Relevant bibliographies by topics / Total Allowable Catch

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Total Allowable Catch'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Total Allowable Catch"

1

Knapp, Gunnar, and James J. Murphy. "Voluntary Approaches to Transitioning from Competitive Fisheries to Rights-Based Management: Bringing the Field into the Lab." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 39, no. 2 (April 2010): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500007279.

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This paper describes a novel experiment designed to examine how rent dissipation may occur in fisheries in which the right to participate is limited and fishermen compete amongst themselves for shares of an exogenous total allowable catch. We demonstrate that rent dissipation may occur through multiple mechanisms, and that the heterogeneity of fishermen has important implications for how rent dissipation occurs and the extent to which different individuals may benefit from the implementation of rights-based management. We apply this approach to investigate the concept of voluntary rights-based management under which managers divide the total allowable catch between two separate fisheries, and fishermen may choose between fishing for a guaranteed individual harvest quota and competing for a share of the total catch in a competitive fishery.
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Idris, Idris, E. Setyawan, and A. Mardesyawati. "STATUS PENANGKAPAN IKAN HIAS DI KEPULAUAN SERIBU TAHUN 2007-2009 (The Status of Ornamental Reef Fish Catch in Seribu Islands (2007-2009))." Marine Fisheries : Journal of Marine Fisheries Technology and Management 2, no. 2 (January 23, 2013): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jmf.2.2.155-164.

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<p>Marine ornamental reef fish trade is a huge industry with trade value USD 200-350 million/ year. Seribu Islands, Jakarta is one of the main ornamental reef fish catch area in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to compare ornamental fishing activities with total allowable catch (TAC). Ornamental reef fish catch data were collected from fishermen annually within 2007-2009, while reef fish population data are collected using underwater visual census every two years. The results showed that the total catch of 18 marine ornamental reef fish species exceeded TAC in 2007. Then there were 22 species in 2008 and 17 species of marine ornamental fish in 2009 that their catches were more than TAC. In addition, fish that are always included in the ten highest caught fish within 3 years were Cryptocentrus cinctus, Pomacentrus alleni, Pterosynchiropus splendidus, Premnas biaculeatus, and Amphiprion ocellaris. Their catches exceeded TAC.</p><p><br /><strong>Key words:</strong> Marine ornamental fish, Seribu Islands, Total Allowable Catch (TAC)</p>
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Kwon, Y., E. Lee, Y. Seo, H. Kang, and C. I. Zhang. "Evaluation of total allowable catch (TAC) based fishery resources management in Korea." Journal of Environmental Biology 41, no. 5(SI) (September 30, 2020): 1407–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/41/5(si)/ms_35.

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4

Militz, Thane A., Jeff Kinch, David S. Schoeman, and Paul C. Southgate. "Use of total allowable catch to regulate a selective marine aquarium fishery." Marine Policy 90 (April 2018): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.017.

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5

Karagiannakos, A. "Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and quota management system in the European Union." Marine Policy 20, no. 3 (May 1996): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(96)86986-7.

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6

Albornoz, Víctor M., and Cristian M. Canales. "Total allowable catch for managing squat lobster fishery using stochastic nonlinear programming." Computers & Operations Research 33, no. 8 (August 2006): 2113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2005.01.002.

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7

Anas, Pigoselpi, Iis Jubaedah, and Dinno Sudinno. "Potensi Lestari Perikanan Tangkap sebagai Basis Pengelolaan Sumberdaya di Kabupaten Pangandaran." Jurnal Penyuluhan Perikanan dan Kelautan 10, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33378/jppik.v10i2.70.

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Kajian potensi lestari perikanan tangkap dilakukan pada bulan Agustus – Oktober 2015 di kabupaten Pangandaran Jawa Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui beberapa aspek penangkapan meliputi jumlah alat tangkap optimal, Catch per unit effort ( CPUE ) , potensi maksimum lestari (MSY) dan Total Allowable Catch ( TAC) serta Mengetahui tingkat pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikan di perairan Kabupaten Pangandaran. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode survei. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Potensi lestari perikanan Tangkap di Perairan Pangandaran Provinsi Jawa Barat menggunakan formula model Schaefer diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut Jumlah alat tangkap optimal (Emsy) = 2006,4 unit, pada saat ini jumlah alat tangkap yang ada telah melebihi jumlah optimalnya.. Hasil tangkapan lestari (Cmsy) = 2415,4 ton ,dan jumlah tangkapan ikan yang diperbolehkan (Total Allowable Catch = TAC) sebesar 1932 ton sedangkan tingkat pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikan berdasarkan hasil tangkapan dan alat tangkap di perairan Kabupaten Pangandaran telah mencapai tangkapan lestari.
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Shephard, Samuel, David G. Reid, Hans D. Gerritsen, and Keith D. Farnsworth. "Estimating biomass, fishing mortality, and “total allowable discards” for surveyed non-target fish." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 2 (July 2, 2014): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu146.

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Abstract Demersal fisheries targeting a few high-value species often catch and discard other “non-target” species. It is difficult to quantify the impact of this incidental mortality when population biomass of a non-target species is unknown. We calculate biomass for 14 demersal fish species in ICES Area VIIg (Celtic Sea) by applying species- and length-based catchability corrections to catch records from the Irish Groundfish Survey (IGFS). We then combine these biomass estimates with records of commercial discards (and landings for marketable non-target species) to calculate annual harvesting rates (HR) for each study species. Uncertainty is incorporated into estimates of both biomass and HR. Our survey-based HR estimates for cod and whiting compared well with HR-converted fishing mortality (F) estimates from analytical assessments for these two stocks. Of the non-target species tested, red gurnard (Chelidonichthys cuculus) recorded some annual HRs greater than those for cod or whiting; challenging “Pope’s postulate” that F on non-target stocks in an assemblage will not exceed that on target stocks. We relate HR for each species to two corresponding maximum sustainable yield (MSY) reference levels; six non-target species (including three ray species) show annual HRs ≥ HRMSY. This result suggests that it may not be possible to conserve vulnerable non-target species when F is coupled to that of target species. Based on biomass, HR, and HRMSY, we estimate “total allowable catch” for each non-target species.
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Astorkiza, Kepa, and Valle del. "Changing the total allowable catch (TAC) decision-making framework: A central bank of fishes?" Panoeconomicus 60, no. 3 (2013): 415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1303415a.

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The difficulties that the current model of TAC regulation generates in the current system of EU fisheries are analyzed. Although the production structure of the TAC has been set up in collaboration with ICES, the determination process lacks short-term contributions from the field of biology. Once these inputs undergo the decision process of the EU, the resulting TACs are significantly biased in relation to the initial recommendations. To solve this problem, a different institutional model with the addition of a Central Bank-like of Fishes is proposed.
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Kindt-Larsen, Lotte, Eskild Kirkegaard, and Jørgen Dalskov. "Fully documented fishery: a tool to support a catch quota management system." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 8 (May 13, 2011): 1606–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr065.

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Abstract Kindt-Larsen, L., Kirkegaard, E., and Dalskov, J. 2011. Fully documented fishery: a tool to support a catch quota management system. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1606–1610. The Danish Government has proposed a catch quota management system (CQMS) in which fishers are obliged to report their total catches, including discards and landings, and both are counted against the formal total allowable catch (TAC). The success of a CQMS requires appropriate documentation to verify the total catch, the validity of scientific advice, and the implementation of the TACs through national catch quotas. A remote electronic monitoring (EM) system, providing full documentation of fishing operations and catches, was tested on six Danish fishing vessels operating under a CQMS for cod (Gadus morhua). The results showed that the EM system could provide the documentation required to support the CQMS and that it was an incentive for the participating fishers to avoid discarding cod. Changing from landings to total catch quotas would not affect the scientific-advisory processes of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), but it could have notable consequences for the allocation of TACs between countries.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Total Allowable Catch"

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Kanik, Zafer. "Mechanism Design For The Optimal Allocation Of Quotas And The Determination Of The Total Allowable Catch For Eu Fisheries Under An Age-structured Model." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614678/index.pdf.

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In this study, we consider the mechanism design problem for the optimal allocation of fishing quotas at different total allowable catch (TAC) levels. An age-structured fish population model is employed. Fishing technologies are embedded in the economic model as a key determinant. As a result, we showed that the quota allocation mechanism is important to minimize the impact of fishing on total fish biomass or achieve maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Moreover, we indicated technology-based optimality conditions for allocation of quotas at different TAC levels, which minimize the impact of fishing on total fish biomass or enable us to achieve MSY. Under the consideration that the fishermen fulfill their remaining quotas through capturing untargeted (less revenue-generating) fish after the targeted fish population is fully caught, the fix ratio of the catch of targeted fish to untargeted fish is not valid anymore. Concordantly, we indicated technology-based optimal quota levels, including the interior solutions. In the EU, TACs are distributed among states according to the principle of &lsquo
relative stability&rsquo
which prescribes that the fishing quotas should be allocated based on historical catches of the EU states. In this context, rather than allocating the quotas based on historical catches, our main suggestion is that the structure of the fishing industry should be considered for allocation of quotas to provide the sustainability of EU fisheries and achieve responsible and effective management of the fishing industry in the EU.
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Docking, Kathryn A. "The Predictive Power of Commercial Fisheries Stock Assessments." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38107.

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Organizations responsible for managing commercial fisheries conduct annual stock assessments to monitor stock and, in principle, reduce the risk of overexploitation. These are fundamental to setting the total allowable catch for the upcoming fishing year. While there have been many attempts to estimate uncertainty associated with certain components and estimates of stock assessments, to date there has been no systematic assessment of their forecasted predicted value. Using data from annual stock assessments from 65 commercial fisheries around the world, estimates were obtained of both predicted (from the previous year) and observed (in the current year) catch-at-age. When comparing observed (actual) and predicted catch-at-age for a given stock, estimates were obtained of the predictive power of next-season forecasts. Using other attributes of the fishery and the stock (biological (e.g. life history) and management (e.g. assessment model employed)), empirical models were constructed that attempt to determine variability in predictive power among stocks. It was observed that, on average, within-year predictive powers (age-series within time samples) were higher than year over year predictive powers (time-series within age samples). While focusing on time-series within age, it was observed that change over the period of record (in natural mortality rate, assessment model employed, etc.) reduced predictive power; while for age-series within time, it was shown that cumulative landings reduced predictive power. This study represents one of the first attempts to quantify systematically the predictive power of fisheries stock assessment models.
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Peterson, Therése. "Samspelet mellan ekologi, produktionsförhållande, politik och sociokulturella faktorer gällande Östersjöns torskbestånd från 1970-talet till 2003." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2401.

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The study begins with a historical background over the fisheries development in North America and in the Baltic Sea area in Finland and Sweden. As we can see the fisheries development depends on the interaction between ecology, state of production, politic and also social factors. In Sweden the fishery politic has changed over the period of the study. In the 1970: s the main politic focus was on the fisheries progress, expansion and rationalization. The State in Sweden took a vast part in this development and gave economic support. In the 1980: s the fishery politic in Sweden started to change and the environmental politics began to enter the fishery politic. The environmental problems in the Baltic Sea were given attention and it was a great anxiety over the eutrophication. In the 1980: s the codpopulation declined and with them the catches declined. The conflict over the White zone 1978-1988 between Former Soviet Union and Sweden resulted in a plunder fishery in the area east of Bornholm. This plunder fishery effected the cod population enormous and the effect has continued to the late 1990: s.

In 1995 Sweden joined the European Union and the common fishery politic replaced the Swedish fishery politic.

The system with TAC (Total Allowable Catch) is central in the common politic and it is used to control the cod catches. But the problem is that the TAC -volume has been higher than the codpopulation could stand. Despite the politic goal in Sweden and EU to preserve the codpopulation in the Baltic Sea, the codpopulation has continued to decline. The reason to this politic failure is that the limit of the ecology has been overseen. Instead, the economic and social values have been dominating the politic and together with a to weak control of the catches and environmental problems in the Baltic Sea, the situation for the cod has been devastating.

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4

Mueller-Fischler, Falco. "Assessing the impact of new Individual Vessel Quota legislation on the sustainability of the Peruvian anchoveta fishery." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-92528.

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The Peruvian anchoveta fishery was for nearly 60 years characterized by the unsustainable dynamics of open access resource pools. This thesis investigates whether the 2009 Peruvian Legislative Decree 1084 on Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQ's) is an effective response to the industrial overcapacity and race-to-fish problems that threatened the environment before its implementation. It employs Common-Pool Resource theory to assess the impact of the new IVQ scheme on collective dynamics, and Ribot and Peluso's access theory (2009) to elucidate evolving power relations in the fishery. In this framework, DL1084 is evaluated as a regulatory instrument, as a lens on fisheries governance in Peru, and as a source of insight into how environmental impact serves in developing regulations of natural resource exploitation. A triangulated mixed-method design is employed: (1) a two-stream literature review of fisheries management and of the fishery's political ecology; (2) a quantitative analysis of daily state-published landings reports; and (3) seven in-depth intensive interviews with key actors in the fishery, conducted in Peru over two field-trips of approximately 2 months in total. Results indicate that although IVQ's supported existing trends towards large-scale economic efficiency and altered extreme competitive strategies previously associated with open access, fishing companies have built larger ships, favour bigger catches and still concentrate fishing effort around a given annual peak. Meanwhile, capacity has again increased in the unregulated artisanal fishery sector. DL1084 appears to reflect a broader process of growing private sector involvement in managing the fishery, made official by its institutionalization of market self-regulation. Ultimately, it evidences deep structure and capacity limitations in the state's ability to govern marine resources. The law was nevertheless seen as a landmark for the environmental legal process in Peru and an opportunity for reform. This thesis suggests that studying such legislations can provide insight into state identity and the evolving relationship between a nation and its geography.
Durante casi 60 años, la pesquería peruana de anchoveta estaba caracterizada por las dinámicas insostenibles de la explotación de recursos de propiedad común en situación de acceso abierto. Esta tesis investiga si el Decreto Legislativo Peruano 1084 (DL1084) sobre Límites Máximos de Captura por Embarcación (LMCE) es una respuesta efectiva a los problemas de sobrecapacidad industrial y de carrera por el recurso que amenazaban el ambiente antes de su aplicación en 2009. Se basa en la teoría de los Recursos de Propiedad Común (Common-Pool Resource theory) para evaluar el impacto del nuevo modelo de gestión por LMCE sobre las dinámicas colectivas, y en la teoría del Acceso de Ribot y Peluso (2009) para trazar la evolución de las relaciones de poder en la pesquería. En este marco, el DL1084 es evaluado como herramienta regulatoria, como lente sobre la gobernanza pesquera en el Perú y como reflejo del proceso por el cual el impacto ambiental sirve como base para el desarrollo de regulaciones sobre el acceso a recursos naturales. Sigue un diseño triangulado de métodos combinados: (1) una revisión de literatura en dos ramas de la gestión de pesquería como campo general y de la ecología política de la pesquería de anchoveta; (2) un análisis cuantitativo de los informes diarios de desembarques publicados por el estado (IMARPE); y (3) siete entrevistas intensivas de fondo con actores claves en la pesquería, realizadas en Perú durante dos visitas de aproximadamente dos meses en total. Los resultados indican que a pesar de que los LMCE soportaron una tendencia existente hacia una eficiencia económica de mayor escala y alteraron las estrategias competitivas extremas asociadas con el acceso abierto, las empresas pesqueras han construido embarcaciones más grandes, favorecen capturas de mayor tamaño y todavía concentran su esfuerzo pesquero alrededor de un pico anual de abundancia. En paralelo, ha aumentado la capacidad de captura en el sector artesanal, el cual no cuenta con límites de captura. El DL1084 aparece como parte de un proceso más general de creciente involucramiento del sector privado en el manejo de la pesquería, haciéndolo oficial por su misma institucionalización de la autorregulación del mercado. Por último, pone en evidencia profundas limitaciones de estructura y de capacidad en el estado en cuanto a cómo gobierna los recursos marinos. La ley ha sin embargo sido vista como un precedente importante para el proceso legislativo ambiental en el Perú así como una oportunidad para impulsar otras reformas. Esta tesis sugiere que el estudio de tales legislaciones puede ofrecer una mirada sobre los procesos de formación de la identidad de un estado y sobre la evolución de la relación entre una nación y su geografía.
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Hong, Cheng-Jyun, and 洪承駿. "Studies on Setting Total Allowable Catch of Sergestid Shrimp (Sergia lucens) Fishery in Tung-Kang." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57280235954476080032.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
環境生物與漁業科學學系
96
Tung-Kang sergestid shrimp (Sergia lucens) fishery is the only one that carries out both input control and output control management in Taiwan. However, the flexible adjustment on the output control management does not rely on the scientific underpinning but the traditional experience. Therefore, this research aimed to propose that it is necessary to set up a more reasonable and scientific management model in order to promote itself to reach the sustainable development. Based on the statistic data of the harvest and the operation management from year 1998 to 2007, this research tried to calculate the target value of the fishery management. This research discovered that the suggested MSY of the sergestid shrimp fishery is 748 tons, MEY is 583 tons ,and making MScY as TAC which is 711 tons. Moreover, the most optimum number of sergestid shrimp fishery ships are 93. The average total production value is 185,060,000 NTD per year. The value added is 113,260,000 NTD, and there is a total profit of 35,960,000 NTD. Besides, the total wages is 77,300,000 NTD, hence there would be a profit of 390,000 NTD per ship per year.
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Books on the topic "Total Allowable Catch"

1

Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. European Standing Committee A. Fisheries: Total allowable catch quotas in 2005 and 2006, Tuesday 8 March 2005. London: Stationery Office, 2005.

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2

United States. National Marine Fisheries Service. Alaska Regional Office., ed. Groundfish total allowable catch specifications and prohibited species catch limits under the authority of the Fishery Management Plans for the Groundfish Fishery of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Area and Groundfish of the Gulf of Alaska: Draft supplemental environmental impact statement. [Juneau, Alaska]: The Region, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Total Allowable Catch"

1

"Eels at the Edge: Science, Status, and Conservation Concerns." In Eels at the Edge: Science, Status, and Conservation Concerns, edited by Peter R. Todd. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569964.ch27.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—The New Zealand eel fishery comprises two species, the shortfin eel <em>Anguilla australis </em>and the New Zealand longfin eel <em>A. dieffenbachii</em>. A third species, the speckled longfin eel <em>A. reinhardtii</em>, is present in small numbers in some areas. Major fisheries in New Zealand are managed under the Quota Management System. Individual transferable quotas are set as a proportion of an annual total allowable commercial catch. The Quota Management System was introduced into the South Island eel fishery on 1 October 2000 and the North Island fishery on 1 October 2004. Freshwater eels have particular significance for customary Maori. Management policies allow for customary take and the granting of commercial access rights on introduction into the Quota Management System. Eel catches have remained relatively constant since the early 1970s. The average annual catch from 1989–1990 to 2001–2002 (fishing year) was 1,313 mt. Catch per unit effort remained constant from 1983 to 1989 and reduced from 1990 to 1999. Statistically significant declines in catch per unit effort for New Zealand longfin eel were found in some areas over the latter period. For management, an annual stock-assessment process provides an update on stock status.
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Gardner, Caleb, Reginald A. Watson, Anes Dwi Jayanti, Suadi, Mohsen AlHusaini, and Gordon H. Kruse. "Crustaceans as Fisheries Resources: General Overview." In Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2–20. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865627.003.0001.

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Much of the biological and other research efforts on crustaceans have been driven by their importance to humans as a food source. Production comes from a diverse array of methods and scales of extraction, from small recreational or subsistence fisheries to industrial-scale operations. Most crustacean catch comes from shrimp fisheries, with over two million tons taken in 2014, mainly by trawl. The genera Acetes, Fenneropenaeus, and Pandalus account for around three quarters of this catch. Crab, krill, and lobster are the other main crustacean products (around 600,000 t crab, 380,000 t krill, and 300,000 t lobster in 2014). Trends in crustacean fisheries are broadly similar to those of other seafood, although crustaceans often target different market segments and receive higher prices than fish. Crustacean fisheries management faces many challenges with management of bycatch from trawl gears especially significant. Fortunately, crustaceans tend to be easily handled with low discard mortality, and this has enabled widespread use of regulations based on size, maturity, or sex (e.g., male-only fisheries). Total allowable catch (TAC) limits are widely used and highly effective for ensuring sustainable harvests when set responsibly using good information. TAC systems are often combined with catch share or individual transferable quota systems, which had a mixed history in crustaceans, sometimes reducing overall community benefit. This parallels the challenge facing fisheries globally of ensuring that harvests are not only sustainable but also deliver benefits to the wider community beyond the commercial fishers; management of some crustacean fisheries is at the forefront of these developments.
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"Red Snapper: Ecology and Fisheries in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico." In Red Snapper: Ecology and Fisheries in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, edited by PETER B. HOOD, ANDREW J. STRELCHECK, and PHIL STEELE. American Fisheries Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569971.ch18.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—The red snapper <em>Lutjanus campechanus </em>fishery has been in existence in the Gulf of Mexico since the mid-1800s. However, management of this species did not begin until more than a century afterward. Federal management of the fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico began in 1976 with the passage of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act and the establishment of the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council (Council). One of the first fishery management plans (FMP) developed by the Council was the Reef Fish FMP. This FMP was implemented in November 1984 and established the first red snapper size and bag limits. In 1988, the stock was determined to be overfished. Since then, the fishery has been managed to stay within total allowable catch levels in order to rebuild the stock. Management methods have included size limits, bag limits, season closures, trip limits, and license limitation programs. The success of these methods has been limited in part due to high levels of juvenile red snapper mortality associated with shrimp trawling, high rates of discard mortality from the directed fishery, and socioeconomic requirements of the directed fisheries to maintain some minimal level of harvest.
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4

"Life in the Slow Lane: Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals." In Life in the Slow Lane: Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals, edited by George R. Sedberry, Carlos A. P. Andrade, Joel L. Carlin, Robert W. Chapman, Brian E. Luckhurst, Charles S. Manooch, G. Menezes, B. Thomsen, and G. F. Ulrich. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569155.ch4.

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<em>Abstract.</em> —The wreckfish <em>Polyprion americanus </em> is a long-lived, globally distributed species that supports fisheries on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, in the Mediterranean, and in the western South Pacific. Wreckfish in the western North Atlantic have a life history that includes an extended (perhaps for two years) pelagic juvenile stage that drifts in the North Atlantic gyre; slow growth rates after assuming demersal existence; recruitment to the American fishery resulting from migration to the grounds at an advanced age (four years); and a long life (31 years at 1460 mm total length and 47 kg total weight). Experience with wreckfish in isolated geographic habitats such as Bermuda indicates that wreckfish can be quickly overfished as fishing technology develops to target the species. Because of its life history and evidence for a single stock of wreckfish for the northern hemisphere, recruitment to local fisheries may depend on management imposed by agencies that regulate distant fisheries. In the United States, the fishery is managed with an individual transferable quota (ITQ), which has sustained a small fishery (annual total allowable catch [TAC] = 907 metric tons) similar in magnitude to that in the Azores and mainland Portugal. There is no management in other portions of the northern hemisphere range. With the exception of Bermuda and perhaps the Mediterranean, northern hemisphere wreckfish stocks do not appear to be in decline; however, landings in the Azores and Madeira have decreased since 1994, after initial increases resulting from introduction of longlines. Current exploratory fishing on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and probable expansion of landings of deepwater species in the North Atlantic islands may result in expansion of the fishery and may necessitate international management plans.
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