes in domain scores following the operations, the a-TOT group had significantly better results in desire, arousal, lubrication, satisfaction, and pain domains than the TOT group (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05) as well as better desire, arousal, and pain domains (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05) than the RT group. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusions:</i></b> Besides comparable outcomes in SUI treatment, the a-TOT technique provides improvements in female sexual functions while TOT worsens and RT does not change. Favorable outcomes in sexual functions caused by improvements in desire, arousal, satisfaction, and pain domains are observed following the a-TOT technique.

Objective: To evaluate Transobturator tape (TOT) and Burch colposuspension procedure’s effects on sexual functions and life quality. Materials and Methods: A total of 81 patients who underwent TOT (n = 49) or Burch (n = 32) with stress incontinence were included in this prospective study. Preoperatively and at postoperative 6 month follow up pad and stress tests, physical examinations, Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF), Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI-6), Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7) questionnaires were performed. Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) questionnare was added postoperatively. Results: According to stress test, success rate was found to be 69% and 45%, in the TOT and Burch groups respectively. Pad test decreased in both groups (p &lt; 0.05). PGI-I scores was higher in the TOT group when compared to Burch group (p = 0.031). ICIQ-SF scores were improved in both TOT (p &lt; 0.0001) and Burch groups (p &lt; 0.012). IUDI-6 and IIQ-7 scores improved only in TOT group. Total FSFI scores did not change in both groups but only in TOT group sexual desire improved. Total FSFI scores did not change in patients that were successful and unsuccessful according to the stress test in both TOT and Burch groups (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: TOT and Burch procedures have no effect on the sexual functions. However TOT improved life quality of patients.

Objective: In this study, we examined students’ fitness, body mass index (BMI), and demographics as predictors of observed time on-task (TOT) behaviors as an indicator of behavioral inattention. Methods: We collected demographics, fitness estimates, and BMI from 2020 fourth-graders (Mean age = 8.6 (SD = 0.5); 47% girls; 49% white) from 28 schools. We measured TOT through momentary time sampling observations. Three-level linear models were conducted to determine whether characteristics predicted differences in TOT. We tested interactions between characteristics and TOT. Results: Older students exhibited greater percent of TOT (estimate = 2.34, SE = 1.02, df = 919, t = 2.30, p < .05). Additionally, boys spent less percent TOT (estimate = -3.59, SE = 1.03, df = 906, t = -3.49, p < .05). There were no differences by race/ethnicity, SES, BMI, fitness, or time of day and percent TOT. Furthermore, none of the interactions were statistically significant (p > .15). Conclusions: Girls and older students spent more TOT. These findings are of interest to educators and psychologists working on the development of research-based guidelines aimed to support elementary students’ engagement in the classroom.

The Bothnian Bay at Kemi, which is the northernmost basin of the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea, is affected by effluents from point sources such as pulp and paper mills and municipal sewage plant. During the period 1988–2008, the accumulated values of effluent volume, BOD7, CODCr, Tot-P, Tot-N, TSS and AOX from these point sources fell considerably as follows: 1) effluent volume by 24%, BOD7 by 92%, CODCr by 74%, Tot-P by 79%, Tot-N by 38%, TSS by 76% and AOX by 93%. The decrease in the effluent loadings is due to the introduction of Best Available Techniques (BAT) for the production processes and wastewater treatment at the pulp and paper mills. According to the long-term monitoring program that has been carried out every third year between 1997–2009, the decreasing trend in EOX—concentrations in the top 2 cm of the bottom sediment reflects the decrease in organochlorine discharges (AOX) from the mills. In 1997, the EOX concentrations in bottom sediment varied between 3–70 μg of Cl g−1 (dry weight), and in 2009 between 1.2–31 μg of Cl g−1 (dry weight).

5050 Background: Only a subset of mUC patients (pts) derives benefit from CPI. We sought to evaluate potential clinical and genomic predictors, with additional focus on extreme outcomes. Methods: CPI-treated mUC with tumor sequencing with MSK-IMPACT (up to 468 genes) were identified. Pre-CPI clinical variables (including hemoglobin [hgb], lymphocyte [lymph], neutrophil [neut] and eosinophil [eos] counts) were extracted. Endpoint was time on treatment (ToT). Poor responders were defined as ToT ≤9 weeks and overall survival ≤3 months; exceptional responders had ToT >20 months. A multivariate Cox model for ToT was performed with clinical variables chosen by stepwise selection minimizing Akaike information criterion. Genomic analyses were adjusted for multiple testing. Results: 166/171 identified mUC were evaluable. Median age was 68 years, 78% were male. 72% had bladder primary, while 17%, 35% and 28% had liver, lung and bone metastases (mets). 67% had prior platinum chemo. 24 pts (14%) were poor and exceptional responders, respectively. In univariate analysis, liver mets were associated with shorter ToT while DNA damage repair (DDR) gene alterations, higher body mass index (BMI), eos, hgb and tumor mutation burden (TMB) were associated with longer ToT. No specific genomic alterations achieved q<.05. In multivariate model, prior chemo (HR 1.6, p=.01), liver mets (HR 2.4, p<.01) and high neut were associated with shorter ToT while urethral primary (HR 0.1, p<.01), higher TMB (HR 0.9, p<.01) and higher eos (HR 0.1, p<.01) were independently associated with ToT. Univariate logistic regression to identify poor and exceptional responders are tabulated. Multivariate results will be reported. Conclusions: In addition to validation of various known mUC prognosticators, we observed potential non-linear influence of clinical and genomic factors on extreme outcomes. [Table: see text]

Objective To evaluate the impact of a standardized surgical technique for primary cesarean deliveries (CDs) on operative time and surgical morbidity. Materials and Methods Two-year retrospective chart review of primary CD performed around the implementation of a standardized CD surgical technique. The primary outcome was total operative time (TOT). Secondary outcomes included incision-to-delivery time (ITDT), surgical site infection, blood loss, and maternal and fetal injuries. Results When comparing pre- versus postimplementation surgical times, there was no significant difference in TOT (76.5 vs. 75.9 minutes, respectively; p = 0.42) or ITDT (9.8 vs. 8.8 minutes, respectively; p = 0.06) when the entire cohort was analyzed. Subgroup analysis of CD performed early versus late in an academic year among the pre- and postimplementation groups showed no significant difference in TOT (79.3 early vs. 73.8 minutes late; p = 0.10) or ITDT (10.8 early vs. 8.8 minutes late; p = 0.06) within the preimplementation group. In the postimplementation group, however, there was significant decrease in TOT (80.5 early vs. 71.3 minutes late; p = 0.02) and ITDT (10.6 early vs. 6.8 minutes late; p < 0.01). Secondary outcomes were similar for both groups. Conclusion A standardized surgical technique combined with surgical experience can decrease TOT and ITDT in primary CD without increasing maternal morbidity.

Abstract Les différentes fractions du phosphore du sédiment de la retenue de barrage Al Massira sont identifiées par l'extraction séquentielle et les échanges à l'interface eau-sédiment sont déterminés par les tests de fixation-relargage. Le phosphore sédimentaire est essentiellement sous formes inorganiques (o-P + Fe(OOH)-P + CaCO3-P=77% du P-Tot) avec la prédominance de la fraction CaCO3-P. Les formes organiques (ASOP + ROP) représentent seulement 23% du P-Tot. Les tests de fixationrelargage ont montré que les formes minérales du phosphore sont les plus impliquées dans les échanges à l'interface eausédiment, en particulier la fraction liée au fer [Fe(OOH)-P]. Les variations saisonnières significatives de Fe(OOH)-P et de CaCO3-P (p&lt; 0,01) au cours d'un cycle annuel expliquent les tendances de stockage et de mobilisation du phosphore par chacune d'entre elles. Ces deux fractions peuvent stocker ou libérer chacune prés de 17% du P-Tot, alors que la mobilité du phosphore mesurée est de 23% du P-Tot. Ce décalage apparent entre la mobilité considérée par fraction et la mobilité totale peut être expliqué par la mobilité interne entre les différentes fractions dans le sédiment. En effet, selon les conditions environnementales (pH, potentiel rédox), le phosphore libéré par une fraction sera en partie récupéré par l'autre.

The dissertation offers a reception study followed by a critical analysis of Bidsprinkaan by André P. Brink [Praying Mantis, 2005], as well as a careful study of the relevant historical and anthropological intertexts pertaining to the text. This research adds to a fuller understanding of the history of Cupido Kakkerlak and the missionaries. Brink encoded the novel with certain historical and anthropological codes, well-hidden beneath the surface of his fictional writing, thus achieving a finely balanced interaction between fact and fiction in his novelistic construct. This novelistic amalgam of the imaginative world with the historical and anthropological material, gives multidimensionality to the text which is not visible at a first superficial reading. Failing to recognize the traces to these intertexts, would result in a lesser understanding of the conflicting fields in which the main character is positioned, specifically between indigenous belief and Christianity, as well as between indigenous culture and mythology on the one hand, and western culture on the other hand. The author ‘encodes’ the novel (to use the terminology of Jakobson’s communication model) with these historical and anthropological intertexts, which the reader has to ‘decode’ in order to unlock the novel. One central technique therefore, is that of interwoven fact and fiction. This is a technique employed in most of Brink’s novels, such as ‘n Oomblik in die wind, 1975 [An Instant in the Wind], Houd-den-Bek, 1982 [A chain of voices,], Die eerste lewe van Adamastor, 1986 [The First Life of Adamastor, 1993], Inteendeel, 1993 [On the Contrary, 1993] and Duiwelskloof, 1998 [Devil’s Valley, 1998]. Khoi and San history, culture and identity also figure centrally in these novels. A further aspect of my hypothesis is suggested by the politically correct Afrikaans title, Bidsprinkaan (the common nomenclature for the praying mantis is “hotnotsgot”, which roughly translates as “hottentots’ god”, with obvious racial pejorative suggestion). Brink’s use of “bidsprinkaan” for his title, alerts the reader to contemporary political sensitivity, thus contrasting the society of two centuries ago with the present. The more sophisticated reading process followed here compares colonial and postcolonial South African societies, and attempts to tease out the implied ideological facet embedded in the novel.

Afrikaners beleef tans 'n ingrypende omgewingsverandering. Die demokratisering van die Suid-Afrikaanse staat berus nie aIleen op die formele afskaffing van rasse-apartheid nie, maar hou ook grootskaalse politieke, ekonomiese en sosiale herstrukturering in Afrikaners, wat gedurende die afgelope dekades 'n dominante rol in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing gespeel het, wou outonoom bly en hulle eie lewensvorm beskerm deur die land op etniese lyne te verdeel. Deur hulle vryheidstrewe te verbind aan 'n politieke model wat uiteindelik nie die gewensde resultaat gelewer het nie, het die gemeenskap se toekomsverwagting in gedrang gekom. Die gevolglike neiging om Afrikaners se kultuurstrewe eenlynig met apartheid en sosiale ongeregtigheid te identifiseer, eis verder kritiese verantwoording en heroriëntasie van lojale Afrikaners. Hierdie studie wil deel uitmaak van dié gesprek en tot 'n positiewe toekomsverwagting bydra. In die eerste deel word die era tussen republiekwording en grondwetlike hervorming ondersoek en 'n beeld gevorm van die uitgangspunte wat kultuurprosesse in dié tyd ten grondslag gelê het. Dit stel dus die beginpunt vas vanwaar 'n kultuurbegrip onder nuwe omstandighede moet ontwikkel. Die tweede deel stel die kultuurkritiese werk van NP van Wyk Louw aan die orde as 'n inset van buite die huidige tyd en konteks, maar as 'n hoogs aktuele bydrae om oorweeg te word. In die derde deel word daar dan sake uitgelig wat vir die vorming van 'n eie Afrikaanse kultuurbegrip onder ingrypend nuwe omstandighede, bespreek sal moet word. In die eerste deel word 'n pas afgelope stuk geskiedenis ondersoek en aspekte van 'n algemeen aanvaarde kultuurbeeld is afgelei van 'n verskeidenheid lektuur uit die betrokke tyd. Afrikanerkultuur is naamlik beskou as mensbepaald, religieus bepaald, histories bepaald, etnies bepaald en ruimtelik bepaald, sonder dat dit geïntegreerde aard daarvan ontken is. Die kultuurgemeenskap word vervolgens van naderby bekyk en daar word spesifiek aandag gegee aan afgrensing van die gemeenskap, die neiging om binne die breër Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing spesifiek apart te bly, en die kenmerkende verhouding tussen Afrikanerkultuur en struktuur. Die besondere verband wat Afrikaners gelê het tussen kultuur en nasionalisme word ook aan die orde gestel en word ondersoek aan die hand van die struktuur wat in die eerste hoofstuk voorgestel is. Die tweede deel stel Louw se kritiese werk tematies aan die orde. Na 'n algemene biografies en bibliografiese agtergrond, word Louw se oorwoë standpuntinname ten opsigte van sekere grondvrae en vertrekpunte beskou. Sy siening van die Absolute en van tradisie word bespreek, terwyl die posisie wat hy met betrekking tot die gemeenskap inneem, uit verskillende hoeke beskryf word. Sy grondliggende gemeenskapsbeskouing word aan die orde gestel en die ontwikkeling van nasionalisme in sy werke word ondersoek. Die besondere standpunte wat hy inneem ten opsigte van die bestaansreg van 'n volk en sy uitsig op die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap kom ook ter sprake. Ten slotte kom verskillende ideaalbeelde van die mens en gemeenskap wat Louw geskets het aan die beurt, naamlik die aristokratiese idee, die intellektueel en die oop gesprek. Die derde deel wil 'n bydrae lewer tot 'n eie Afrikaanse kultuurbegrip, maar aanvaar as uitgangspunt dat so 'n kultuurbegrip bestaan in die sienings en standpunte van nadenkende deelnemers en dat dit onmoontlik op enige tydstip volledig formuleerbaar sou wees. As bydrae tot hierdie gesprek word sake van belang uitgelig en beoordeel. Die oortuiging word gehandhaaf dat die ondersoekte tyd nie eenvoudig as bron van huidige probleme benader behoort te word nie, maar wil die aktualiteit van die problematiese nie buite rekening laat nie. Met hierdie veronderstelling is die resultate van die eerste deel puntsgewys krities oorweeg en verwagte groeipunte vir verdere gesprek aangetoon. Van Wyk Louw se werk word vervolgens oorweeg vir punte van besondere belang, en veral sy hantering van spanning is waardevol. Spanning funksioneer nie net as huiwerende konfrontasie nie, maar as die bestaan van ongelyksoortige of teenoorstaande sake in mekaar se teenwoordigheid. Ten slotte volg 'n paar kursoriese opmerkings wat voortspruit uit die voorgaande studie en van belang mag wees vir die huidige verantwoording van die Afrikaanse lewe, nou en in die toekoms. ENGLISH : Afrikaners are experiencing a radical change to their environment. The democratization of the South African state not only involves the formal abolishment of racial apartheid, but also large-scale political, economic and social restructuring. Afrikaners, who played a dominant role in South African society during the past few decades, wanted to remain autonomous and protect their own way of life by dividing the country along ethnic boundaries. By linking their striving for freedom to a political model that did not eventually render the desired result, the community's expectations for the future were jeopardized. The subsequent tendency to identify the cultural objective of the Afrikaner singularly with apartheid and social injustice demands further critical accounting and a reorientation from loyal Afrikaners. The study forms part of this discussion and contributes towards a positive expectation of the future. In the first section the era between the establishment of the RSA and constitutional reform is examined to provide an image of the premises on which cultural processes in this period were based. It provides a starting point for the development of a cultural concept under new circumstances. The second part involves the culturally critical work of NP van Wyk Louw as an input from outside the present time and context, but as a highly topical contribution to be considered. In the third section issues are highlighted that will have to be discussed with a view to forming a uniquely Afrikaans cultural concept under radically new circumstances. In the first section a period of recent history is examined and aspects of a generally accepted cultural profile is derived from a variety of literature. Afrikaner culture is viewed as people specific, religiously specific, historically specific, ethnically specific and spatially specific without denying its integrated nature. A closer study is subsequently made of the cultural community, and particular attention is given to the delimitation of the community, its tendency to remain separate, within the broader South African society, and the characteristic relationship between Afrikaner culture and structure. The special relation Afrikaners identify between culture and nationalism is also examined on the basis of the structure provided in the first chapter. In the second section Louw's critical work is discussed thematically. After a general biographical and bibliographical background has been given, Louw's considered standpoint on certain fundamental questions and premises is studied. His views on the Absolute and tradition are discussed, while his position with respect to the community is described from various viewpoints. His basic social views are highlighted and the development of nationalism in his work is studied. His specific standpoints with respect to a nation's right to existence and his views on the South African society are also included. Finally, different ideal images of man and society sketched by Louw are discussed, namely the aristocratic idea, the intellectual and the open discussion. The third section contributes to a uniquely Afrikaans cultural concept, but the premise is that such a concept exists in the views and standpoints of thinking participants and that it could never adequately be formulated. As contribution to this discussion; topical matters are highlighted and assessed. The conviction is that the period under investigation should not be approached simply as a source of present problems, but that the actuality of the problematical should not be ignored. On the basis of this supposition the results of the first section are considered critically point by point and expected growth points are identified for further discussion. Van Wyk Louw's work is subsequently considered for points of specific importance, and his handling of tension is particularly valuable. Tension functions not only as imminent confrontation, but as the existence of dissimilar or opposite issues in one another's presence. Finally, a few cursory remarks are made on the basis of the above study that might be of interest to the present accounting of Afrikaans life, now and in the future.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 1992.
Historical and Heritage Studies
unrestricted

Onsite wastewater treatment systems in Sweden are getting old and many of them lack sufficient phosphorus, nitrogen and organic carbon reduction. Biochar is a material that has been suggested as an alternative to the common sand or soil used in onsite wastewater treatment systems. The objective of this study was to compare the phosphorus removal capacity between three different modified biochars and one untreated biochar in a batch adsorption and column filter experiment. The modifications included impregnation of ferric chloride (FeCl3), calcium oxide (CaO) and untreated biochar mixed with the commercial phosphorus removal product Polonite. To further study nitrogen removal a filter with one vertical unsaturated section followed by one saturated horizontal flow section was installed. The batch adsorption experiment showed that CaO impregnated biochar had the highest phosphorus adsorption, i.e. of 0.30 ± 0.03 mg/g in a 3.3 mg/L phosphorus solution. However, the maximum adsorption capacity was calculated to be higher for the FeCl3 impregnated biochar (3.21 ± 0.01 mg/g) than the other biochar types. The pseudo 2nd order kinetic model proved better fit than the pseudo 1st order model for all biochars which suggest that chemical adsorption was important. Phosphorus adsorption to the untreated and FeCl3 impregnated biochar fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model best. This indicates that the adsorption can be modeled as a homogenous monolayer process. The CaO impregnated and Polonite mixed biochars fitted the Freundlich adsorption model best which is an indicative of heterogenic adsorption. CaO and FeCl3 impregnated biochars had the highest total phosphorus (Tot-P) reduction of 90 ± 8 % and 92 ± 4 % respectively. The Polonite mixed biochar had a Tot-P reduction of 65 ± 14 % and the untreated biochar had a reduction of 43 ± 24 %. However, the effluent of the CaO impregnated biochar filter acquired a red-brown tint and a precipitation that might be an indication of incomplete impregnation of the biochar. The FeCl3 effluent had a very low pH. This can be a problem if the material is to be used in full-scale treatment system together with biological treatment for nitrogen that require a higher pH. The nitrogen removal filter showed a total nitrogen removal of 62 ± 16 % which is high compared to conventional onsite wastewater treatment systems. Batch adsorption and filter experiment confirms impregnated biochar as a promising replacement or addition to onsite wastewater treatment systems for phosphorus removal. However the removal of organic carbon (as chemical oxygen demand COD) in the filters was lower than expected and further investigation of organic carbon removal needs to be studied to see if these four biochars are suitable in real onsite wastewater treatment systems.
Många av Sveriges små avloppssystem är gamla och saknar tillräcklig rening av fosfor, kväve och organiskt material. Följden är förorenat grundvatten samt övergödning i hav, sjöar och vattendrag. Lösningar för att förbättra fosfor- och kvävereningen finns på marknaden men många har visat brister i rening och robusthet. Biokol är ett material som har föreslagits som ersättare till jord eller sand i mark och infiltrationsbäddar. Denna studie syftade till att i skak- och kolonnfilterexperiment jämföra fosforreduktion mellan tre modifierade biokol och ett obehandlat biokol. Modifieringen av biokolet innebar impregnering med järnklorid (FeCl3), kalciumoxid (CaO) samt blandning med Polonite som är en kommersiell produkt för fosforrening. För att undersöka förbättring av kväverening installerades även ett filter med obehandlat biokol där en vertikal aerob modul kombinerades med en efterföljande horisontell anaerob modul. Skakstudien där biokolen skakades i 3.3 mg/L fosforlösning visade att adsorptionen var högst i det CaO-impregnerade biokolet, 0.3 ± 0.03 mg/g. Den maximala potentiella fosforadsorptionen beräknades dock vara högst för biokolet som impregnerats med FeCl3, 3.21 ± 0.01 mg/g. Skakförsöket visade också att fosforadsorptionen var främst kemisk då adsorptionen passade bättre med pseudo andra ordningens modell än pseudo första. Adsorption av fosfor på obehandlat biokol och FeCl3 impregnerat biokol modellerades bäst med Langmuir modellen, vilket tyder på en homogen adsorption. Det Polonite-blandade biokolet och CaO-impregnerade biokolet modellerades bäst med Freundlich modellen vilket är en indikation på en heterogen adsorptionsprocess. Biokol impregnerat med CaO och FeCl3 gav de högsta totalfosforreduktionerna på 90 ± 8 % respektive 92 ± 4 %. Biokolet som var blandat med Polonite hade en reduktion på 65 ± 14 % och det obehandlade biokolet 43 ± 24 %. Ett problem med filtratet från CaO-filtret var att det fick en rödbrun färg samt en fällning vilket kan ha berott på ofullständig pyrolysering och impregnering. Filtratet från det FeCl3 impregnerade biokolet hade mycket lågt pH vilket kan vara problematiskt om mikrobiologisk tillväxt i filtret för rening av kväve och organiskt material vill uppnås. Filtret för kväverening gav en total kvävereduktion på 62 ± 16 % vilket är högre än kommersiella system. Resultaten från skak och filterstudien visade på att impregnerade biokol kan ge en förbättrad fosforrening om de skulle användas i små avloppssystem. Rening av organiskt material, kemisk syreförbrukning (COD), var dock låg i alla filter och behöver studeras ytterligare för att avgöra om dessa biokol är lämpliga för småskalig avloppsvattenrening.

Eutrophication has long been an environmental problem and the effects from fertilizingarable land is a known source. The degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS)and easily soluble phosphorus (P) are different variables used in different countriesto try to predict the leaching of P from soils. The purpose of this master thesiswas to investigate what variable can be used as a predictor for leached P from soilsand to investigate what extent P leaching from the topsoil can be readsorbed inthe subsoil. The extraction method used for DPS was the Swedish standard lactateextraction and for easily soluble P were distilled water, CaCl2-solution and artificialrainwater with recipe from SMHI used. Three different soils in Sweden were used,two arable soils with different chemical properties and one forest soil. The soilswere filtered (2 mm) and put into columns since the texture was of interest ratherthan the structure. CaCl2-solution was used to saturate the samples and artificialrainwater was used for irrigation. The results showed that easily soluble P is areasonable indicator for leached P and that the subsoil affects the total leachingof P. However, no significant correlation was found between DPS and leached P,indicating that it may not be a suitable indicator of leaching. On the other hand,DPS can be seen as a reasonable indicator for easily soluble P since the correlationtest showed almost significant correlation. The results also showed that the electricconductivity in the leachate correlates to the leached P for the arable soils. For amore reliable result, more soils should be analyzed during more days.

We present a measurement of the correlation between the spins of t and (t) over bar quarks produced in proton-antiproton collisions at the Tevatron Collider at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV. We apply a matrix element technique to dilepton and single-lepton+jets final states in data accumulated with the DO detector that correspond to an integrated luminosity of 9.7 fb(-1). The measured value of the correlation coefficient in the off-diagonal basis, O-off = 0.89 +/- 0.22 (stat + syst), is in agreement with the standard model prediction, and represents evidence for a top-antitop quark spin correlation difference from zero at a level of 4.2 standard deviations. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP(3).

The measurement of the cross section of top quark pair production in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC is reported. The data sample used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.05 fb-1 . Events with an isolated electron or muon and a tau lepton decaying hadronically are used. In addition, a large missing transverse momentum and two or more energetic jets are required. At least one of the jets must be identified as originating from a b-quark. The measured cross section, σtt̄ = 178 ± 12 stat. ± 18 sys. ± 7 lumi. pb, is in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction.

This study investigated service excellence and hospitality in a healthcare setting. It is unique from other hospitality research in that it considers hospitality and service excellence as separate concepts, applicable across industries. Part of the premise of this study explores how hospitality extends past service excellence to create a comfortable and welcoming environment to combat patient anxiety and stress. Furthermore, this is one of the first qualitative studies on the importance of service excellence and hospitality in the healthcare industry. This case study measured top management's perceptions of service excellence and hospitality within one community-based hospital located in Orlando, Florida. The researcher conducted one-hour interviews with twelve leading managers to gain their opinions of service excellence and hospitality within their organization. Consistent with a thorough review of literature, three conclusions were revealed: 1) there is a strong, but mixed, top management commitment to service excellence and hospitality throughout organization; 2) the terms "service excellence" and "hospitality", when used, were discussed interchangeably as if the two theories were equivalent; and 3) External barriers to the patient experience that were identified included improvement of technology, increased consumerism, quality regulations, and workforce deficits. Internal barriers to the patient experience include communication and inconsistency. The research provided implications to healthcare organizations that are looking to implement practices of hospitality and service management to improve service delivery. Additionally, the study of hospitality outside the industry offers ideas of improvement for hospitality management and organizational researchers. It can also be used as a foundation to formulate additional studies in the area of service excellence and hospitality within the healthcare field, as this research is limited to only top management's views.
M.S.
Rosen College of Hospitality Management
Rosen College of Hospitality Management
Hospitality and Tourism Management MS;

The main objective of this study was to document, systematize and analyse the contributions of some leading Physical Educationists to the establishment and development of Physical Education in South Africa. The main methodological approach used to realise this objective was the historical-analytical method, by which the data were systematized and analysed thematically and chronologically. With a view to the systematization of data, tilt! following main aspects were chosen according to which the contributions were analysed: • Training and instruction • Research and publications • Administrative and organisational aspects - in particular to Physical Educational and sports associations and professional journals. Although several factors were considered in determining the value of the contributions, the emphasis fell on the nature, extent and quality of the contributions made in the fields already mentioned. To do research on only a few Physical Educationalists, a selection had to be made from 35 leading persons in this field in South Africa. Information on the work, approaches and involvement of these 35 persons were obtained by personal interviews and correspondence, and by studying documents, annual reports, minutes, journals, newspapers, dissertations and theses. After the relevant information had been gathered, the following criteria were applied to analyse the contributions of the chosen persons and to select three of them for further study: 1. Training and instruction 1.1. Establishment and development of the subject 1.1.1. Administrative control over training and instruction 1.1.2. Institution of courses and subjects, as well as the compilation of syllabuses 1.1.3. Implementation and expansion of facilities and equipment 1.1.4. Methods of presentation and aids used 1.2. Personal influence 2. Research 2.1. Own research 2.2. Project leadership and assistance to students 2.3. Publications 2.4. Papers presented 3. Administrative and organising aspects 3.1. Associations for Physical Education 3.2. Sports associations 3.3. Physical Educational journals 3.4. Festivals and public appearances 3.5. Other projects, such as fitness programmes and film production The application of this set of criteria to the nature, extent and quality of the work by the previously mentioned 35 persons facilitated the selection process, but still could not succeed in pinpointing only three persons for the study. For this reason, additional criteria were chosen according to which three persons could responsibly be selected. These criteria were connected with aspects such as the geographical regions where the persons worked for the longest periods of time; the particular subjects or fields of interest in which they specialised; the specific fields in which they made their most important contributions; and the period in which they made the contributions. On the basis of these additional criteria, the following three persons were selected: J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and D.P.J. Smith The contributions of these three persons to the development of the subject of Physical Education in South Africa were dealt with under the following headings: 1. Biographical sketch 2. Views on Physical Education and sport 3. Contributions to training and instruction 4. Research contributions 5. Contributions particular to Physical Educational and sports associations and professional journals To provide the necessary background information and to get a dear picture of the position these three persons had in the history of Physical Education in South Africa, as well as the conditions in which they had to work, one chapter was set aside for a survey of the development of Physical Education in South Africa between 1900 and 1982. Following that, the contributions of J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and O.P.J. Smith to the development of the subject were dealt with in separate chapters. During the study the following conclusions were drawn with regard to the contributions of J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and D.P.J. Smith to the development of Physical Education in South Africa. J W POSTMA Postma's contribution should be viewed in the light of the circumstances in which Physical Education was presented at that time. These were the formative years of Physical Education and Postma had to do pioneering work in various fields. Whereas certain aspects of the subject are nowadays being taken for granted, Postma then had to fight for the subject's right of existence. Postma's most important contribution with regard to the training of students of Physical Education was his management and the development of the Department of Physical Education at the University of Stellenbosch. He made a special contribution to the institution and development of courses and subjects, as well as the drafting of syllabuses. He was responsible for the institution of the section of Tests and Measurements in the Physical Education course at the Department. The importance of including this section in a Physical Education course has since been realised by other educational institutions. It is therefore largely owing to Postma (as well as Smith) that Tests and Measurements (later called Evaluation) was included in the courses for Physical Education students in South Africa. Besides Tests and Measurements, Postma also contributed to other theoretical sections of the subject such as Anthropometry, Principles, Method and Organisation, and Administration. He expanded factual knowledge on these subjects at Physical Education Departments throughout South Africa by means of publications and papers. Postma also strove for the implementation of better training facilities, especially in research. He also saw to it that the most vital scientific reference works and journals were made available to Physical Education students. Postma was an enthusiastic lecturer• and inspired his students. Postma's most important contribution in the field of research lies in the fact that he was one of the first Physical Educationalists in South Africa to begin research on the subject. Not only did he personally undertake many research projects, but he also inspired his students to do research and gave them valuable critical guidance in their work. The fact that Postma was an expert in the field of Physical Education as a whole, led to several publications on a wide spectrum of subsections within the subject. The large number of publications for which he was responsible, ensured that his views on the subject were propagated throughout South Africa. His book Inleiding tot die Liggaamlike Opvoedkunde should be seen as his biggest and most important research contribution to the development of the subject. Postma's involvement with Physical Educational journals and organisations in South Africa ensured growth in these two fields of the subject. Postma made a particularly valuable contribution to the development of the South African Association for Sport Science, Physical Education and Recreation. He was responsible in various capacities and in several fields for the establishment and development of this organisation. He can be seen as one of the most important founder members of this body, which came to be known as SAASSPER, and which is highly esteemed. C.M. SMIT As was the case with Postma, Smit had to pioneer and found the subject and had to fight for its development and survival. His contributions were especially in the following fields: the establishment and development of Physical Education at schools and Physical Educational organisations; the establishment and development of Physical Education and sport at the University of Pretoria; the development of the subject by means of research and publications, as well as through services rendered to Physical Educational and sports associations. With regard to the development of training and instruction as part of Physical Education, Smit did important work in two aspects. In the first instance, he did pioneering work as the first organiser of Physical Education at the Union Education Department and the National Advisory Council for Physical Education (NACPE). He had the gigantic task of establishing Physical Education at the widely diffused schools of the Union Education Department and to advise all voluntary physical culture clubs throughout the country. To succeed in this, he had to design new systems, present training courses, give professional advice, decide on the purchase and supply of Physical Educational and sports equipment, and manage several administrative affairs. One of Smit's biggest assets was his ability to instill in teachers and instructors his own knowledge, love and enthusiasm for Physical Education. During his involvement with the Union Education Department and NACPE Smit was responsible for the compilation of the national syllabus for Physical Education in South Africa. This can rightly be seen as one of Smit's most important contributions to improve the instruction of Physical Education in South Africa. Secondly, Smit made a great contribution to promote the training and instruction of Physical Education in South Africa by the work he did as professor at the Depa1•tment of Physical Education and as Director of the Institute for Physical Education at the University of Pretoria. He had to establish and manage both these departments. He was responsible for the creation of sport structures at the University of Pretoria, the planning and development of sport grounds, the purchase of equipment and for adv1sing sport clubs. As head of the Department of Physical Education, he had a big part in the instituting and developing courses and subjects, as well as in making adjustments and changes to upgrade the quality of training of Physical Education students. The standard of training was improved further by Smit's constant efforts to increase the quality of the facilities used in training. In this regard, special mention has to be made of the construction of the building in which the Department of Physical Education is housed, and the building of the L. C. de Villiers Stadium and sport grounds. The efficient way in which Smit managed the Department of Physical Education led to the expedient and effective training of students. Apart from the efficient control which Smit had over the Physical Education building and its staff, he also made an effort to maintain good relation between the personnel and students. For example, he took the initiative in organising Physical Education tours and forming a Physical Education Society at the University of Pretoria. Because of the heavy work load that Smit had to bear during his employment at the University of Pretoria and the Union Education Department, he had little time left for research work and publications. He tried to expand his knowledge of the subject by studying publications, undertaking study tours and attending conferences on Physical Education. His contribution to research on the subject consisted of some research projects he completed on his own, as well as guidance to post-graduate students. With regard to publications, he was responsible for some books (mostly as co-author) and several articles published in journals such as Physical Education and Vigor. Smit contributed his services to outside organisations. He was involved in the South African Association for Sport Science, Physical Education and Recreation from r its inception. During this time he acted as chairman (1952) and worked on several of the organisation's committees. Apart from being involved in several branches of sport at the University of Pretoria, he also offered his services to national and provincial sport bodies. D.P.J. SMITH As was the case with Postma and Smit, Smith's contributions to the development of Physical Education in South Africa should be seen against the circumstances surrounding the subject at that time. Because the subject was not given recognition, Smith had to do pioneering work in many fields. He was one of the few Physical Educationalists who succeeded in making a balanced contribution to each of the following aspects of the subject: training, research and services rendered to outside organisations. Smith's contributions in the field of training are mainly related to his involvement with the Potchefstroom Teachers' Training College and the Potchefstroom University. He was the first person to be permanently appointed as lecturer of Physical Education at the Potchefstroom University. In this capacity he was not only responsible for the training of Physical Education students, but also for the organis11tion and presentation of advancement classes for teachers. In both cases Smith did pioneering work, especially in the establishment and development of Physical Education courses and subjects, as well as the compilation of syllabuses for these subjects. Because of his efforts to improve the quality and quantity of Physical Educational facilities and equipment at the College, the standard of instruction improved. During this time Smith was also responsible for the organisation and presentation of several exhibitions related to Physical Education. In this way the public was introduced to the nature, content and methods of instruction of the subject, and prospective students were motivated and recruited. Smith's work as lecturer, marked by enthusiasm, energy and purposefulness in presenting the subject, played a definite role in improving the standard of training at the College's Department of Physical Education. The contributions Smith made to training during his involvement with the Potchehtroom University, can be summarised as follows: In the first place he established and developed the Department of Physical Education at the University. Due to his capable administration of the Department, the training of students could be effected successfully and effectively. In the second place Smith did pioneering work in the institution of courses and subjects, as well as the compilation of syllabuses. He saw to it that the contents of the courses were scientific, applicable and practical. In the third instance, the quality of instruction which Smith offered his students was exceptionally high. Not only were his lectures well prepared, systematic and of a high standard, but his method of presentation was also stimulating, interesting and very effective. His example had a positive influence on his students. In the fourth instance, the standard of instruction was improved due to the acquisition of better facilities and equipment, which was largely the result of Smith's efforts. Smith's contributions in the field of research in Physical Education can be summarised as follows: He did pioneering work in establishing research in Physical Education at the Potchefstroom University. He provided expert and inspired guidance to students in their own research projects. He maintained good contact with experts and remained informed on new developments in the subject by attending conferences and symposia. He was responsible for several publications which were scientific, orderly and polished. With regard to services rendered to outside organisations, Smith made large and valuable contributions. Apart from his involvement with organisations such as the Road Safety Council and the Church, Smith did extremely valuable work for Physical Educational and sports associations. He was involved in the research section and several committees of the Physical Educational organisation SAASSPER, and made valuable contributions during discussions at its conferences. In the field of sport, he offered his services in various capacities, such as coach, administrator, selector, official and president, on club and national level. Although he was principally concerned with athletics and tennis, his assistance was valuable to sportsmen across the board. For him it was his life's work to be of service to sportsmen and sports women. He was also of service to the public through his involvement with several fitness projects. In the 1940's he presented exercise classes to the public in Parys, and during the 1960's and 70's he played a leading role in fitness projects launched by the National Fitness Scheme. CONCLUSION This study showed that the following three leading South African Physical Educationalists - J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and D.P.J. Smith - had made valuable contributions to the development of Physical Education in South Africa. Their contributions were analysed under the following headings: Training and instruction Research and publications Administrative and organising aspects - in particular to Physical Educational and sports associations and professional journals All three of them succeeded to a large extent in maintaining a healthy balance between these three aspects of their work. The researcher hopes that this study will give the Physical Educationalist of today new insight into the origins of this subject and that there will be a renewed appreciation of the work done by the pioneers of Physical Education in South Africa.
Proefskrif (DEd)--PU vir CHO, 1987

The inclusive cross section of top quark-antiquark pairs produced in p (p) over bar collisions at root s = 1.96 TeV is measured in the lepton + jets and dilepton decay channels. The data sample corresponds to 9.7 fb(-1) of integrated luminosity recorded with the D0 detector during Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. Employing multivariate analysis techniques we measure the cross section in the two decay channels and we perform a combined cross section measurement. For a top quark mass of 172.5 GeV, we measure a combined inclusive top quark-antiquark pair production cross section of sigma(t<(t)over bar) = 7.26 +/- 0.13(stat)(-0.50)(+0.57) (syst) pb which is consistent with standard model predictions. We also perform a likelihood fit to the measured and predicted top quark mass dependence of the inclusive cross section, which yields a measurement of the pole mass of the top quark. The extracted value is m(t) = 172.8 +/- 1.1(theo)(-3.1)(+3.3) (exp) GeV.

AbstractWe describe the canonical weak distributive law $$\delta :\mathcal S\mathcal P\rightarrow \mathcal P\mathcal S$$ δ : S P → P S of the powerset monad $$\mathcal P$$ P over the S-left-semimodule monad $$\mathcal S$$ S , for a class of semirings S. We show that the composition of $$\mathcal P$$ P with $$\mathcal S$$ S by means of such $$\delta $$ δ yields almost the monad of convex subsets previously introduced by Jacobs: the only difference consists in the absence in Jacobs’s monad of the empty convex set. We provide a handy characterisation of the canonical weak lifting of $$\mathcal P$$ P to $$\mathbb {EM}(\mathcal S)$$ EM ( S ) as well as an algebraic theory for the resulting composed monad. Finally, we restrict the composed monad to finitely generated convex subsets and we show that it is presented by an algebraic theory combining semimodules and semilattices with bottom, which are the algebras for the finite powerset monad $$\mathcal P_f$$ P f .

Abstract The major objectives of guava breeding are aimed at improving both plant and fruit characteristics such as to develop high-yielding, high-quality dwarf cultivars with fruits of uniform shape, good size, attractive skin and pulp colour, fewer and/or soft seeds, resistant to wilt, nematodes and long storage life. Selection of superior seedlings has resulted in the development of a number of cultivars in different countries. This chapter describes the Psidium species used in breeding (Psidium cattleyanum, P. guineense, P. acutangulum, P. friedrichsthalianum, P. angulatum and P. littorale), objectives of breeding programmes, introduction and selection, inheritance pattern, interspecific hybridization, polyploidy, mutation and molecular characterization. Guava cultivars growing in different countries (Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Israel, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, USA and vietnam) are also described.

Abstract This chapter discusses financial management in veterinary practice. It explains how to review a profit and loss (P&L) statement, together with the uses of a P&L statement in management.

<p>A case study of reinforced concrete chimney repair, strengthening, and finally general modernization is described. The specific local conditions and the changeable decisions of the user caused the application of three different approaches to the reconstruction works.</p>

<p>The reinforced concrete slab of the reconstructed Station Square in Berne needed to be strengthened against punching shear. The case study led to the application of a newly developed post-installed punching shear reinforcement with inclined bonded bars.</p>