Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tot-P'

The dissertation offers a reception study followed by a critical analysis of Bidsprinkaan by André P. Brink [Praying Mantis, 2005], as well as a careful study of the relevant historical and anthropological intertexts pertaining to the text. This research adds to a fuller understanding of the history of Cupido Kakkerlak and the missionaries. Brink encoded the novel with certain historical and anthropological codes, well-hidden beneath the surface of his fictional writing, thus achieving a finely balanced interaction between fact and fiction in his novelistic construct. This novelistic amalgam of the imaginative world with the historical and anthropological material, gives multidimensionality to the text which is not visible at a first superficial reading. Failing to recognize the traces to these intertexts, would result in a lesser understanding of the conflicting fields in which the main character is positioned, specifically between indigenous belief and Christianity, as well as between indigenous culture and mythology on the one hand, and western culture on the other hand. The author ‘encodes’ the novel (to use the terminology of Jakobson’s communication model) with these historical and anthropological intertexts, which the reader has to ‘decode’ in order to unlock the novel. One central technique therefore, is that of interwoven fact and fiction. This is a technique employed in most of Brink’s novels, such as ‘n Oomblik in die wind, 1975 [An Instant in the Wind], Houd-den-Bek, 1982 [A chain of voices,], Die eerste lewe van Adamastor, 1986 [The First Life of Adamastor, 1993], Inteendeel, 1993 [On the Contrary, 1993] and Duiwelskloof, 1998 [Devil’s Valley, 1998]. Khoi and San history, culture and identity also figure centrally in these novels. A further aspect of my hypothesis is suggested by the politically correct Afrikaans title, Bidsprinkaan (the common nomenclature for the praying mantis is “hotnotsgot”, which roughly translates as “hottentots’ god”, with obvious racial pejorative suggestion). Brink’s use of “bidsprinkaan” for his title, alerts the reader to contemporary political sensitivity, thus contrasting the society of two centuries ago with the present. The more sophisticated reading process followed here compares colonial and postcolonial South African societies, and attempts to tease out the implied ideological facet embedded in the novel.

Afrikaners beleef tans 'n ingrypende omgewingsverandering. Die demokratisering van die Suid-Afrikaanse staat berus nie aIleen op die formele afskaffing van rasse-apartheid nie, maar hou ook grootskaalse politieke, ekonomiese en sosiale herstrukturering in Afrikaners, wat gedurende die afgelope dekades 'n dominante rol in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing gespeel het, wou outonoom bly en hulle eie lewensvorm beskerm deur die land op etniese lyne te verdeel. Deur hulle vryheidstrewe te verbind aan 'n politieke model wat uiteindelik nie die gewensde resultaat gelewer het nie, het die gemeenskap se toekomsverwagting in gedrang gekom. Die gevolglike neiging om Afrikaners se kultuurstrewe eenlynig met apartheid en sosiale ongeregtigheid te identifiseer, eis verder kritiese verantwoording en heroriëntasie van lojale Afrikaners. Hierdie studie wil deel uitmaak van dié gesprek en tot 'n positiewe toekomsverwagting bydra. In die eerste deel word die era tussen republiekwording en grondwetlike hervorming ondersoek en 'n beeld gevorm van die uitgangspunte wat kultuurprosesse in dié tyd ten grondslag gelê het. Dit stel dus die beginpunt vas vanwaar 'n kultuurbegrip onder nuwe omstandighede moet ontwikkel. Die tweede deel stel die kultuurkritiese werk van NP van Wyk Louw aan die orde as 'n inset van buite die huidige tyd en konteks, maar as 'n hoogs aktuele bydrae om oorweeg te word. In die derde deel word daar dan sake uitgelig wat vir die vorming van 'n eie Afrikaanse kultuurbegrip onder ingrypend nuwe omstandighede, bespreek sal moet word. In die eerste deel word 'n pas afgelope stuk geskiedenis ondersoek en aspekte van 'n algemeen aanvaarde kultuurbeeld is afgelei van 'n verskeidenheid lektuur uit die betrokke tyd. Afrikanerkultuur is naamlik beskou as mensbepaald, religieus bepaald, histories bepaald, etnies bepaald en ruimtelik bepaald, sonder dat dit geïntegreerde aard daarvan ontken is. Die kultuurgemeenskap word vervolgens van naderby bekyk en daar word spesifiek aandag gegee aan afgrensing van die gemeenskap, die neiging om binne die breër Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing spesifiek apart te bly, en die kenmerkende verhouding tussen Afrikanerkultuur en struktuur. Die besondere verband wat Afrikaners gelê het tussen kultuur en nasionalisme word ook aan die orde gestel en word ondersoek aan die hand van die struktuur wat in die eerste hoofstuk voorgestel is. Die tweede deel stel Louw se kritiese werk tematies aan die orde. Na 'n algemene biografies en bibliografiese agtergrond, word Louw se oorwoë standpuntinname ten opsigte van sekere grondvrae en vertrekpunte beskou. Sy siening van die Absolute en van tradisie word bespreek, terwyl die posisie wat hy met betrekking tot die gemeenskap inneem, uit verskillende hoeke beskryf word. Sy grondliggende gemeenskapsbeskouing word aan die orde gestel en die ontwikkeling van nasionalisme in sy werke word ondersoek. Die besondere standpunte wat hy inneem ten opsigte van die bestaansreg van 'n volk en sy uitsig op die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap kom ook ter sprake. Ten slotte kom verskillende ideaalbeelde van die mens en gemeenskap wat Louw geskets het aan die beurt, naamlik die aristokratiese idee, die intellektueel en die oop gesprek. Die derde deel wil 'n bydrae lewer tot 'n eie Afrikaanse kultuurbegrip, maar aanvaar as uitgangspunt dat so 'n kultuurbegrip bestaan in die sienings en standpunte van nadenkende deelnemers en dat dit onmoontlik op enige tydstip volledig formuleerbaar sou wees. As bydrae tot hierdie gesprek word sake van belang uitgelig en beoordeel. Die oortuiging word gehandhaaf dat die ondersoekte tyd nie eenvoudig as bron van huidige probleme benader behoort te word nie, maar wil die aktualiteit van die problematiese nie buite rekening laat nie. Met hierdie veronderstelling is die resultate van die eerste deel puntsgewys krities oorweeg en verwagte groeipunte vir verdere gesprek aangetoon. Van Wyk Louw se werk word vervolgens oorweeg vir punte van besondere belang, en veral sy hantering van spanning is waardevol. Spanning funksioneer nie net as huiwerende konfrontasie nie, maar as die bestaan van ongelyksoortige of teenoorstaande sake in mekaar se teenwoordigheid. Ten slotte volg 'n paar kursoriese opmerkings wat voortspruit uit die voorgaande studie en van belang mag wees vir die huidige verantwoording van die Afrikaanse lewe, nou en in die toekoms. ENGLISH : Afrikaners are experiencing a radical change to their environment. The democratization of the South African state not only involves the formal abolishment of racial apartheid, but also large-scale political, economic and social restructuring. Afrikaners, who played a dominant role in South African society during the past few decades, wanted to remain autonomous and protect their own way of life by dividing the country along ethnic boundaries. By linking their striving for freedom to a political model that did not eventually render the desired result, the community's expectations for the future were jeopardized. The subsequent tendency to identify the cultural objective of the Afrikaner singularly with apartheid and social injustice demands further critical accounting and a reorientation from loyal Afrikaners. The study forms part of this discussion and contributes towards a positive expectation of the future. In the first section the era between the establishment of the RSA and constitutional reform is examined to provide an image of the premises on which cultural processes in this period were based. It provides a starting point for the development of a cultural concept under new circumstances. The second part involves the culturally critical work of NP van Wyk Louw as an input from outside the present time and context, but as a highly topical contribution to be considered. In the third section issues are highlighted that will have to be discussed with a view to forming a uniquely Afrikaans cultural concept under radically new circumstances. In the first section a period of recent history is examined and aspects of a generally accepted cultural profile is derived from a variety of literature. Afrikaner culture is viewed as people specific, religiously specific, historically specific, ethnically specific and spatially specific without denying its integrated nature. A closer study is subsequently made of the cultural community, and particular attention is given to the delimitation of the community, its tendency to remain separate, within the broader South African society, and the characteristic relationship between Afrikaner culture and structure. The special relation Afrikaners identify between culture and nationalism is also examined on the basis of the structure provided in the first chapter. In the second section Louw's critical work is discussed thematically. After a general biographical and bibliographical background has been given, Louw's considered standpoint on certain fundamental questions and premises is studied. His views on the Absolute and tradition are discussed, while his position with respect to the community is described from various viewpoints. His basic social views are highlighted and the development of nationalism in his work is studied. His specific standpoints with respect to a nation's right to existence and his views on the South African society are also included. Finally, different ideal images of man and society sketched by Louw are discussed, namely the aristocratic idea, the intellectual and the open discussion. The third section contributes to a uniquely Afrikaans cultural concept, but the premise is that such a concept exists in the views and standpoints of thinking participants and that it could never adequately be formulated. As contribution to this discussion; topical matters are highlighted and assessed. The conviction is that the period under investigation should not be approached simply as a source of present problems, but that the actuality of the problematical should not be ignored. On the basis of this supposition the results of the first section are considered critically point by point and expected growth points are identified for further discussion. Van Wyk Louw's work is subsequently considered for points of specific importance, and his handling of tension is particularly valuable. Tension functions not only as imminent confrontation, but as the existence of dissimilar or opposite issues in one another's presence. Finally, a few cursory remarks are made on the basis of the above study that might be of interest to the present accounting of Afrikaans life, now and in the future.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 1992.
Historical and Heritage Studies
unrestricted

Onsite wastewater treatment systems in Sweden are getting old and many of them lack sufficient phosphorus, nitrogen and organic carbon reduction. Biochar is a material that has been suggested as an alternative to the common sand or soil used in onsite wastewater treatment systems. The objective of this study was to compare the phosphorus removal capacity between three different modified biochars and one untreated biochar in a batch adsorption and column filter experiment. The modifications included impregnation of ferric chloride (FeCl3), calcium oxide (CaO) and untreated biochar mixed with the commercial phosphorus removal product Polonite. To further study nitrogen removal a filter with one vertical unsaturated section followed by one saturated horizontal flow section was installed. The batch adsorption experiment showed that CaO impregnated biochar had the highest phosphorus adsorption, i.e. of 0.30 ± 0.03 mg/g in a 3.3 mg/L phosphorus solution. However, the maximum adsorption capacity was calculated to be higher for the FeCl3 impregnated biochar (3.21 ± 0.01 mg/g) than the other biochar types. The pseudo 2nd order kinetic model proved better fit than the pseudo 1st order model for all biochars which suggest that chemical adsorption was important. Phosphorus adsorption to the untreated and FeCl3 impregnated biochar fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model best. This indicates that the adsorption can be modeled as a homogenous monolayer process. The CaO impregnated and Polonite mixed biochars fitted the Freundlich adsorption model best which is an indicative of heterogenic adsorption. CaO and FeCl3 impregnated biochars had the highest total phosphorus (Tot-P) reduction of 90 ± 8 % and 92 ± 4 % respectively. The Polonite mixed biochar had a Tot-P reduction of 65 ± 14 % and the untreated biochar had a reduction of 43 ± 24 %. However, the effluent of the CaO impregnated biochar filter acquired a red-brown tint and a precipitation that might be an indication of incomplete impregnation of the biochar. The FeCl3 effluent had a very low pH. This can be a problem if the material is to be used in full-scale treatment system together with biological treatment for nitrogen that require a higher pH. The nitrogen removal filter showed a total nitrogen removal of 62 ± 16 % which is high compared to conventional onsite wastewater treatment systems. Batch adsorption and filter experiment confirms impregnated biochar as a promising replacement or addition to onsite wastewater treatment systems for phosphorus removal. However the removal of organic carbon (as chemical oxygen demand COD) in the filters was lower than expected and further investigation of organic carbon removal needs to be studied to see if these four biochars are suitable in real onsite wastewater treatment systems.
Många av Sveriges små avloppssystem är gamla och saknar tillräcklig rening av fosfor, kväve och organiskt material. Följden är förorenat grundvatten samt övergödning i hav, sjöar och vattendrag. Lösningar för att förbättra fosfor- och kvävereningen finns på marknaden men många har visat brister i rening och robusthet. Biokol är ett material som har föreslagits som ersättare till jord eller sand i mark och infiltrationsbäddar. Denna studie syftade till att i skak- och kolonnfilterexperiment jämföra fosforreduktion mellan tre modifierade biokol och ett obehandlat biokol. Modifieringen av biokolet innebar impregnering med järnklorid (FeCl3), kalciumoxid (CaO) samt blandning med Polonite som är en kommersiell produkt för fosforrening. För att undersöka förbättring av kväverening installerades även ett filter med obehandlat biokol där en vertikal aerob modul kombinerades med en efterföljande horisontell anaerob modul. Skakstudien där biokolen skakades i 3.3 mg/L fosforlösning visade att adsorptionen var högst i det CaO-impregnerade biokolet, 0.3 ± 0.03 mg/g. Den maximala potentiella fosforadsorptionen beräknades dock vara högst för biokolet som impregnerats med FeCl3, 3.21 ± 0.01 mg/g. Skakförsöket visade också att fosforadsorptionen var främst kemisk då adsorptionen passade bättre med pseudo andra ordningens modell än pseudo första. Adsorption av fosfor på obehandlat biokol och FeCl3 impregnerat biokol modellerades bäst med Langmuir modellen, vilket tyder på en homogen adsorption. Det Polonite-blandade biokolet och CaO-impregnerade biokolet modellerades bäst med Freundlich modellen vilket är en indikation på en heterogen adsorptionsprocess. Biokol impregnerat med CaO och FeCl3 gav de högsta totalfosforreduktionerna på 90 ± 8 % respektive 92 ± 4 %. Biokolet som var blandat med Polonite hade en reduktion på 65 ± 14 % och det obehandlade biokolet 43 ± 24 %. Ett problem med filtratet från CaO-filtret var att det fick en rödbrun färg samt en fällning vilket kan ha berott på ofullständig pyrolysering och impregnering. Filtratet från det FeCl3 impregnerade biokolet hade mycket lågt pH vilket kan vara problematiskt om mikrobiologisk tillväxt i filtret för rening av kväve och organiskt material vill uppnås. Filtret för kväverening gav en total kvävereduktion på 62 ± 16 % vilket är högre än kommersiella system. Resultaten från skak och filterstudien visade på att impregnerade biokol kan ge en förbättrad fosforrening om de skulle användas i små avloppssystem. Rening av organiskt material, kemisk syreförbrukning (COD), var dock låg i alla filter och behöver studeras ytterligare för att avgöra om dessa biokol är lämpliga för småskalig avloppsvattenrening.

Eutrophication has long been an environmental problem and the effects from fertilizingarable land is a known source. The degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS)and easily soluble phosphorus (P) are different variables used in different countriesto try to predict the leaching of P from soils. The purpose of this master thesiswas to investigate what variable can be used as a predictor for leached P from soilsand to investigate what extent P leaching from the topsoil can be readsorbed inthe subsoil. The extraction method used for DPS was the Swedish standard lactateextraction and for easily soluble P were distilled water, CaCl2-solution and artificialrainwater with recipe from SMHI used. Three different soils in Sweden were used,two arable soils with different chemical properties and one forest soil. The soilswere filtered (2 mm) and put into columns since the texture was of interest ratherthan the structure. CaCl2-solution was used to saturate the samples and artificialrainwater was used for irrigation. The results showed that easily soluble P is areasonable indicator for leached P and that the subsoil affects the total leachingof P. However, no significant correlation was found between DPS and leached P,indicating that it may not be a suitable indicator of leaching. On the other hand,DPS can be seen as a reasonable indicator for easily soluble P since the correlationtest showed almost significant correlation. The results also showed that the electricconductivity in the leachate correlates to the leached P for the arable soils. For amore reliable result, more soils should be analyzed during more days.

We present a measurement of the correlation between the spins of t and (t) over bar quarks produced in proton-antiproton collisions at the Tevatron Collider at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV. We apply a matrix element technique to dilepton and single-lepton+jets final states in data accumulated with the DO detector that correspond to an integrated luminosity of 9.7 fb(-1). The measured value of the correlation coefficient in the off-diagonal basis, O-off = 0.89 +/- 0.22 (stat + syst), is in agreement with the standard model prediction, and represents evidence for a top-antitop quark spin correlation difference from zero at a level of 4.2 standard deviations. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP(3).

The measurement of the cross section of top quark pair production in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC is reported. The data sample used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.05 fb-1 . Events with an isolated electron or muon and a tau lepton decaying hadronically are used. In addition, a large missing transverse momentum and two or more energetic jets are required. At least one of the jets must be identified as originating from a b-quark. The measured cross section, σtt̄ = 178 ± 12 stat. ± 18 sys. ± 7 lumi. pb, is in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction.

This study investigated service excellence and hospitality in a healthcare setting. It is unique from other hospitality research in that it considers hospitality and service excellence as separate concepts, applicable across industries. Part of the premise of this study explores how hospitality extends past service excellence to create a comfortable and welcoming environment to combat patient anxiety and stress. Furthermore, this is one of the first qualitative studies on the importance of service excellence and hospitality in the healthcare industry. This case study measured top management's perceptions of service excellence and hospitality within one community-based hospital located in Orlando, Florida. The researcher conducted one-hour interviews with twelve leading managers to gain their opinions of service excellence and hospitality within their organization. Consistent with a thorough review of literature, three conclusions were revealed: 1) there is a strong, but mixed, top management commitment to service excellence and hospitality throughout organization; 2) the terms "service excellence" and "hospitality", when used, were discussed interchangeably as if the two theories were equivalent; and 3) External barriers to the patient experience that were identified included improvement of technology, increased consumerism, quality regulations, and workforce deficits. Internal barriers to the patient experience include communication and inconsistency. The research provided implications to healthcare organizations that are looking to implement practices of hospitality and service management to improve service delivery. Additionally, the study of hospitality outside the industry offers ideas of improvement for hospitality management and organizational researchers. It can also be used as a foundation to formulate additional studies in the area of service excellence and hospitality within the healthcare field, as this research is limited to only top management's views.
M.S.
Rosen College of Hospitality Management
Rosen College of Hospitality Management
Hospitality and Tourism Management MS;

The main objective of this study was to document, systematize and analyse the contributions of some leading Physical Educationists to the establishment and development of Physical Education in South Africa. The main methodological approach used to realise this objective was the historical-analytical method, by which the data were systematized and analysed thematically and chronologically. With a view to the systematization of data, tilt! following main aspects were chosen according to which the contributions were analysed: • Training and instruction • Research and publications • Administrative and organisational aspects - in particular to Physical Educational and sports associations and professional journals. Although several factors were considered in determining the value of the contributions, the emphasis fell on the nature, extent and quality of the contributions made in the fields already mentioned. To do research on only a few Physical Educationalists, a selection had to be made from 35 leading persons in this field in South Africa. Information on the work, approaches and involvement of these 35 persons were obtained by personal interviews and correspondence, and by studying documents, annual reports, minutes, journals, newspapers, dissertations and theses. After the relevant information had been gathered, the following criteria were applied to analyse the contributions of the chosen persons and to select three of them for further study: 1. Training and instruction 1.1. Establishment and development of the subject 1.1.1. Administrative control over training and instruction 1.1.2. Institution of courses and subjects, as well as the compilation of syllabuses 1.1.3. Implementation and expansion of facilities and equipment 1.1.4. Methods of presentation and aids used 1.2. Personal influence 2. Research 2.1. Own research 2.2. Project leadership and assistance to students 2.3. Publications 2.4. Papers presented 3. Administrative and organising aspects 3.1. Associations for Physical Education 3.2. Sports associations 3.3. Physical Educational journals 3.4. Festivals and public appearances 3.5. Other projects, such as fitness programmes and film production The application of this set of criteria to the nature, extent and quality of the work by the previously mentioned 35 persons facilitated the selection process, but still could not succeed in pinpointing only three persons for the study. For this reason, additional criteria were chosen according to which three persons could responsibly be selected. These criteria were connected with aspects such as the geographical regions where the persons worked for the longest periods of time; the particular subjects or fields of interest in which they specialised; the specific fields in which they made their most important contributions; and the period in which they made the contributions. On the basis of these additional criteria, the following three persons were selected: J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and D.P.J. Smith The contributions of these three persons to the development of the subject of Physical Education in South Africa were dealt with under the following headings: 1. Biographical sketch 2. Views on Physical Education and sport 3. Contributions to training and instruction 4. Research contributions 5. Contributions particular to Physical Educational and sports associations and professional journals To provide the necessary background information and to get a dear picture of the position these three persons had in the history of Physical Education in South Africa, as well as the conditions in which they had to work, one chapter was set aside for a survey of the development of Physical Education in South Africa between 1900 and 1982. Following that, the contributions of J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and O.P.J. Smith to the development of the subject were dealt with in separate chapters. During the study the following conclusions were drawn with regard to the contributions of J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and D.P.J. Smith to the development of Physical Education in South Africa. J W POSTMA Postma's contribution should be viewed in the light of the circumstances in which Physical Education was presented at that time. These were the formative years of Physical Education and Postma had to do pioneering work in various fields. Whereas certain aspects of the subject are nowadays being taken for granted, Postma then had to fight for the subject's right of existence. Postma's most important contribution with regard to the training of students of Physical Education was his management and the development of the Department of Physical Education at the University of Stellenbosch. He made a special contribution to the institution and development of courses and subjects, as well as the drafting of syllabuses. He was responsible for the institution of the section of Tests and Measurements in the Physical Education course at the Department. The importance of including this section in a Physical Education course has since been realised by other educational institutions. It is therefore largely owing to Postma (as well as Smith) that Tests and Measurements (later called Evaluation) was included in the courses for Physical Education students in South Africa. Besides Tests and Measurements, Postma also contributed to other theoretical sections of the subject such as Anthropometry, Principles, Method and Organisation, and Administration. He expanded factual knowledge on these subjects at Physical Education Departments throughout South Africa by means of publications and papers. Postma also strove for the implementation of better training facilities, especially in research. He also saw to it that the most vital scientific reference works and journals were made available to Physical Education students. Postma was an enthusiastic lecturer• and inspired his students. Postma's most important contribution in the field of research lies in the fact that he was one of the first Physical Educationalists in South Africa to begin research on the subject. Not only did he personally undertake many research projects, but he also inspired his students to do research and gave them valuable critical guidance in their work. The fact that Postma was an expert in the field of Physical Education as a whole, led to several publications on a wide spectrum of subsections within the subject. The large number of publications for which he was responsible, ensured that his views on the subject were propagated throughout South Africa. His book Inleiding tot die Liggaamlike Opvoedkunde should be seen as his biggest and most important research contribution to the development of the subject. Postma's involvement with Physical Educational journals and organisations in South Africa ensured growth in these two fields of the subject. Postma made a particularly valuable contribution to the development of the South African Association for Sport Science, Physical Education and Recreation. He was responsible in various capacities and in several fields for the establishment and development of this organisation. He can be seen as one of the most important founder members of this body, which came to be known as SAASSPER, and which is highly esteemed. C.M. SMIT As was the case with Postma, Smit had to pioneer and found the subject and had to fight for its development and survival. His contributions were especially in the following fields: the establishment and development of Physical Education at schools and Physical Educational organisations; the establishment and development of Physical Education and sport at the University of Pretoria; the development of the subject by means of research and publications, as well as through services rendered to Physical Educational and sports associations. With regard to the development of training and instruction as part of Physical Education, Smit did important work in two aspects. In the first instance, he did pioneering work as the first organiser of Physical Education at the Union Education Department and the National Advisory Council for Physical Education (NACPE). He had the gigantic task of establishing Physical Education at the widely diffused schools of the Union Education Department and to advise all voluntary physical culture clubs throughout the country. To succeed in this, he had to design new systems, present training courses, give professional advice, decide on the purchase and supply of Physical Educational and sports equipment, and manage several administrative affairs. One of Smit's biggest assets was his ability to instill in teachers and instructors his own knowledge, love and enthusiasm for Physical Education. During his involvement with the Union Education Department and NACPE Smit was responsible for the compilation of the national syllabus for Physical Education in South Africa. This can rightly be seen as one of Smit's most important contributions to improve the instruction of Physical Education in South Africa. Secondly, Smit made a great contribution to promote the training and instruction of Physical Education in South Africa by the work he did as professor at the Depa1•tment of Physical Education and as Director of the Institute for Physical Education at the University of Pretoria. He had to establish and manage both these departments. He was responsible for the creation of sport structures at the University of Pretoria, the planning and development of sport grounds, the purchase of equipment and for adv1sing sport clubs. As head of the Department of Physical Education, he had a big part in the instituting and developing courses and subjects, as well as in making adjustments and changes to upgrade the quality of training of Physical Education students. The standard of training was improved further by Smit's constant efforts to increase the quality of the facilities used in training. In this regard, special mention has to be made of the construction of the building in which the Department of Physical Education is housed, and the building of the L. C. de Villiers Stadium and sport grounds. The efficient way in which Smit managed the Department of Physical Education led to the expedient and effective training of students. Apart from the efficient control which Smit had over the Physical Education building and its staff, he also made an effort to maintain good relation between the personnel and students. For example, he took the initiative in organising Physical Education tours and forming a Physical Education Society at the University of Pretoria. Because of the heavy work load that Smit had to bear during his employment at the University of Pretoria and the Union Education Department, he had little time left for research work and publications. He tried to expand his knowledge of the subject by studying publications, undertaking study tours and attending conferences on Physical Education. His contribution to research on the subject consisted of some research projects he completed on his own, as well as guidance to post-graduate students. With regard to publications, he was responsible for some books (mostly as co-author) and several articles published in journals such as Physical Education and Vigor. Smit contributed his services to outside organisations. He was involved in the South African Association for Sport Science, Physical Education and Recreation from r its inception. During this time he acted as chairman (1952) and worked on several of the organisation's committees. Apart from being involved in several branches of sport at the University of Pretoria, he also offered his services to national and provincial sport bodies. D.P.J. SMITH As was the case with Postma and Smit, Smith's contributions to the development of Physical Education in South Africa should be seen against the circumstances surrounding the subject at that time. Because the subject was not given recognition, Smith had to do pioneering work in many fields. He was one of the few Physical Educationalists who succeeded in making a balanced contribution to each of the following aspects of the subject: training, research and services rendered to outside organisations. Smith's contributions in the field of training are mainly related to his involvement with the Potchefstroom Teachers' Training College and the Potchefstroom University. He was the first person to be permanently appointed as lecturer of Physical Education at the Potchefstroom University. In this capacity he was not only responsible for the training of Physical Education students, but also for the organis11tion and presentation of advancement classes for teachers. In both cases Smith did pioneering work, especially in the establishment and development of Physical Education courses and subjects, as well as the compilation of syllabuses for these subjects. Because of his efforts to improve the quality and quantity of Physical Educational facilities and equipment at the College, the standard of instruction improved. During this time Smith was also responsible for the organisation and presentation of several exhibitions related to Physical Education. In this way the public was introduced to the nature, content and methods of instruction of the subject, and prospective students were motivated and recruited. Smith's work as lecturer, marked by enthusiasm, energy and purposefulness in presenting the subject, played a definite role in improving the standard of training at the College's Department of Physical Education. The contributions Smith made to training during his involvement with the Potchehtroom University, can be summarised as follows: In the first place he established and developed the Department of Physical Education at the University. Due to his capable administration of the Department, the training of students could be effected successfully and effectively. In the second place Smith did pioneering work in the institution of courses and subjects, as well as the compilation of syllabuses. He saw to it that the contents of the courses were scientific, applicable and practical. In the third instance, the quality of instruction which Smith offered his students was exceptionally high. Not only were his lectures well prepared, systematic and of a high standard, but his method of presentation was also stimulating, interesting and very effective. His example had a positive influence on his students. In the fourth instance, the standard of instruction was improved due to the acquisition of better facilities and equipment, which was largely the result of Smith's efforts. Smith's contributions in the field of research in Physical Education can be summarised as follows: He did pioneering work in establishing research in Physical Education at the Potchefstroom University. He provided expert and inspired guidance to students in their own research projects. He maintained good contact with experts and remained informed on new developments in the subject by attending conferences and symposia. He was responsible for several publications which were scientific, orderly and polished. With regard to services rendered to outside organisations, Smith made large and valuable contributions. Apart from his involvement with organisations such as the Road Safety Council and the Church, Smith did extremely valuable work for Physical Educational and sports associations. He was involved in the research section and several committees of the Physical Educational organisation SAASSPER, and made valuable contributions during discussions at its conferences. In the field of sport, he offered his services in various capacities, such as coach, administrator, selector, official and president, on club and national level. Although he was principally concerned with athletics and tennis, his assistance was valuable to sportsmen across the board. For him it was his life's work to be of service to sportsmen and sports women. He was also of service to the public through his involvement with several fitness projects. In the 1940's he presented exercise classes to the public in Parys, and during the 1960's and 70's he played a leading role in fitness projects launched by the National Fitness Scheme. CONCLUSION This study showed that the following three leading South African Physical Educationalists - J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and D.P.J. Smith - had made valuable contributions to the development of Physical Education in South Africa. Their contributions were analysed under the following headings: Training and instruction Research and publications Administrative and organising aspects - in particular to Physical Educational and sports associations and professional journals All three of them succeeded to a large extent in maintaining a healthy balance between these three aspects of their work. The researcher hopes that this study will give the Physical Educationalist of today new insight into the origins of this subject and that there will be a renewed appreciation of the work done by the pioneers of Physical Education in South Africa.
Proefskrif (DEd)--PU vir CHO, 1987

The inclusive cross section of top quark-antiquark pairs produced in p (p) over bar collisions at root s = 1.96 TeV is measured in the lepton + jets and dilepton decay channels. The data sample corresponds to 9.7 fb(-1) of integrated luminosity recorded with the D0 detector during Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. Employing multivariate analysis techniques we measure the cross section in the two decay channels and we perform a combined cross section measurement. For a top quark mass of 172.5 GeV, we measure a combined inclusive top quark-antiquark pair production cross section of sigma(t<(t)over bar) = 7.26 +/- 0.13(stat)(-0.50)(+0.57) (syst) pb which is consistent with standard model predictions. We also perform a likelihood fit to the measured and predicted top quark mass dependence of the inclusive cross section, which yields a measurement of the pole mass of the top quark. The extracted value is m(t) = 172.8 +/- 1.1(theo)(-3.1)(+3.3) (exp) GeV.

Näringsämnena har en stor betydelse för sötvattnets organismer och ekosystem, varav de vanligaste näringsämnena som även är de viktigaste är fosfor (P), kväve (N) samt kol (C). Näringsämnena kommer inte enbart till sjön via nedfall och fixering utav mycket av näringsämnena kommer in till en sjö via vattendrag som till exempel älvar där Klarälven räknas in som en av Sveriges älvar. Syftet med denna studie är att ta fram en tidstrend mellan åren 1996 och 2013 för näringsämnena totalfosfor, totalkväve och TOC (totalt organiskt kol) för tio lokaler i norra Vänern för att kunna avgöra om de är lika, om det är något år som sticker ut, om det finns någon påverkan av Klarälven för de sjölokaler som tas upp och se om värdena av näringshalter kan kopplas till fiskförekomsten. Data samlades in och plottades i diagram för att kunna jämföras med varandra. Med sjölokalernas näringsvärde gjordes korrelationstester med älvarnas näringshalter för att se samband och därefter gjorde korrelation med sjölokalernas näringsvärden med andelen skördad fisk i samma lokaler. Resultatet visade att Ölman och Ölmeviken är väldigt eutrofierade medan resterande lokaler hade oligotrofa eller mesotrofa vatten och översvämningen i Karlstad 2000 visade avtryck i tidstrenden. Klarälvens påverkan på sjölokalerna visade sig inte vara så stor utan samband upptäcktes enbart mellan Kaplansådran och Hammarösjön för totalkvävet och för TOC upptäcktes samband mellan Hammarösjön och Sätterholmsfjärden med Kaplansådran.
The nutrient is very important for fresh water organisms and ecosystems, of which the most common nutrients also is the most important is phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). The nutrients will not only come into a lake through deposition and fixation, much of the nutrients is coming into the lake through rivers such as Klarälven in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to develop a temporal and spatial trend during 1996-2013 for the nutrients total phosphorus, total nitrogen and TOC (total organic carbon) for ten premises in northern Lake Vänern to determine if they are equal, if it is a year that stands out from the rest, if there is any influence of Klarälven for the lake premises and see if the values of the nutrient concentrations can be linked to the presence of fish. Data were collected and plotted in graphs to be compared with each other. Correlation test was made with the lake premises nutrient values and rivers nutrient value to see if there was a connection between the locations, same correlation was also made between the lake premises nutrient values and the percentage of fish harvested in the same premises. The result showed that Ölman and Ölmeviken is very eutrophic, while the remaining premises hade oligotrophic or mesotrophic water and the flooding in Karlstad in 2000 showed imprint in the time trend. The impact of Klarälven on the lake premises proved to not be so great, but the context was detected only between Kaplansådran and Hammarösjön for the total nitrogen and correlation for TOC between Hammarösjön and Sätterholmsfjärden with Kaplansådran was also detected.

L’activité caravanière qui fit la richesse et la renommée du royaume nabatéen durant les époques hellénistique et romaine nous est essentiellement connue par quelques passages extraits des œuvres de Diodore de Sicile et de Strabon. La multiplication, depuis une vingtaine d’années, des programmes de fouilles à Pétra et sur différents sites du royaume, mais également dans les régions avoisinantes, permet aujourd’hui d’envisager un réexamen de la question du commerce nabatéen à la lumière des données archéologiques. Cette thèse se compose de six chapitres. Après un premier chapitre introductif visant à replacer la problématique dans son cadre géographique et historique, le deuxième chapitre répertorie les ressources naturelles du royaume et analyse, pour chacune d’entre elles, la possibilité d’une exploitation commerciale par les Nabatéens. Dans un troisième chapitre, en confrontant les données archéologiques aux nombreux textes littéraires grecs et latins concernant les produits orientaux importés dans le bassin méditerranéen à l’époque gréco-romaine, nous dressons un inventaire des marchandises potentiellement concernées par le commerce nabatéen. Le chapitre suivant est consacré à l’étude des monnaies et de la circulation monétaire dans le royaume. La question des échanges est ensuite appréhendée à partir du matériel archéologique : céramique, verre, métal, pierre. Le sixième chapitre, consacré aux données épigraphiques, s’attache à étudier la répartition des inscriptions nabatéennes le long des routes commerciales et à en analyser le contenu lorsque celui-ci à trait aux questions économiques. En conclusion, à partir de l’ensemble de ces données, nous proposons un réexamen des différents circuits commerciaux empruntés par les Nabatéens dans une perspective diachronique, permettant de réévaluer la place du royaume nabatéen au sein des réseaux commerciaux de l’Antiquité hellénistique et romaine
The caravan trade which made the prosperity of the Nabataean kingdom during the hellenistic and the roman periods is mainly known by a few passages from Diodorus of Sicily and Strabo. Since twenty years, the numerous excavation programs which took place in Petra and on other sites of the kingdom, but also in neighboring regions, now allows us to review the question of the Nabataean trade in the light of archaeological datas. This dissertation consists of six chapters. After the first introductory chapter which puts the issue in its geographical and historical context, the second section lists the natural resources of the kingdom and analyzes for each of them, the possibility of a commercial exploitation by the Nabataeans. In the third chapter, archaeological evidences and Classical litterature about eastern products imported into the Mediterranean during the Greco-Roman period are confronted in order to stand an inventory of goods potentially affected by the Nabataean trade. The next chapter is devoted to the study of coins and of the monetary circulation in the kingdom. The issue of trade is then apprehended from archaeological artefacts: ceramics, glass, metal, stone. In the sixth chapter, devoted to epigraphic datas, we study the distribution of Nabataean inscriptions along the trade roads and we analyze their content when it relates to economic issues. In conclusion, from all of these datas, we propose a review in time and space of the various commercial itineraries taken by the Nabataeans in order to reassess the place of the Nabataean kingdom into commercial networks of the Hellenistic and Roman Antiquity

Introduite en Chine à la fin du XIXe siècle, mais bannie pendant presque trois décennies par le pouvoir communiste, la sociologie renaît de ses cendres à la fin des années 1970 dans le nouveau contexte des réformes économiques. Le rétablissement de cette science sociale en Chine offre un cas critique d'analyse des conditions politiques, sociales et intellectuelles d'existence de la discipline. Pour analyser ce processus de reconstitution, cette recherche retrace, dans un premier temps, l'introduction de la sociologie en Chine avant sa suppression dans les années 1950. Le rappel de ce contexte historique permet de mettre en lumière, dans une seconde partie, les enjeux théoriques et méthodologiques soulevés par le rétablissement de la discipline. La troisième partie s'attache à reconstituer le processus complexe et contradictoire de construction d'une normativité scientifique, à travers les débats sur la "sinisation" de la sociologie, le rôle des experts et des intellectuels, ainsi que l'engagement des différentes générations de sociologues chinois et leurs interactions avec divers acteurs sociaux, en particulier les élites politiques. La quatrième partie examine enfin comment les sociologues chinois ont formulé et répondu à certaines interrogations centrales qui définissent les "sociologies de la modernité" et traitent de la construction des sociétés modernes - la question de la "différenciation sociale" ainsi que les relations entre l'État et la société dans la Chine des réformes - tout en proposant, à travers le thème de la "transition" de la société chinoise, une relecture du communisme et de ses transformations
Introduced in China by the end of the ninetieth century, but banished for almost three decades by the communist power, sociology rises from its ashes at the end of the 1970s in the new context of economic reforms. The rebirth of this social science in China provides a critical case for the study of the political, social and intellectual conditions essential for the discipline. To understand this reconstitution process, my object is first to redraw the introduction of sociology in China before its suppression in the 1950s. Taking into account this historical background, I present, in a second part, both the theoretical and methodological challenges that are at stake in this research. The third part provides enlightenments on the complex and contradictory process towards scientific normativity, through debates such as the sinisation of sociology, the role of experts and intellectuals, as well as the commitment patterns of different generations of sociologists and their interactions with various social actors, especially with political elites. I finally examine, in a fourth part, how Chinese sociologists have formulated and answered some central interrogations which define the "sociologies of modernity" and deal with the construction of modern societies - the issue of "social differenciation" as well as the relations between State and society in China reform-era – while providing, through the issue of the "transition" of Chinese society, a new understanding of communism and of its transformations

More people are striving for increased levels of educational attainment as a result of a global shift towards a more knowledge based economy. Schools and communities have adjusted to this societal change by seeking alignment along the educational pipeline from preschool (P) to graduate school (20), otherwise known as P-20 reform. This reform often develops with the collaboration and guidance of specific P-20 leadership councils that exist at both the local and state levels. The main purpose of this qualitative study was to go beyond the mere descriptions of P-20 councils to examine the policy pathways chosen by P-20 councils, specifically the relationship between policy context, design, and implementation of P-20 reform. Texas and Tennessee were selected as case sites for a cross comparison policy analysis that utilized interviews and document analysis to examine leadership and contextual influences to the reform, with a focus on state and local P-20 councils. An interpretive theoretical framework helped garner the meaning-making of policy leaders throughout the movement’s existence, while Kingdon’s multiple streams model helped organize the episodic nature of policy. Findings showed varied approaches within and between states leading to mixed levels of sustained P-20 councils and leadership. Finally, best practices for P-20 councils are shared as the problems P-20 seeks to address continue to persist and the P-20 movement adapts to a changing local and national context focused on college and career readiness.

The initiation, bloom, and bust of harmful Cyanobacteria and algae blooms (HAB) in lakes are controlled by top-down and bottom-up ecological controls. Excess phosphorous and nitrogen inputs from anthropogenic sources are primary to blame, but eukaryotic grazers may also promote or curb Cyanobacteria dominance. We tracked shifts in bacterial composition, lake chemistry, and eukaryotic grazing community weekly or bi-weekly through spring and summer and modeled the causes of specific Cyanobacterial species blooms and busts across three lakes in Utah, USA, with differing lake trophic states. Regardless of trophic status, all three lakes experienced blooms of varying composition and duration. Aphanizomenon strain MDT14a was the most dominant species in every bloom on Utah Lake, comprising up to 44.16% of the bacterial community. Utah Lake experienced a total of 18 blooms across all sites ranging in duration from one to six weeks. Phormidiaceae sp. (8.5  6.1%) and Microcystis sp. (9.7  4.7%) were the most abundant species in the Deer Creek bloom. Deer creek experienced one bloom at the beginning of fall. Nodularia sp. (9.7  2.1) dominated Great Salt Lake bloom. The Great Salt Lake experienced four separate blooms during the summer months that lasted one to three weeks. Phosphorous concentrations on Utah Lake varied across site and season. Nitrate concentrations on Deer Creek increased over season with a ten-fold increase in concentration. We characterized Cyanobacteria blooms as either bloom communities (growing populations of Cyanobacteria) or as bust communities (declining populations of Cyanobacteria). Using these designations, we modeled the growth and decline of the Cyanobacteria populations across season with top-down and bottom up-controls. Based on generalized least-squared modeling, eukaryotic grazing does not affect relative Cyanobacteria abundances as much as nutrient limitations. Aphanizomenom strain MDT14a was positively correlated with temperature (P < 0.028) and the concentration of K (P = 0.007) and negatively correlated with increases in conductivity (P = 0.0088). Microcystis was positively correlated with increasing levels of SRP (P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with higher Ca concentrations (P = 0.008) and PP (P = 0.008). Busts of Microcystis were related to decreases in nitrate (P = 0.06) and lower total lake depths (P = 0.03). Phormidiaceae sp. relative abundance was negatively correlated with higher levels of TDN (P = 0.01-0.001) and Mg (P = 0.01) and positively correlated with higher S concentrations (P = 0.007). Our findings suggest that micronutrients and more bioavailable forms of P may potentially allow Cyanobacteria to break dormancy and proliferate HAB communities.

ATLAS, LHC, quark b, quark top, étiquetage des jets issus de quark b, calibration des algorithmes d'étiquetage des jets issus de quark b, quarks top-antitop, section efficace, section efficace différentielle des paires top-antitop, masse du top, rapidité du top, nouvelle physique.

EVANGELISTA, I. S. Compact almost Ricci soliton, critical metrics of the total scalar curvature functional and p-fundamental tone estimates. 2017. 75 f. Tese (Doutorado em Matemática) – Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017.
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The present thesis is divided in three different parts. The aim of the first part is to prove that a compact almost Ricci soliton with null Cotton tensor is isometric to a standard sphere provided one of the following conditions associated to the Schouten tensor holds: the second symmetric function is constant and positive; two consecutive symmetric functions are non null multiple or some symmetric function is constant and the quoted tensor is positive. The aim of the second part is to study the critical metrics of the total scalar curvature funcional on compact manifolds with constant scalar curvature and unit volume, for simplicity, CPE metrics. It has been conjectured that every CPE metric must be Einstein. We prove that the Conjecture is true for CPE metrics under a suitable integral condition and we also prove that it suffices the metric to be conformal to an Einstein metric. In the third part we estimate the p-fundamental tone of submanifolds in a Cartan-Hadamard manifold. First we obtain lower bounds for the p-fundamental tone of geodesic balls and submanifolds with bounded mean curvature. Moreover, we provide the p-fundamental tone estimates of minimal submanifolds with certain conditions on the norm of the second fundamental form. Finally, we study transversely oriented codimension one C 2-foliations of open subsets Ω of Riemannian manifolds M and obtain lower bounds estimates for the infimum of the mean curvature of the leaves in terms of the p-fundamental tone of Ω.
A presente tese está dividida em três partes diferentes. O objetivo da primeira parte é provar que um quase soliton de Ricci compacto com tensor de Cotton nulo é isométrico a uma esfera canônica desde que uma das seguintes condições associadas ao tensor de Schouten seja válida: a segunda função simétrica é constante e positiva; duas funções simétricas consecutivas são múltiplas, não nulas, ou alguma função simétrica é constante e o tensor de Schouten é positivo. O objetivo da segunda parte é estudar as métricas críticas do funcional curvatura escalar total em variedades compactas com curvatura escalar constante e volume unitário, por simplicidade, métricas CPE. Foi conjecturado que toda métrica CPE deve ser Einstein. Prova-se que a conjectura é verdadeira para as métricas CPE sob uma condição integral adequada e também se prova que é suficiente que a métrica seja conforme a uma métrica Einstein. Na terceira parte, estima-se o p-tom fundamental de subvariedades em uma variedade tipo Cartan-Hadamard. Primeiramente, obtém-se estimativas por baixo para o p-tom fundamental de bolas geodésicas e em subvariedades com curvatura média limitada. Além disso, obtém-se estimativas do p-tom fundamental de subvariedades mínimas com certas condições sobre a norma da segunda forma fundamental. Por fim, estudam-se folheações de classe C 2 transversalmente orientadas de codimensão 1 de subconjuntos abertos Ω de variedades riemannianas M e obtêm-se estimativas por baixo para o ínfimo da curvatura média das folhas em termos do p-tom fundamental de Ω.

Background and problem: The impact on the stock market of macroeconomic factors have been analyzed in several earlier studies. These are forces constantly changing and thereby they contribute to changing the supply and demand of stocks. The fact that macroeconomic variables have affected the top performing stocks of the OMXSPI during 2004 – 2018, in terms of performance, plays an important part of the study. Different authors have recognized different factors to affect the stock price development and there has not yet been established an explanation of the determinants of stock prices. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the stocks that continuously have had a development superior to the OMXSPI, and therefore have contributed the most to the development of the OMXSPI during 2004 – 2018. Moreover, the study analyzes the drivers that have contributed to the performance of these stocks. Furthermore, the study clarifies which factors that have contributed to the development of the P/E and the EV/EBITDA of the top performers. Methodology: The study followed a quantitative and deductive approach. The Swedish stock market was analyzed with a focus on the OMXSPI were the top performing stocks of this index were identified through a screening process. Moreover, the top performers were put against the OMXSPI in different time periods to compare the performance. Furthermore, multiples of these top performers and the sectors which they trade in were calculated in order to compare the multiples to each other, with the purpose of analyzing them relative to each other in different time periods. Conclusion: From the findings it could be established very similar patterns between the top performers and the OMXSPI. The difference mainly being that the top performers in every sequence experienced a superior development than the OMXSPI, but also greater declines during short sequences. Moreover, the tables displayed remarkable returns of the top performers and the aggregated top performers traded at premium levels in all analyzed time periods.

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The gallium-68 (68Ga), an extremely promising positron-emitting radionuclide, has major advantages when compared to other radionuclides used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET), like fluor-18 and carbon-11. Differently from these PET radionuclides, gallium-68 is available from a 68Ge/68Ga generator, which allows its distribution even in nuclear medicine centers located far from cyclotrons. In recent years, an increase in the use of 68Ga PET radiopharmacy was observed around the world. However, in Brazil there is still only four centers with this technology available, mainly due to the difficulty in the access. Radiopharmaceuticals used for diagnostics are scarcely accessible in our country. Among radiopharmaceuticals most used around the world are the DOTA-peptides, somatostatin analogs for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. Considering the present scenario, this study aimed to develop a diagnostic kit of DOTA-TOC for labeling with 68Ga, with high radiolabeling yield and high radiochemical purity, thus stimulating the use of this innovative radionuclide in Brazil.
O G?lio-68 (68Ga), um radionucl?deo emissor de p?sitrons extremamente promissor, apresenta grandes vantagens quando comparado a outros radionucl?deos para uso em Tomografia por Emiss?o de P?sitrons (PET), como o fl?or-18 e carbono-11. Diferentemente destes radionucl?deos, que s?o produzidos em c?clotrons, o 68Ga ? produzido em gerador a partir de um radionucl?deo de longa vida ?til, o Germ?nio-68 (68Ge), o que permite sua distribui??o mesmo em centros de Medicina Nuclear que se localizem muito distantes de c?clotrons. Apesar de a radiofarm?cia com 68Ga ter se desenvolvido muito nos ?ltimos anos em todo o mundo, o Brasil ainda tem somente quatro centros que possuem essa tecnologia dispon?vel. Isto se deve especialmente ? dificuldade de utiliza??o, j? que os pept?deos necess?rios para a marca??o dos radiof?rmacos s?o importados. Dentre os radiof?rmacos que est?o sendo mais utilizados no mundo, destacam-se os DOTA-pept?deos, an?logos da somatostatina utilizados no diagn?stico de tumores de origem neuroend?crina. Diante do cen?rio atual, este trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de um kit diagn?stico de DOTA-TOC para marca??o com 68Ga, com altos rendimento de marca??o e pureza radioqu?mica, e, assim, estimular a utiliza??o desse radionucl?deo inovador no Brasil.

Transfer of drugs into milk and the clearance of drugs in neonates are critical determinants of the exposure of infants to drugs in breast milk. Models predicting both parameters have been proposed. The objective of this dissertation is to test two models predicting milk to serum ratio and an ontogeny clearance model predicting clearance in the neonate. Predicted milk to serum ratio (M/S) values were generated according to the Atkinson and Begg model. The model did not adequately predict M/S when comparing the predicted values to observed values in the literature. The Fleishaker model was also tested. The model was able to predict whether the drugs appeared in milk by passive diffusion only or whether active transport processes were involved. This model, together with appropriate animal models, is useful in understanding the mechanism of drug transfer into milk. An ontogeny model that predicts clearance was proposed earlier by our laboratory. In order to test the model prediction and assumptions of constant microsomal protein and constant Km for an enzyme-substrate system with age, the male rat was used as an animal model. The ontogeny of Cyp3a1, Cyp3a2, Mdr1a and Mdr1b mRNA was examined in the male rat liver and intestine. The ontogeny pattern of Cyp3a2 mRNA, protein and in vitro Cyp3a activity were found to be similar in male rat liver. The microsomal protein content was found to vary with age in the liver. Km was found to be constant with age for the midazolam 4-hydroxylation by male rat liver microsomes. Scaling factors that extrapolate adult clearance to infant clearance were calculated from in vitro data. The model did not predict the in vivo oral clearance of midazolam for day 7 and 21 age groups from the 112 day age group (adult). The assumption that intestinal availability in the rat pups and adults was equal to unity might not be true resulting in overprediction of rat pup clearance when compared to the adult. Intestinal first pass effect for midazolam in adult rats might be significant. More experiments are needed to further test the model adequacy in clearance prediction.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Among the sheep parasites, Haemonchus contortus is the most prevalent and pathogenic nematode in tropical areas, causing huge economic losses. Alterations in the gene encoding the membrane P-glycoprotein (PgP) have been associated with multidrug resistance. The goal of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the PgP gene in H. contortus by comparing two isolates with different status of anthelmintic resistance. For this purpose, two ewes were experimentally infected, one with a susceptible H. contortus isolate (McMaster, Australia) and the other with a multidrug-resistant isolate (Embrapa2010, Brazil). Feces from infected animals were submitted to coproculture in order to obtain larvae and, after the slaughter of the ewes, adults H. contortus were collected from abomasum and individually submitted to DNA extraction. For the evaluation of potential molecular markers of geographic isolation, larvae originating from coprocultures of two other Brazilian isolates (Bahia and Pernambuco), with no determined resistance status, were also submitted to DNA extraction. After PCR amplification of DNA extracted from adults H. contortus, a fragment of the PgP gene was sequenced and six SNPs (position described in relation to the sequence of contig 004690 from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute) were identified : 508 (A> G in exon), 580 (G> A), 601 (G> C), 800 (G> A), 845 (G> T), and 878 (G> T), the last five in introns. The Fisher's exact test, applying the Bonferroni correction, revealed a significant association (P<0.01) between 508, 580, 601, 845 and 878 SNPs and the state of resistance to anthelmintics. Among these SNPs, 601 and 878 are in linkage disequilibrium and form the CC haplotype associated (P < 0.05) to resistance and the GG haplotype associated to susceptibility. Considering that there is considerable genetic differentiation between different continental areas in H. contortus, the frequencies of the SNPs were compared between the Brazilian isolates and the susceptible Australian one. It was found that the SNPs 580 and 845 may be associated with geographic isolation. We conclude that the 508, 601 and 878 SNPs in the P-glycoprotein gene can be molecular markers for multiple resistance to anthelmintics, and that the 580 and 845 SNPs can be candidate markers of geographical isolation in H. contortus. We developed software for Risk Analysis Development of Parasitic Resistance to Anthelmintics in Sheep (SARA) which will provide information that may guide the rational use of anthelmintics.
Among the sheep parasites, Haemonchus contortus is the most prevalent and pathogenic nematode in tropical areas, causing huge economic losses. Alterations in the gene encoding the membrane P-glycoprotein (PgP) have been associated with multidrug resistance. The goal of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the PgP gene in H. contortus by comparing two isolates with different status of anthelmintic resistance. For this purpose, two ewes were experimentally infected, one with a susceptible H. contortus isolate (McMaster, Australia) and the other with a multidrug-resistant isolate (Embrapa2010, Brazil). Feces from infected animals were submitted to coproculture in order to obtain larvae and, after the slaughter of the ewes, adults H. contortus were collected from abomasum and individually submitted to DNA extraction. For the evaluation of potential molecular markers of geographic isolation, larvae originating from coprocultures of two other Brazilian isolates (Bahia and Pernambuco), with no determined resistance status, were also submitted to DNA extraction. After PCR amplification of DNA extracted from adults H. contortus, a fragment of the PgP gene was sequenced and six SNPs (position described in relation to the sequence of contig 004690 from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute) were identified : 508 (A> G in exon), 580 (G> A), 601 (G> C), 800 (G> A), 845 (G> T), and 878 (G> T), the last five in introns. The Fisher's exact test, applying the Bonferroni correction, revealed a significant association (P<0.01) between 508, 580, 601, 845 and 878 SNPs and the state of resistance to anthelmintics. Among these SNPs, 601 and 878 are in linkage disequilibrium and form the CC haplotype associated (P < 0.05) to resistance and the GG haplotype associated to susceptibility. Considering that there is considerable genetic differentiation between different continental areas in H. contortus, the frequencies of the SNPs were compared between the Brazilian isolates and the susceptible Australian one. It was found that the SNPs 580 and 845 may be associated with geographic isolation. We conclude that the 508, 601 and 878 SNPs in the P-glycoprotein gene can be molecular markers for multiple resistance to anthelmintics, and that the 580 and 845 SNPs can be candidate markers of geographical isolation in H. contortus. We developed software for Risk Analysis Development of Parasitic Resistance to Anthelmintics in Sheep (SARA) which will provide information that may guide the rational use of anthelmintics.
Entre os parasitas de ovinos, Haemonchus contortus é o nematoide mais prevalente e patogênico em áreas tropicais, causando grandes perdas econômicas. As alterações no gene que codifica a glicoproteína-P de membrana (PgP) foram associadas com a resistência a múltiplas drogas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) no gene PgP em H. contortus por comparação de dois isolados com diferentes status de resistência a anti-helmínticos. Para esse fim, uma ovelha foi infectada experimentalmente com o isolado suscetível (McMaster, Austrália) e outra ovelha com o isolado multirresistente (Embrapa2010, Brasil) de H. contortus. Fezes dos animais infectados foram submetidas à coprocultura para a obtenção de larvas e, após o abate das ovelhas, H. contortus adultos foram colhidos do abomaso e individualmente submetidos à extração de DNA. Para a avaliação de possíveis marcadores moleculares de isolamento geográfico, larvas oriundas de coprocultura de dois outros isolados brasileiros (Bahia e Pernambuco), com status de resistência não determinado, também foram submetidas à extração de DNA. Após amplificação por PCR do DNA extraído de H. contortus adultos, um fragmento do gene PgP foi sequenciado e foram identificados seis SNPs (posição descrita em relação à sequência do contig 004690 do Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute): 508 (A>G, em éxon), 580 (G>A), 601 (G>C), 800 (G>A), 845 (G>T) e 878 (G>T), os cinco últimos em íntrons. O teste exato de Fisher, por meio da correção de Bonferroni, revelou associação significativa (P<0,01) entre os SNPs 508, 580, 601, 845 e 878 e o estado de resistência a anti-helmínticos. Desses SNPs, o 601 e o 878 estão em desequilíbrio de ligação e formam os haplótipos CC, que está associado (P<0,05) à resistência, e GG, à suscetibilidade. Levando em consideração que em H. contortus há considerável diferenciação genética entre áreas continentais distintas, as frequências dos SNPs foram comparadas entre os isolados brasileiros e o isolado suscetível australiano e foi verificado que os SNPs 580 e 845 podem estar associados ao isolamento geográfico. Conclui-se que os SNPs 508, 601 e 878 no gene de glicoproteína-P podem ser marcadores moleculares para a resistência múltipla a anti-helmínticos, e os SNPs 580 e 845 candidatos a marcadores de isolamento geográfico em H. contortus. Nós desenvolvemos um software para Análise de Risco de Desenvolvimento de Resistência Parasitária a Anti- Helmínticos em Ovinos (SARA) que fornecerá informações que poderão orientar a utilização racional de anti-helmínticos.
Entre os parasitas de ovinos, Haemonchus contortus é o nematoide mais prevalente e patogênico em áreas tropicais, causando grandes perdas econômicas. As alterações no gene que codifica a glicoproteína-P de membrana (PgP) foram associadas com a resistência a múltiplas drogas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) no gene PgP em H. contortus por comparação de dois isolados com diferentes status de resistência a anti-helmínticos. Para esse fim, uma ovelha foi infectada experimentalmente com o isolado suscetível (McMaster, Austrália) e outra ovelha com o isolado multirresistente (Embrapa2010, Brasil) de H. contortus. Fezes dos animais infectados foram submetidas à coprocultura para a obtenção de larvas e, após o abate das ovelhas, H. contortus adultos foram colhidos do abomaso e individualmente submetidos à extração de DNA. Para a avaliação de possíveis marcadores moleculares de isolamento geográfico, larvas oriundas de coprocultura de dois outros isolados brasileiros (Bahia e Pernambuco), com status de resistência não determinado, também foram submetidas à extração de DNA. Após amplificação por PCR do DNA extraído de H. contortus adultos, um fragmento do gene PgP foi sequenciado e foram identificados seis SNPs (posição descrita em relação à sequência do contig 004690 do Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute): 508 (A>G, em éxon), 580 (G>A), 601 (G>C), 800 (G>A), 845 (G>T) e 878 (G>T), os cinco últimos em íntrons. O teste exato de Fisher, por meio da correção de Bonferroni, revelou associação significativa (P<0,01) entre os SNPs 508, 580, 601, 845 e 878 e o estado de resistência a anti-helmínticos. Desses SNPs, o 601 e o 878 estão em desequilíbrio de ligação e formam os haplótipos CC, que está associado (P<0,05) à resistência, e GG, à suscetibilidade. Levando em consideração que em H. contortus há considerável diferenciação genética entre áreas continentais distintas, as frequências dos SNPs foram comparadas entre os isolados brasileiros e o isolado suscetível australiano e foi verificado que os SNPs 580 e 845 podem estar associados ao isolamento geográfico. Conclui-se que os SNPs 508, 601 e 878 no gene de glicoproteína-P podem ser marcadores moleculares para a resistência múltipla a anti-helmínticos, e os SNPs 580 e 845 candidatos a marcadores de isolamento geográfico em H. contortus. Nós desenvolvemos um software para Análise de Risco de Desenvolvimento de Resistência Parasitária a Anti- Helmínticos em Ovinos (SARA) que fornecerá informações que poderão orientar a utilização racional de anti-helmínticos.

Cognitive Grammar is a theory within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics that gives an account of human linguistic ability based entirely on general cognitive abilities. Because of the general complexity and open-endedness of the theory, there is not much computational work associated with it. This thesis proposes that ACT-R cognitive architecture can provide the basic primitives for the cognitive abilities required for a better implementation of Cognitive Grammar. Thus, a language model was developed on the ACT-R architecture. The model processes active and passive sentences, constructs their propositional representations, and tests the representation on a sentence verification task of the experiment of Anderson (1974).

Background: There is a general belief that value stocks, historically, have created a greater return of investment compared to growth stocks. Investors can, through key ratios, compare companies to one another and thereby gain a solid appreciation whether a company is overvalued or undervalued relative to other comparable companies. The problem for investors is how to identify these value stocks and exploit mispricing in the market. Aim: The purpose of this study is to analyze investment strategies that are based on the Price-to-Book ratio on the Swedish stock market. Completion: To meet the purpose, the study is based on a deductive foundation with a quantitative method. Two investment strategies are investigated based on the Price-to-book ratio. The first strategy sorts the material following the value of the multiple, whereas the other strategy relies on regression analysis where interest on own capital is used as an explaining variable. Results: To only look at the price-to-book ratio, in order to distinguish undervalued stocks, does not work in the Swedish stock market during the period of 31-03-04 to 31-03-2015. It can be concluded that the combination used in the developed strategy works to identify value stocks that have a significantly higher cumulative return compared to the OMX Stockholm Price Index.
Bakgrund: Det finns en övertygelse om att värdeaktier historiskt har skapat högre avkastning än tillväxtaktier. En investerare kan genom värderingsmultiplar och nyckeltal jämföra bolag med varandra och skapa sig en uppfattning huruvida ett bolag är över- eller undervärderat relativt jämförande bolag. Problematiken ligger i hur en investerare skall identifiera värdeaktier och utnyttja felprissättningar på aktiemarknaden. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera investeringsstrategier baserade på multipeln Pris/Bokfört värde på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Genomförande: För att uppfylla syftet utgår studien från en deduktiv ansats med en kvantitativ metod. Två investeringsstrategier undersöks baserade på multipeln Pris/Bokfört värde. Den ena strategin sorterar materialet utefter multipelns värde och den andra strategin genomförs med hjälp av regressionsanalys där räntabilitet på eget kapital används som förklarande variabel. Resultat: Att endast utgå från Pris/Bokfört värde, för att urskilja undervärderade aktier fungerar inte på den svenska aktiemarknaden under åren 2004-2015. Det kan fastställas att kombinationen i den utvecklade strategin fungerar för att identifiera värdeaktier som har en markant högre kumulativ avkastning jämfört med OMXSPI.

This work focusses on the development of top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), which can be fabricated on metal substrates. Bottom-emitting OLEDs have been studied intensively over the years and show promising perspectives for future commercial applications in general lighting. The development of top-emitting devices has fallen behind despite the opportunities to produce these devices also on low-cost opaque substrates. This is due to the challenges of top-light-emission concerning the achievement of a broad and well-balanced white emission spectrum in presence of a strong microcavity. The following work is a further step towards the detailed understanding and optimization of white top-emitting OLEDs. First, the available metal substrates and the deposited silver electrodes are examined microscopically to determine their surface characteristics and morphology in order to assess their applicability for thin-film organic stacks of OLEDs. The examination shows the suitability for untreated Alanod metal substrates, which display low surface roughness and almost no surface defects. For the deposited silver anodes, investigations via AFM show a strong influence of the deposition rate on the surface roughness. In the main part of the work top-emissive devices with both hybrid and all-phosphorescent architecture are investigated, in which three or four emitter materials are utilized to achieve maximum performance. The feasibility for top-emitting white OLEDs in first and second order devices is investigated via optical simulations, using the example of a three-color hybrid OLED. Here, the concept of a dielectric capping layer on top of the cathode is an essential criterion for broadband and nearly angle independent light emission. The main focus concerning the investigation of fabricated devices is the optimization of the organic stacks to achieve high efficiencies as well as excellent color quality of warm white emission. The optimization of the hybrid layer structure based on three emitter materials using a combined aluminum-silver anode mirror resulted in luminous efficacies up to 13.3 lm/W and 5.3 % external quantum efficiency. Optical analysis by means of simulation revealed a superior position concerning internal quantum efficiency compared to bottom-emitting devices with similar layer structure. The devices show an enhanced emission in forward direction compared to an ideal Lambertian emitter, which is highly preferred for lighting applications. The color quality - especially for devices based on a pure Al anode - is showing excellent color coordinates near the Planckian locus and color rending indices up to 77. The introduction of an additional yellow emitter material improves the luminous efficacy up to values of 16.1 lm/W and external quantum efficiencies of 5.9 %. With the choice of a all-phosphorescent approach, using orange-red, light blue and green emitter materials, luminous efficacies of 21.7 lm/W are realized with external quantum efficiencies of 8.5 %. Thereby, color coordinates of (x, y) = (0.41, 0.45) are achieved. Moreover, the application of different crystalline capping layers and alternative cathode materials aim at a scattering of light that further reduces the angular dependence of emission. Experiments with the crystallizing material BPhen and thin carbon nanotube films (CNT) are performed. Heated BPhen capping layer with a thickness of 250 nm show a lower color shift compared to the NPB reference capping layer. Using CNT films as cathode leads to a broadband white emission at a cavity thickness of 160 nm. However, due to very high driving voltages needed, the device shows low luminous efficacy. Finally, white top-emitting organic LEDs are successfully processed on metal substrates. A comparison of three and four color based hybrid devices reveal similar performance for the devices on glass and metal substrate. Only the devices on metal substrate show slightly higher leakaged currents. During repeated mechanical bending experiments with white devices deposited on 0.3 mm thin flexible Alanod substrates, bending radii up to 1.0 cm can be realized without device failure
Diese Arbeit richtet ihren Schwerpunkt auf die Entwicklung von top-emittierenden weißen organischen Leuchtdioden (OLEDs), welche auch auf Metallsubstraten gefertigt werden können. Im Laufe der letzten Jahre wurden bottom-emittierende OLEDs sehr intensiv studiert, da sie vielversprechende Perspektiven für zukünftige kommerzielle Anwendungen in der Allgemeinbeleuchtung bieten. Trotz der Möglichkeit, OLEDs auch auf kostengünstigen lichtundurchlässigen Substraten fertigen zu können, blieb die Entwicklung von top-emittierenden Bauteilen dabei allerdings zurück. Dies läßt sich auf die enormen Herausforderungen von top-emittierenden OLEDs zurückführen, ein breites und ausgeglichenes weißes Abstrahlungsspektrum in Gegenwart einer Mikrokavität zu generieren. Die folgende Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zum detaillierten Verständnis und der Optimierung von weißen top-emittierenden OLEDs. Zunächst werden die verfügbaren Metallsubstrate und abgeschiedenen Silberelektroden auf ihre Oberflächeneigenschaften und Morphologie mikroskopisch untersucht, um damit ihre Verwendbarkeit für organische Dünnfilmstrukturen in OLEDs einzuschätzen. Die Untersuchung zeigt eine Eignung von unbehandelten Alanod Metallsubstraten auf, welche eine niedrige Oberflächenrauigkeit und fast keine Oberflächendefekte besitzen. Bei den abgeschiedenen Silberelektroden zeigen Untersuchungen mit dem Rasterkraftmikroskop eine starke Beeinflussung der Oberflächenrauigkeit durch die Aufdampfrate. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit werden top-emittierende Dioden mit hybrid und voll-phosphoreszenter Architektur untersucht, in welcher drei oder vier Emittermaterialien verwendet werden, um eine optimale Leistungscharakteristik zu erreichen. Die Realisierbarkeit von top-emittierenden weißen OLEDs in Dioden erster und zweiter Ordnung wird durch optische Simulation am Beispiel einer dreifarb-OLED mit Hybridstruktur ermittelt. Dabei ist das Konzept der dielektrischen Deckschicht - aufgebracht auf die Kathode - ein essenzielles Kriterium für breitbandige und annähernd winkelunabhängige Lichtemission. Der Schwerpunkt im Hinblick auf die Untersuchung von hergestellten Dioden liegt in der Optimierung der organischen Schichtstrukturen, um hohe Effizienzen sowie exzellente warmweiße Farbqualität zu erreichen. Im Rahmen der Optimierung von hybriden Schichtstrukturen basierend auf drei Emittermaterialien resultiert die Verwendung eines kombinierten Aluminium-Silber Anodenspiegels in einer Lichtausbeute von 13.3 lm/W und einer externen Quanteneffizienz von 5.3 %.Eine optische Analyse mit Hilfe von Simulationen zeigt eine überlegene Stellung hinsichtlich der internen Quanteneffizient verglichen mit bottom-emittierenden Dioden ähnlicher Schichtstruktur. Die Dioden zeigen eine verstärkte vorwärts gerichtete Emission im Vergleich zu einem idealen Lambertschen Emitter, welche in hohem Maße für Beleuchtungsanwendungen erwünscht ist. Es kann eine ausgezeichnete Farbqualität erreicht werden - insbesondere für Dioden basierend auf einer reinen Aluminiumanode - mit Farbkoordinaten nahe der Planckschen Strahlungskurve und Farbwiedergabeindizes bis zu 77. Die weitere Einführung eines zusätzlichen gelben Emittermaterials verbessert die Lichtausbeute auf Werte von 16.1 lm/W und die externe Quanteneffizient auf 5.9 %. Mit der Wahl eines voll-phosphoreszenten Ansatzes unter der Verwendung eines orange-roten, hellblauen und grünen Emittermaterials werden Lichtausbeuten von 21.7 lm/W und externe Quanteneffizienten von 8.5 % erzielt. Damit werden Farbkoordinaten von (x, y) = (0.41, 0.45) erreicht. Darüberhinaus zielt die Verwendung von verschiedenen kristallinen Deckschichten und alternativen Kathodenmaterialien auf eine Streuung des ausgekoppelten Lichts ab, was die Winkelabhängigkeit der Emission vermindern soll. Experimente mit dem kristallisierenden Material BPhen und dünnen Filmen aus Kohlenstoffnanoröhren werden dabei durchgeführt. Geheizte BPhen Deckschichten mit einer Schichtdicke von 250 nm zeigen eine geringere Farbverschiebung verglichen mit einer NPB Referenzdeckschicht. Die Verwendung von Kohlenstoffnanoröhren als Kathode führt zu einer breitbandigen weißen Emission bei einer Kavitätsschichtdicke von 160 nm. Schließlich werden weiße top-emittierende organische Leuchtdioden erfolgreich auf Metallsubstraten prozessiert. Ein Vergleich von drei- und vierfarb-basierten hybriden Bauteilen zeigt ähnliche Leistungsmerkmale für Dioden auf Glas- und Metallsubstraten. Während wiederholten mechanischen Biegeexperimenten mit weißen Dioden auf 0.3 mm dicken flexiblen Alanodsubstraten können Biegeradien bis zu 1.0 cm ohne Bauteilausfall realisiert werden

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Veterinary pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine-related problem associated to veterinary medicinal products. It seems that some breeds are more sensitive than others to this type of events and understanding this sensitivity is permitted by the pharmacogenetics discipline. Nowadays, there is a national legislation for all countries of EU to implement a veterinary pharmacovigilance system. However, situations and philosophy vary from one country to another and, for example, in France the system works very differently. The Collie breed is known for having a special sensitivity to the ivermectin drug and this will be taken as an example to explain the existence of genetic particularities among breeds, such as, in this case, a mutation in the multidrug resistance gene 1 that encodes a large transmembrane protein cell, namely P-glycoprotein. Using data from the Sentinel-Vet software, it was investigated the existence of a superior number of adverse drug reactions reported to CPVL (Veterinary Pharmacovigilance Center of Lyon) related with breeds which have present the referent mutation within their population. It was also made a study with an innovative treatment based on intravenous lipid emulsions, applied in 7 cases after intoxication with avermectins.
RESUMO - FARMACOVIGILÂNCIA VETERINÁRIA, DA REGULAMENTAÇÃO À SUA APLICAÇÃO CIÊNTIFICA. ESTUDO DE CASO DA MUTAÇÃO CANINA MDR1 - A farmacovigilância veterinária é definida como uma ciência que envolve as atividades relacionadas com a deteção, avaliação, compreensão e prevenção de efeitos adversos ou quaisquer problemas relacionados com o uso de medicamentos veterinários. Nos diferentes indivíduos da mesma espécie parecem existir raças mais sensíveis que outras a este tipo de eventos, e a compreensão desta sensibilidade é abordada pela farmacogenética. Atualmente existe uma legislação nacional para a implementação de um sistema de farmacovigilância em todos os países da EU. Contudo, este pode variar conforme a filosofia do país. A raça canina Collie é conhecida por ter uma sensibilidade especial à ivermectina, e este facto é tomado como exemplificativo para a existência de particularidades genéticas dentro de determinadas raças, tais como, neste caso, uma mutação no gene da multiresistência 1 que codifica uma grande proteína transmembranar, a glicoproteína P. Através da análise dos dados do programa Sentinel-Vet foi investigada a existência de um número superior de reações adversas, reportadas ao CPVL (Centro de Farmacovigilância Veterinária de Lyon), relacionadas com as raças que têm presente na sua população a mutação referida. Foi realizado, igualmente, um estudo para o tratamento de intoxicações através do uso de emulsificações lipídicas intravenosas, tendo sido analisados 7 casos após intoxicação por avermectinas.

Quasi tutte le tariffe applicate al commercio internazionale sono vincolate dagli impegni sottoscritti dalle economie più avanzate ed ulteriori misure, volte ad aumentare il livello di protezione, non dovrebbero poter essere, di norma, utilizzate. Tuttavia, l’introduzione di un crescente numero di barriere non tariffarie (BNT) ha recentemente favorito il proliferare di dispute e conflitti commerciali fra gli Stati. Il regolamento dell’Organizzazione Mondiale del Commercio (OMC) considera legittime le motivazioni che sono alla base di alcune di queste misure non tariffarie quali quelle a tutela dell’ambiente, della salute o della sicurezza delle persone. Sebbene gli stessi regolamenti dell’OMC impongano agli Stati di addurre giustificazioni credibili per le loro misure in materia di politica commerciale, gli stessi regolamenti dovrebbero, al contempo, essere anche in grado di identificare eventuali finalità protezionistiche promosse da specifici gruppi di interesse. Barriere Tecniche al Commercio (TBT) sono uno specifico sottogruppo delle BNT il cui grado di complessità le rende spesso poco chiare sia sul piano delle ragioni che le giustificano che delle implicazioni che possono conseguire dalla loro applicazione. In questa tesi, vengono messi in luce alcuni particolari aspetti relativi alle BNT ed agli Specific Trade Concerns (STC). Nel primo capitolo, vengono analizzate le determinanti delle BNT e degli STC nel periodo 1995-2011. Nel secondo capitolo, gli effetti delle BNT e degli STC adottate dall’Europa, dagli Stati Uniti e dalla Cina sono analizzati considerando settori a 4-digit derivanti dall’Harmonized System. Nel terzo capitolo, viene proposta un analisi costi-benefici di equilibrio parziale riguardante l’impatto, in termini di benessere, dell’adozione una BNT restrittiva tesa a impedire l’afflusso di uno specifico prodotto dalle caratteristiche sgradite. Nel complesso, questa tesi pone un enfasi maggiore sulla complessità delle suddette BNT fornendo migliori intuizioni sulle loro determinanti e le loro implicazioni.
Almost all tariff lines are bound within the schedules of concessions of developed countries, and duties cannot be used to increase the level of protection. Instead, increasing number of non-tariff measures (NTMs) have given rise to disputes and trade conflicts. World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations consider certain motivations behind imposition of these instruments to be legitimate such as those related to human, environment, health, and safety issues. While regulations of the WTO oblige governments to provide justifiable reason behind their trade policy instruments, they might as well seek for the sale of their industrial protection to some special interest groups supporting them. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) are a sub-category of NTMs with complex nature whose either motivations or implications are not very clear. In this dissertation, I shed light on some aspects of NTMs with specific focus on TBT and Specific Trade Concerns (STCs). In the first chapter, I study the determining factors of TBT STCs over the period 1995-2011. In the second chapter, the trade effects of these TBT STCs maintained by the European Union, China, and the United States at 4-digit level of Harmonized System will be analysed. In the third chapter, I provide a cost-benefit analysis in a partial equilibrium framework to quantify the welfare consequences of a prohibitive NTM which is aimed at a foreign product with negative characteristics. Overall, this dissertation emphasizes more on the complexity of NTMs and it provides us with better insights on the determinants and implications of these trade policy measures.

This report is the result of a 20-points project at the University of Jönköping. The project was carried out in form of a case study with the object of analysing the value flow at DIAB AB’s confection department in Laholm. The aim of this project is to submit proposals to the production management on how to increase the efficiency of the production flow at the confection department and reduce the capital accumulation in form of products in work.

The information in this report is gathered from interviews, observations and measurements. Furthermore, a literature study was carried out in view to find suitable theories when analysing present as well as future suggested production conditions.

This report is based on four main questions:

• What does the existing process of the value flow for the most produced product family look like?

• How does the process of the value flow for GS perform considering the through-put-time?

o How long through-put-time does a representative product of the GS-family have?

o How long is the value- and no value adding time for that product along its production flow?

• Which production related disturbances and cost prompters exist in the present value flow process?

• How could the process of the value flow for GS be made more efficient, less persistent to disturbances and more competitive?

The existing process of the value flow for the most producing product family has been mapped and is illustrated in appendix 3. For now, the process includes nine working stations along the production chain.

The through-put-time of a representative GS-product is according to my survey 18,5 days. The value adding time is only 16,1 minutes, that is 0,061 % of the entire through-put-time. The remaining time, in other words the no value adding time, is 440 hours and it represents mainly storage and transport of products.

The representative production disturbances and cost prompters that characterise the process of the value flow contain material related disturbances, a high number of long shifts, long storage time prior to the customer order point and with that, high capital accumulation and finally unnecessary transports.

Improvement proposals aim to increase the efficacy of the process of the value flow and reduce the capital amounts by shifting from the present production strategy involving manufacturing towards order (TMO) to assembling towards order (MMO).

In order to make this possible a semi-manufactured storage will be introduced after the standard confection which will represent the new decoupling point. The production at the standard confection will then occur according to the semi-manufactured storage. The standard confection should produce in larger aggregated order quantities based on prognosis in order to benefit from the advantages of economy of scale and the production must proceed in a continuous flow according to the FIFU-system (First In First Out). In addition to that, the special confection must produce according to a pull-system and only when the customer makes a request.

The tact-time of the GS products should constitute a limit for all the cycle times along the production chain, both on the standard- and special confection. This is partly due to creating a constant and balanced production flow which enables short through-put-time and partly due to avoiding in-between-storage as a result of various bottlenecks.

Bakgrund: Denna studie är ett test av investeringsstrategi baserad på relativvärdering av multiplar. Den multipel som kommer att studeras som investeringsstrategi är Price-to-Book (P/B). Valet av multipel på P/B beror på att det är en väl omskriven multipel som fortfarande väcker frågeställningar avseende betydelsen av bokfört värde i kombination med marknadsvärde. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och analysera multipeln P/B som investeringsstrategi för aktier. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka aktier med låga respektive höga P/B från de olika börslistorna Small, Mid och Large Cap på Stockholmsbörsen. Genomförande: Sex portföljer skapas baserat på låga respektive höga P/B från de marknadsvärdemässiga börslistorna Small, Mid och Large Cap på Stockholmsbörsen. Portföljerna ombalanseras årligen och följs mellan 2006 och 2016. Resultat: Fyra av sex portföljer har högre ackumulerad avkastning än jämförelseindex före och efter riskjustering. Dock hindrar svag statistisk evidens påvisande av överavkastning över tid. På motsvarande vis finnes svaga säkerställda skillnader i avkastning mellan låga och höga P/B. Ej heller förefaller det förekomma signifikanta skillnader i avkastning och risk mellan portföljer på Small, Mid och Large Cap.
Background: This study is a test of an investment strategy based on relative valuation of multiples. The multiple to be studied is Price-to-Book (P/B). P/B is chosen because although previously researched, the implications of book values paired with market values are still not well understood. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine and analyze the multiple P/B as an investment strategy for stocks. Moreover, this study intends to examine stocks with low and high P/B: s from the Small, Mid and Large Cap on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Completion: Six portfolios are created based on low and high P/B: s respectively from the market value-based stock exchange lists Small, Mid and Large Cap on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The portfolios are rebalanced annually and are followed between 2006 and 2016. Results: Four out of six portfolios exhibit higher levels of cumulative returns than the chosen stock index before and after adjusting for risk. However, weak statistical evidence prevent conclusive showings of excess returns over time. Similarly, we find weak support for differences in returns between low and high P/B: s. Neither does there seem to exist significant differences in return and risk between the Small, Mid and Large Cap.

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Introdu??o: A mediastinite ? uma grave complica??o do p?s-operat?rio de cirurgia card?aca, com incid?ncia de 0,4 a 5% e mortalidade entre 14 e 47%. V?rios modelos foram propostos para avaliar risco de mediastinite ap?s cirurgia card?aca. Entretanto, a maioria desses modelos n?o avalia a morbidade p?soperat?ria. Objetivo: desenvolver um modelo de escore de risco para prever mediastinite em pacientes submetidos ? cirurgia de revasculariza??o do mioc?rdio. M?todos: A amostra do estudo inclui dados de 2.809 pacientes adultos que realizaram cirurgia de revasculariza??o do mioc?rdio entre Janeiro de 1996 a Dezembro de 2007 no Hospital S?o Lucas da PUCRS. Regress?o log?stica foi utilizada para examinar a rela??o entre fatores de risco e o desenvolvimento de mediastinite. Dados de 1.889 pacientes foram utilizados para desenvolver o modelo e seu desempenho foi avaliado nos dados restantes (n=920). O modelo final foi criado com a an?lise dos dados de 2.809 pacientes. Resultados: O ?ndice de mediastinite foi de 3,3%, com mortalidade de 26,6%. Na an?lise multivariada, cinco vari?veis permaneceram preditores independentes para o desfecho: doen?a pulmonar obstrutiva cr?nica, obesidade, reinterven??o cir?rgica, politransfus?o no p?s-operat?rio e angina est?vel classe IV ou inst?vel. A ?rea sob a curva ROC foi 0,72 (IC 95%, 0,67-0,78) e p=0,61. Conclus?o: O escore de risco foi costru?do para uso na pr?tica di?ria para calcular a incid?ncia de mediastinite ap?s cirurgia de revasculariza??o do mioc?rdio. O escore inclui vari?veis coletadas rotineiramente e de f?cil utiliza??o.

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OBJETIVOS: no presente artigo, pretende-se analisar as principais indica??es da transfus?o sangu?nea e seus principais riscos e efeitos no p?s-operat?rio de cirurgias card?acas. FONTE DE DADOS: artigos cient?ficos originais e de revis?o das bases de dados MedLine/Pubmed, Scielo e LILACS. S?NTESE DOS DADOS: as indica??es de transfus?o no p?s-operat?rio em cirurgias card?acas incluem o tratamento de coagulopatias e corre??o de anemias com o objetivo final de limitar o sangramento e melhorar a capacidade de transporte de oxig?nio. Diversas evid?ncias sugerem a associa??o entre transfus?o sangu?nea e o aumento no risco de complica??es no p?s-operat?rio de cirurgias card?acas. CONCLUS?ES: a transfus?o sangu?nea est? associada com maiores taxas de comorbidades, como processos infecciosos, Fibrila??o Atrial, Insufici?ncia Renal Aguda, Acidente Vascular Cerebral e SARA.

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Introduction: Stroke is a complication responsible for high morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery, affecting 1.3 to 4.3% and mortality between 13% and 41%. Several models have been proposed to assess the risk of mortality after cardiac surgery. However, most of these models doesn?t evaluate the postoperative morbidity. Objective: To develop a risk score model for postoperative stroke in patients undergoing cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass surgery, valve replacement surgery and combined - CABG + valve replacement), with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods: The study sample included data from 4,862 adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery between January 1996 to December 2012, at the Hospital S?o Lucas. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between risk factors and the development of stroke. After univariate and multivariate analysis, data from 3,258 patients were used to develop the model. Its performance has been validated in the remaining patients (n = 1,604). The final model was constructed with the total sample, remaining the same variables. The accuracy of the model was tested using the area under the ROC curve. Results: The estimated incidence for stroke in the postoperative period was 3% (149). Among patients who developed stroke, 59.1% were male, 51% were aged ? 66 years and 31.5% died. The mean age of the study population was 58.9 ? 12 years. In multivariate analysis, five variables remained independent predictors for the outcome: age, urgent / emergency surgery, peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), history of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time> 110 minutes. The area under the ROC curve obtained was 0.71 (95% CI 0.66 to .75). Conclusion: The risk score allows to establish the calculation of the incidence of stroke after cardiac surgery using clinical and surgical variables (age, surgical priority, PAD, CVD history and CPB time). From these variables, it was possible to construct a risk score that classifies patients as low, medium, high and very high operative risk for cerebrovascular stroke.
Introdu??o: O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) ? uma complica??o respons?vel por alta morbi-mortalidade no p?s-operat?rio de cirurgia card?aca, com incid?ncia de 1,3 a 4,3% e mortalidade entre 13% e 41%. V?rios modelos foram propostos para avaliar risco de mortalidade ap?s cirurgia card?aca. Entretanto, a maioria desses modelos n?o avalia a morbidade p?s-operat?ria. Objetivo: Desenvolver um modelo de escore de risco para AVC p?s-operat?rio de pacientes submetidos ? cirurgia card?aca (cirurgia de revasculariza??o do mioc?rdio, troca valvar e cirurgia combinada - CRM + troca valvar), com circula??o extracorp?rea (CEC). M?todos: A amostra do estudo incluiu dados de 4.862 pacientes adultos que realizaram cirurgia card?aca entre janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2012 no Hospital S?o Lucas da PUCRS. Regress?o log?stica foi utilizada para avaliar a rela??o entre fatores de risco e o desenvolvimento de AVC. Dados de 3.258 pacientes foram utilizados para desenvolver o modelo, ap?s an?lises uni e multivariada. Seu desempenho foi validado nos demais pacientes (n=1.604). O modelo final foi constru?do com a amostra total, permanecendo as mesmas vari?veis. A acur?cia do modelo foi testada utilizando-se a ?rea sob a curva ROC. Resultados: A incid?ncia estimada para AVC no p?s-operat?rio foi de 3% (149). Dentre os pacientes que desenvolveram o desfecho, 59,1% eram do sexo masculino, 51% tinham idade ? 66 anos e 31,5% evolu?ram para ?bito. Na an?lise multivariada, cinco vari?veis permaneceram preditoras independentes para o desfecho: idade avan?ada, cirurgia de urg?ncia/emerg?ncia, doen?a arterial obstrutiva perif?rica (DAOP), hist?ria de doen?a cerebrovascular (DCV) e tempo de circula??o extracorp?rea (CEC) > 110 minutos. A ?rea sob a curva ROC obtida foi de 0,71 (IC 95% 0,66 ? 0,75), Conclus?o: O escore de risco constru?do permite estabelecer c?lculo da incid?ncia de AVC ap?s cirurgia card?aca, utilizando vari?veis cl?nicas e cir?rgicas (idade, prioridade cir?rgica, DAOP, hist?ria de DCV e tempo de CEC). A partir dessas vari?veis, foi poss?vel construir um escore de risco que classifica o paciente como de baixo, m?dio, elevado e muito elevado risco operat?rio para o evento cerebrovascular AVC.

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O trabalho investigou o perfil do marco normativo federal de seguran?a p?blica para a indu??o de capacidades estatais dos governos estaduais. A revis?o de literatura mostrou as conex?es entre as perspectivas de implementa??o de pol?ticas p?blicas, top-down ou bottom-up, a governan?a de pol?ticas e as capacidades estatais; revelando que a distin??o na perspectiva de implementa??o adotada pode levar a expectativas diferentes quanto ? variedade e ? extens?o das capacidades estatais de que devem dispor os governos, a depender da posi??o relativa que cada um destes ocupa no arranjo intergovernamental de pol?ticas p?blicas. Tamb?m foi verificado que a natureza pol?tica dos entes subnacionais, e a proximidade destes em rela??o aos cidad?os, quando comparados ? Uni?o, favorecem a compreens?o, a priori, pela atua??o dos governos locais em todas as etapas do processo de pol?ticas, o que, em uma abordagem intergovernamental de pol?ticas p?blicas, se aproximaria da perspectiva bottom-up. Sob esse prisma, uma capacidade verificada como necess?ria para o of?cio foi a capacidade relacional, compreendida como a interlocu??o cont?nua e satisfat?ria dos governos junto ? sociedade para o tratamento dos problemas que s?o considerados de natureza p?blica por essa mesma sociedade. As reflex?es sugeriram que a capacidade relacional poderia ser induzida a partir do fomento dos atributos de governan?a da pol?tica p?blica da jurisdi??o em que atuam os governos estaduais, tendo por precedente o mapeamento das condi??es socioecon?micas e demogr?fico-territoriais e da pr?pria governan?a da pol?tica de seguran?a p?blica da jurisdi??o. Um modelo de an?lise foi elaborado a partir dessas considera??es e adotado na realiza??o do trabalho. Os resultados revelaram que o marco normativo federal de seguran?a declina pouca aten??o ao conhecimento das realidades socioecon?micas e demogr?fico-territoriais das jurisdi??es dos governos estaduais e n?o apresenta refer?ncias voltadas ? identifica??o do perfil de governan?a da pol?tica estadual de seguran?a. Quanto ? indu??o em si, constatou-se que o marco normativo federal analisado alinha-se, majoritariamente, a perspectiva top-down de implementa??o, sinalizando para o desenvolvimento desta capacidade sob uma expectativa de atua??o dos governos estaduais enquanto implementadores das estrat?gias concebidas pela Uni?o. N?o obstante, foi verificada a presen?a subjacente e minorit?ria de refer?ncias ? indu??o de capacidades relacionais de governos estaduais sob a perspectiva bottom-up em todo o ciclo da pol?tica de seguran?a, ainda que em elementos normativos que disp?em de estrutura legal fr?gil ou em projeto de lei, em aprecia??o no Congresso Nacional.
The work researched the profile of federal regulatory and legal framework of public security for the induction of state capacities of state governments. The literature review revealed the link among implementation approaches (top-down or bottom-up), policy's governance, and state capacities, showing that differences on the perspective of implementation adopted may lead to distinct expectations regarding variety and length of state capacities that governments must have, according to the relative position that each one of the governments have at the intergovernmental arrangements of public policies. In this sense, it was verified that political nature of subnational governments, and the proximity of these regarding to citizens, if compared to the Uni?o, promote understanding, a priori, by the acting of local governments in all of the stages of policy process, that in an intergovernmental approach of public policy, would come close to bottom-up perspective. From this angle, a capacity verified as required was the relational capacity, understood as the satisfactory and regular dialogue of governments with society to address problems that are considered of public nature by that society. The analyzes suggested that relational capacity could be inducted from fostering of the governance?s attributes of the public policy in the jurisdiction that state governments operate, with previous mapping of socioeconomic and demographic-territorial conditions and the very governance of security public policy at the jurisdiction. An analysis model was conceived from these considerations and adopted in this research. Findings have shown that federal regulatory and legal framework of public security pays little attention to the socio-economic and demographic-territorial conditions of the areas in that state governments act and has no references aimed to identifying the governance profile of the security policy. Regarding induction itself, it was found that federal regulatory and legal framework apparently has greater adherence about topdown perspective of implementation, pointing out to the development of this capacity on an expectation of the actions of state governments as implementers of the strategies conceived by Uni?o. On the other hand, it was found the underlying and minority presence of references to the relational capacity-building of state governments under the bottom-up perspective on all security policy cycle, although positioned on initiatives that have fragile legal framework or project law still under consideration in Congress.

[Truncated abstract] Infrared photodiodes fabricated in HgCdTe achieve near-ideal performance, however, in comparison with other semiconductors, processing techniques for HgCdTe are expensive and have relatively low yields. Reactive-ion-etching (RIE) in a H2⁄CH4 gas mixture, a process primarily used for material removal, will cause p-to-n type conversion in HgCdTe. It has been shown, by several groups, that infrared photodiodes fabricated with a process technology based on RIE p-to-n type-conversion achieve high yields with state-of-the-art performance. For this technology to be accepted RIE formed n-on-p photodiodes must demonstrate junction stability under normal operating conditions. Along with a stable junction, a compatible passivation technology that is able to withstand processing and operation temperatures is required. This thesis investigates the RIE p-to-n type-conversion mechanism in HgCdTe with the aim of demonstrating bake stable RIE formed junctions, and gaining an insight to the processes by which RIE type-conversion occurs. In pursuing these aims, two complimentary objectives were required, namely, the development of a passivation technology compatible with RIE formed junctions, and the development of a detailed I-V/Rd-V model for HgCdTe photodiodes. As a result of these objectives, this thesis presents a double-layer ZnS on CdTe passivation technology with which stable RIE-formed n-on-p junctions in HgCdTe are demonstrated. Using this process technology, mid-wave infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe photodiodes have been fabricated and subjected to a bake in vacuum at 80°C for 175 hours, after which there is negligible degradation in the zero-bias Dynamic-Resistance Area product (RoA) from the pre-bake values

The support of multimedia traffic over IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs) has recently received considerable attention. This dissertation has proposed a new framework that provides efficient channel access, service differentiation and statistical QoS guarantees in the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) protocol of IEEE 802.11e. In the first part of the dissertation, the new framework to provide QoS support in IEEE 802.11e is presented. The framework uses three independent components, namely, a core MAC layer, a scheduler, and an admission control. The core MAC layer concentrates on the channel access mechanism to improve the overall system efficiency. The scheduler provides service differentiation according to the weights assigned to each Access Category (AC). The admission control provides statistical QoS guarantees. The core MAC layer developed in this dissertation employs a P-Persistent based MAC protocol. A weight-based fair scheduler to obtain throughput service differentiation at each node has been used. In wireless LANs (WLANs), the MAC protocol is the main element that determines the efficiency of sharing the limited communication bandwidth of the wireless channel. In the second part of the dissertation, analytical Markov chain models for the P-Persistent 802.11 MAC protocol under unsaturated load conditions with heterogeneous loads are developed. The Markov models provide closed-form formulas for calculating the packet service time, the packet end-to-end delay, and the channel capacity in the unsaturated load conditions. The accuracy of the models has been validated by extensive NS2 simulation tests and the models are shown to give accurate results. In the final part of the dissertation, the admission control mechanism is developed and evaluated. The analytical model for P-Persistent 802.11 is used to develop a measurement-assisted model-based admission control. The proposed admission control mechanism uses delay as an admission criterion. Both distributed and centralized admission control schemes are developed and the performance results show that both schemes perform very efficiently in providing the QoS guarantees. Since the distributed admission scheme control does not have a complete state information of the WLAN, its performance is generally inferior to the centralized admission control scheme. The detailed performance results using the NS2 simulator have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Compared to 802.11e EDCA, the scheduler consistently achieved the desired throughput differentiation and easy tuning. The core MAC layer achieved better delays in terms of channel access, average packet service time and end-to-end delay. It also achieved higher system throughput than EDCA for any given service differentiation ratio. The admission control provided the desired statistical QoS guarantees.
Ph.D.
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Computer Science PhD

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The realization of human rights is a prerequisite to the development of peoples, this requires legal mechanisms and techniques to its consistent and effective promotion, protection and fulfillment. So, agree that there is an institution or public agency created for the purpose of protecting those who suffer most in the face of human rights violations: the needy. In Brazil, among other institutions and public agencies, the responsibility of the Public Defender to promote the protection of human rights. The constitutional system recognizes the institution in its essence the role of the state court, whose duty is to provide guidance and legal defense of the needy. The legal system as a whole sufraga the relevance of the Ombudsman as a mainspring of human rights. In the prison system, with the ultimate regulatory changes, such as Law 12.313 of 2010 which introduced changes to the Law 7.210 of 1984, the institution must ensure the correct and humane enforcement of sentences and the security measures pertaining to the needy. With the Complementary Law 132 of 2009, to systematize other duties of the Public Defender, highlighting their contribution to the movement of access to justice. Within the OAS, to adopt Resolution 2656, 2011, characterizing, with ruler and compass, the relevance of the Ombudsman access to justice and protection of human rights. In this step, the present study concerns the role of Defender in the legal protection of human rights, through monographic and deductive methods, as there remains a technical and theoretical connection between these two points themed legal phenomenon, since the rights humans, especially after the second half of the twentieth century, form the basis of the legal system of the major Western nations in the world. This led, therefore, the emergence of technical and legal institutions aimed at realizing human rights. This applies to the Defender. Access to justice and public service provision of legal assistance are human rights, therefore, essential to humans and necessary for social inclusion. Countries such as Brazil, marked by social inequality, depend on the structuring of institutions like the Defender, designed to promote citizenship to the Brazilian people
A concretiza??o dos direitos humanos consiste num pressuposto ao desenvolvimento dos povos, por isso reclama mecanismos e t?cnicas jur?dicas consent?neas e eficientes ? sua promo??o, prote??o e realiza??o. Assim sendo, conv?m a exist?ncia de uma institui??o ou ?rg?o p?blico criado com o prop?sito de proteger os que mais padecem diante das viola??es aos direitos humanos: os necessitados. No Brasil, entre outras institui??es e ?rg?os p?blicos, compete ? Defensoria P?blica promover a prote??o dos direitos humanos. O sistema constitucional reconhece na institui??o sua essencialidade ? fun??o jurisdicional do Estado, cujo dever consiste em prestar a orienta??o e a defesa jur?dica dos necessitados. O ordenamento jur?dico como um todo sufraga a pertin?ncia da Defensoria como mola propulsora da defesa dos direitos humanos. No sistema prisional, com as derradeiras mudan?as regulat?rias, como a Lei 12.313 de 2010 que introduziu mudan?as ? Lei 7.210 de 1984, deve a institui??o velar pela correta e humana execu??o da pena e da medida de seguran?a pertinente aos necessitados. Com a Lei Complementar 132 de 2009, sistematiza-se outras atribui??es da Defensoria, evidenciando sua contribui??o ao movimento de acesso ? justi?a. No ?mbito da OEA, aprova-se a Resolu??o 2656 de 2011, caracterizando, com r?gua e compasso, a pertin?ncia da Defensoria no acesso ? justi?a, bem como ? defesa dos direitos humanos. Neste passo, o presente estudo versa sobre o papel da Defensoria na tutela jur?dica dos direitos humanos, por meio dos m?todos dedutivo e monogr?fico, na medida em subsiste uma conex?o te?rica e t?cnica entre esses dois pontos tem?ticos do fen?meno jur?dico, uma vez que os direitos humanos, sobretudo depois da segunda metade do s?culo XX, constituem a base do sistema jur?dico das principais na??es ocidentais do mundo. Isso provocou, consequentemente, o surgimento de t?cnicas e institui??es jur?dicas direcionadas a concretizar os direitos humanos. ? o caso da Defensoria. O acesso ? justi?a e a presta??o do servi?o p?blico de assist?ncia jur?dica s?o direitos humanos, portanto, essenciais ao homem e necess?rios ? inclus?o social. Os pa?ses, como o Brasil, marcados pela desigualdade social, dependem da estrutura??o de institui??es como a Defensoria, pensadas no sentido de promover cidadania ao povo brasileiro

The main purpose of this study is to establish a Turkish slips of the tongue (SOT) corpus and make typological comparisons with English, French and German corpora. In the first part of the study, a slips of the tongue corpus has been created. 85 podcast recordings were analyzed and 53 SOT errors were found. SOT errors were extracted from the podcasts and these audio clips were combined with their spectrograms in a flash video. Classification of SOT errors were carried out with respect to linguistic units involved, type of error, and repair behavior. In this study it is hypothesized that Turkish will have more morphological errors due to agglutination, and Turkish will have less phonological errors as vowel harmony will function as an extra control mechanism. Classification of the SOT errors with respect to linguistic units that are involved shows that 54.27% of the errors are phonological, 16.98% of errors are morphological, 13.21% of errors are lexical and 7.55% errors are phrasal. The classification with respect to error type shows that 26.42% of errors are anticipations, 30,19% of errors are perseverations, 18.87% errors are substitutions and 7.56% of errors are blends. There is a difference in the percentages of errors as compared to the other corpora. Turkish has more morphological and phonological errors. Also the data shows that there are more perseverations than anticipations, similar to German. Typological comparisons with other languages suggests that the difference in the ratio might be caused by the SOV sentence structure rather than agglutination. The first hypothesis was therefore confirmed partly. However, the second hypothesis was not supported. Vowel harmony did not function as a control mechanism on the phonological well-formedness of the utterance. Rather, it seems to be located at the level of morpho-phonology in the lexicon proper. Turkish having more phonological errors might also be related with a higher demand on working memory because of the head-final SOV sentence structure. In order to be able to draw more reliable conclusions the size of the Turkish SOT database needs to be increased.

The present dissertation reports the results of a multi-disciplinary experimental study, which combines psycholinguistic and cognitive methodologies in order to achieve two broad objectives. The first objective is providing a comparative psycholinguistic analysis of the expression of motion events in three languages, namely Turkish, English and French, taking Talmy&lsquo
s verb-framed language vs. satellite-framed language typology (Talmy, 1985) as the framework. The second one is investigating the relationship between linguistic representation and conceptual representation by taking motion events as the testing ground. In order to pursue these two lines of inquiry, five complementary tasks are conducted on three groups of adult subjects. The results of the first two tasks, the language production task and the language comprehension task, verify the Talmyan typology experimentally by showing sharp differences between the data obtained from native speakers of typologically different languages (English vs. Turkish and French), as well as remarkable similarities between the data obtained from native speakers of typologically similar languages (Turkish and French). On the other hand, the remaining three non-verbal tasks, the categorization task and the two eye-tracking tasks, present valuable insights into the nature of conceptual event representation by revealing a uniform pattern across languages. This latter result is inconsistent with the renowned linguistic relativity hypothesis (Whorf, 1956)
however in line with the universalist view (Jackendoff, 1990, 1996), which suggests that conceptual event representation is language-free and independent of the linguistic encoding preferences of different languages.

La mia tesi di dottorato è una raccolta di tre articoli che considerano diversi aspetti del sistema scolastico italiano e i suoi legami con il mercato del lavoro. il primo capitolo offre una breve sintesi della letteratura sugli investimenti in istruzione secondaria e terziaria. Il secondo capitolo analizza i differenziali salariali fra i diplomati delle scuole superiori italiane. il terzo ed ultimo capitolo analizza le determinanti del tempo di inserimento professionale dei laureati italiani.
My dissertation is a collection of three essays that consider various aspects of the Italian education system and its links with the labour market. The first chapter provides a review of the empirical works focused on the issue of investments in both secondary and tertiary education in most of OECD countries, with a particular attention on Italy. The second chapter provides empirical evidence on differences in early occupational labour market outcomes across high school tracks. The third and last chapter investigates the hazard of first job for Italian university graduates.

La tesi circoscrive il tema del valore nell'ambito delle diverse discipline dell'economia e gestione di impresa, ponendo un 'attenzione particolare agli studi di marketing dove, a fronte del grande interesse manifestato negli anni passati, si riscontra ora un certo calo di interesse verso lo studio del costrutto. Date queste premesse si è cercato di individuare una nicchia teorica ancora parzialmente inesplorata, ma che fosse espressione di un problema economicamente rilevante, sia a livello concettuale che in termini di implicazioni manageriali: si è deciso pertanto di studiare il valore delle relazioni nei mercati business to business. Nello specifico le domande di ricerca possono essere così sintetizzate: 1. Cos'è e come si rappresenta il valore di una relazione nei mercati business to business? 2. Esiste un legame tra complessità percepita e valore attribuito alla relazione? E se questo legame esiste, quali sono le ragioni che lo inducono? 3. Sono presenti in azienda strumenti o metodologie finalizzati a misurare il valore delle relazioni? L'indagine è stata applicata ad un mercato high-tech, quello dell' ICT Security, all'interno del quale sono state analizzate otto diadi e tre triadi relazionali. Rispetto alle domande di ricerca inizialmente formulate si ritiene che la conclusione di questo percorso abbia portato ad ottenere una definizione di valore delle relazioni, ad individuare una modalità di rappresentazione del valore per livelli di analisi e per aree di valore relazionale, ad esplorare il legame tra complessità percepita e valore e a verificare l'effettivo utilizzo di strumenti di misurazione del valore nella pratica aziendale.
Understanding value is a crucial task in business markets. Relationships are not all identical, some of them are more important and profitable than others and this consciousness can guide managers in addressing resources in their customer/supplier relationship portfolio (Gadde, Snehota, 2000). In past studies, value has often been associated with the concept of exchange, of product and service, leaving out relationship components, and thus leading to an incomplete representation of this concept. It was possible to go only partly beyond this limit through the introduction of the concept of relationship value, which represents a relatively new research area in the studies on business markets. This thesis aims at understanding what Relationship Value represents both for customers and suppliers and how it can be represented through the analysis of 8 dyads and 3 triads (25 in-depth interviews) in the ICT Security Industry. This verification enabled to show that the concept of relationship value is part of a logic which can be applied both to the customer and to the supplier, whose point of view has often been neglected in the literature or associated with financial indicators. This study identifies a model of the areas of relationship value, within which it is possible to include the relationships on the basis of the concepts of desired, perceived and generated value.

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The right to housing is included in several international human rights instruments and in Brazilian legal system integrates the constitutional catalog of fundamental social rights (art. 6) and urban development policy (art. 182 and 183). Besides, it is for all federative governments its effectiveness by building programs and improvement of housing conditions and sanitation (art. 23, IX), which justifies the investment in urban planning and public policy of housing affordability because they are tools for achieving this right. Newer strategies in this area have been based on tax incentives, combined with the mortgage as a way to induce the construction of new housing units or reform those in a precarious situation. However, there is still a deficit households and environmental soundness, compounded with the formation of informal settlements. Consequently, we need constant reflections on the issue, in order to identify parameters that actually guide their housing policies in order to meet the constitutional social functions of the city and ensure well-begins of its citizens (art. 182). On the other hand, the intervention of the government in this segment can not only see the availability of the home itself, but also the quality of your extension or surroundings, observing aspects related to environmental sanitation, urban mobility, leisure and services essential health, education and social assistance. It appears that the smoothness and efficiency of a housing policy condition to the concept of adequate housing, in other words, structurally safe, comfortable and environmentally legally legitimate, viable from the extensive coordination with other public policies. Only to compliance with this guideline, it is possible to realize the right to housing in sustainable cities
O direito ? moradia consta de v?rios documentos internacionais de prote??o aos direitos humanos e no sistema jur?dico brasileiro integra o cat?logo constitucional dos direitos fundamentais sociais (art. 6?) e a pol?tica de desenvolvimento urbano (art. 182 e 183). Al?m disso, compete a todos os entes federativos a sua efetiva??o, mediante programas de constru??o e melhoria das condi??es habitacionais e de saneamento b?sico (art. 23, IX), o que justifica o investimento em planejamento urbano e em pol?ticas p?blicas de acesso ? moradia, por serem instrumentos de concretiza??o desse direito. As estrat?gias mais recentes nesse sentido t?m se pautado em est?mulos fiscais e tribut?rios, aliados ao financiamento imobili?rio, como forma de induzir a constru??o de novas unidades habitacionais ou a reforma daquelas em situa??o prec?ria. Entretanto, ainda persiste o d?ficit de domic?lios e de higidez ambiental, agravado com a forma??o dos assentamentos humanos informais. Por isso, s?o necess?rias constantes reflex?es acerca do assunto, a fim de se identificarem par?metros que realmente guiem as pol?ticas habitacionais no objetivo constitucional de atender ?s fun??es sociais da cidade e garantir o bem-estar coletivo (art. 182). Por outro lado, as interven??es do Poder P?blico nesse segmento n?o podem visualizar apenas a disponibilidade do domic?lio em si, mas tamb?m a qualidade do seu prolongamento ou entorno, observando aspectos relacionados ao saneamento ambiental, ? mobilidade urbana, ao lazer e aos servi?os essenciais de sa?de, educa??o e assist?ncia social. Constata-se que a lisura e a efici?ncia de uma pol?tica habitacional condicionam-se ao conceito de moradia adequada, ou seja, estruturalmente segura, juridicamente leg?tima e ambientalmente confort?vel, vi?vel a partir da ampla articula??o com as demais pol?ticas p?blicas. Somente com o atendimento a essa diretriz, ? poss?vel concretizar o direito ? moradia em cidades sustent?veis

This dissertation mainly studies correlation and then portfolio analysis of financial contagion and capital flight, focusing on currency co-movements around the political uncertainty due to the Brexit referendum on 26 June 2016. The correlation, mean, and covariance computations in the analysis are both time-unconditional and time-conditional, and the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) methods are applied. The correlation analysis in this dissertation (Chapter 1) extends the previous literature on contagion testing based on a single global factor model, bivariate correlation analysis, and heteroskedasticity bias correction. Chapter 1 proposes an alternatively extended framework, assuming that intensification of financial correlations in a state of distress could coincide with rising global-factor-loading variability, provides simple tests to verify the assumptions of the literature and of the extended framework, and considers capital flight other than merely financial contagion. The outcomes show that, compared to the literature, the extended framework can be deemed more verified to the Brexit case. Empirically, with the UK being the shock-originating economy and the sterling value plummeting on the US dollar, there exist contagions to some other major currencies as well as a flight to quality, particularly to the yen, probably suggesting diversification benefits. When the correlation coefficients are time-conditional, or depend more on more recent data, the evidence shows fewer contagions and flights since the political uncertainty in question disappeared gradually over time. After relevant interest rates were partialled out, some previous statistical contagion and flight occurrences became less significant or even insignificant, possibly due to the significant impacts of the interest rates on the corresponding currency correlations. The portfolio analysis in this dissertation (Chapter 2) examines financial contagion and capital flight implied by portfolio reallocations through mean-variance portfolio analysis, and builds on the correlation analysis in Chapter 1. In the correlation analysis, correlations are bivariate, whereas in the portfolio analysis they are multivariate and the risk-return tradeoff is also vitally involved. Portfolio risk minimization and reward-to-risk maximization are the two analytical cases of portfolio optimality taken into consideration. Robust portfolio optimizations, using shrinkage estimations and newly proposed risk-based weight constraints, are also applied. The evidence demonstrates that the portfolio analysis outcomes regarding currency contagions and flights, implying diversification benefits, vary and are noticeably dissimilar from the correlation analysis outcomes of Chapter 1. Subsequently, it could be inferred that the diversification benefits deduced from the portfolio and correlation analyses differ owing to the dominance, during market uncertainty, of the behaviors of the means and (co)variances of all the shock-originating and shock-receiving returns, over the behaviors of just bivariate correlations between the shock-originating and shock-receiving returns. Moreover, corrections of the heteroskedasticity bias inherent in the shock-originating returns, overall, do not have an effect on currency portfolio rebalancing. Additionally, hedging demands could be implied from detected structural portfolio reallocations, probably as a result of variance-covariance shocks rising from Brexit.
This dissertation mainly studies correlation and then portfolio analysis of financial contagion and capital flight, focusing on currency co-movements around the political uncertainty due to the Brexit referendum on 26 June 2016. The correlation, mean, and covariance computations in the analysis are both time-unconditional and time-conditional, and the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) methods are applied. The correlation analysis in this dissertation (Chapter 1) extends the previous literature on contagion testing based on a single global factor model, bivariate correlation analysis, and heteroskedasticity bias correction. Chapter 1 proposes an alternatively extended framework, assuming that intensification of financial correlations in a state of distress could coincide with rising global-factor-loading variability, provides simple tests to verify the assumptions of the literature and of the extended framework, and considers capital flight other than merely financial contagion. The outcomes show that, compared to the literature, the extended framework can be deemed more verified to the Brexit case. Empirically, with the UK being the shock-originating economy and the sterling value plummeting on the US dollar, there exist contagions to some other major currencies as well as a flight to quality, particularly to the yen, probably suggesting diversification benefits. When the correlation coefficients are time-conditional, or depend more on more recent data, the evidence shows fewer contagions and flights since the political uncertainty in question disappeared gradually over time. After relevant interest rates were partialled out, some previous statistical contagion and flight occurrences became less significant or even insignificant, possibly due to the significant impacts of the interest rates on the corresponding currency correlations. The portfolio analysis in this dissertation (Chapter 2) examines financial contagion and capital flight implied by portfolio reallocations through mean-variance portfolio analysis, and builds on the correlation analysis in Chapter 1. In the correlation analysis, correlations are bivariate, whereas in the portfolio analysis they are multivariate and the risk-return tradeoff is also vitally involved. Portfolio risk minimization and reward-to-risk maximization are the two analytical cases of portfolio optimality taken into consideration. Robust portfolio optimizations, using shrinkage estimations and newly proposed risk-based weight constraints, are also applied. The evidence demonstrates that the portfolio analysis outcomes regarding currency contagions and flights, implying diversification benefits, vary and are noticeably dissimilar from the correlation analysis outcomes of Chapter 1. Subsequently, it could be inferred that the diversification benefits deduced from the portfolio and correlation analyses differ owing to the dominance, during market uncertainty, of the behaviors of the means and (co)variances of all the shock-originating and shock-receiving returns, over the behaviors of just bivariate correlations between the shock-originating and shock-receiving returns. Moreover, corrections of the heteroskedasticity bias inherent in the shock-originating returns, overall, do not have an effect on currency portfolio rebalancing. Additionally, hedging demands could be implied from detected structural portfolio reallocations, probably as a result of variance-covariance shocks rising from Brexit.