Dissertations / Theses: 'Total bacterial'

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Nagalingam, Anil. "Towards the total synthesis of bacterial immunity proteins." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427784.

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Caselani, Kelly [UNESP]. "Avaliação dos controles microbiológicos e do programa de redução de patógenos no abate de bovinos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94629.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar o resultado dos controles ambientais e operacionais, rotineiros e derivados do plano APPCC – Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle, aplicados ao abate de bovinos, e da pesquisa de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica e Listeria monocytogenes). Com duração de um ano, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em abatedouro-frigorífico habilitado à exportação localizado no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas 411 amostras ambientais para pesquisa de Listeria spp., 1.192 amostras de superfície de contato para a Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT), 200, 100, 775, 264 e 100 amostras de superfície de carcaça para CBT, Coliformes totais, E. coli, Salmonella spp. e E. coli O157:H7, respectivamente, além de 256 amostras de recortes cárneos para a pesquisa de E. coli O157:H7. Os resultados evidenciaram condição higiênica aceitável para 51,1% das amostras ambientais de CBT, com 62,9% de amostras não aceitáveis no setor de abate. Um valor elevado de amostras (15,1%) foi positivo para Listeria spp. e para Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). Observou-se que 89,6%, 2,8% e 7,6% das amostras de carcaça foram satisfatórias, aceitáveis e insatisfatórias para E. coli, respectivamente. Para a amostragem comparativa, 88,5% das amostras apresentaram-se satisfatórias para CBT, 84% para Coliformes Totais e 83,6% para E. coli. Nenhuma das amostras de carcaça analisadas foi positiva para Salmonella spp. ou para E. coli O157:H7. A frequência da ocorrência de E. coli O157:H7 em amostras de recortes cárneos (carne industrial) foi de 0,31%, com apenas uma amostra positiva
This study aimed to evaluate the result of the environmental and operational controls which are routine or derived from HACCP Plan - Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, applied to slaughter cattle, and potentially pathogenic microorganisms research (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes). During one year, the research was developed in a slaughterhouse, enabled to export, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We analyzed 411 environmental samples for Listeria spp. research, 1.192 samples of surface contact for Total Bacterial Count (TBC), 200, 100, 775, 264 and 100 samples of carcass surface for TBC, Total Coliform, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7, respectively, besides 256 samples of meat cuts for E. coli O157:H7 research. The results showed that 51,1% of the environmental samples of TBC were in acceptable hygienic condition and 62,9% of samples were not acceptable in the slaughter industry. A high value of samples (15,1%) was positive for Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). It was observed that 89,6%, 2,8% and 7,6% of the samples of carcass were satisfactory, acceptable and unsatisfactory for E. coli, respectively. For comparative sampling, 88,5% of the samples were satisfactory for TBC, 84% for Total Coliform and 83, 6% for E. coli. None of the samples of carcass tested was positive for Salmonella spp. or E. coli O157:H7. The frequency of the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in samples of meat cuts (meat industry) was 0,31%, with only one positive sample

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Wentz, Andréia Garcia. "Diferentes métodos e tempos de conservação de amostras de leite cru para determinação da composição físico-química e qualidade microbiológica." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1583.

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The present study aimed to compare three methods of conservation (no added preservative, azidiol and bronopol), conservation of raw milk for total bacteria count analysis (TBC) for the standard counting method plating, chemical composition (fat, protein, lactose, total solids and fat solids), pH and freezing of milk. The research also aimed to study the influence of the storage period (days), temperature (cooled and uncooled) and the initial microbiological quality of raw milk samples. It was used a randomized block design with factorial arrangement of 3 (methods) x 2 (temperature) x 5 (times). The TBC was influenced by the preservative, since after seven days of storage the sample without preservative had greater TBC. In the unrefrigerated samples with bronopol there was a gradual reduction of TBC. It was observed that the samples preserved with azidiol, regardless of storage temperature, TBC reduced over time. The temperature affected the fat content (P <0.001). The protein, lactose, solids and milk medium density were influenced by the type of preservative and storage days (P <0.001). The pH was influenced by the type of preservative and the storage days (P <0.001). For TBC analysis, the use of azidiol, independent of refrigeration or storage, is the most appropriate method to maintain the original characteristics of the product. From the first day of storage of the samples, there was an increase of the average levels of protein, lactose and degreased solids in relation to the quantified on the collection day. On the other hand, the TBC was changed isolated by the initial TBC, storage temperature and storage days (P <0.001). There was an increase of TBC according to the days of storage, since until the first day of storage values increased already from the second day of storage TBC started to reduce. In fat content, there was only initial TBC effect and storage temperature (P <0.001). In the protein percentage there was the effect of days of storage, the protein increased until the first day of storage, where it stabilized until 7 days of storage. Lactose was amended by initial TBC and the storage days (P <0.001), lactose increased until the first day of storage, which stabilized until the seventh day. The total solids (TS) content was amended by initial TBC, temperature and storage days (P <0.001), samples with high TBC showed higher initial TS levels. The SD content was changed only by the initial TBC and the storage days (P <0.001). The pH was amended by initial TBC, temperature and days of storage. For TBC analysis, using azidiol preservative is dependent on the use of refrigeration during storage to maintain more stable microbiological characteristics over seven days of storage. For analysis of physical and chemical composition, from the first day of sample storage, there was an increase of protein, lactose and fat solids of milk, compared to levels observed when quantified in the same day of collection of milk
O presente estudo foi realizado objetivando comparar três métodos de conservação (sem adição de conservante, azidiol e bronopol), na conservação de leite cru destinado a análise de contagem bactéria total (CBT) pelo método de contagem padrão em placas, composição centesimal (gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais e sólidos desengordurados), pH e do ponto de congelamento do leite. O trabalho também objetivou estudar a influência do período de armazenamento (dias), temperatura (refrigerado e não refrigerado) e a qualidade microbiológica inicial de amostras de leite cru. Foi utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados com arranjo fatorial de 3 (métodos) x 2 (temperaturas) x 5 (tempos). A CBT foi influenciada pelo conservante, pois aos sete dias de armazenamento a amostra sem conservante apresentou maior CBT. Nas amostras com bronopol sem refrigeração houve redução gradual de CBT. Observou-se que as amostras conservadas com azidiol, independente da temperatura de armazenagem, reduziram a CBT ao longo do tempo. A temperatura influenciou o teor de gordura (P<0,001. Os teores de proteína, lactose, sólidos desengordurados e densidade média do leite foram influenciados pelo tipo de conservante e dias de armazenamento (P<0,001). O pH foi influenciado pelo tipo de conservante e pelos dias de armazenamento (P<0,001). Para análises de CBT, o uso de azidiol, independente de refrigeração ou armazenagem, é o método mais adequado para manter as características originais do produto. A partir do primeiro dia de armazenamento das amostras ocorre aumento dos teores médios de proteína, lactose e sólidos desengordurados em relação aos quantificados no dia da coleta. Por outro lado, a CBT foi alterada de forma isolada pela CBT inicial, temperatura de armazenamento e dias de armazenagem (P<0,001). Houve aumento da CBT de acordo com os dias de armazenamento, uma vez que até o primeiro dia de armazenamento os valores aumentaram, já a partir do segundo dia de armazenamento a CBT começou a reduzir. Nos teores de gordura, houve apenas efeito de CBT inicial e temperatura de armazenamento (P<0,001). Nos percentuais de proteína houve efeito de dias de armazenamento, a proteína aumentou até o primeiro dia de armazenamento, onde estabilizou até 7 dias de armazenamento. Lactose foi alterada pela CBT inicial e pelos dias de armazenamento (P<0,001), teor de lactose aumentou até o primeiro dia de armazenamento, onde estabilizou até o sétimo dia. O teor de ST foi alterado pela CBT inicial, temperatura e dias de armazenamento (P<0,001), amostras com alta CBT inicial apresentaram maiores teores de ST. O teor de SD foi alterado apenas pela CBT inicial e pelos dias de armazenamento (P<0,001). O pH foi alterado pela CBT inicial, temperatura e dias de armazenamento. Para análise de CBT, o uso de azidiol como conservante é dependente do uso de refrigeração durante a armazenagem para manter as características microbiológicas mais estáveis ao longo de sete dias de armazenamento. Para análises de composição físico-química, a partir do primeiro dia de armazenamento das amostras, ocorreu aumento dos teores de proteína, lactose e sólidos desengordurados do leite, em relação aos teores observados quando quantificados no mesmo dia da coleta do leite

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Ghannad, Farzan. "Comparison of treatment protocols to reduce the total bacterial load in the implant screw hole." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44830.

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Objective: A prospective multi-centre clinical trial was conducted to assess the biofilm inhibitory potential of 1% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel in the internal cavity of implant screw holes, when utilized at the time of surgical implant placement. Methods: The study included a total of 40 Straumann (S) and Nobel Biocare (N) implants, divided into test (ST or NT) and control (SC or NC) based on the implant system. The implants were placed by two periodontists (private practice) as well as by senior Graduate Periodontics residents at the University of British Columbia. Total colony forming units (CFUs/ml) were assessed 3 months post surgery by means of aerobic and anaerobic culturing and Gram staining was conducted on 15 of the samples. Univariate Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze differences between groups (p <0.001). Gender distribution and sample collection times were compared by means of Fisher’s exact test and Student t-test respectively. Results: The mean sample collection time was 110 days for the test population and 98 days for the controls (p > 0.05). No statistical differences in term of CFUs/ml were evident when comparing aerobic and anaerobic culturing methods (p > 0.05). The use of 1% CHX gel significantly reduced biofilm formation in both the ST and NT samples when compared with controls (SC and NC) (p < 0.001). Differences between ST and NT did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Overall, 13 implants from the test population demonstrated CFUs/ml below a threshold of 1000 compared to only 1 implant from the control population. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of mainly Gram-positive coccoid species in 14/15 samples; one sample consisted mainly of rod shaped bacteria. Conclusion: The application of 1% CHX gel in the internal implant cavity at the time of initial implant surgery greatly reduces the biofilm formation over a 3-month period.

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Orr, Caroline. "Diversity and activity of free-living diazotrophic and total bacterial communities in organic and conventionally managed soil." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2010. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/1328/.

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Agricultural soils are heterogeneous environments in which conditions affecting microbial growth and diversity fluctuate widely in space and time. In this study, the molecular ecology of the total bacterial and free-living nitrogen fixing communities in soils from the Nafferton factorial systems comparison (NFSC) study in North East England were examined. The field experiment is factorial in design with organic versus conventional crop rotation, crop protection and fertility management factors. Soils were sampled on three dates (March, June and September) in 2007. Total RNA was extracted from all soil samples and reverse transcribed. DGGE and qPCR were used to analyse nifH and 16S rRNA genes in order to study free-living diazotrophs and the total bacterial community respectively. Crop rotation was shown to have a significant effect on total bacterial diversity (and that of free-living N fixers) (P=<0.001). On all three dates nifH activity was higher in the conventional crop rotation. In contrast, qPCR analysis of free-living N fixers indicated significantly higher levels of activity in conventionally fertilised plots in June (P=0.0324) and in plots with organic crop protection in September (P=0.0143). To our knowledge the effects of organic and conventional farming systems on free-living diazotrophs have never been studied. An increased understanding of the impacts of management practices on free-living N fixers could allow modifications in soil management practices to optimize the activity of these organisms.

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Terrazas, Onofre Maria Liliana, and Onofre Maria Liliana Terrazas. "Reduction of Bacterial and Viral Indicators in Laundry Graywater by Solar Disinfection." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621781.

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Current competitive status among potable and non-potable use makes the water reuse mandatory. Presently, water reuse is common only for reclaimed water coming from municipal or industrial water treatment plants. In those facilities, the treatment includes disinfection. The disinfection methods widely used are chlorination and Ultra Violet (UV) lamps adapted to the conditions of large volume of municipal and industrial systems. This study proposes a disinfection method adequate to the household level to reuse graywater. The method is called solar disinfection (SODIS), which allows the reuse of graywater even though it contains fecal contamination. In this research, natural sun radiation as a free source of heat and UV radiation was utilized. In a first stage, periods of sun exposure, graywater depth, and cell covers as external factors were studied. In later stages, the graywater temperature (GWT) and the UV radiation effects on the reduction of the microbial indicators were observed. Results showed that graywater depth of five cm had a statistical significant reduction rather than ten cm depth (p = 0.0035). Plexiglas and poly-vinyl chloride (PVC), as transparent covers, had a statistical significant reduction (p<0.00001) due to the greenhouse effect increasing the GWT. The black cover had the lowest GWT and reduction of the bacterial and viral indicators. This research found different behavior between bacteria and virus reduction by graywater solar disinfection. In order to reduce the concentration of total coliforms, Escheriquia coli (E. coli) and enterococcus to non-detectable levels (<1.0 most probable number, MPN 100 ml⁻¹), a combination of GWT >45 °C, and UV radiation >24 W m⁻² was required. In contrast, coliphage MS-2, as viral indicator, was resistant to different UV radiation magnitudes (up to 50 W m⁻²), but with a GWT >55 °C non-detectable levels (<1.0 plaques forming units, PFU) were reached.

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Donze, Jennifer Lauren. "Factors affecting total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial counts at 30 lakes in Hillsborough County, Florida." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0005366.

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Maciel, Mônica Jachetti. "Avaliação do extrato alcoólico de hibisco (hibiscus sabdariffa l.) como fator de proteção antibacteriana e antioxidante em alimentos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/29544.

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O hibisco (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) além de possuir propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, é utilizado como planta medicinal e alimento funcional nos países tropicais. Através de Testes de Diluição em Sistema de Tubos Múltiplos determinou-se a Intensidade de Atividade de Inibição Bacteriana (IINIB/Bacteriostasia) e a Intensidade de Atividade de Inativação Bacteriana (IINAB/Bactericidia) de extrato alcoólico de dois acessos de hibisco, a saber: Palmares do Sul/RS e Porto Alegre/RS sobre inóculos padronizados de Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Paralelamente, o teor de polifenóis totais e de antocianinas nos cálices e nos frutos com sementes do hibisco foi determinado. A atividade antimicrobiana do extrato alcoólico de cálices, em ambos os acessos, apresentou diferença positiva significativa quando relacionada ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes. Salmonella Enteritidis foi a bactéria mais sensível ao extrato alcoólico de cálices do hibisco enquanto a mais resistente foi Staphylococcus aureus, independente da variável acesso, considerando somente a estrutura vegetal. Em relação ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes, Escherichia coli demonstrou a maior sensibilidade e Staphylococcus aureus a maior resistência. Os valores de polifenóis totais e de antocianinas do extrato alcoólico de cálices apresentaram diferença significativa entre si e foram superiores ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes. Possivelmente existe uma relação direta entre a concentração de antocianina e a atividade antibacteriana em diferentes estruturas vegetais do hibisco.
The hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and it is utilized as functional food and medicinal plant in tropical countries. Through of Dilution Testing in Multiple Tubes System, it were determined the intensity of bacterial inhibition activity (IINIB/ Bacteriostasy) and the intensity of bacterial inactivation activity (IINAB/ Bactericidie) of alcoholic extracts of two accesses of hibiscus, known as: Palmares do Sul/RS and Porto Alegre/RS on standardized inoculum of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). At the same time, the total content of polyphenols and anthocyanins in the calyxes and fruits with seeds hibiscus was determined. The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extract of the calyxes in both accesses showed a significant positive difference when related to the alcoholic extract of the fruits with seeds. Salmonella enteritidis was the most sensitive bacteria to the alcoholic extract of calyxes of the hibiscus while the most resistant was Staphylococcus aureus, independent of the variable access, considering only the plant structure. In relation to the alcoholic extract of the fruits with seeds, Escherichia coli showed the highest sensitivity and Staphylococcus aureus the highest resistence. Total polyphenols and anthocyanins of alcoholic extract of calyxes‟s values showed a significant difference and they were superior to alcohol extract of fruits with seeds. Possibly there is a direct relationship between the concentration of anthocyanin and antibacterial activity in different structures of the hibiscus plant.

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Zhao, Gengjing. "Single-molecule studies of bacterial DNA replication and translesion synthesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/276234.

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Faithful replication of genomic DNA is crucial for the survival of a cell. In order to achieve high-level accuracy in copying its genome, all cells employ replicative DNA polymerases that have intrinsic high fidelity. When an error occurs on the template DNA strand, in the form of lesions caused by diverse chemicals, reactive oxygen species, or UV light, the high-fidelity replicative DNA polymerases are stalled. To bypass these replication blocks, cells harbor multiple specialized translesion DNA polymerases that are error-prone and therefore able to accommodate the lesions and continue DNA synthesis. As a result of their low fidelity, the translesion polymerases are associated with increased mutagenesis, drug resistance, and cancer. Therefore, the access of the translesion polymerases to DNA needs to be tightly controlled, but how this is achieved has been the subject of debate. This Thesis presents the development of a co-localization single-molecule spectroscopy (CoSMoS) method to directly visualize the loading of the Escherichia coli replicative polymerase on DNA, as well as the exchange between the replicative polymerase and the translesion polymerases Pol II and Pol IV. In contrast to the toolbelt model for the exchange between the polymerases, this work shows that the translesion polymerases Pol II and Pol IV do not form a stable complex with the replicative polymerase Pol IIIα on the β-clamp. Furthermore, we find that the sequential activities of the replication proteins: clamp loader, clamp, and Pol IIIα, are highly organized while the exchange with the translesion polymerases is disordered. This exchange is not determined by lesion-recognition but instead a concentration-dependent competition between the replicative and translesion polymerases for the hydrophobic groove on the surface of the β-clamp. Hence, our results provide a unique insight into the temporal organization of events in DNA replication and translesion synthesis.

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Paul, Sabu. "Bacterial total maximum daily load (TMDL): development and evaluation of a new classification scheme for impaired waterbodies of Texas." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1514.

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Under the Clean Water Act (CWA) program the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) listed 110 stream segments with pathogenic bacteria impairment in 2000. The current study was conducted to characterize the watersheds associated with the impaired waterbodies. The main characteristics considered for the classification of waterbodies were designated use of the waterbody, land use distribution, density of stream network, average distance of a land of a particular use to the closest stream, household population, density of on-site sewage facilities (OSSF), bacterial loading due to the presence of different types of farm animals and wildlife, and average climatic conditions. The availability of observed in-stream fecal coliform bacteria concentration data was evaluated to obtain subgroups of data-rich and data-poor watersheds within a group. The climatic data and observed in-stream fecal coliform bacteria concentrations were analyzed to find out seasonal variability of the water quality. The watershed characteristics were analyzed using the multivariate statistical analysis techniques such as factor analysis/principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis. Six groups of watersheds were formed as result of the statistical analysis. The main factors that differentiate the clusters were found to be bacterial contribution from farm animals and wildlife, density of OSSF, density of households connected to public sewers, and the land use distribution. Two watersheds were selected each from two groups of watersheds. Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) model was calibrated for one watershed within each group and tested for the other watershed in the same group to study the similarity in the parameter sets due to the similarity in watershed characteristics. The study showed that the watersheds within a given cluster formed during the multivariate statistical analysis showed similar watershed characteristics and yielded similar model results for similar model input parameters. The effect of parameter uncertainty on the in-stream bacterial concentration predictions by HSPF was evaluated for the watershed of Salado Creek, in Bexar County. The parameters that control the HSPF model hydrology contributed the most variance in the in-stream fecal coliform bacterial concentrations corresponding to a simulation period between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2000.

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Eradi, Pradheep. "Total Synthesis of Zwitterionic Bacterial Polysaccharide (PS A1) Antigen Fragments from B. fragilis ATCC 25285/NCTC 9343 with Alternating Charges on Adjacent Monosaccharides." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1556557615511811.

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Vargas, Diego Prado de. "EFEITO DA CONTAGEM DE CÉLULAS SOMÁTICAS E CONTAGEM BACTERIANA TOTAL SOBRE OS CONSTITUINTES DO LEITE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5728.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The study aims to evaluate the effect of somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) on the constituents of milk, checking the influence that the climatic variables have on these hygienic-sanitary indicators. Data were obtained from 1,541 dairy farms located in 15 municipalities in the dairy region of Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul. It was tabulated the data from somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC) and milk composition, from June 2008 to December 2011, totaling 44,089 samples. The ambient temperature showed positive and significant correlation to score of somatic cell, while rainfall and relative humidity air showed no correlation. Moreover, the climatic variables have no significant correlation to the TBC. The fat, protein, minerals and total solids were directly correlated with the SCC and TBC, while solids-not-fat and lactose showed an opposite behavior. The principal component analysis (PCA) followed by agglomerative hierarchical clustering method, have showed that milk from SCC 401,000 to 750,000 cell mL-1 and TBC from 100,000 to 1,000,000 CFU mL-1, have the same quality, not justifying stratification in these intervals. In addition, it was observed that only limits regulatory standards are not sufficient to improve the quality of milk, suggesting parameters for payment system based on the bonus and penalty relative to the TBC and SCC milk.
Este estudo teve por objetivos avaliar o efeito da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e da contagem bacteriana total (CBT) sobre os constituintes do leite, verificando a influência que as variáveis climáticas exercem sobre estes indicadores higiênico-sanitários. Os dados utilizados foram de 1.541 unidades produtoras de leite referentes a 15 municípios da bacia leiteira do Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul. Foram tabulados os dados de contagem de células somáticas (CCS), contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e composição centesimal do leite, referentes ao período de junho de 2008 a dezembro de 2011, totalizando 44.089 amostras analisadas. A temperatura ambiente apresentou correlação positiva e significativa com o escore de células somáticas, enquanto a precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa do ar ausência de correlação. Por outro lado, as variáveis climáticas não apresentaram correlação significativa com a CBT. Os teores de gordura, proteína, minerais e sólidos totais foram diretamente correlacionados com a CCS e a CBT, enquanto que os sólidos não gordurosos e a lactose apresentaram comportamento inverso. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) seguida pelo método hierárquico aglomerativo de agrupamento, permitiu constatar que leites com CCS maiores que 400.000 até 750.000 céls mL-1 e CBT superiores a 100.000 até 1.000.000 UFC mL-1, apresentam a mesma qualidade, não justificando a estratificação de intervalos nesta amplitude de variação. Paralelamente, observou-se que somente limites de normas regulatórias não são suficientes para melhoraria da qualidade do leite, sugerindo-se, parâmetros para sistemas de pagamento baseado na bonificação e penalização em relação à CCS e CBT do leite.

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Caselani, Kelly. "Avaliação dos controles microbiológicos e do programa de redução de patógenos no abate de bovinos /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94629.

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Orientador: Luiz Francisco Prata
Banca: Gener Tadeu Pereira
Banca: Anna Monteiro Correia Lima Ribeiro
Resumo: Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar o resultado dos controles ambientais e operacionais, rotineiros e derivados do plano APPCC - Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle, aplicados ao abate de bovinos, e da pesquisa de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica e Listeria monocytogenes). Com duração de um ano, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em abatedouro-frigorífico habilitado à exportação localizado no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas 411 amostras ambientais para pesquisa de Listeria spp., 1.192 amostras de superfície de contato para a Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT), 200, 100, 775, 264 e 100 amostras de superfície de carcaça para CBT, Coliformes totais, E. coli, Salmonella spp. e E. coli O157:H7, respectivamente, além de 256 amostras de recortes cárneos para a pesquisa de E. coli O157:H7. Os resultados evidenciaram condição higiênica aceitável para 51,1% das amostras ambientais de CBT, com 62,9% de amostras não aceitáveis no setor de abate. Um valor elevado de amostras (15,1%) foi positivo para Listeria spp. e para Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). Observou-se que 89,6%, 2,8% e 7,6% das amostras de carcaça foram satisfatórias, aceitáveis e insatisfatórias para E. coli, respectivamente. Para a amostragem comparativa, 88,5% das amostras apresentaram-se satisfatórias para CBT, 84% para Coliformes Totais e 83,6% para E. coli. Nenhuma das amostras de carcaça analisadas foi positiva para Salmonella spp. ou para E. coli O157:H7. A frequência da ocorrência de E. coli O157:H7 em amostras de recortes cárneos (carne industrial) foi de 0,31%, com apenas uma amostra positiva
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the result of the environmental and operational controls which are routine or derived from HACCP Plan - Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, applied to slaughter cattle, and potentially pathogenic microorganisms research (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes). During one year, the research was developed in a slaughterhouse, enabled to export, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We analyzed 411 environmental samples for Listeria spp. research, 1.192 samples of surface contact for Total Bacterial Count (TBC), 200, 100, 775, 264 and 100 samples of carcass surface for TBC, Total Coliform, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7, respectively, besides 256 samples of meat cuts for E. coli O157:H7 research. The results showed that 51,1% of the environmental samples of TBC were in acceptable hygienic condition and 62,9% of samples were not acceptable in the slaughter industry. A high value of samples (15,1%) was positive for Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). It was observed that 89,6%, 2,8% and 7,6% of the samples of carcass were satisfactory, acceptable and unsatisfactory for E. coli, respectively. For comparative sampling, 88,5% of the samples were satisfactory for TBC, 84% for Total Coliform and 83, 6% for E. coli. None of the samples of carcass tested was positive for Salmonella spp. or E. coli O157:H7. The frequency of the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in samples of meat cuts (meat industry) was 0,31%, with only one positive sample
Mestre

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Olshausen, Philipp von [Verfasser], and Alexander [Akademischer Betreuer] Rohrbach. "Total internal reflection microscopy: super-resolution imaging of bacterial dynamics and dark field imaging = Totalreflexionsmikroskopie: Superauflösende Mikroskopie von Dynamik in Bakterien und Dunkelfeld Mikroskopie." Freiburg : Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1123475865/34.

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Felipus, Nadine Cristina. "Impacto do transporte a granel na qualidade microbiológica e físico-química e na composição do leite cru refrigerado em indústria de laticínios." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2017. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/2562.

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Milk is nutritionally complete, but a highly perishable food and its characteristics easily altered by the action of microorganisms and by the manipulation to which it is submitted. The quality and shelf life of the product that reaches the consumer is directly related to the raw material received for industrialization, and consequently to the conditions and practices carried out in obtaining, storing and transporting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of transport of raw milk on the count of psychrotrophic microrganisms, total bacterial count, physical-chemical and compositional analyses of the refrigerated raw milk received in a dairy industry of Vale do Itajaí – SC, Brazil. Other objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the preservative azidiol ®, under controlled conditions and under field conditions, in the count of psychrotrophic microorganisms and in the total bacterial count of refrigerated raw milk. Two experiments were carried out. In the first one, samples were collected, with and without the use of the preservative azidiol®, in bulk tanks of 3 dairy farms, which were stored under laboratory refrigeration (7ºC) and analyzed at pre-defined times (0, 6, 12 and 24 hours). In the second experiment, samples were collected with and without the use of the azidiol® preservative in the raw milk capture at routes of a dairy (in the storage tanks of the farms, in the isothermal compartments of the trucks and in the storage silo of the industry), doing analysis at varying times. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, regression analysis, means comparison and multivariate factorial analysis. Samples collected without preservatives showed increasing psychrotrophic microrganisms counts and total bacterial count as the time between collection and analysis increased. In the samples conserved by azidiol ®, psychrotrophic microrganisms counts and total bacterial count remained constant during the time between collection and analysis. The transport of raw milk in bulk worsened the microbiological quality of the milk, but did not show influence on the compositional and physical-chemical results of the milk received in the industry. Poor hygiene conditions in storage rooms and in expansion tanks influenced the increase of psychrotrophic microrganisms counts and total bacterial count. This increase was also related to farms with lower production, but with less representative influence. It was observed a relation of milk transport in bulk in cleaner trucks with lower counts of psychrotrophic microorganisms. The transport route time and temperature increase during the transport increased counts of total bacteria and psychrotrophic bacteria, with more pronounced effect for total bacterial count
O leite é um alimento nutricionalmente completo, porém altamente perecível, tendo suas características facilmente alteradas pela ação de microrganismos e pela manipulação a que é submetido. A qualidade e tempo de prateleira do produto que chega ao consumidor estão diretamente relacionados à matéria-prima recebida para industrialização e, consequentemente, às condições e práticas realizadas na obtenção, armazenamento e seu transporte. Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação da influência do transporte do leite cru a granel sobre a contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos, contagem bacteriana total, análises físico-químicas e composição do leite cru refrigerado recebido em uma indústria de laticínios da Região do Vale do Itajaí – SC. Também objetivou avaliar o uso do conservante azidiol®, em condições controladas e em condições a campo, na contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e na contagem bacteriana total de leite cru refrigerado. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, foram coletadas amostras, com e sem o uso do conservante azidiol®, em tanques de expansão de três propriedades rurais, as quais foram armazenadas em laboratório e sob refrigeração (7ºC) e analisadas em tempos pré-definidos (0, 6, 12 e 24 horas). No segundo experimento foram coletadas amostras com e sem a adição do agente bacteriostático azidiol® em rotas de captação de matéria-prima de um laticínio (nos tanques de armazenamento das propriedades rurais, nos compartimentos isotérmicos dos caminhões e no silo de armazenamento da indústria), analisando-as em tempos variáveis. Os dados foram avaliados por análise de variância e de regressão, comparação de médias e pela técnica de análise multivariada fatorial. Amostras coletadas sem conservante demonstraram contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e CBT crescentes à medida que o tempo entre a coleta e a análise aumentava. Já nas amostras adicionadas do conservante azidiol® a contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e a CBT se mantiveram constantes durante o tempo entre a coleta e a análise. O transporte do leite cru a granel piorou a qualidade microbiológica do leite; porém, não demonstrou influência nos resultados das análises composicionais e físico-químicas do leite recebido na indústria. Condições ruins de higiene nas salas de armazenamento e nos tanques expansão influenciaram o aumento da contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e a CBT. Este aumento também foi relacionado com propriedades com menor produção de leite, porém, com influência menos representativa. Observou-se relação do transporte do leite a granel em caminhões mais limpos com menores contagens de microrganismos psicrotróficos. Maior tempo da rota de transporte e o aumento da temperatura do leite durante o transporte aumentaram as contagens de bactérias totais e de microrganismos psicrotróficos, sendo este efeito mais pronunciado para a CBT

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Verghese, Jenson. "Investigations of Novel Mechanisms of Action for Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Cancer Agent Development." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/611.

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The development of drugs and therapeutic agents for combating infections and human malignancies continues to be a forefront area in both academic and industrial research. This is driven by the rapid emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains and accumulating mutations in cancer targets that is quickly rendering our current arsenal of drugs ineffective for these therapies. Unless new drugs with novel mechanisms of action are identified and developed at a faster pace, we face a losing battle in managing these diseases. The first part of this work concerns with the natural product Simocyclinone D8 (SD8). Simocyclinone D8 is an angucyclinone antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase with a novel mechanism of action that has been termed competitive inhibition. Simocyclinone D8 was found to inhibit the growth of both Gram-(+ve) and Gram-(–ve) organisms and also inhibit a fluoroquinolone resistant mutant of DNA gyrase. Inspired by the structure and novel mechanism of action that SD8 displays, we synthesized analogues based on the co-crystal structure of SD8 with DNA gyrase. These compounds were found to inhibit DNA gyrase, albeit by a different mechanism of action than that of SD8. We also conducted studies towards the total chemical synthesis of SD8 and made three out of the four fragments in SD8 in decent yields. The second part of this work is focused on the development of a substrate-competitive covalent inhibitor for protein kinase B (AKT). AKT is a valid target for cancer research with two compounds currently in late stage clinical trials. Developing substrate- competitive inhibitors for kinases is a novel approach in targeting them, with very few examples in the literature. This mechanism has been postulated to overcome common resistance mutations that cancer targets harbor. A major drawback in this approach is the low binding affinity for peptide substrates by kinases. We circumvented this problem of affinity by utilizing a covalent mode of binding and synthesized a potent non-peptide active-site directed irreversible compound that inhibits AKT. Further studies on this compound are underway and are expected to yield a compound that can be used as a therapeutic agent or as a probe for AKT.

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Gadal, Aurélie. "Traitement d'effluent gazeux par biofiltration : Impact des caractéristiques physico-chimiques et hydrodynamiques du matériau support sur les performances et la structure de la communauté bactérienne totale au sein du réacteur." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20006/document.

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La pollution odorante est une problématique majeure, deuxième source de plaintes après le bruit. La réduction des émissions d'odeurs est incontournable, contraignant le plus souvent les industriels à la mise en œuvre d'un procédé de traitement performant et économiquement acceptable. Parmi les techniques disponibles, les procédés biologiques en général et la biofiltration en particulier sont les plus utilisés à l'échelle industrielle. Les performances de ce procédé sont étroitement liées aux paramètres opératoires. Le matériau support apparaît comme un élément clé. Du fait des critères qu'il doit satisfaire, son choix est difficile et reste encore empirique. Ces travaux de thèse visent par conséquent à rationaliser le choix d'un matériau en s'intéressant plus particulièrement à la relation entre les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et hydrodynamiques du matériau support et les composantes macroscopique et microscopique du procédé. Trois matériaux modèles ont été sélectionnés : deux granulaires et un fibreux différant par leur propriétés physico-chimiques et hydrodynamiques. Les travaux ont été menés sur des unités pilote alimentées par un effluent gazeux contenant un mélange de trois composants volatils différant par leur solubilité et leur biodégradabilité. Si une influence des caractéristiques physico-chimiques du matériau a bien été observée, il n'a pas été possible de mettre en évidence un effet des propriétés hydrodynamiques. Concernant la composante microbiologique, le niveau de diversité global est similaire, quel que soit le matériau considéré. L'analyse de la structure de la communauté bactérienne totale met en évidence trois communautés distinctes, chacune étant associée à un matériau support. Il est fort probable que la communauté endogène participe largement à l‘établissement de ces communautés, rendant ainsi plus difficile de répondre aux questions posées. La communauté bactérienne totale ne semble donc pas être un indicateur adapté. Par le suivi de la communauté fonctionnelle, des réponses plus précises pourraient être apportées. Par conséquent, la recherche de niches écologiques spécifiques à la dégradation biologique d'un composé soufré (DMS) a fait l'objet d'une attention particulière dans le cadre de cette thèse
Odour nuisance is a major issue, second cause of complaints after noise. Reduction of odor emissions is essential, binding the industry to implement a process for an economically acceptable treatment in terms of reduction of odours. Among the available techniques, biological ones and particularly biofiltration are the most used on industrial scale. The performances of this process are closely related to operating conditions. Packing material appears as a key factor, its choice is difficult and remains empirical because of the multiple criteriait must satisfy. This thesis work aimed to streamline the selection of a material with a focus on the relationship between physico-chemical and hydrodynamic caracteristics of the packing material and macroscopic and microscopic components of this process. Three materials were selected as models: two granulars and one fibrous differing in their physico-chemical and hydrodynamic caracteristics. The work was carried out on pilot units fed by an effluent gas containing a mixture of three volatile components differing in their solubility and biodegradability. The influence of physico-chemical characteristics of the packing material on the performances seems to be confirmed. However, the impact of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the material on these criteria has not been demonstrated. Regarding the microbiological component, the overall level of diversity is similar, regardless of the material considered. Analysis of the structure of the total bacterial community reveals the existence of three distinct communities, each associated with a carrier material. It is likely that the endogenous community participates largely to the establishment of these communities, making it difficult to give appropriate answers to the questions adressed. The total bacterial community does not seem to be a suitable indicator. By monitoring the functional community, more precise answers could be given. Therefore, the research for specific ecological niches in the biological degradation of a sulfur compound (DMS) has been the subject of special attention in the context of this thesis

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Cortinhas, Cristina Simões. "Qualidade do leite cru e práticas de manejo em fazendas leiteiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-21082014-111709/.

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O objetivo geral do estudo foi avaliar os fatores de risco associados com práticas de manejo e a qualidade higiênica do leite cru, e caracterizar o nível de conhecimento e opiniões de produtores de leite sobre controle de mastite e qualidade do leite. Os objetivos específicos foram avaliar os fatores de risco associados com a qualidade higiênica do leite, determinar o efeito do tipo de agente causador de mastite sobre a qualidade do leite cru, e avaliar a associação entre o nível de conhecimento dos produtores e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite de tanque. O presente estudo foi dividido em três experimentos. No experimento 1, para avaliação de práticas de manejo associadas à qualidade higiênica do leite cru em rebanhos leiteiros, foram selecionados 120 rebanhos de acordo com a média geométrica da contagem bacteriana total (CBT) de 10 amostras de leite/ rebanho coletadas durante dois meses consecutivos, para compor dois grupos: 60 com alta CBT (1,11x104 UFC/mL) e 60 com baixa CBT (4,4x103 UFC/mL). Após a seleção, amostras de leite foram coletadas uma vez por semana durante dois meses para determinação da CBT, contagem do leite com incubação preliminar (CIP), contagem do leite pasteurizado (CLP), contagem de coliformes (CC), CCS e de concentrações de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais. Após a realização das análises, 63 rebanhos foram selecionados e visitados para aplicação de questionário sobre: a) informações gerais de manejo do rebanho; b) manejo de ordenha; c) procedimentos de limpeza de equipamento de ordenha e utensílios; d) programa de controle da mastite; e) condições de limpeza do úbere. Para o experimento 2, o nível de conhecimento e as opiniões dos produtores de leite sobre mastite e qualidade do leite, foram avaliados em 63 rebanhos selecionados e distribuídos de acordo com as médias geométricas da CCS (8 coletas semanais consecutivas durante dois meses) em três grupos: a) baixa CCS: ≤ 250.000 céls/mL(n = 16); b) média CCS: >250.000 ≤ 400.000 céls/mL (n = 24); c) alta CCS: > 400.000 céls/mL(n = 23). Nos rebanhos selecionados, foram aplicados questionários aos responsáveis pelo manejo do rebanho, com questões sobre: características socioeconômicas, conhecimentos a respeito de CCS, CBT e mastite e comportamentos dos produtores com relação a práticas de prevenção da mastite. No experimento 3, para avaliação da associação entre patógenos causadores de mastite e qualidade do leite, foram selecionados 90 rebanhos com base na CCS do tanque de 10 amostras/ rebanho coletadas durante dois meses consecutivos, para compor os seguintes grupos: a) ≤ 250.000 céls/mL (n = 30); b) >250.000 ≤ 600.000 céls/mL (n = 30); c) >600.000 céls/mL (n = 30). As amostras do leite de tanque foram coletadas, a cada 15 dias por um período de 3 meses, para determinação da contagem de Staphylococcus aureus, contagem de Streptococcus agalactiae, contagem de estafilococos coagulase-negativa, contagem de estreptococos ambientais, contagem de Escherichia coli, contagem de coliformes totais, CBT, CCS e de concentrações de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais. A alta quantidade de matéria orgânica presente na válvula de saída do tanque de expansão é um fator de risco para a qualidade higiênica do leite cru; o uso do desinfetante de tetos pré e pós-ordenha são práticas de manejo que reduzem a contagem dos principais indicadores de qualidade higiênica do leite e a prática de ordenha com o bezerro ao pé da vaca está associada ao aumento de CBT, CIP e CC. Outros fatores socioeconômicos como ter o leite como principal atividade econômica na propriedade, o tipo de ordenha utilizada no rebanho, o uso de métodos para detecção de mastite e o conhecimento das exigências legais de CCS e CBT foram fatores associados à CCS do leite de tanque. Adicionalmente, altas contagens de Streptococcus agalactiae reduzem a qualidade do leite de tanque por estarem correlacionadas com o aumento de CCS.
The overall objectve of this study was to evaluate risk factors associated with management practices and hygienic raw milk quality, and to caracterize the farmer\'s knowledge and opinions about mastitis control and milk quality. The specific objectives were to evaluate the risk factors associated with hygienic milk quality, to determine the effect of mastitis pathogens on raw milk quality and to assess the association between framers knowledge about mastitis control and somatic cell count (SCC) of bulk tank. Therefore, we proposed three experiments. For experiment 1, to evaluate management practices associated with hygienic quality of raw milk in dairy farms, 120 dairy herds were selected according to the geometric mean of the total bacterial count (TBC) from 10 milk samples collected during two consecutive months, which were distributed in two groups: high TBC (1.11 x104 CFU / mL, n = 60) and low TBC (4.4 x103 CFU / mL, n = 60). After selection of herds, milk samples were collected weekly for two months to perform analyzes of TBC, preliminary incubation count (PIC), laboratory pasteurization count (LPC), coliform count (CC), somatic cell count (SCC) and fat, protein and total solids concentrations. After laboratory analysis, 63 herds were visited for on-farm data collection by a questionnaire about: a) general aspects of farm management; b) milking management; c) milking equipment and utensils cleaning procedures; d) mastitis control; e) udder cleaning conditions. For experiment 2, to evaluate the knowledge and opinions of dairy farmers about mastitis control and milk quality, 63 herds were selected and distributed according to geometric means of SCC (8 weekly milk sampling during two consecutive months) into three groups: a) low SCC: ≤ 250,000 cells / mL (n = 16); b) medium SCC: >250,000 ≤ 400,000 cells / mL (n = 24); c) high SCC:> 400,000 cells / mL (n = 23). Previously formulated questionnaires were submitted to the herd manager, with questions about the following topics: socioeconomic characteristics, knowledge about SCC, TBC, mastitis and mastitis prevention practices. For experiment 3, to evaluate the association between mastitis pathogens, SCC and TBC, 90 herds were selected based on the SCC of 10 milk samples collected during two consecutive months, to compose the following groups: a) ≤ 250,000 cells / mL (n = 30), b) >250,000 ≤ 600,000 cells / mL (n = 30), c)> 600,000 cells / mL (n = 30). Bulk Tank milk samples were collected every 15 days for a period of three months, for Staphylococcus aureus count, Streptococcus agalactiae count, coagulase-negative staphylococci count, environmental streptococci count, Escherichia coli count, coliform count, TBC, SCC and fat, protein and total solids concentrations. The high amount of organic matter in the bulk tank outlet valve is a risk factor for the raw milk hygienic quality, the use of pre and post teat dipping is associated with a reduction of major indicators of raw milk hygienic quality and the presence of suckling calves before milking was associated with increased TBC, PIC and CC. Other social and economical factors, such as the milk as main economic activity in the farm, type of milking procedures used, the use of methods for mastitis detection and knowledge about legal requirements for SCC and TBC were correlated with CCS in bulk tank milk. Additionally, high Streptococcus agalactiae counts is associated with reduced bulk tank milk quality because of increased SCC.

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Sattar, Anas Akram. "Lipopolysaccharide in marine bathing water : a potential real-time biomarker of bacterial contamination and relevance to human health." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3185.

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The quality of marine bathing water is currently assessed by monitoring the levels of faecal indicator bacteria. Among other drawbacks, results are retrospective using the traditional culture based methods. A rapid method is thus needed as an early warning to bathers for bacterial contamination in marine bathing waters. Total lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was chosen here as a potential general biomarker for bacterial contamination. Levels of total LPS, measured using a Kinetic QCL™ Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay, highly correlated with enumerated Escherichia coli and Bacteroides species. Levels of LPS in excess of 50 EU mL-1 were found to equate with water that was unsuitable for bathing under the current European Union regulations. Results showed that monitoring the levels of total LPS has a potential applicability as a rapid method for screening the quality of marine bathing water. More importantly, the LAL assay overcome the retrospective results when using culture based assessment since the LAL assay takes less than 30 minutes. Although false positive events were not detected, the occurrence of a false positive has been hypothesised, hence a more specific faecal biomarker was also investigated. LPS of five Bacteroides species (B. fragilis, B. caccae, B. ovatus, B. xylanisolvens and B. finegoldii) isolated from marine bathing waters samples were successfully profiled and showed high similarity between isolates in LPS gel electrophoresis banding pattern. Similar results were shown when investigating the endotoxic activity of Bacteroides species with the Kinetic QCL™ LAL assay. The potential biological relevance of Bacteroides LPS was also investigated in cell culture models indicating that Bacteroides showed similar induction of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1α) and generally the biological activity was approximately 100 fold less than E. coli LPS. In addition, an ELISA assay was designed for the detection of Bacteroides LPS. Results showed that the Bacteroides LPS has a high potential to be used as a faecal biomarker, however, further work is required to develop a fully functional assay. The potential biological relevance of LPS present in contaminated bathing waters was also investigated in cell culture models. Results showed that there is a significant difference in the production of proinflammatory cytokines in comparison to “clean” bathing waters. Thus, results suggest that the European Directive regulations should be extended to cover the levels of total LPS in bathing waters to assure safety to the users of marine recreational water.

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Araujo, Fernando Oliveira de. "Qualidade do leite produzido nos meses de inverno e verão na região central do Rio Grande do Sul em diferentes níveis tecnológicos." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10771.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
With the objective to evaluate the effect of the level of specialization of dairy production units, what it results in more intense use, or not, production resources, on the quantiqualitative aspects of milk, an evaluation was conducted in dairy production units (UPL) in two mesoregions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul: West Central Mesoregion Rio-Grandense East Central Mesoregion Rio-Grandense. Milk samples were collected in forty property and analyzed the composition and quality of milk. The UPL were divided into two groups: Specialized System (ES) and Semi-Specialized System (SS). The classification of production systems was based on the genetic composition of the herd, milking system, equipment used for cooling milk, nutritional planning of the herd, use of pastures and fodder reserves, presence of technical assistance in the property and the level of importance of the dairy activity for the farmers. Were also collected data regarding the productivity of properties, such as stocking rate and milk production per hectare. Milk components (fat, protein, lactose and solids) were determined by Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the somatic cell count and total bacterial count were realized by eletronic count flow cytometry. There were no significant differences in composition, milk quality and productivity between the producers of the ES in winter and summer. In the SS system only percentage of fat was difference during winter and summer. For other values there was no difference in the SS. When compared, the SS and SE systems differ in composition, quality and productivity. Compared with the SS, the milk produced in the SE had lower chemical composition, but with better microbiological quality and higher production volume.
Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do nível de especialização de propriedades leiteiras, o que resulta em uso mais intenso, ou não, dos recursos de produção, sobre os aspectos quanti-qualitativos do leite, foi realizada uma avaliação de unidades produtoras de leite (UPL) de duas mesorregiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul: Mesorregião Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense e Mesorregião Centro Oriental Rio-Grandense. Foram coletadas amostras de leite de 40 UPLs e realizadas análises de composição química e qualidade microbiológica do leite. As UPLs foram divididas em dois grupos: Sistema Especializado (SE) e Sistema Semi-Especializado (SS). A classificação dos sistemas de produção foi baseada na composição genética do rebanho, equipamentos utilizados para refrigeração do leite, planejamento nutricional do rebanho, utilização de pastagens e reservas forrageiras, presença de assistência técnica na propriedade e grau de importância da atividade leiteira para os produtores. Também foram coletados dados referentes à produtividade das propriedades, como lotação animal e produção de leite por hectare. Os componentes do leite foram determinados pela espectrofotometria por radiação infravermelha e a contagem de células somáticas e contagem bacteriana total através de contagem eletrônica por citometria de fluxo. Não foram encontradas diferenças para composição química e qualidade microbiológica do leite e produtividade no SE nos meses de inverno e verão. Já no sistema SS apenas o teor de gordura apresentou diferença nos meses de inverno e verão. Comparado com o SS, o leite produzido no SE apresentou composição química inferior, porém com melhor qualidade microbiológica e maior volume produzido.

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Malerbi, Andréa Felice dos Santos. "Implante auditivo de tronco encefálico em pacientes com perda auditiva neurossensorial profunda por meningite e ossificação coclear total bilateral." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5143/tde-25082017-094437/.

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Introdução: O implante auditivo de tronco encefálico (ABI) é indicado para pacientes com perda auditiva neurossensorial severa a profunda quando há impossibilidade de realização do implante coclear. Em pacientes com surdez por meningite e ossificação coclear total bilateral, o ABI é a opção para a reabilitação auditiva. Objetivos: O estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a contribuição do ABI para os limiares audiométricos e para a percepção de fala após no mínimo 12 meses de uso em pacientes com ossificação coclear total por surdez pós-meningite, bem como descrever as complicações do procedimento. Material e métodos: Dez pacientes com surdez pósmeningite foram submetidos ao ABI por via retrolabiríntica ampliada em um centro terciário de assistência e ensino. Todos os pacientes foram operados pela mesma equipe cirúrgica e a avaliação audiológica foi realizada pelo mesmo fonoaudiólogo. Foram realizados audiometria tonal e testes de percepção de fala no pré-operatório e no mínimo 12 meses após a ativação do implante. Foram descritas as complicações associadas ao procedimento. Resultados: Oito de dez pacientes implantados permaneceram usuários. Dois pacientes não apresentaram respostas auditivas e abandonaram o seguimento. Os oito pacientes apresentaram melhora estatisticamente significativa nos limiares audiométricos, bem como nos testes de discriminação de palavras e vogais comparando pré e pós-operatório com média de seguimento de 3,3 anos. Em dois pacientes, a discriminação de sentenças em formato fechado somente no modo auditivo foi de 30% e 40%. Todos os oito usuários referiram benefício com o uso do ABI. Não houve complicações relacionadas ao procedimento. Conclusão: O ABI via retrolabiríntica ampliada é uma opção terapêutica segura para pacientes com surdez pós-meningite e com presença de ossificação coclear total bilateral, contribuindo para melhora nos limiares audiométricos e nos testes de percepção de fala. Embora a melhora nos testes audiológicos seja inferior à do implante coclear, a maioria dos pacientes do estudo usa o ABI diariamente por um período superior a 8 horas e refere benefício em seu cotidiano
Introduction: The Auditory Brainstem Implant (ABI) is an option to auditory restoration in patients with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss who cannot be fitted with a cochlear implant. This is the only option in patients with post meningitis hearing loss presenting with bilateral total cochlear ossification. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to evaluate the hearing contribution in audiometry and speech perception tests at least 12 months after ABI implantation in patients with post-meningitis profound hearing loss. The complications of the procedure were also described. Materials and Methods: Ten patients with post-meningitis hearing loss went an ABI through extended retrolabyrinthine approach in a tertiary center by the same surgeons. The same audiologist was responsible for audiological follow-up. Tonal audiometry and speech perception tests were made before and at least 12 months after the ABI activation. The procedure complications were described for all patients. Results: Eight of ten patients became ABI users. Two patients had no auditory response and abandoned the treatment. Eight users showed benefit in tonal audiometry, word and vowels perception tests after an average follow up of 3.3 years. Two patients were able to recognize 30 and 40% of closed sentences without lip reading. There were no complications due to the ABI procedure. Conclusion: The extended retrolabyrinthine approach for the ABI is a safe surgical option for patients with post-meningitis hearing loss and totally ossified cochleae. It contributes to hearing performance in audiometry and speech perception tests. Even though the ABI results are poorer than the cochlear implants, in this study the majority of patients use their ABI more than eight hours a day and report benefits in daily activities

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Ferreira, Ana Gabriela Costa. "Otite média canina : avaliação retrospectiva dos resultados de cultura e susceptibilidade antimicrobiana em 21 casos de ablação total do conduto auditivo e osteotomia da bula timpânica no cão." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18944.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
A ablação total do conduto auditivo associada a osteotomia da bula timpânica no cão é uma técnica cirúrgica utilizada na resolução de otite média. Neste estudo retrospectivo em série de casos foram analisados o perfil de isolamento microbiano na bula, os resultados dos testes de susceptibilidade aos antibióticos, os achados tomográficos, as complicações pós-cirúrgicas, e o prognóstico de cães sujeitos a ablação total do conduto auditivo associada a osteotomia lateral da bula timpânica. A positividade das culturas da bula timpânica foi de 76%. Os agentes microbianos mais frequentemente encontrados nos casos analisados foram Proteus spp (4/16), Staphylococcus spp (3/16), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3/16) e E. coli (3/16). Foram verificadas diferenças no perfil de isolamento entre as amostras colhida na bula timpânica e no conduto auditivo em 88,9% dos casos. Os grupos antibióticos com mais resistências foram as penicilinas e as tetraciclinas, sendo que os que se revelaram mais eficazes foram os aminoglicosídeos, as cefalosporinas de 3º geração e o cloranfenicol. Em 45% dos casos verificaram-se multirresistências. Não foram encontradas associações entre as alterações tomográficas e a ocorrência de complicações. Esta técnica demonstrou ser eficaz na resolução da otite média e apresentou bom prognóstico.
ABSTRACT - Canine otitis media – Retrospective evaluation of culture results and antimicrobial susceptibility in 21 cases of total ear canal ablation with bulla osteotomy in dogs - Total ear canal ablation with bulla osteotomy is used in the treatment of otitis media. Microbial isolation in the bulla, antimicrobial susceptibility, TC findings, postoperative complications and prognosis of dogs submitted to total ear canal ablation with lateral bulla osteotomy were studied. In the tympanic bulla, there were 76% positive cultures. The most common microorganisms isolated from tympanic bulla were Proteus spp (4/16), Staphylococcus spp (3/16), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3/16) e E. coli (3/16). Some differences were observed in the isolation pattern between the tympanic bulla and the ear canal in 88,9% of the animals. High frequency of resistance to penicillin and tetracyclines were found and the aminoglycoside group showed the highest efficacy frequency, along with third generation cephalosporins and chloramphenicol. In 45% of the cases, multidrug resistance was detected. No associations were found between tomographic changes and complications. The prognosis was good and the surgery was good in the resolution of otitis media.
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GUIMARÃES, Caroline Paixão do Amaral. "Impacto da assistência técnica sobre a qualidade do leite." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/925.

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In a globalization context, producing food only focused on quantity makes no more sense. At the same time, the quality becomes the most important step on food processing chain, since it s essential to guarantee life quality. Then, we purposed this study to verify the effect of private technical assistance on milk quality. The study was carried out during the dry and rain periods of the year, on 40 dairy farms located at the counties of Bela Vista de Goiás, São Miguel do Passa Quatro, Piracanjuba and Cristianópolis, in Goiás State, Brazil. The farms were randomly selected from herds with high results of somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). The effect of technical assistance on milk quality was evaluated using the results of milk analyses before and after visits of technicians on the farms. Milk samples were taken from bulk milk tanks and analyzed to somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) in electronic devices. We observed a significant decrease on the SCC and TBC after farmers had received technical assistance on milking procedures and mastitis control. The rain period didn t affect the observed results. As the SCC decreased, we observed an increase on SNF values of milk. So, we confirmed that technical assistance leaves to better milk quality, in any time of the year
No mundo globalizado, produzir alimentos com a visão única voltada para a quantidade não faz sentido. A qualidade torna-se a etapa mais importante do processo industrial, pois constitui garantia da qualidade de vida. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo verificar o efeito da assistência técnica privada na qualidade do leite. Foram acompanhadas 40 propriedades rurais localizadas nos municípios goianos de Bela Vista de Goiás, São Miguel do Passa Quatro, Piracanjuba e Cristianópolis, no período de secas e águas. Os produtores foram previamente selecionados por sorteio dentre aqueles que apresentavam elevadas contagens de células somáticas (CCS) e bacteriana total (CBT) no leite. O efeito da assistência técnica foi avaliado por meio de análises realizadas no leite antes e após os produtores receberem as visitas dos técnicos. Amostras de leite foram colhidas em tanques de refrigeração por expansão direta e submetidas às análises de CBT e CCS, em equipamentos eletrônicos. Observou-se que os valores de CBT e CCS diminuíram significativamente após os produtores receberem assistência técnica. A intensidade das chuvas não interferiu nos resultados de CCS e CBT. Concomitantemente à redução dos valores de CCS, houve aumento nos valores do extrato seco desengordurado do leite. Verificou-se que a assistência técnica privada proporcionou melhoria da qualidade do leite, independentemente da época do ano

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Jácome, Daniele Canabrava. "Avaliação da qualidade do leite cru em diferentes sistemasde produção e épocas do ano." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5752.

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The purpose this work was to evaluate milk quality in different production systems and its variation throughout the year. The database used in this work were from 943 milk farms from different regions: south, midwest and central of state of Minas Gerais and Vale Paraíba, state of São Paulo. Data totaled 18.026 samples, collected between January (2009) and September (2011), and it was granted by Danone Firm. The milk farms were classified in three different production systems: confined, semi-confined and extensive system (grass fed). Somatic cells count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC) and milk protein and fat contents were evaluated. The data was analyzed in a completely randomized design in a repeated measured scheme, and theproc MIXED procedure of SAS (2008) was used. The production system did not affect milk protein and fat contents, neither the SCC. However, the production system affected the TBC, indicating that TBC is related to the available structure for feeding animals. It is possible that the results are consequence of a payment program for quality, whichwas started by the milk industry in 2002. Seasonal variations in results of SCC, CBT and milk protein and fat contents were observed. The milk protein content was greater between March and June, while the milk fat content was greater between May and August. TBC and SCC were greater between December and March. In conclusion, production system does not affect milk protein and fat contents, neither SCC. However, confined systems have better TBC results. Furthermore, month and year affect the milk quality (TBC, SCC, milk protein and fat content results), where better results are observed in cold seasons.
Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade do leite cru em diferentes sistemas de produção e sua variação ao longo do ano. Os dados utilizados nesse trabalho foram obtidos de 943 propriedades leiteiras das regiões do Sul de Minas, Centro-Oeste e Central Mineira no estado de Minas Gerais e na região do Vale do Paraíba no estado de São Paulo. Os mesmos foram concedidos pela Empresa Danone, em um total de 18.026 amostras, no período de janeiro de 2009 a setembro de 2011. As propriedades foram divididas em sistema de produção confinado, semi-confinado e extensivo. Os itens avaliados foram contagem de células somáticas (CCS), contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e teores de proteína e gordura. Os dados foram analisados em esquema de medidas repetidas no tempo, utilizando o procedimento proc MIXED do SAS (2008). Não houve efeito de sistema de produção sobre os teores de proteína, gordura e CCS. Já a CBT foi afetada pelo sistema de produção estando relacionada com o tipo de estrutura para alimentar os animais. Possivelmente, os resultados são consequência do programa de pagamento por qualidade implantando pelo laticínio desde o ano de 2002. Foram encontradas variações sazonais de CCS, CBT, proteína e gordura; sendo os valores de proteína mais elevados de Março a Junho, os valores de gordura mais elevados de Maio a Agosto, os valores de CBT e CCS mais elevados de Dezembro a Março.Conclui-se que o sistema de produção não interfere na porcentagem de gordura e proteína e CCS do leite. No entanto, sistemas confinados apresentam melhor padrão de CBT. Conclui-se, também, que tanto mês quanto ano são fatores que interferem na CBT, CCS, proteína e gordura do leite, sendo os melhores padrões encontrados nas épocas mais frias do ano.

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Takahashi, Fabio Henrique. "Aplicação do controle estatístico de processo (CEP) como ferramenta para a melhoria da qualidade do leite." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-21092011-103622/.

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Objetivou-se utilizar o controle estatístico de processo (CEP) como ferramenta de melhoria da qualidade do leite. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar o CEP como ferramenta de identificação de variações não naturais, na qualidade do leite, passíveis de serem manipuladas. Para este estudo, foram utilizados dados de produção de leite, de contagem de células somáticas (CSS) e de contagem bacteriana total (CBT) de 384 fazendas, obtidos do banco de dados da Clínica do Leite - ESALQ/ USP no ano de 2009. Avaliou-se os efeitos naturais (época do ano e produção de leite) sobre a variação de CCS e CBT, e adicionalmente, foram gerados gráficos de controle para escore de células somáticas (ECS) e contagem bacteriana total transformada (tCBT), com a finalidade de identificar fontes de variação não naturais em um grupo de quatro fazendas. A variabilidade das informações foi avaliada pelo estimador do desvio padrão (sigma), calculado com base na amplitude móvel. Verificou-se que a época do ano influenciou significativamente o ECS e a tCBT. Os gráficos de controle, dentro de cada época, indicaram a presença de variações não naturais no ECS e na tCBT no grupo de fazendas avaliadas. Além disso, os gráficos de controle também caracterizaram fazendas em controle estatístico de processos. No segundo estudo objetivou-se utilizar o CEP como ferramenta de identificação e classificação de fazendas com maiores probabilidades de violarem os padrões de qualidade utilizados pela indústria. Foram utilizados dados de CCS e CBT de 452 fazendas, no período de janeiro de 2009 a março de 2010. Calcularam-se as proporções de violação nos padrões de qualidade, considerando os limites de CCS = 400.000 céls./ mL e CBT = 100.000 UFC/ mL. Foram calculados os índices de capacidade (Cpk) e classificaram-se as fazendas segundo quatro categorias de médias e de índices Cpk. As fazendas que apresentaram maiores médias e desvios obtiveram maiores frequências de violação. As fazendas com médias inferiores aos limites propostos para CCS e CBT representaram, respectivamente, 25,05 % e 97,78 % das fazendas. Entretanto, a proporção de fazendas que forneceram leite consistentemente dentro dos padrões de qualidade avaliados (Cpk 1) representou 4,65 % e 35,17 % das propriedades para CCS e CBT respectivamente. Portanto, a aplicação do CEP dentro das fazendas é uma ferramenta adicional para monitorar a qualidade do leite produzido, o índice Cpk pode ser utilizado em conjunto com os atuais modelos de caracterização da qualidade do leite de fazendas pelas indústrias, uma vez que identifica rebanhos mais consistentes em produzir leite dentro de um padrão de qualidade.
This study aimed to employ statistical process control (SPC) as a tool to improve milk quality. The first objective of the study was to evaluate SPC as tool to identify non-natural variation of milk quality that are possible to be manipulated. In this study, data on milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), and total bacterial count (TBC) of 384 farms were used, provided by database of Clínica do Leite ESALQ/ USP in 2009. Natural effects (time of year and milk production) trough SCC and TBC variation were evaluated, and additionally, control charts for score cell somatic (SCS) and total bacterial count transformed (TBCt) were built aiming to identify sources of non-natural variations in a group of four farms. The variability of information was evaluated trough standard deviation estimator (sigma), calculated with basis of moving range. It was observed that time of year influenced significantly SCS and TBCt. The control charts, in each period, indicated signs of non-natural variation in SCS and TBCt in the group of herds evaluated. Furthermore, the control charts characterized the farms in statistical process control. The second study aimed to use SPC as a tool for identification and rating farms with larger probabilities of infraction on quality standard used by industry. Data of SCC and TBC from 452 farms, from January 2009 to March 2010, were used. The proportion of violation in quality standard, regarding the limits of SCC = 4000,000 cells/ mL and TBC = 100,000 CFU/ mL was calculated. Capability indices (Cpk) were calculated and farms were categorized into four classes of Cpk means and indices. Farms that presented larger means and deviation shoed superior frequencies of violation. Herds with means below the proposed limits of SCC and TBC represented, respectively, 25.05 % and 97.78 % of farms. However, proportion of farms that delivered milk consistently within the standards of quality evaluated (Cpk 1) represented 4.65 % and 35.17 % of farms for SCC and TBC, respectively. Therefore, application of SPC on farms is an additional tool for monitoring milk quality produced, the index Cpk can be used, by industries, associated with the current models to characterize milk quality from farms, since it identifies herds more consistent in producing quality-standard milk.

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He, Jing. "Studies towards the total synthesis of tetrodecamycin." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3a2ab5cb-2757-4e53-b8cf-c635aef99455.

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Tetrodecamycin (1) is a novel α-(γ-hydroxyacyl) tetronic acid based polyketide antibiotic isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces nashvillensis MJ885-mF8 by Takeuchi et al. in 1994. Compound 1 shows potent inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria including Bacillus anthracis and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It was proposed that an Aldol reaction of trans-decalin core 2 and tetronic acid derivative 3 followed by a face selective epoxidation and a subsequent epoxide-opening reaction would deliver the 6,6,7,5-skeleton of tetrodecamycm (1). To investigate this proposal, the silyl enol ether 5 was prepared from cycloheptene 4 in 7 steps. An unusual domino silyl enol ether reaction sequence was observed when the silyl enol ether 5 was submitted to a Diels-Alder reaction. It afforded cycloadduct 6, which was converted to the key intermediate 2 after another 3 steps (Scheme 1). Concurrently, double functionalisation of simple cyclic silyl enol ethers was investigated. Because of some difficulties in reproducing good overall yields to the cycloadduct 6, a second synthetic route was proposed. It was envisaged that a palladium-catalysed oxidative cyclisation or an organoselenium-mediated cyclisation reaction of compound 8 would construct the 6,6,7,5- skeleton 7, which would be converted to tetrodecamycin (1) via dihydroxylation followed by an introduction of the exo-methylene group. The intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of trienal 11 afforded trans-decalin 10, which was converted to β-keto ester 9 in 2 steps. A Dieckmann-type cyclisation of 9 afforded compound 8 in good yield. However, so far transformation to compound 7 has not been achieved (Scheme 2).

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Dzidic, Majda. "Microbiota development and mucosal IgA responses during childhood in health and allergic disease." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/125479.

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[ES] Antecedentes: Los patrones de colonización microbiana alterados durante la infancia pueden ser en parte responsables del aumento de enfermedades alérgicas en los países desarrollados. La microbiota intestinal difiere en composición y diversidad durante los primeros meses de vida en niños que luego desarrollan o no una enfermedad alérgica. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre la importancia de las respuestas inmunitarias tempranas de la mucosa a la microbiota intestinal en el desarrollo de alergias infantiles. Además, los estudios con respecto al efecto protector de la microbiota de la leche materna en el riesgo de desarrollar alergias no han sido concluyentes. Aunque la cavidad bucal es el primer lugar de encuentro entre la mayoría de los antígenos exógenos y el sistema inmunológico, no existen datos sobre la influencia de las bacterias orales en el desarrollo de alergias durante la infancia. Objetivos: El objetivo general de esta tesis fue evaluar la composición y diversidad microbiana en muestras orales, intestinales y de leche materna, junto con su interacción con IgA, para estudiar el papel de la colonización microbiana durante edades tempranas de la vida en condiciones de salud y de enfermedad alérgica. Sujetos: Los bebés y las madres incluidas en este estudio forman parte del ensayo aleatorio doble ciego más grande de Suecia, entre 2001 y 2003, donde se evaluaron los posibles efectos preventivos sobre la alergia de Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 hasta los 2 y 7 años. En esta tesis, utilizamos muestras de heces recogidas a los 1 y 12 meses, y muestras orales de bebés, obtenidas longitudinalmente a los 3, 6, 12, 24 meses y 7 años. Además, analizamos muestras de leche materna, recogidas a un mes después del parto de las madres correspondientes. Métodos: Se utilizaron tecnologías de secuenciación de segunda generación dirigidas al gen 16S rARN, en combinación con citometría de células marcadas por fluorescencia, para abordar las respuestas de IgA de la mucosa hacia las bacterias intestinales y de la leche materna. Además, se utilizó la secuenciación del gen 16S para describir la colonización oral de la microbiota, en muestras de saliva, de niños que desarrollaron alergias o de aquellos que se mantuvieron sanos. Los niveles de carga bacteriana en diferentes hábitats microbianos se obtuvieron mediante la metodología de qPCR y los niveles totales de IgA de las muestras de heces se determinaron mediante inmuno-ensayo ELISA. Resultados y conclusión: La colonización de la cavidad bucal durante la infancia temprana es progresiva, aumenta en complejidad con el tiempo, y varios factores externos parecen influir en gran medida en la maduración de la microbiota oral, ya sea con un impacto a corto o largo plazo. Los cambios tempranos en la composición microbiana oral parecen influir en la maduración inmune y el desarrollo de alergias en la infancia, y la presencia de especies bacterianas específicas puede ser importante para este proceso. Además, las respuestas de IgA alteradas hacia la microbiota intestinal durante la infancia precedieron a las manifestaciones de asma y alergia durante los primeros 7 años de vida, y el consumo de leche materna con una riqueza microbiana reducida en el primer mes de vida puede aumentar el riesgo de desarrollar alergia durante la infancia. Los hallazgos observados en la presente tesis deben confirmarse en cohortes más grandes y la importancia de los factores ambientales postnatales para el desarrollo temprano de la microbiota debe abordarse más a fondo. Las investigaciones futuras deben ir más allá de la caracterización de la composición de la comunidad bacteriana e investigar los mecanismos funcionales entre los microorganismos colonizadores tempranos, la maduración inmunitaria y la alergia, así como el desarrollo del asma durante la infancia.
[CAT] Antecedents: S'ha proposat que els patrons de colonització microbiana alterats durant la infància podrien ser en part els responsables de l'augment de malalties al·lèrgiques als països desenvolupats. La microbiota intestinal difereix en composició i diversitat durant els primers mesos de vida en els nens que després van desenvolupar una malaltia al·lèrgica. No obstant això, poc es sap sobre la importància de les respostes immunes de la mucosa a la microbiota intestinal en el desenvolupament d'al·lèrgies infantils. A més, les investigacions amb relació a l'efecte protector de la microbiota de la llet materna en el risc de desenvolupar al·lèrgies no han sigut concloents. Encara que la cavitat bucal és el primer lloc de trobada entre la majoria dels gèneres externs i el sistema immunològic, encara no s'ha descobert la influència dels bacteris en el desenvolupament d'una al·lèrgia durant la infància. Objectius: L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi va ser avaluar la composició microbiana i la diversitat de mostres orals, fecals i llet materns, juntament amb la seva interacció amb IgA, per estudiar el paper del desenvolupament microbià durant el període de la infància primerenca a la salut i la malaltia al·lèrgica. Subjectes: Les mares i xiquets inclosos en aquest estudi formen part d'un estudi aleatori doble-cec a Suècia, entre el 2001 i el 2003, on es van avaluar els possibles efectes preventius de la suplementació amb Lactobacillus ATCC 55730 fins als 2 i 7 anys. En aquesta tesi, s'utilitzaren mostres de bebès arreplegades longitudinalment, obtinguts a 1 i 12 mesos, 3, 6, 12, 24 mesos i 7 anys, respectivament. A més, s'analitzaren les mostres de llet materna, arreplegades a un mes postpart de les corresponents mares. Mètodes: S'han utilitzat tecnologies de seqüenciació de nova generació dirigides al ARNr 16S, en combinació amb la classificació de les cèl·lules activades, per abordar les respostes de la mucosa cap als bacteris intestinals i de la llet materna. A més, s'utilitzà la seqüenciació d'Illumina MiSeq del gen 16S per descriure la colonització microbiana oral, i es van obtenir mostres longitudinals de saliva de menuts que varen desenvolupar al·lèrgies i d'alguns que es van mantenir saludables. Els nivells de càrrega bacteriana en diferents nínxols microbians s'han obtingut mitjançant la metodologia de qPCR i els nivells totals d'IgA de les mostres fecals es determinaren mitjançant l'immunoassaig ELISA. Resultats i conclusions: La colonització de la cavitat bucal durant la primera infància és transitòria, augmenta la seva complexitat amb el temps, i diversos factors externs influeixen en gran mesura el procés de maduració de la microbiota oral, amb un impacte a curt i llarg termini. Els canvis primerencs en la composició microbiana oral pareixen influir en la maduració del sistema immunològic i el desenvolupament d'al·lèrgies a la infància, així com la presència d'espècies bacterianes específiques pot ser important per a aquest progrés. A més, les respostes d'IgA alterades cap a la microbiota intestinal durant la infància precedeixen a les manifestacions relatives a la malaltia asmàtica i al·lèrgiques durant els primers 7 anys de vida. Per altra banda, el consum de llet materna amb una microbiota de riquesa reduïda al primer mes de vida podria augmentar el risc de desenvolupar al·lèrgia durant la infància. Els resultats observats en aquest estudi haurien de confirmar-se en cohorts humanes més grans i la importància dels factors ambientals post natals que influeixen en el desenvolupament de la microbiota primerenca han de ser més estudiats. Les investigacions futures deuen anar més enllà de la caracterització de la composició de la comunitat bacteriana i investigar els mecanismes funcionals entre els microorganismes colonitzadors primerencs, la maduració del sistema immunològic i el desenvolupament de l'al·lèrgia i l'asma durant la in
[EN] Background: It has been proposed that altered microbial colonization patterns during infancy may be partly responsible for the increase of allergic diseases in developed countries. The gut microbiota differs in composition and diversity during the first months of life in children who later do or do not develop allergic disease. However, little is known about the significance of early mucosal immune responses to the gut microbiota in childhood allergy development, and the findings regarding the protective effect of breastmilk microbiota in the risk of allergy development have been inconclusive. Furthermore, even though the oral cavity is the first site of encounter between a majority of foreign antigens and the immune system, the influence of oral bacteria on allergy development during childhood has not yet been reported. Objectives: The general aim of this thesis was to assess the microbial composition and diversity of oral, fecal and breastmilk samples, together with its interaction with IgA, in order to study the role of microbial development during early childhood in health and allergic disease. Subjects: The infants and mothers included in this study were part of a larger randomized double-blind trial in Sweden, between 2001 and 2003, where potential allergy preventive effects of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 were evaluated until 2 and 7 years of age. In this thesis, we used longitudinally collected stool and oral samples from infants, obtained at 1 and 12 months and 3, 6, 12, 24 months and 7 years of age, respectively. Furthermore, we analyzed breastmilk samples, collected at one month post partum, from the corresponding mothers. Methods: Next-generation sequencing technologies targeting the 16S rRNA gene, in combination with cell activated cell sorting, were used in order to address mucosal IgA responses towards gut and breastmilk bacteria. Furthermore, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used in order to describe oral microbiota colonization, in longitudinally obtained saliva samples, from children developing allergy or staying healthy. Bacterial load levels in different microbial habitats were obtained by qPCR methodology and total IgA levels of stool samples were determined by ELISA immunoassays. Results and conclusion: Colonization of the oral cavity during early childhood is transitional, increasing in complexity with time, and several external factors appear to greatly influence oral microbiota maturation, having either a short or a long-term impact. Early changes in oral microbial composition seem to influence immune maturation and allergy development in childhood, and the presence of specific bacterial species may be important for this progress. Furthermore, altered IgA responses towards the gut microbiota during infancy preceded asthma and allergy manifestations during the first 7 years of life, and consumption of breastmilk with a reduced microbial richness in the first month of life may increase the risk for allergy development during childhood. Findings observed here need to be confirmed in larger cohorts and the importance of postnatal environmental factors for early microbiota development should be addressed further. Future research should go beyond characterization of bacterial community composition and investigate the functional mechanisms between early colonizing microorganisms, immune maturation and allergy and asthma development during childhood.
Dzidic, M. (2019). Microbiota development and mucosal IgA responses during childhood in health and allergic disease [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/125479
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Knight, Kelci Rebecca. "Bioaerosols in agriculture: quantifying total airborne bacteria concentrations using molecular biology tools." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6161.

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Bioaerosols are present in agricultural settings and are known to cause adverse respiratory health effects among workers. Agricultural workers exposed to bioaerosols in the workplace are often above industry guideline concentrations. Yet, there are no standardized exposure limits in place for bioaerosols due to the lack of information and no universal method. The purpose of this study is to understand bacterial bioaerosols in industries that use different treatment methods and sampling methods in order to develop standardized limits, treatment measures, and remediation in an agricultural environment. Airborne dust was collected in a broiler poultry building equipped with a water sprinkling system and from an untreated control building. Dust concentrations were measured with inhalable dust samplers attached to a mannequin, centrally located in the room at a breathing height of 1.5 meters, sampling of inhalable dust occurred for 30 minutes at 4 liters per min (LPM). Airborne dust was also collected in a swine farrowing production using inhalable samplers. One of the inhalable samplers was on a mobile cart at a breathing height of 1.5 meters. The cart was moved to sample at 22 locations (5 minutes per location) in a swine farrowing room. Concurrently, the other inhalable dust samplers were located in a stationary basket at breathing height positioned centrally in the room and operating simultaneously with the mobile cart for 2.5 hours. DNA was extracted from the inhalable dust samples using a lab optimized extraction protocol called Sucrose-Tris-EDTA (STE) Method. To measure bacteria levels, the highly conserved 16S rRNA gene was targeted and quantified with qPCR as DNA copies, referred to in this paper as bacteria units. The bacterial levels were adjusted for sampler flow rate and reported as bacteria units per meter cubed of air (BU/m3). The median bacterial concentration among samples collected in chicken production was 8.80E+09 BU/m3compared to 5.02E+08 BU/m3 in swine production. The observed difference in the median between chicken and swine production was statistically significant (p< 0.0001, CI=95.1%). The median bacterial concentration among samples collected in sprinkler building was 6.73E+09 BU/m3 compared to 9.18E+09 BU/m3 in the un-treated building. The observed difference in the median bacterial concentration between the treated sprinkler building and the untreated control building was not statistically significant (p= 0.6249, CI=95%). The geometric mean bacterial concentration from the cart sampling was 2.46E+09 BU/m3 (SD: 3.08E+09) and the geometric mean bacterial concentration from the basket sampling was 1.28E+09 BU/m3 (SD: 2.74E+09). The difference in the geometric mean bacterial concentration between the mobile cart and stationary basket was not statistically different (p= 0.056, CI=95%). From this study, we concluded that there are higher concentrations of bacteria units in broiler chicken production compared to swine production (farrowing). In the chicken production, our results suggest that the use of a water sprinkler treatment does not significantly increase the bacterial concentration. Therefore, these systems are not increasing the bacterial hazards for workers or animals when used in broiler production. In addition, our results for swine production suggest that airborne bacterial concentration is similar whether a worker is primarily in one location or if they are moving throughout the whole room. These conclusions are important because by quantifying inhalable bacteria exposure we can understand the impact of building design or encompassing production practice changes on inhalation exposures in the work environment.

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Davidson, Colin Alexander Bennett. "A biotechnological approach to the total utilisation of crustacean shell waste." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342031.

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Martello, Leonir. "Avaliação da implantação das boas práticas agropecuárias para a qualidade e segurança do leite de uma cooperativa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/172875.

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A cadeia do leite tem um importante papel na ordem econômica e social do agronegócio brasileiro. A qualidade do leite produzido no Brasil ainda está abaixo do tecnicamente recomendável, fazendo com que fique comprometida a inocuidade dos alimentos lácteos ofertados à população e também às possibilidades do Brasil de se estabelecer como um forte competidor no mercado internacional. A melhoria da qualidade sanitária do leite está relacionada a adoção de Boas Práticas Agropecuárias (BPA), visando prevenir possíveis falhas no processo de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as características das propriedades produtoras de leite associadas a uma Cooperativa do estado do RS, bem como avaliar a eficácia da implantação do Programa Alimentos Seguros (PAS Leite Campo), no âmbito dos critérios legais de conformidade na qualidade higiênico-sanitária do leite produzido. Para isto foi utilizada a metodologia de Implantação Orientada desenvolvida pelo PAS Campo – Leite, em 59 produtores. No início e no final da implantação foram identificados dados para caracterização das propriedades e avaliados os indicadores de percentagem de conformidade dos itens da lista de verificação das BPA, que foram divididos em localização e instalações; segurança da água; capacitação e saúde do trabalhador; manejo da ordenha; higiene de equipamentos e utensílios; refrigeração e estocagem; controle de pragas; manejo sanitário e armazenamento dos alimentos, bem como da qualidade higiênico-sanitária da matéria-prima (leite), através de análises de contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem de bactérias totais (CBT), antes e no decorrer da implantação do programa Para analisar os dados foi utilizado o software “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” (SPSS), através do teste de ANOVA, a fim de identificar a diferença estatística entre resultados com significância de 5% para análise das médias. Todas as propriedades estudadas possuíam ordenha mecânica e equipamento de refrigeração, uma produção média de 22,91 L/vaca /dia, em um plantel de 3.127 vacas, sendo 1.577 em lactação, totalizando a produção de 36.130 litros por dia. Os resultados de conformidade geral apresentaram uma evolução positiva de 64,41% inicialmente e alcançaram no final da implantação 96,20% do total. As contagens de CCS e CBT apresentaram quedas significativas no desenvolver do projeto. Com base no exposto, pode-se concluir que a adoção da BPA através do PAS foi eficaz para adequação das propriedades produtoras de leite aos critérios legais, bem como para a melhoria-higiênico sanitária do leite.
Milk food chain has an important role in the economic and social order of Brazilian agrobusiness. Sanitary quality of milk produced in Brazil still remains well below the technically recommended, compromising both the harmlessness of dairy products offered to population and Brazil’s possibilities to be established as a strong competitor in international market. Improvements in milk sanitary quality are linked with the adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), aiming to correct possible flaws in the production process. The objective of the present study was to identify the characteristics of milk producing proprieties associated with a state’s Cooperative from Rio Grande do Sul (RS), as well as evaluate the efficacy of the implantation of the Safe Food Program (SFP Milk - Field) in the scope of conformity legal criteria in the hygienic-sanitary quality of milk produced. For that, methodology of Oriented Implantation developed by the SFP Milk - Field was used, in 59 milk producers. At the start and ending of the implantation, data for the characterization of proprieties was identified, whereas indicators of the conformity percentage of items from the verification list of GAP were evaluated, the last being divided in localization and installations; water safety; health and capacity of workers; milking handling; hygiene of equipment and utensils; refrigeration and storage; plague control; sanitary handling and food storage, as well as hygienic-sanitary quality of raw material (milk), through the analyses of somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC), before and during the program’s implantation For data tabulation, software “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” (SPSS) was used together with ANOVA test, aiming to identify the statistical difference between results with significance of 5% for average analysis. All proprieties studied had mechanical milking and refrigeration equipment; average milk production was of 21.81 L/cow/day, in a herd of 3,127 cows, being 1,577 in lactation, totalizing a production of 36,130 Liters per day. General conformity results showed a positive evolution of 64.41%, reaching up to 96.20% at the end of implantation. SCC and TBC counting showed significant decreases with the development of the project. Based on the exposed, it is possible to conclude that the adoption of GAP through SFP is effective for the adequacy of milk producing proprieties to legal criteria, as well as to the improvement of milk hygienic and sanitary quality.

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Matsumura, Emilyn Emy. "Acesso à diversidade bacteriana endofítica total e metabolicamente ativa em plantas de milho." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, 2012. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000184346.

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Bactérias endofíticas podem promover o crescimento vegetal a partir de vários processos, tais como: produção de fitormônios, fixação do nitrogênio atmosférico e disponibilização de nutrientes para a planta. Diante da atual necessidade de se buscar uma agricultura ecológica e sustentável, é de grande interesse estudar a diversidade dessas bactérias associadas a plantas de importância econômica e alimentar, como o milho, para que seu potencial seja melhor explorado na agricultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a diversidade de grupos dominantes da comunidade bacteriana endofítica associada ao milho, cultivado sob a utilização de fertilizante nitrogenado e inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense. O milho foi cultivado sob 8 tratamentos diferentes, combinando-se a aplicação e a não aplicação do fertilizante nitrogenado, com o tipo de inoculação (turfosa na semente e líquida na pós-emergência). Após 30 dias de cultivo, foram coletadas 3 plantas aleatoriamente de cada tratamento, totalizando 18 amotras. O colmo de todas as amostras foi armazenado a 20 °C até o seu processamento. A diversidade bacteriana foi avaliada através da análise de bibliotecas de DNA e DNAc, construídas a partir da extração direta de DNA e RNA do colmo do milho, amplificação dos fragmentos do gene 16S RNAr, clonagem e sequenciamento dos fragmentos e comparação das sequências com as informações contidas no bancos de dados 16S RNAr do RDP II. Para a biblioteca de DNA, houve predominância dos filos Cyanobacteria e Proteobacteria, com 63 e 37% das sequências, respectivamente, sendo que as cianobactérias foram predominantes nos tratamentos sem inoculação e com inoculação em turfa na semente, e as proteobactérias foram predominantes nos tratamentos com inoculação líquida na pós-emergência da planta, independente se houve ou não aplicação do N. Para a biblioteca de DNAc, verificou-se a predominância do filo Proteobacteria, com 92% das sequências, não apresentando diferenças contrastantes entre os tratamentos. Pas as duas bibliotecas, os gêneros mais frequentes para o filo Proteobacteria foram Novosphingobium e Sphingomonas. Desta forma, esses representantes, além de serem predominantes no milho, podem ser considerados metabolicamente ativos na cultura e, juntamente com as cianobactérias, podem apresentar um potencial para a promoção do crescimento da planta de milho.
The endophytic bacteria community are known to comprise species able to promote the plant growth through different processes such as plant hormone production, biological nitrogen fixation and nutrient supply. The necessity to develop ecological and sustainable agriculture is of ultimate importance to assure the food safety for the future generations. In this sense, the study of the bacterial diversity in association with economically importat plants as the maize, is of great interest to better explore its potential in agriculture. The aim of this work was to compare and estimate the diversity of the endophytic bacteria community in association with maize grown with (160 kg N ha-1) and without (0 kg N ha-1) N-fertilizer input, and different Azospirillum inoculation strategies (peat-based formulation applied over the seeds, and a liquid-based formulation applied at topdressing). After 30 days of cultivation, three plants were collected randomly from each treatment, totaling 18 samples. The stems of all samples was stored at -20 ºC until processing. Bacterial diversity was assessed through sequence analysis of DNA and cDNA libraries. Clonal libraries were constructed with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from total DNA and RNA extracts obtained from the maize stems, sequenced and compared with sequences available on the web-based databanks to phylogenetic positioning. The comparison of the obtained sequences using the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) classifier allowed to identify the predominance of the phylum Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria on the analyzed libraries, which comprised up to 63 % and 37 % of the sequences, respectively. The cyanobacteria predominate on the libraries constructed with nucleic acid extracts originated from the treatments without inoculation and from the treatments inoculateds with the peat-based formulation. Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum on the libraries constructed with nucleic acid extracts originated from the plants inoculated with the liquid-based formulation, regardles whether or not the N-fertilizer was applied. For the cDNA library, a predominance of the phylum Proteobacteria, with 92% of the sequences was found, with no significant differences between the treatments. Considering both libraries, the most commonly found genera of the phylum Proteobacteria were Novosphingobium and Sphingomonas. Thus, is suggested that these bacteria genera represents the predominant endophytic bacteria in maize, been considered metabolically active inside the plant, and together with the cyanobacteria can present potential to promote the growth of corn plant.

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Guzman-Martinez, Aikomari. "Total synthesis of lysobactin a natural product antibiotic active against methicillin and vancomycin resistant bacteria /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3284164.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 11, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Almeida, Thamara Venâncio de. "Efeito da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite cru nos resultados das análises eletrônicas." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5088.

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For assessing compliance with the quality requirements established by the Normative Instruction No. 62, a milk sample each property or community tank should be analyzed on a monthly basis by one of the laboratories accredited by the Brazilian Laboratories Network for Milk Quality Control . There are still doubts about what would be the maximum temperature and the time of milk sample storage without jeopardizing the results of the electronic analysis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature and storage time of cooled samples of raw milk on the results of milk quality electronic analysis. Refrigerated raw milk samples were collected from expansion tanks for individual use of farms located in the middle region of the state of Goiás, and stored at four different temperatures (3 °C, 11 °C, 17 °C and 25 °C) for 16 days. Total bacterial count (TBC), somatic cell count (SCC) and chemical composition were performed daily. The results were submitted to analysis of variance in split plot design in randomized blocks, and the means were compared by Duncan test. We concluded that, when azidiol is added as preservative to samples for TBC, they can be analyzed up to 16 days after collection when stored at temperatures of 3 °C and 11 °C, and up to 10 days when stored at 17 °C. Moreover, when bronopol is added as preservative, samples for SCC and chemical composition analysis can be stored for up to 16 days after collection when stored at temperatures of 3 °C and 11 °C, and for up to seven days when stored at 17 °C.
Para a avaliação do cumprimento dos requisitos de qualidade estabelecidos pela Instrução Normativa nº 62, uma amostra de leite de cada propriedade ou tanque comunitário deve ser analisada mensalmente por um dos laboratórios credenciados pela Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios de Controle da Qualidade do Leite. Ainda existem dúvidas sobre quais seriam a temperatura e o tempo máximos de armazenamento das amostras de leite sem que houvesse comprometimento dos resultados das análises eletrônicas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite cru refrigerado nos resultados das análises eletrônicas da qualidade do leite. Amostras de leite cru refrigerado foram coletadas de tanques de expansão de uso individual de fazendas localizadas na mesorregião Centro Goiano no Estado de Goiás e armazenadas em quatro temperaturas diferentes (3°C, 11°C, 17°C e 25°C) durante 16 dias. Foram realizadas diariamente análises de contagem bacteriana total (CBT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e composição química. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan. Concluiu-se que as amostras destinadas à análise de CBT, adicionadas do conservante azidiol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C e por até 10 dias quando armazenadas a 17°C. E as amostras destinadas às análises de CCS e composição química, adicionadas do conservante bronopol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C e por até sete dias quando armazenadas a 17°C.

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Frühling, Simone Walbrink. "Modelagem matemática do crescimento bacteriano no leite cru." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNIJUI, 2013. http://bibliodigital.unijui.edu.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1640.

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O leite é um alimento amplamente consumido pelo homem e pelo alto valor nutritivo é alvo de grandes contaminações. São necessários rigorosos cuidados de higiene na obtenção, armazenamento, transporte e industrialização desse produto, garantindo sua qualidade, segurança e a satisfação do consumidor. A publicação da Instrução Normativa número 51 (IN 51) foi um marco para o setor leiteiro, pois previa a redução da Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT) de um milhão para 100 mil UFC/ml. Após revisão dessa normativa, foi publicada a Instrução Normativa número 62 (IN 62) que passou a escalonar os prazos e estendeu o limite da adequação até o ano de 2016. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se modelar matematicamente o crescimento de bactérias no leite cru com a influência da temperatura e mistura das ordenhas determinando assim sua dinâmica populacional, e estimar o melhor período para a remoção do leite do tanque de expansão. A variável resposta de interesse foi a Contagem Bacteriana Total (em UFC/mL) e a temperatura (em ºC), considerando as possíveis interações com o momento de ordenha e o período de coleta (em horas). Esperava-se que o crescimento bacteriano no leite cru seguisse uma linha exponencial, segundo o modelo de Malthus, pois a mistura de ordenhas, além de elevar a temperatura, adiciona nutrientes ao meio, contribuindo para a multiplicação bacteriana. Considerando a natureza das variáveis resposta, a equação polinomial de grau dois se foi a que melhor se ajustou aos dados reais. Para modelar a temperatura, a equação logarítmica apresentou melhor ajuste aos dados reais, sendo a temperatura, a variável que mais se correlacionou com o número de bactérias. Os resultados mostraram que para o leite de baixa contagem bacteriana inicial, a mistura dos momentos de ordenha e o tempo de coleta do leite não interferem na contagem bacteriana, mantendo a qualidade do leite e o limite legal de UFC/mL prevista na IN-62.
80 f.

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Menezes, Tila de Alcantara. "Avaliação da temperatura de armazenamento e uso de antimicrobianos na qualidade de doses seminais de suínos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/179696.

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A bacteriospermia pode prejudicar a qualidade das doses de sêmen suíno. Desta forma, a adição de antimicrobianos (ATM) aos diluentes de sêmen é imprescindível para a manutenção da qualidade das doses inseminantes. Contudo, a crescente ocorrência de resistência bacteriana tem impulsionado a redução do uso de ATM na suinocultura. Nesse sentido, o armazenamento das doses inseminantes em baixas temperaturas pode ser uma alternativa para a remoção dos ATM dos diluentes comerciais. Sendo assim, no presente estudo, foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar a qualidade espermática e a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC/mL) de doses de sêmen suíno submetidas a baixas temperaturas de armazenamento, na ausência ou presença de ATM. No experimento 1, as motilidades (total e progressiva) das doses com ATM foram maiores conforme aumentou a temperatura de armazenamento (P<0,01). Nas doses sem ATM, as motilidades foram inferiores nas mantidas a 5 °C do que nas demais (P<0,05). O número de UFC/mL foi menor nas doses sem ATM mantidas a 5 e 10 °C do que a 17 °C (P<0,05), mas não houve diferença entre as temperaturas de armazenamento nas doses com ATM (P>0,05). As integridades de acrossoma e de membrana plasmática não foram afetadas (P>0,05) pelo uso de ATM, mas foram influenciadas pela temperatura de armazenamento (P<0,0001) No experimento 2, os machos foram categorizados em BONS e RUINS de acordo com a motilidade progressiva das doses com ATM armazenadas a 5 °C nas 120 h, sendo investigado o efeito dessas categorias sobre as variáveis estudadas. A motilidade total das doses armazenadas a 17 °C foi superior à das mantidas a 5 °C diluídas sem ATM (P<0,05). Os percentuais de motilidade progressiva e de acrossomas normais foram superiores nas doses mantidas a 17 °C do que nas mantidas a 5 °C, com ou sem ATM (P<0,05). O número de UFC/ml foi maior nas doses diluídas sem ATM do que nas demais (P<0,05). Após a categorização dos machos, as motilidades (total e progressiva) foram maiores nos machos BONS do que nos RUINS (P<0,05), sem diferença significativa (P>0,05) nas integridades (acrossomal e de membrana plasmática). Apesar de a qualidade espermática ter sido afetada negativamente pelas baixas temperaturas, o armazenamento das doses de sêmen suíno a 5 °C é possível, uma vez que foi mantida a viabilidade espermática in vitro, por até 5 dias, acima do nível mínimo considerado adequado para a inseminação artificial. Contudo, o uso de doses sem antimicrobianos ainda precisa de otimização, posto que que as baixas temperaturas de armazenamento reduzem, mas não inibem por completo o crescimento bacteriano.
Bacteriospermia can impair boar semen dose quality. Thus, the addition of antibiotics (ATB) is indispensable for maintaining semen doses quality. Nevertheless, growing bacterial resistance occurrence have had driven to a reduction in use of ATB in pig industry. In this sense, storage of semen doses at low temperature may be an alternative to removal ATB of commercial semen extenders. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess sperm quality and number of colony-forming units (CFU mL-1) in boar semen doses stored at low storage temperatures with or without ATB, in two experiments. In experiment 1, in semen doses with ATB, total and progressive motility increased as the storage temperature increased (P<0.01). In semen doses without ATB, total and progressive motility were observed to be lower when stored at 5 °C than at 10 and 17 °C (P<0.05). The number of CFU mL-1 was lower in semen doses without ATB stored at 5 and 10 °C than at 17 °C (P<0.05), but there was no difference among storage temperatures in doses with ATB (P>0.05). Acrosome and sperm membrane integrity were not influenced (P>0.05) by using ATB, but they were influenced by storage temperature (P<0,0001) In experiment 2, boars were grouped in GOOD and POOR according to progressive motility in doses stored for up to 120 h at 5 °C. So, the effect of this classification on assessed variables, was investigated. Total motility was higher in doses stored at 17 °C than in doses without ATB stored at 5 °C (P<0.05). The percentages of progressive motility and normal acrosomes were higher in doses stored at 17 °C than in doses stored at 5 °C, with or without ATB (P<0.05). The number of CFU mL-1 was higher in doses without ATB than in remaining ones (P<0.05). Total and progressive motility were observed to be higher in GOOD than in POOR boars (P<0.05). There was no difference between groups of boars in acrosome and membrane integrity (P>0.05). Despite sperm quality was negatively affected by low temperatures, the storage of boar semen doses at 5 °C is possible, since sperm viability in vitro was maintained for up to 5 days, fulfilling the requirements of semen quality to be used in artificial insemination. Nevertheless, the use of semen doses without ATB will need optimization, since low storage temperatures decreased bacterial growth, but not completely inhibit it.

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Jung, Deborah Osterholm. "QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TOTAL BACTERIA, LACTOBACILLUS, AND BIFIDOBACTERIUM COLONIC MICROFLORA IN RATS FED CONVENTIONAL, PREBIOTIC, AND PROBIOTIC SOY DIETS." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1778.

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Research suggests that specific compositions of gut microbiota can directly affect energy harvesting and fat storage, which may indicate a potential role of intestinal bacteria in the regulation of body weight (i.e., obesity). The purpose of the current study was to determine if prebiotic- and probiotic-based diets modify gut microbiota in genetically obese rodents. For this, female Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were assigned diets containing fructooligosaccharides (FOS), Bifidobacterium (BIF), or Lactobacillus (LAC) for three weeks. qPCR was then used to measure levels of colonic Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and total bacteria. At termination, there was no significant difference in Lactobacillus levels between diets. However, there was significantly less Bifidobacterium in BIF vs. FOS or LAC-fed rats. The evidence in this study shows there were no significant differences in Lactobacillus levels between any of the feeding groups and the control group, supporting the conclusion that ingestion of any of the tested supplemented feed does not statistically modulate Lactobacillus numbers in female ZDF rats. However, the rats from the Bifidobacterium and FOS feeding groups had significantly higher colonic Bifidobacterium levels than the control group from ingesting the supplemented feed, indicating that the presence of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis and the prebiotic FOS stimulated the growth of Bifidobacterium.

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Guerra, Mirela Gurgel. "Fatores de influ?ncia na produ??o de leite bovino sobre os n?veis da contagem bacteriana total." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17172.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MirelaGG_DISSERT.pdf: 523258 bytes, checksum: b38fc504491b6e5e1a948b5fb7c8a832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-07
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of milking procedures on the levels of total bacterial count (TBC) in bovine milk. In the first study the influences of procedures for hygienic milking, cleaning of milking equipment and milk cooling tanks on the TBC levels were evaluated. Four bulk samples of milk were collected from each tank in eight properties for TBC analysis, employing the flow cytometry method. A questionnaire was applied in each property to assess the current situation of milking procedures on each production system that took part on this research, followed by training of employees in good agricultural practices in the production of milk and monitoring of the TBC measurements. The methodology for analysis of longitudinal data was considered, focusing on random effects models. The results showed that the handling procedures for milking and the cleanliness of the cooling tank contributed to a further reduction in the levels of TBC raw milk cooling tanks. The second study aimed to describe the percentage of the properties that comply with the Normative Instruction N? 51 (Brazil s IN 51) with regard to total bacterial count (TBC) in bovine milk. The study was conducted from January 2010 to July 2011. Milk samples were collected from the eight properties selected for TBC analysis by the flow cytometry method. Again, on each property a questionnaire was applied to assess the current situation of milking procedures on each production system that took part on this research, followed by training of employees in good agricultural practices in the production of milk and monitoring of the TBC measurements. The methodology of marginal models based on Generalized Estimate Equations (GEEs) was followed in the statistical analysis. The results showed that the handling procedures of the milking and the cleanliness of the cooling tanks contributed to a considerable percentage of the properties that reached the limits of TBC established by IN 51
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influ?ncia dos procedimentos de ordenha sobre os n?veis da Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT) no leite bovino. No primeiro estudo foram avaliados as influ?ncias dos procedimentos de ordenha higi?nica e de limpeza dos equipamentos de ordenha e dos tanques de resfriamento do leite sobre os n?veis da CBT. Para tanto, foram coletadas quatro amostras de leite de cada tanque de oito propriedades, para an?lise da CBT, pela metodologia de citometria de fluxo. Em cada propriedade aplicou-se um question?rio para avalia??o da atual situa??o dos procedimentos de ordenha em cada sistema de produ??o participante da pesquisa, seguida da capacita??o e treinamento dos colaboradores em boas pr?ticas agropecu?rias na produ??o de leite e uma fase de acompanhamento das medidas da CBT. Considerouse a metodologia para an?lise de dados longitudinais, com enfoque nos modelos de efeitos aleat?rios. Observou-se que os procedimentos adequados no manejo na ordenha e na limpeza do tanque de resfriamento contribu?ram para uma maior redu??o nos n?veis da CBT do leite cru de tanques de resfriamento. No segundo estudo, objetivou-se descrever a propor??o de propriedades que atendem ? Instru??o Normativa n? 51 (IN 51) em rela??o ? Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT) em leite bovino. O estudo foi realizado no per?odo de janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2011. Foram coletadas amostras de leite de oito propriedades selecionadas, para an?lise da CBT pelo m?todo de citometria de fluxo. Em cada propriedade aplicou-se um question?rio para avalia??o da atual situa??o dos procedimentos de ordenha em cada sistema de produ??o participante da pesquisa, seguido da capacita??o e treinamento dos colaboradores em boas pr?ticas agropecu?rias na produ??o de leite e uma fase de acompanhamento das medidas da CBT. Para an?lise estat?stica considerou-se a metodologia para modelos marginais baseada nas Equa??es de Estima??es Generalizadas (EEGs). Constatou-se que os procedimentos adequados no manejo da ordenha e na limpeza do tanque de resfriamento contribu?ram para que uma parcela consider?vel das propriedades atingisse os limites da CBT estabelecidos pela IN 51

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Stichnoth, Julia Desiree [Verfasser], and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Trauner. "Natural products from corals and bacteria: photochemical formation of intricarene and total synthesis of crocagin / Julia Desiree Stichnoth ; Betreuer: Dirk Trauner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1119073812/34.

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39

Brooks, Blaire. "Downstream Survival of Total Bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Sinking Creek and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Implemented Constructed Wetland." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/572.

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Access to good quality, pathogen-free water is a necessity for human life. Pathogencontaminated water poses a threat to human health, and steps must be taken to minimize that risk using remediation techniques, such as constructed wetlands. Sinking Creek is a tributary of the Watauga River that was placed on the 2016 303(d) list published by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation due to the presence of Escherichia coli. Because of this impairment, a constructed wetland was placed in Sinking Creek to decrease the downstream transport of pathogens. Knowing this, three primary goals were made for this experiment. The first goal was to establish the seasonal presence of E. coli, Salmonella spp., and other culturable bacteria in Sinking Creek. The second goal was to determine the concentration patterns of E. coli, Salmonella, and other culturable bacteria as water in Sinking Creek flows downstream. The third goal was to use the data to analyze the effectiveness of the constructed wetland in Sinking Creek and its ability to decrease bacterial concentrations downstream. To achieve these goals, water samples were collected every Wednesday from January 29th to March 11th from four sites on Sinking Creek: two upstream from the constructed wetland and two downstream from the constructed wetland. The samples were plated on mFC, XLD, and R2A agar using the micro drop technique to establish the presence of E. coli, Salmonella, and other culturable bacteria, respectively. It was hypothesized that, because of the placement of the wetland, concentrations of E. coli, Salmonella, and other culturable bacteria would be lower at Sites 3 and 4 than at Sites 1 and 2, but this hypothesis was disproved. Data analysis and statistical tests displayed that all bacterial concentrations were higher at Sites 3 and 4 than at Sites 1 and 2. From this, it was concluded that the constructed wetland is not functioning as it was intended, and the increase in bacterial concentrations at Sites 3 and 4 suggest that there is most likely a source of fecal contamination below the wetland.

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Mockaitis, Jonas. "Somatinių ląstelių bendrojo bakterinio užterštumo ir kitų kokybės rodiklių kitimo žaliaviniame piene dinamika vidurio Lietuvos pieno perdirbimo įmonėse." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050413_101525-53587.

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Introduction. Milk is one of the most important economies of the country. In 2002, milk contained 20% of the total value of agricultural economy products, and more than 30% of the total value of export of agricultural economy and alimentary products. Milk is going to stay the underlying branch of agricultural economy in the future. Today, 95.5 % of all Lithuanian farms have 1-4 cows. These farms contain 74.7% of the total number of cows. This producer group is the biggest and most problematic, because its contribution to production of milk is very important. It is important to emphasize, that pensioners contain 45% of milker holders. Objective of the study. The aim of this master‘s paper is to analyze the composition of Lithuania‘s recast companies according to the data taken from state lab Pieno Tyrimai of procurement raw milk. This paper will also analyze the dynamic of the most important quality parameters including: domain, season, the number of milk providers and the number of tested milk samples. Materials ant methods. In this master‘s paper the quality and the consistency of raw milk were analyzed according to parameters set by the state lab „Pieno tyrimai“. The subjects of research were the quality and composition data of 2002-2004 year samples of raw milk. Tendencies of resources of raw milk were analyzed according to the newest statutory requirements in Lithuania and in compliance with the main EU legislation. Findings. According to the analyses of the... [to full text]

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41

Greghi, Simone de Queiróz. "Avaliação da eficiência de métodos rápidos usados para detecção de coliforme totais e coliforme fecais em amostras de água, em comparação com a técnica de fermentação em tubos múltiplos /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88350.

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Resumo: A água de consumo humano é um dos importantes veículos de enfermidades diarréicas de natureza infecciosa, o que torna primordial a avaliação da sua qualidade microbiológica. Métodos que permitam a identificação de bactérias indicadoras, como os coliformes, são preferidos para estas análises, pois sua presença indica a possível existência de patógenos. Como existem diversos métodos que podem ser utilizados para esta finalidade, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficiência dos métodos rápidos Colilert (Idexx) (TSD-C) e Readycult Coliformes (Merck) (TSD-R) com a Técnica de Fermentação em Tubos Múltiplos (TFTM), para a determinação de bactérias coliformes totais, coliformes fecais, em amostras de águas de diversas origens. Foram analisadas 219 amostras divididas em 3 grupos águas de sistemas de abastecimento público, águas de superfície e águas subterrâneas, que foram coletadas no período de dezembro de 2002 a junho de 2003. Para a quantificação de coliformes totais observou-se nos métodos Colilert e Readycult que a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram altas, (> 95%), e o coeficiente kappa foi muito próximo de 1, indicando concordância ótima entre estas técnicas e a TFTM. Para a determinação de coliformes fecais observou-se que a especificidade foi máxima (100%) em ambos os métodos rápidos, a sensibilidade foi alta para o método Readycult (87%), mas menor para o método Colilert (> 76%); o coeficiente kappa foi alto para o método Readycult (0,85), e menor para o método Colilert (0,74) indicando concordâncias ótima e boa, respectivamente. O uso destas técnicas permite a obtenção de resultados em 24 horas, representando grande vantagem pela rapidez e a possibilidade de correção de problemas existentes, principalmente em sistemas de abastecimento.
Abstract: The water used for human intake is one of the most important vehicles for infective diarrheic diseases, which make the evaluation of its microbiological quality fundamental. Methods that allow the identification of indicative bacteria are preferred for these types of analyses. The presence of faeces contamination such as coliformes, indicates the possible existence of pathogens. Since there are several methods that could be used for this purpose, the objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of the quick methods. The methods Colilert (Idexx) (DST-C) and Readycult Coliforms (Merck) (DST-R) with the Technique of Fermentation in Multiple Tubes (TFTM), were considered for the determination of total coliform, fecal coliforms, in samples of water from several sources. The study analyzed 219 samples collected in the period between December 2002 and June 2003. These samples were divided into 3 groups: general public/ water supply systems; surface waters and underground waters. Colilert and Readyculty methods were used to quantify total coliforms contamination. Sensibility and specificity were high, over 95%. The kappa coefficient was verging on 1, indicating a positive correlation between these techniques and TFTM. To determine fecal contamination it was noticed that the specificity was at it's maximum (100%) in both quick methods and the sensibility was high for the Readycult method (87%), but slightly lower for the Colilert, over 76%. The kappa coefficient was high for the Readycult method (0,85), and lower for the Colilert methods (0,74), indicating a positive correlation. The use of these techniques enables the ability obtain the results in 24 hours, offering great advantages in its speed and the possibility of correcting existing problems, in corrent water supply systems.
Orientador: Maria da Penha Longo Mortatti Catanozi
Coorientador: Adalberto Farache Filho
Banca: Cyro de Almeida Leite
Banca: Clóvis Wesley Oliveira de Souza
Mestre

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Greghi, Simone de Queiróz [UNESP]. "Avaliação da eficiência de métodos rápidos usados para detecção de coliforme totais e coliforme fecais em amostras de água, em comparação com a técnica de fermentação em tubos múltiplos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88350.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A água de consumo humano é um dos importantes veículos de enfermidades diarréicas de natureza infecciosa, o que torna primordial a avaliação da sua qualidade microbiológica. Métodos que permitam a identificação de bactérias indicadoras, como os coliformes, são preferidos para estas análises, pois sua presença indica a possível existência de patógenos. Como existem diversos métodos que podem ser utilizados para esta finalidade, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficiência dos métodos rápidos Colilert (Idexx) (TSD-C) e Readycult Coliformes (Merck) (TSD-R) com a Técnica de Fermentação em Tubos Múltiplos (TFTM), para a determinação de bactérias coliformes totais, coliformes fecais, em amostras de águas de diversas origens. Foram analisadas 219 amostras divididas em 3 grupos águas de sistemas de abastecimento público, águas de superfície e águas subterrâneas, que foram coletadas no período de dezembro de 2002 a junho de 2003. Para a quantificação de coliformes totais observou-se nos métodos Colilert e Readycult que a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram altas, (> 95%), e o coeficiente kappa foi muito próximo de 1, indicando concordância ótima entre estas técnicas e a TFTM. Para a determinação de coliformes fecais observou-se que a especificidade foi máxima (100%) em ambos os métodos rápidos, a sensibilidade foi alta para o método Readycult (87%), mas menor para o método Colilert (> 76%); o coeficiente kappa foi alto para o método Readycult (0,85), e menor para o método Colilert (0,74) indicando concordâncias ótima e boa, respectivamente. O uso destas técnicas permite a obtenção de resultados em 24 horas, representando grande vantagem pela rapidez e a possibilidade de correção de problemas existentes, principalmente em sistemas de abastecimento.
The water used for human intake is one of the most important vehicles for infective diarrheic diseases, which make the evaluation of its microbiological quality fundamental. Methods that allow the identification of indicative bacteria are preferred for these types of analyses. The presence of faeces contamination such as coliformes, indicates the possible existence of pathogens. Since there are several methods that could be used for this purpose, the objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of the quick methods. The methods Colilert (Idexx) (DST-C) and Readycult Coliforms (Merck) (DST-R) with the Technique of Fermentation in Multiple Tubes (TFTM), were considered for the determination of total coliform, fecal coliforms, in samples of water from several sources. The study analyzed 219 samples collected in the period between December 2002 and June 2003. These samples were divided into 3 groups: general public/ water supply systems; surface waters and underground waters. Colilert and Readyculty methods were used to quantify total coliforms contamination. Sensibility and specificity were high, over 95%. The kappa coefficient was verging on 1, indicating a positive correlation between these techniques and TFTM. To determine fecal contamination it was noticed that the specificity was at it's maximum (100%) in both quick methods and the sensibility was high for the Readycult method (87%), but slightly lower for the Colilert, over 76%. The kappa coefficient was high for the Readycult method (0,85), and lower for the Colilert methods (0,74), indicating a positive correlation. The use of these techniques enables the ability obtain the results in 24 hours, offering great advantages in its speed and the possibility of correcting existing problems, in corrent water supply systems.

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LIMA, Maria da Conceição Gomes de. "Contagem de células somáticas e bacteriana total, sequenciamento dos exons 1 e 2 do gene Mannose-binding Lectin (MBL) em caprinos de rebanhos pernambucanos." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5753.

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Mastitis is the inflammatory process of mammary gland which has infectious origin or not. It is characterized by physic-chemical and bacteriological alterations of milk and unrepairable lesions on the mammary tissue. In goats used for milk production, mastitis is a serious problem, as much for increasing production costs as for public health risks. In this work, the sequencing of exons 1 and 2 of MBL (mannose-binding lectin) gene was made and they were related to subclinic mastitis susceptibility in goats. 145 strain and age varied goats which were not at colostral time and drying time were used to collect blood and milk samples. These samples were evaluated through auxiliary diagnosis method, somatic cell count (SCC) to identify subclinic mastitis. Evaluations of milk physic-chemical characteristics (fat, protein, lactose and total solids) and bacteriological examination were also made. DNA was extracted from blood samples and exons 1 and 2 of MBL gene were sequenced. It was observed the presence of polymorphisms on exon 2 of MBL gene in 8 samples of the 1662 region of animals considered as healthy. It was seen that 60% of samples presented SCC values lower than 1.0 x 106 cells/mL, which reveals lack of subclinic mastitis and 40% of samples showed SCC values higher than 1.0 x 106 cells/mL, which reveals presence of subclinic mastitis. 87.5% of the milk samples presented total bacteriological counting (TBC) lower than 500,000 and 11.5% had values higher than 500,000. Although, by comparing results obtained on sequencing and lack of polymorphisms for exon 2 of MBL gene on samples with and without subclinic mastitis, it can not be affirmed that presence of subclinic mastitis is related to MBL gene polymorphism.
A mastite é o processo inflamatório da glândula mamária de origem infecciosa ou não.Caracteriza-se por alterações físico-químicas e bacteriológicas do leite e lesões irreparáveis no tecido mamário. Em cabras exploradas para a produção de leite, a mastite é um grave problema, tanto por aumentar os custos da produção quanto pelos riscos à saúde pública. Neste estudo foram realizados os seqüenciamentos dos exons 1 e 2 do gene para MBL (lectina ligadora de manose) com o objetivo de correlaciona-los à suscetibilidade a mastite subclínica em caprinos. Utilizaram-se 145 cabras de raças e idades variadas e que não estavam no período colostral nem na época de secagem, onde foram coletadas amostras de sangue e leite. No leite foi realizada a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) a fim de identificar a mastite subclínica, realizadas avaliações das características físico-químicas (gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos), e exames bacteriológicos do leite. Das amostras de sangue foi extraído o DNA genômico para seqüenciamento dos exons 1 e 2 do gene da Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL). Observou-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos, a presença de polimorfismo no exon 2 do gene da MBL em 8amostras na região 1662 de animais considerados saudáveis. Foi observado ainda que 60% das amostras apresentaram valores para CCS inferiores a 1,0 x 106 células/mL revelando ausência de mastite subclínica e 40% das amostras mostraram CCS acima de 1,0 x 106 células/mL mostrando a presença da mastite subclínica. E ainda, 87,5% das amostras de leite apresentaram contagem bacteriana total (CBT) com valores inferiores 500.000 e 11,5% com valores iguais ou superiores a 500.000. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos no seqüenciamento, e pela presença do polimorfismo para o gene da MBL no exon 2, de animais com ausência de mastite subclínica, não se pode afirmar que a presença da mastite subclínica esteja relacionada ao polimorfismo nesse gene.

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Rebelo, Renato Zanotta. "Avaliação longitudinal dos efeitos clínicos, microbiológicos e salivares de um anti-séptico bucal contendo óleos essenciais utilizado no protocolo terapêutico "desinfecção de boca total em estágio único"." Universidade de Taubaté, 2008. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=502.

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Hipótese do estudo: Hipotetizou-se que a incorporação dos óleos essenciais no protocolo "desinfecção de boca total em estágio único" acarretaria benefícios adicionais comparativamente a solução placebo. Objetivos: Avaliar longitudinalmente através de parâmetros clínicos, microbiológicos e salivares os efeitos de um anti-séptico bucal contendo óleos essenciais como o agente químico usado no protocolo "desinfecção de boca total em estágio único". Metodologia: Profundidade de sondagem, índice de placa e índice gengival modificado foram mensurados pelo mesmo examinador calibrado, em todos os dentes presentes, de cinquenta indivíduos com periodontite leve que procuraram atendimento no Departamento de Odontologia da Unitau. A presença de Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus e Streptococcus sanguinis foi determinada por PCR em amostras de saliva não estimulada, dorso da língua e de biofilme subgengival. Fluxo de saliva estimulada e não estimulada, pH salivar, dosagem de proteína total e de fosfatase alcalina foram mensurados nos três tempos do experimento. Os indivíduos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em um dos seguintes grupos: "desinfecção de boca total em estágio único" associada aos óleos essenciais (n = 25) ou "desinfecção de boca-total em estágio único" associada a placebo (n = 25). Após a realização dos procedimentos mecânicos os participantes realizaram bochechos duas vezes ao dia por sessenta dias consecutivos. Todos os parâmetros foram monitorados inicialmente (T0), aos sessenta (T1) e aos 180 (T2) dias. Resultados: Completaram o estudo 23 participantes no grupo placebo e 22 no grupo teste. Inicialmente os grupos foram estatisticamente iguais em relação aos parâmetros clínicos. A análise inter-grupos demonstrou maiores reduções de IPI e IGM no grupo teste em relação ao placebo (ANOVA e teste t Student, p<0,05). Apenas as análises intra-grupos revelaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas para as prevalências bacterianas (Qui-quadrado, p <0.05). Em ambos os grupos, P. gingivalis não reduziu em nenhum sítio em ambos os grupos. Aos 6 meses C. rectus aumentou para ambos os grupos enquanto T. forsythensis reduziu para o grupo teste nas amostras subgengivais. S. sanguinis aumentou entre T0 e T1, exceto subgengivalmente no grupo controle. Apenas o grupo teste apresentou redução do nível total de proteína na saliva enquanto a dosagem de fosfatase alcalina não foi alterada por esse tipo de terapia periodontal (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0,05). Conclusões: Os óleos essenciais no protocolo "desinfecção de boca-total em estágio único" acarretaram benefícios clínicos adicionais, principalmente na redução de placa e inflamação gengival sem alterar parâmetros salivares básicos. O protocolo terapêutico possibilitou aumento da espécie bacteriana benéfica pesquisada.
Hypothesis: The hypothesis of this study was that introducing essential oils into the "one-stage, full-mouth disinfection" protocol would result in additional benefits compared to placebo. Objectives: To evaluate through clinical, microbiological and salivary parameters, the long-term effects of an essential-oils containing mouth-rinse as the active chemical agent applied in the of "one-stage full-mouth disinfection" protocol. Methods: The same calibrated examiner measured probing depth, plaque and modified gingival indices of all teeth in fifty subjects with mild periodontitis consulting the Department of Dentistry of Unitau. The presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus and Streptococcus sanguinis was determined by PCR in non-stimulated saliva, tongue dorsum and subgingival biofilm samples. In addition, stimulated and non-stimulated salivary flow, salivary pH and total level of protein and alkaline phosphatases were ensured. The subjects were randomly allocated into the two following groups: "one-stage full-mouth disinfection" plus essential oils (n= 25) or "one-stage full-mouth disinfection" plus placebo (n= 25). After finishing the mechanical procedures the subjects performed mouth rinsing twice a day for sixty consecutive days. All parameters were monitored at baseline (T0), sixty (T1) and 180 days (T2). Results: 23 subjects in the placebo group and 22 in the test-group completed the study. At baseline, both groups were statistically alike referring to clinical parameters. The inter-group analysis showed higher reductions of PII and MGI in the test-group compared to the placebo group (ANOVA and Student-t test, p <0.05). Only the intra-group analyses revealed statistically significant differences for the bacterial prevalence (Chi-square, p<0,05). For both groups, P.gingivalis did not reduce in any sampled site. At 6-months C.rectus increased for both groups while T.forsythensis reduced subgingivally for test group. S.sanguinis increased from baseline to 2-months, except subgingivally in placebo group. Only the test group revealed a reduction of the total protein level in the saliva, while this type of periodontal therapy did not alter the level of alkaline phosphatases (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0,05). Conclusions: Essential oils provided additional clinical benefits especially in reducing plaque and gingival inflammation without alter basic characteristics of saliva when used in the OSFMD. The therapeutic protocol allowed increasing in the prevalence of the tested beneficial bacterial species.

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Privatti, Rafaela Torrezan. "Efeitos da contagem bacteriana total do leite cru refrigerado sobre os parâmetros físico-químicos, microbiológicos e rendimento durante a vida útil do queijo Minas Frescal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-23112017-101955/.

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A Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT) é um critério de avaliação da qualidade higiênico-sanitária do leite. O presente estudo teve por finalidade avaliar o efeito da CBT do leite cru refrigerado, sobre as características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e rendimento do queijo Minas Frescal. Utilizaram-se leites com dois níveis de CBT para a fabricação dos queijos: baixa CBT= média de 18.400 UFC/mL e alta CBT= média de 74.100 UFC/mL. As etapas de elaboração dos queijos incluíram a pasteurização do leite, adição dos ingredientes (cloreto de cálcio, cloreto de sódio e coalho), coagulação e obtenção do coágulo, dessoragem, enformagem e embalagem. Os queijos foram embalados em embalagens plásticas e analisados nos dias 1, 7, 14 e 21 após a fabricação e durante esse período foram mantidos em câmara fria a 6°C. A sequência de elaboração dos queijos foi repetida 3 vezes, para cada nível de CBT, totalizando 60 unidades por tratamento. Cinco unidades de queijos foram analisadas por dia, os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados foram: teores de umidade, proteína e gordura, índices de extensão e profundidade da proteólise, pH, acidez titulável e extensão da lipólise, e os microbiológicos: coliformes termotolerantes, estafilococos coagulase positiva, Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental em parcelas subdivididas em blocos, considerando-se a contagem bacteriana total como efeito principal, os dias de análise como subparcelas e os processamentos como blocos. Nos queijos Minas Frescal não houve interação dos níveis de CBT e período de armazenamentos para os teores de umidade, proteína, gordura e índices de extensão e profundidade da proteólise. Entretanto, houve efeito dos níveis de CBT para as porcentagens médias de proteína e índices de extensão e profundidade da proteólise, com valores superiores para o tratamento com alta CBT, para o teor de umidade houve efeito dos níveis de CBT, com médias de 63,46% e 60,77% para os tratamentos com baixa e alta CBT, respectivamente. Independentemente dos níveis de CBT, houve efeito do período de armazenamento, com decréscimo no teor médio de umidade e elevação nos teores médios de gordura, proteína e índice de extensão da proteólise. Para as características de pH e acidez titulável houve interação para os níveis de CBT e período de armazenamento, a partir do 14° dia. O pH do tratamento com baixa CBT apresentou variação discreta (6,59-6,49), enquanto que para o tratamento com alta CBT houve decréscimo de 6,72 para 6,15, o aumento de acidez foi verificado em ambos os tratamentos, porém em maior grau no grupo de alta CBT. A extensão da lipólise apresentou interação para os níveis de CBT e período de armazenamento, no 21° dia após a fabricação, com aumento no teor de ácidos graxos livres. Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes não foram encontradas nos queijos, 5,2% das amostras apresentaram coliformes termotolerantes, porém em contagem permitida pela legislação brasileira. No entanto, no 14° dia após a fabricação, 9,56% das amostras apresentaram estafilococos coagulase positiva, em contagens superiores aos padrões legais. O rendimento dos queijos Minas Frescal não sofreu influência dos níveis de CBT. Os resultados do trabalho indicaram que os queijos Minas Frescal produzidos com leites contendo CBT inferior a 50.000 UFC/mL, originam produtos mais estáveis e de melhor qualidade ao longo do período de armazenamento.
The Total Bacterial Count (TBC) is a criterion for the evaluation of hygienic-sanitary quality of milk. The present study had the purpose of evaluating the effect of TBC of the refrigerated raw milk, on the physical-chemical characteristics, microbiological and yield of the Minas Frescal cheese. Milks with two levels of TBC were used for cheese production: low TBC= mean of 18400 CFU/mL and high TBC= mean of 74100 CFU/mL. The manufacture of cheeses included: pasteurization of the milk, addition of ingredients (calcium chloride, sodium chloride and rennet), coagulation, mass cutting, desorption, forming and packaging. The cheeses were packed in plastic bags and analyzed on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 after manufacture and during that period were kept in a cold chamber at 6°C. The sequence of elaboration of the Minas cheeses were repeated 3 times, for each level of TBC, totaling 60 units per treatment. Five cheese units were analyzed per day, the physical-chemical parameters evaluated were: percentages of fat, humidity, protein, extension and depth of proteolysis, pH, titratable acidity and extent of lipolysis, and the micro-organisms evaluated were: thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase-positive staphylococci, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. A completely randomized block design was used, considering TBC as the main effect, the days of analysis as sub parcels and the processing batches as the blocks. In the Minas Fresch cheese there weren\'t interaction for TBC levels and storage period for humidity, protein, fat contents and extension and depth of proteolysis. However, there were effect for TBC levels and protein percentages and extension and depth of proteolysis, with higher values for treatment with low TBC, for moisture content there was effect for TBC levels, with averages of 63.46% and 60.77% for treatments low and high TBC, respectively. Regardless of TBC levels, there were effect for the storage period, with decreases in the moisture content and elevation in the protein, fat contents and proteolysis extension index. For the characteristics pH and titratable acidity there were interaction for TBC levels and storage period, on day 14, for pH the treatment with low TBC did not present expressive variation (6.59-6.49), while the treatment high TBC presented a decrease from 6.72 to 6.15, the increase of acidity was observed in both treatments, but to a greater extent in the high TBC group. The extent of lipolysis showed interaction for TBC levels and storage period, on day 21, with elevation of content of free fatty acids. Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not found in the cheeses. 5.2% of the samples presented thermotolerant coliforms but in count allowed by the Brazilian legislation. However on the 14th day after the manufacture, 9.56% of the samples presented coagulase-positive staphylococci in scores above legal standards. The yield of the Minas Frescal cheeses was not influenced by TBC levels. The results of the study indicated that Minas Frescal cheeses produced with milks containing TBC of less than 50.000 CFU/mL produce more stable and better quality products throughout the storage period.

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Silva, Naiara Milagres Augusto da. "Influência da contagem de células somáticas e da contagem bacteriana total do leite cru no rendimento da produção de queijos, utilizando metodologia em escala reduzida." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8YGN9G.

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The evaluation of raw milk quality has become increasingly important for the dairy industry as a way to estimate milk yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacteria count (TBC) of raw milk on cheese yield, using a small-scalemethod developed in Cornell University (USA). A total of 270 samples of raw milk added with Bronopol preservative were used. The samples were distributed in three SCC levels (below 200,000; 200,000-750,000 and above 750,000 SC/mL) and three TBC levels (below 100,000;100,000-750,000 and above 750,000 CFU/mL). The raw milk samples were submitted to composition analysis (fat, protein, lactose, total solids and solids non fat (SNF), SCC, TBC, freezing point and pH. Cheeses were produced in small scale and cheese whey samples were submitted to compositional analysis (fat, total protein, true protein, lactose, total solids and SNF) and SCC. The SCC increase of raw milk was correlated to decreased protein retention in cheese. High SCC (above 200,000 SC/mL) was correlated to lower levels of lactose in cheese whey and lower dry matter yield. There was no effect of TBC in cheese yield in the experimental conditions used. The small scale method presented a high correlation between the theoretical and predicted yield values, indicating its ability for cheese yield prediction.
A importância da avaliação da qualidade do leite cru tem se tornado cada vez maior para a indústria de laticínios, como forma de estimar o rendimento industrial. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e da contagembacteriana total (CBT) do leite cru no rendimento de queijos, utilizando método em escala reduzida desenvolvido na Universidade de Cornell (EUA). Foram utilizadas 270 amostras de leite cru adicionadas de conservante Bronopol com três níveis de CCS (abaixo de 200.000,200.000-750.000 e acima de 750.000 CS/mL) e três níveis de CBT (abaixo de 100.000, 100.000-750.000 e acima de 750.000 UFC/mL). As amostras de leite cru foram submetidas a análises de composição (gordura, proteína, lactose, extrato seco total (EST) e extrato secodesengordurado (ESD), CCS, CBT, crioscopia e pH. A produção dos queijos foi feita em escala reduzida e as amostras de soro de queijo foram submetidas a análises de composição (gordura, proteína total, proteína verdadeira, lactose, EST e ESD) e CCS. O aumento da CCS no leite cru foi correlacionado à menor retenção de proteína na massa dos queijos e ao aumento das perdas de proteína no soro. CCS elevada (acima de 200.000 CS/mL) foi correlacionada com a redução dos teores de lactose no soro e redução do rendimento de massa seca. Não houve interferência da CBT no rendimento dos queijos produzidos nas condições experimentais utilizadas. Foi encontrada uma correlação alta entre os valores teóricos de rendimento e os valores de rendimento preditos pela metodologia em escala reduzida, indicando que esta metodologia pode ser utilizada para a predição do rendimento de queijos.

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Salomao, Valeria Sampaio Costa. "Influência de diferentes tipos de micro-organismos na contagem bacteriana total e de células somáticas por citometria de fluxo e na composição centesimal do leite cru." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8UCRM5.

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Bacterial count was made of 179 raw milk samples from different dairy farms of Minas Gerais, Brazil, through the methods of flow cytometry and standard plate count, the reference method. The results obtained by different methods were analyzed by Pearson correlation. There wassignificant correlation between the values of psychrotrophic and mesophilic counts determined by the reference method with the values of bacterial count determined by flow cytometry (r = 0.6695 and 0.7008, respectively), being possible to establish linear regression equations forbacterial count obtained by flow cytometry according to the count of mesophilic (log CBI by flow cytometry = 0.701 log mesophilic + 1.9091) and psychrotrophic (log CBI by flow cytometry = 0.4703 log psychrotrophic + 3.2784). It was not possible to establish calibration curves for thermophiles and thermodurics because the correlation coefficients obtained among the count of these organisms and total bacterial count determined by flow cytometry were low (r = 0.2996 and 0.2746, respectively). Additionally, the correlation coefficients among thepsychrotrophic count and the percentage of fat, protein, lactose and total solids of milk were determined, through the Spearman correlation. There was weak negative correlation (p < 0.01) for fat and total solids (r = -0.2198 and -0.1635, respectively). There was also weak negativecorrelation (p <0.01) between somatic cell count (analysis performed on the Bentley Somacount® equipment) and milk total solids content (r = -0.1346) and strong negative correlation between somatic cell count and lactose content (r = -0.7180) using the Spearman correlation. There was weak negative correlation between total bacterial count and somatic cellcount in milk. The fat, protein, lactose and total solids of milk showed a negative correlation (p <0,05) with the total bacterial count (r = -0.2130; -0.1772; -0.1912 and -0.2335; respectively).
Foi feita a contagem bacteriana de 179 amostras de leite cru refrigerado provenientes de diferentes bacias leiteiras de Minas Gerais, pelos métodos de citometria de fluxo e contagem padrão em placas. Os resultados obtidos pelos diferentes métodos foram analisados através da correlação de Pearson. Houve correlação significativa entre os valores de contagem de psicrotróficos e mesófilos determinados pelo método de referência com os valores de contagem bacteriana total determinados por citometria de fluxo (r = 0,6695 e 0,7008, respectivamente), sendo possível estabelecer equações de regressão linear para a contagem bacteriana obtida por citometria de fluxo em função da contagem de mesófilos (log CBI = 0,701log mesófilos +1,9091) e psicrotróficos (log CBI = 0,4703log psicrotróficos + 3,2784). Não foi possível estabelecer curvas de calibrações para termófilos e termodúricos, pois os coeficientes de correlação obtidos entre a contagem desses micro-organismos e a contagem bacteriana total,determinada por citometria de fluxo, foram baixos (r = 0,2996 e 0,2746, respectivamente). Adicionalmente, foram determinados os coeficientes de correlação entre a contagem de psicrotróficos e os teores de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais do leite, através da correlação de Spearman. Houve uma fraca correlação negativa (p < 0,01) para os teores de gordura e sólidos totais (r = -0,2198 e -0,1635, respectivamente). Também foi encontrada uma fraca correlação negativa (p < 0,01) entre a contagem de células somáticas (análises realizadas no equipamento Somacount, Bentley) e os teores de sólidos totais (r = -0,1346), e alta correlação entre a contagem de células somáticas e os teores de lactose (r = -0,7180) empregando-se a correlação de Spearman. Não houve correlação entre a contagem bacteriana total e a contagem de células somáticas do leite. Os teores de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais do leite apresentaram correlações fracas e negativa (p <0,05) com a contagem bacteriana total (r = -0,2130 ; -0,1772 ; -0,1912 e 0,2335; respectivamente).

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Sutton, Gabriel Humberto Cosenza. "Enumeration of total airborne bacteria, yeast and mold contaminants and identification of escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria Spp., Salmonella Spp., and Staphylococcus Spp. in a beef and pork slaughter facility." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0006613.

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Evangelista, Deborah Teixeira. "Comparação entre métodos de referência e eletrônico por citometria de fluxo na contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e de células somáticas (CCS) em leite submetido a diferentes tratamentos térmicos." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/FRPO-7KXJ23.

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Nowadays, Brazilian dairy sector is facing a period of significant changes in which milk quality is one the main requirements. The official lab net applies either reference or rapid analytical methods in order to research parameters related to milk quality, such as: composition, bacterial count, somatic cell count, and presence of antimicrobial residues. However, considering that some reference methods are long-lasting and show restrictions coupled with the demand to proceed the analysis of a great number of samples, the official lab net has applied alternative approaches, whose results are reliable and obtained in a shorter period of time. The rapid analytical method is based on flux citometry to determine the counts of total bacteria and somatic cells. The present work aimed to deeply study the flux citometry principle as well as verify the correlation between the reference methods (standard plate count and direct microscopy) and the rapid approach (flux citometry) applied to counts of bacteria and somatic cells in raw, pasteurized, and sterilized milks. Randomized blocks design was used and the results were compared according to the test of Tukey. In the work conditions, results from direct microscopy showed a high correlation with those from standard plate count, so that it may be an alternative mean to calibrate the IBC Bactocount equipment to the analysis of raw milk samples by flux citometry. Compared to the other reference methods, flux citometry was able to detect higher bacterial cont in raw, pasteurized, and sterilized milks. Thermal treatments caused different influence on the bacterial counts when results of standard plate count, direct microscopy, and flux citometry were evaluated. Regarding the somatic cell count, direct microscopy showed a high correlation with flux citometry. The thermal treatments did not influence the somatic cell count of both pasteurized and sterilized milk samples, when flux citometry was applied
Atualmente, o setor laticinista brasileiro passa por um período de intensas transformações em sua estrutura, e a qualidade do leite é uma das principais exigências. A rede laboratorial utiliza métodos analíticos de referência ou rápidos para a análise de parâmetros relacionados à qualidade: composição, contagem bacteriana, contagem de células somáticas, pesquisa de resíduos de antimicrobianos. No entanto, considerando-se a morosidade e as limitações de alguns dos métodos de referência e ainda, a crescente demanda por análises de grande número de amostras de leite, a rede laboratorial vem utilizando métodos alternativos que forneçam resultados rápidos e confiáveis. Para a contagem bacteriana total e contagem de células somáticas, o método analítico rápido baseia-se no princípio da citometria de fluxo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre o princípio da citometria de fluxo assim como verificar a correlação entre os métodos analíticos de referência (contagem padrão em placas e microscopia direta) e rápido (citometria de fluxo) para a contagem bacteriana total e de células somáticas em leite cru, pasteurizado e esterilizado. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso e os resultados foram comparados utilizando-se o teste de Tukey. Nas condições de trabalho, verificou-se que a técnica de microscopia direta apresentou alta correlação com a contagem padrão em placas, podendo ser uma técnica alternativa na calibração do equipamento IBC Bactocount para análise de amostras de leite cru por citometria de fluxo. A citometria de fluxo, comparada com as técnicas de referência, foi capaz de detectar maior contagem bacteriana em leite cru, pasteurizado e esterilizado. Os tratamentos térmicos exerceram diferentes efeitos nas contagens bacterianas de amostras de leite submetidas à pasteurização e esterilização quando as técnicas de contagem padrão em placas, microscopia direta e citometria de fluxo foram utilizadas. Em relação à contagem de células somáticas, verificou-se que a técnica de microscopia direta apresenta alta correlação com a técnica de citometria de fluxo. Os tratamentos térmicos não exerceram efeitos na contagem de células somáticas de leite submetido à pasteurização e esterilização, quando a citometria de fluxo foi utilizada

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Rodriguez, Patricia. "Caractérisation moléculaire de chlamydia trachomatis : étude du polymorphisme et séquençage du gène omp1, et étude du génome total par électrophorèse en champ pulsé." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR28255.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Total bacterial'

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