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Cempírková, R. "Psychrotrophic vs. total bacterial counts in bulk milk samples." Veterinární Medicína 47, No. 8 (March 30, 2012): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5829-vetmed.
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The objective of the study was to determine psychrotrophic bacteria counts (PBC) and total bacterial counts (TBC) in bulk milk samples collected during a longer period (1999 to 2000). Two sets of samples were analysed. Set 1, including samples collected in three herds, was analysed by the Central Laboratory at České Budějovice. TBC was determined using the apparatus Bactoscan, and PBC by culture according to IDF standards. Relative index pi expressing the PBC/TBC ratio was calculated for each sample. The value of pi for Set 1 was 0.09, ranging in herds included in this set from 0.05 to 0.20. The correlation between PBC and TBC was highly significant (r = 0.69; P < 0.01). Correlation coefficients for the individual herds ranged from 0.32 to 0.81. The correlation was highly significant (P < 0.01) in two herds, and significant (P < 0.05) in one herd. Microbiological milk quality is markedly influenced by housing and milking technologies. Another objective of this study was therefore to compare the microbiological quality of milk produced by cows housed in loose boxes and milked in parlours with that produced by cows housed in stanchion barns and milked with pipeline milking machines (Set 2). Bulk milk samples were collected and transported by standard methods and TBC and PBC were determined by culture on GTK agar supplemented with dried inhibitor-free milk according to the IDF standards. The results have confirmed favourable effects of milking in parlours on milk quality expressed in terms of counts of both technologically relevant groups of bacteria. The difference in TBC and PBC between the two milking technologies was significant (P < 0.05). Relative index for the milk obtained in milking parlours was pi= 0.18 and that for the milk from pipeline milking machines pi = 0.23. Correlation coefficients for PBC and TBC were almost identical (r = 0.92; r = 0.93; both P < 0.01).
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Susanti, S., B. E. Setiani, H. Rizqiati, D. R. Febriandi, V. P. Bintoro, and B. E. Setiani. "Inhibitory Activity of Cashew Apple (Anacardium Occidentale) Extract Marinade on The Meat Total Bacteria." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 6, no. 1 (March 24, 2018): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.6.1.11.
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Microbial activities cause physical and functional alteration, which can decrease the quality and shelf life of meat. Inhibiting the bacterial growth becomes a crucial effort to prevent spoilage of meat. Previous studies reported that human pathogen bacterias could be inhibited by using cashew apple juice. It was interested to explore the utilization of cashew apple as marinade solution to suppress the meat bacteria. Current study was aimed to get more insight the effectiveness of cashew apple extract marinade (CAM) as growth inhibitor for spoilage bacteria on beefs and chickens. Results indicated that inhibition zone of 20% CAM were significant higher than 0% CAM on the medium of E. coli, and S. aureus. The pretty high polyphenols content in CAM was considered as an active compound responsible for antibacterial activity. Furthermore, total bacterial count assay showed that 10 to 30% CAM significantly reduced the beef total bacteria in comparison to 0% while 15 % CAM significantly decreased the chicken total bacteria. It was suggested the range of effective level of CAM to reduce the meats bacteria is 10 to 30%. Thus, cashew apple can be a promising natural food preservative in the future, especially for extending the shelf life of meat.
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Kawasaki, Nobuyuki, Kazuhiro Komatsu, Ayato Kohzu, Noriko Tomioka, Ryuichiro Shinohara, Takayuki Satou, Fumiko Nara Watanabe, et al. "Bacterial Contribution to Dissolved Organic Matter in Eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura, Japan." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 23 (September 13, 2013): 7160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01504-13.
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ABSTRACTIncubation experiments using filtered waters from Lake Kasumigaura were conducted to examine bacterial contribution to a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool. Bacterial abundance, bacterial production, concentrations of DOC, total dissolved amino acids (TDAA), and total dissolved neutral sugars (TDNS) were monitored during the experiments. Bacterial production during the first few days was very high (20 to 35 μg C liter−1day−1), accounting for 40 to 70% of primary production. The total bacterial production accounted for 34 to 55% of the DOC loss during the experiment, indicating high bacterial activities in Lake Kasumigaura. The DOC degradation was only 12 to 15%, whereas the degradation of TDAA and TDNS ranged from 30 to 50%, suggesting the preferential usage of TDAA and TDNS. The contribution of bacterially derived carbon to a DOC pool in Lake Kasumigaura was estimated usingd-amino acids as bacterial biomarkers and accounted for 30 to 50% of the lake DOC. These values were much higher than those estimated for the open ocean (20 to 30%). The ratio of bacterially derived carbon to bulk carbon increased slightly with time, suggesting that the bacterially derived carbon is more resistant to microbial degradation than bulk carbon. This is the first study to estimate the bacterial contribution to a DOC pool in freshwater environments. These results indicate that bacteria play even more important roles in carbon cycles in freshwater environments than in open oceans and also suggests that recent increases in recalcitrant DOC in various lakes could be attributed to bacterially derived carbon. The potential differences in bacterial contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) between freshwater and marine environments are discussed.
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Ratrinia, Putri Wening, Nirmala Efri Hasibuan, Aulia Azka, Sumartini Sumartini, Apri Mujiyanti, Kurnia Sada Harahap, and Muh Suryono. "IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI PADA SERASAH DAUN MANGROVE YANG TERDEKOMPOSISI DI BANDAR BAKAU KOTA DUMAI." JURNAL PERIKANAN TROPIS 7, no. 2 (December 5, 2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jpt.v7i2.2349.
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Bacteria has an important role in decomposition and productivity activities in mangrove ecosystem. The study about identification of decomposing mangrove litter bacteria in Dumai has never been done. The aim of this study is to determine Total Plate Count and identify the dominant bacterial species from decomposing Rizhopora sp, Xylocarpus sp, dan Avicennia sp litter in Dumai. The method used in this research was survey method, bacterial isolation was done by pour plate method which is used in total calculation of bacteria was Total Plate Count (TPC), and identify the dominant bacterial in mangrove litter. The total bacteria which gained on Avicennia sp leaf litter are 0,64 x 105 Cfu/ml. On the other hand, the total bacteria from Rhizopora sp leaf litter has a lower number of colonies that is 0,55 x 105± 0,01 Cfu/ml. The bacterial identification test was carried out by gram staining method and morphological observation by microscopy. The dominant bacterial species in three mangrove species (Rizhopora sp, Xylocarpus sp, dan Avicennia sp) are Micrococcus sp dan Aerococcus sp. Keywords : Total Plate Count, Micrococcus sp, Aerococcus sp, Organic Matterial
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Gasol, Josep M., Ulla Li Zweifel, Francesc Peters, Jed A. Fuhrman, and Åke Hagström. "Significance of Size and Nucleic Acid Content Heterogeneity as Measured by Flow Cytometry in Natural Planktonic Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 4475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.10.4475-4483.1999.
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ABSTRACT Total bacterial abundances estimated with different epifluorescence microscopy methods (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI], SYBR Green, and Live/Dead) and with flow cytometry (Syto13) showed good correspondence throughout two microcosm experiments with coastal Mediterranean water. In the Syto13-stained samples we could differentiate bacteria with apparent high DNA (HDNA) content and bacteria with apparent low DNA (LDNA) content. HDNA bacteria, “live” bacteria (determined as such with the Molecular Probes Live/Dead BacLight bacterial viability kit), and nucleoid-containing bacteria (NuCC) comprised similar fractions of the total bacterial community. Similarly, LDNA bacteria and “dead” bacteria (determined with the kit) comprised a similar fraction of the total bacterial community in one of the experiments. The rates of change of each type of bacteria during the microcosm experiments were also positively correlated between methods. In various experiments where predator pressure on bacteria had been reduced, we detected growth of the HDNA bacteria without concomitant growth of the LDNA bacteria, such that the percentage contribution of HDNA bacteria to total bacterial numbers (%HDNA) increased. This indicates that the HDNA bacteria are the dynamic members of the bacterial assemblage. Given how quickly and easily the numbers of HDNA and LDNA bacteria can be obtained, and given the similarity to the numbers of “live” cells and NuCC, the %HDNA is suggested as a reference value for the percentage of actively growing bacteria in marine planktonic environments.
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Luna, G. M., E. Manini, and R. Danovaro. "Large Fraction of Dead and Inactive Bacteria in Coastal Marine Sediments: Comparison of Protocols for Determination and Ecological Significance." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 7 (July 2002): 3509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.7.3509-3513.2002.
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ABSTRACT It is now universally recognized that only a portion of aquatic bacteria is actively growing, but quantitative information on the fraction of living versus dormant or dead bacteria in marine sediments is completely lacking. We compared different protocols for the determination of the dead, dormant, and active bacterial fractions in two different marine sediments and at different depths into the sediment core. Bacterial counts ranged between (1.5 ± 0.2) × 108 cells g−1 and (53.1 ± 16.0) × 108 cells g−1 in sandy and muddy sediments, respectively. Bacteria displaying intact membrane (live bacterial cells) accounted for 26 to 30% of total bacterial counts, while dead cells represented the most abundant fraction (70 to 74%). Among living bacterial cells, nucleoid-containing cells represented only 4% of total bacterial counts, indicating that only a very limited fraction of bacterial assemblage was actively growing. Nucleoid-containing cells increased with increasing sediment organic content. The number of bacteria responsive to antibiotic treatment (direct viable count; range, 0.3 to 4.8% of the total bacterial number) was significantly lower than nucleoid-containing cell counts. An experiment of nutrient enrichment to stimulate a response of the dormant bacterial fraction determined a significant increase of nucleoid-containing cells. After nutrient enrichment, a large fraction of dormant bacteria (6 to 11% of the total bacterial number) was “reactivated.” Bacterial turnover rates estimated ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 day−1 but were 50 to 80 times higher when only the fraction of active bacteria was considered (on average 3.2 day−1). Our results suggest that the fraction of active bacteria in marine sediments is controlled by nutrient supply and availability and that their turnover rates are at least 1 order of magnitude higher than previously reported.
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Oliveira, João Tiago Correia, Everthon Fernandes Figueredo, Williane Patrícia da Silva Diniz, Lucianne Ferreira Paes de Oliveira, Pedro Avelino Maia de Andrade, Fernando Dini Andreote, Júlia Kuklinsky-Sobral, Danúbia Ramos de Lima, and Fernando José Freire. "Diazotrophic Bacterial Community of Degraded Pastures." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2561428.
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Pasture degradation can cause changes in diazotrophic bacterial communities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the culturable and total diazotrophic bacterial community, associated with regions of the rhizosphere and roots ofBrachiaria decumbensStapf. pastures in different stages of degradation. Samples of roots and rhizospheric soil were collected from slightly, partially, and highly degraded pastures. McCrady’s table was used to obtain the Most Probable Number (MPN) of bacteria per gram of sample, in order to determine population density and calculate the Shannon-Weaver diversity index. The diversity of total diazotrophic bacterial community was determined by the technique of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) of thenifH gene, while the diversity of the culturable diazotrophic bacteria was determined by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (BOX-PCR) technique. The increase in the degradation stage of theB. decumbensStapf. pasture did not reduce the population density of the cultivated diazotrophic bacterial community, suggesting that the degradation at any degree of severity was highly harmful to the bacteria. The structure of the total diazotrophic bacterial community associated withB. decumbensStapf. was altered by the pasture degradation stage, suggesting a high adaptive capacity of the bacteria to altered environments.
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Yuspita, Ni Luh Eta, I. Dewa Nyoman Nurweda Putra, and Yulianto Suteja. "Bahan Organik Total dan Kelimpahan Bakteri di Perairan Teluk Benoa, Bali." Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 4, no. 1 (September 12, 2017): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2018.v4.i01.129-140.
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Benoa Bay is semi-enclosed waters that have various activities. The existence of these activities will contribute to organic matter in the waters so that the effect on the presence of bacteria. This study aims to determine the total concentration of total organic matter (TOM) and bacterial abundance as well as its spatial and temporal distribution, and to determine the relationship of TOM concentration to bacterial abundance in the waters of Benoa Bay. Data collection is conducted on the surface of the waters in December 2016 to February 2017 when ebb conditions at 5 Benoa Bay water stations. Measurement of organic matter using permanganate test in titimetry based on standard methods SNI 06-6989.22-2004. Measurement of bacterial abundance using Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The TOM concentrations ranged from 63.20 to 65.10 mg/l and bacterial abundances ranged from 30 to 300 CFU/ml. Spatial distribution of TOM concentration and bacterial abundance tends to be higher close to Suwung Landfills (TPA) activity, floating net cage cultivation (KJA) activity in Serangan waters, and Buaji river estuary and tend to be lower approaching Benoa harbor activity and waters further from those activities. The concentration of TOM and bacterial abundance in December 2016 to February 2017 have fluctuating values. Based on the interpretation of the correlation coefficient, the level of relationship between BOT concentration and bacterial abundance in the waters of Benoa Bay is quite strong.
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Mével, G., M. Vernet, M. Goutx, and J. F. Ghiglione. "Seasonal to hour variation scales in abundance and production of total and particle-attached bacteria in the open NW Mediterranean Sea (0–1000 m)." Biogeosciences 5, no. 6 (November 20, 2008): 1573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1573-2008.
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Abstract. We present the vertical and temporal dynamics of total vs. particle-attached bacterial abundance and activity over a 5 week period under summer to autumn transition in NW Mediterranean Sea. At a weekly time scale, total bacterial biomass and production in the euphotic layers was significantly correlated with phytoplanktonic biomass. At an hourly time scale, total bacterial biomass responded very rapidly to chlorophyll a fluctuations, suggesting a tight coupling between phytoplankton and bacteria for resource partitioning during the summer-autumn transition. In contrast, no influence of diel changes on bacterial parameters was detected. Episodic events such as coastal water intrusions had a significant positive effect on total bacterial abundance and production, whereas we could not detect any influence of short wind events whatever the magnitude. Finally, we show that particle-attached bacteria can represent a large proportion (up to 49%) of the total bacterial activity in the euphotic layer but display rapid and sporadic changes at hourly time scales. In the mesopelagic layers, bacterial abundance and production linearly decreased with depth, except some production peaks at 400–750 m. This study underlines the value of large datasets covering different temporal scales to clarify the biogeochemical role of bacteria in the cycling of organic matter in open seawater.
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Mével, G., M. Vernet, and J. F. Ghiglione. "Short-term temporal variations of heterotrophic bacterial abundance and production in the open NW Mediterranean Sea." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 3 (May 8, 2008): 1899–932. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-1899-2008.
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Abstract. We present the vertical and temporal dynamics of total vs. particle-attached bacterial abundance and activity over a 5 week period under summer to autumn transition in NW Mediterranean Sea. By comparison to previous investigations in the same area but during different seasons, we found that total bacterial biomass and production values were consistent with the hydrological conditions of the summer-fall transition. At a weekly time scale, total bacterial biomass and production in the euphotic layers was significantly correlated with phytoplanktonic biomass. At an hourly time scale, total bacterial biomass responded very rapidly to chlorophyll-a fluctuations, suggesting a tight coupling between phytoplankton and bacteria for resource partitioning during summer-autumn transition. In contrast, no influence of diel changes on bacterial parameters was detected. Episodic events such as coastal water intrusions had a significant positive effect on total bacterial abundance and production, whereas we could not detect any influence of short wind events whatever the magnitude. Finally, we show that particle-attached bacteria can represent a large proportion (until 49%) of the total bacterial activity in the euphotic layer but display rapid and sporadic changes at hourly time scales. This study underlines the value of large datasets covering different temporal scales to clarify the biogeochemical role of bacteria in the cycling of organic matter in open seawater.
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Basim, Yalda, Ghasemali Mohebali, Sahand Jorfi, Ramin Nabizadeh, Mehdi Ahmadi Moghadam, Ata Ghadiri, and Nematollah Jaafarzadeh Haghighi Fard. "Biodegradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils using indigenous bacterial consortium." Environmental Health Engineering and Management 7, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ehem.2020.15.
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Background: Biodegradation of hydrocarbon compounds is a great environmental concern due to their toxic nature and ubiquitous occurrence. In this study, biodegradation potential of oily soils was investigated in an oil field using indigenous bacterial consortium. Methods: The bacterial strains present in the contaminated and non-contaminated soils were identified via DNA extraction using 16S rDNA gene sequencing during six months. Furthermore, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were removed from oil-contaminated soils. The TPH values were determined using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Results: The bacterial consortium identified in oil-contaminated soils (case) belonged to the families Halomonadaceae (91.5%) and Bacillaceae (8.5%), which was significantly different from those identified in non-contaminated soils (control) belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae (84.6%), Paenibacillaceae (6%), and Bacillaceae (9.4%). It was revealed that the diversity of bacterial strains was less in oil-contaminated soils and varied significantly between case and control samples. Indigenous bacterial consortium was used in oil-contaminated soils without need for amplification of heterogeneous bacteria and the results showed that the identified bacterial strains could be introduced as a sufficient consortium for biodegradation of oil-contaminated soils with similar texture, which is one of the innovative aspects of this research. Conclusion: An oil-contaminated soil sample with TPH concentration of 1640 mg/kg was subjected to bioremediation during 6 months using indigenous bacterial consortium and a TPH removal efficiency of 28.1% was obtained.
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Muñoz-Elías, Ernesto J., Juliano Timm, Tania Botha, Wai-Tsing Chan, James E. Gomez, and John D. McKinney. "Replication Dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Chronically Infected Mice." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 1 (January 2005): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.1.546-551.2005.
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ABSTRACT The dynamics of host-pathogen interactions have important implications for the design of new antimicrobial agents to treat chronic infections such as tuberculosis (TB), which is notoriously refractory to conventional drug therapy. In the mouse model of TB, an acute phase of exponential bacterial growth in the lungs is followed by a chronic phase characterized by relatively stable numbers of bacteria. This equilibrium could be static, with little ongoing replication, or dynamic, with continuous bacterial multiplication balanced by bacterial killing. A static model predicts a close correspondence between “viable counts” (live bacteria) and “total counts” (live plus dead bacteria) in the lungs over time. A dynamic model predicts the divergence of total counts and viable counts over time due to the accumulation of dead bacteria. Here, viable counts are defined as bacterial CFU enumerated by plating lung homogenates; total counts are defined as bacterial chromosome equivalents (CEQ) enumerated by using quantitative real-time PCR. We show that the viable and total bacterial counts in the lungs of chronically infected mice do not diverge over time. Rapid degradation of dead bacteria is unlikely to account for the stability of bacterial CEQ numbers in the lungs over time, because treatment of mice with isoniazid for 8 weeks led to a marked reduction in the number of CFU without reducing the number of CEQ. These observations support the hypothesis that the stable number of bacterial CFU in the lungs during chronic infection represents a static equilibrium between host and pathogen.
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Mert, Duygu, Sabahat Ceken, Gulsen Iskender, Dicle Iskender, Alparslan Merdin, Fazilet Duygu, Mustafa Ertek, and Fevzi Altuntas. "Epidemiology and mortality in bacterial bloodstream infections in patients with hematologic malignancies." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, no. 08 (August 31, 2019): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11457.
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Introduction: Patients with hematological malignancies, who are in the high risk group for infectious complications and bacterial bloodstream infections. The aim of the study evaluated epidemiology and mortality in bacterial bloodstream infections in patients with hematologic malignancies. In addition to determine the risk factors, changes in the distribution and frequency of isolated bacterias.
Methodology: In this retrospective study. There were investigated data from 266 patients with hematological malignancies and bacterial bloodstream infections who were hospitalized between the dates 01/01/2012 and 12/31/2017.
Results: There were 305 blood and catheter cultures in febrile neutropenia attacks in total. In these total attacks, primary bloodstream infections were 166 and catheter-related bloodstream infections were 139. In blood cultures; Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria were detected in 58,0% and 22,9% of the samples, respectively. 52,4% of the cultured Gram-negative bacterias were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Carbapenemase positive culture rate was 17,2% in Gram-negative bacteria cultures. Staphylococcus epidermidis was found in 38,4% of the Gram-positive bacteria cultures. In Gram-positive bacteria; methicillin resistance were detected in 82,2% of the samples. There was a statistically significant relationship between bloodstream infection and disease status. 60 patients with primary bloodstream infections were newly diagnosed.
Conclusions: In patients with hematological malignancies, certain factors in the bloodstream infections increase the mortality rate. With the correction of these factors, the mortality rate in these patients can be reduced. The classification of such risk factors may be an important strategy to improve clinical decision making in high-risk patients, such as patients with hematological malignancies.
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James, S. R., H. R. Burton, T. A. McMeekin, and C. A. Mancuso. "Seasonal abundance of Halomonas meridiana, Halomonas subglaciescola, Flavobacterium gondwanense and Flavobacterium salegens in four Antarctic lakes." Antarctic Science 6, no. 3 (September 1994): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102094000490.
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Indirect immunofluorescence was used to quantify the seasonal variation of four halophilic aerobic Antarctic bacteria in Antarctic saline lakes from July 1990 to January 1991. Antibodies were raised against type strains from the Australian Collection of Antarctic Microorganisms. During summer, all four serogroups were identified in the aerobic waters of lakes with total dissolved salts above 61%. Maximal abundances of Halomonas meridiana, H. subglaciescola and Flavobacterium gondwanense serogroups were observed at discrete depths within the water column in the two most hypersaline lakes at about midsummer, coincident with the time of maximum sunlight and the commencement of the summer thaw. At this time the Halomonas spp. serogroups comprised up to 40% of the total bacteria and the F. gondwanense serogroup up to 10% of the total bacteria. The F. salegens serogroup was in low numbers (>2% of total bacteria) in some aerobic waters. Up to 2% of the total bacterial populations in the lakes were autofluorescent or stained non-specifically. Dissolved organic carbon values were measured throughout the sampling period and correlated well with total bacterial numbers but not with changes in species composition. Change in species abundance, as indicated by immunofluorescence, was not reflected in the total bacterial count, indicating compositional change of the total bacterial population.
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Budnar, Vijaya M., Rouin Amirfeyz, Michael Ng, Gordon C. Bannister, and Ashley W. Blom. "Primary Total Knee Replacement: Is Suction a Portal of Infection?" Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 91, no. 3 (April 2009): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588409x391721.
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INTRODUCTION Pulsed lavage during a total knee replacement usually leaves a pool of fluid on the surgical drapes. It is common practice to suck away this fluid using the same suction device used intra-operatively. This could be a cause of direct wound contamination. We hypothesised that bacteria contaminate fluid that collects around the foot in total knee replacement surgery and that suction equipment could be a portal of contamination. We also hypothesised that bacterial count in the fluid is lower if chlorhexidine, rather than saline, is used in the pulsed lavage. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty patients undergoing primary total knee replacement were divided into two groups. The first group had pulsed lavage with normal saline and the second with 0.05% chlorhexidine. RESULTS At the end of the operation, 20 ml of fluid, pooled on the surgical drapes was aspirated and cultured for bacterial growth. None of the fluid samples showed bacterial growth. CONCLUSIONS Suction device used peri-operatively during knee replacement is unlikely to be a cause of wound contamination. Pulsed lavage with normal saline is as effective as lavage with chlorhexidine.
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Newbold, C. J., F. M. McIntosh, and R. J. Wallace. "Changes in the microbial population of a rumen-simulating fermenter in response to yeast culture." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-086.
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Yeast increased the total viable count of bacteria on a medium containing rumen fluid and soluble sugars by 38% (P < 0.05) and the cellulolytic population increased by 49%, although the increase was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Microscopic counts indicated a 25% increase in total bacteria (P < 0.05). Bacterial counts with mannitol as sole energy source also increased (P < 0.05), indicating an increased Selenomonas population; that was not in itself sufficient to account for the increase in the total bacterial count. The protozoal population was significantly lower in yeast supplemented vessels (P < 0.001), which may account partly for the increased bacterial numbers. Key words: Yeast culture, probiotics, rumen bacteria, Rusitec
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JEFFREY, D. C., and J. WILSON. "Effect of mastitis-related bacteria on total bacterial count of bulk milk supplies." International Journal of Dairy Technology 40, no. 2 (May 1987): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1987.tb02829.x.
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Pramudito, T. E., E. G. A. Putri, E. Paluphi, and Y. Yogiara. "The effect of starter culture on bacterial profile in soybean tempeh." Food Research 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(1).436.
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The bacterial population in soybean tempeh can be affected by many factors such as hygiene and preparation procedure of the soybean. In this study, we investigate the effect of different tempeh starter culture on the bacterial profile in comparison to other factors. The bacterial profile of five commercial tempeh made with different processing techniques and three samples made with different starter culture were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The phylum Verrucomicrobia was only detected in commercial tempeh from unstandardized home-scale industries. Bacteroidetes were present in commercial tempeh and samples made with starter that contains cassavabased materials. Commercial tempeh from standardized medium-scale industries contains fewer total bacteria than those from home-scale industries. The addition of starter culture for tempeh production can increase the number of total bacteria compared to uninoculated soybeans. However, there was no difference in total bacterial amount between starter culture variation. Bacterial profiles of all samples were dominated by Firmicutes except tempeh with the starter culture Cap Jago that is dominated by Gammaproteobacteria. This study showed that although the type of starter culture did not significantly contribute to total bacteria in tempeh, it can influence the bacterial profile of the product on phylum level.
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Sawaya, K., N. Kaneko, K. Fukushi, and J. Yaguchi. "Behaviors of physiologically active bacteria in water environment and chlorine disinfection." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 7 (October 1, 2008): 1343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.445.
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Direct microscopic methods using several fluorescent staining were applied to estimate the proportion of physiologically active bacteria in the water environment and evaluate the efficacy of disinfection with chlorine. 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was used to determine total bacterial numbers, and 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) was chosen for direct detection of respiring bacteria. BacLightTM kit was used to assess bacterial membrane integrity. Bacteria with growth potential were enumerated using the DVC method and microcolony technique. The total bacterial number in river was 8 × 106∼3 × 1010 cells/mL, and colony forming units on R2A medium were 1 × 104∼4 × 105 cfu/mL. In the case of wastewater treatment plant, 1 ∼ 10% of total bacterial cells could form colonies. Physiologically active bacteria in river and wastewater treatment plant determined by fluorescent staining were much higher than those obtained by plate counting. The effect of chlorine on the physiological viability of Escherichia coli was also investigated. Microscopic viable bacteria were even more chlorine resistant than culturable bacteria. The inactivation rate coefficients of direct viable bacteria were one-second to third those of culturable bacteria.
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Langvatn, Håkon, Olav Lutro, Håvard Dale, Johannes Cornelis Schrama, Geir Hallan, Birgitte Espehaug, Haakon Sjursen, and Lars B. Engesæter. "Bacterial and Hematological Findings in Infected Total Hip Arthroplasties in Norway Assessment of 278 Revisions Due to Infection in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register." Open Orthopaedics Journal 9, no. 1 (September 30, 2015): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001509010445.
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Our aim was to assess the bacterial findings in infected total hip arthroplasties (THAs) in Norway. We also wanted to investigate the relationship between causal bacteria and hematological findings. Revisions reported to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register (NAR) due to infection after total hip arthroplasty during the period 1993 through September 2007 were identified. One single observer visited ten representative hospitals where clinical history, preoperative blood samples and the bacterial findings of intraoperative samples were collected. Bacterial growth in two or more samples was found in 278 revisions, and thus included. The following bacteria were identified: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (41%),Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) (19%), streptococci (11%), polymicrobial infections (10%), enterococci (9%), Gram-negative bacteria (6%) and others (4%). CoNS were the most common bacteria throughout the period but in the acute postoperative infections (< 3 weeks)S. aureuswas the most frequent bacterial finding. We found no change in the distribution of the bacterial groups over time.S. aureusappears correlated with a higher C-reactive protein value (CRP) (mean 140 (95% Confidence interval (CI): 101-180)) than CoNS (mean 42 (CI: 31-53)).S. aureusalso correlated with a higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate value (ESR) (mean 67 (CI: 55-79)) than CoNS (mean 47 (CI: 39-54)).
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Karoki, W. H., D. N. Karanja, L. C. Bebora, and L. W. Njagi. "Isolation, Characterization, and Quantification of Bacteria from African Sausages Sold in Nairobi County, Kenya." International Journal of Food Science 2018 (October 23, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3861265.
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African sausages are local popular delicacies in Kenya. Demand for these sausages has resulted in this delicacy’s vendors being on the increase. However, health risk posed to unsuspecting consumers of African sausages sold in informal, unhygienic make shift road-side kiosks in major cities of Kenya is largely unknown. A descriptive study was designed to isolate, characterize and quantify bacteria from African sausages sold in Nairobi County. A total of hundred (100) African sausages (62 roasted and 38 nonroasted) were conveniently collected from three meat eatery points of Westlands, Kangemi slum, and Pangani estates. Five genera of bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus spp. at 50.4%, Bacillus spp. at 19.5%, Streptococcus spp. 9.8%, Proteus spp. 2.4%, and E. coli spp. at 1.6%, were isolated from 80 African sausage samples. The total aerobic bacterial count range was between 1.0-9.9x101 and 1.0-9.9x107 log cfu/g with 37 samples having total aerobic bacterial count of between 1.0-9.9 x104 and 1.0-9.9 x107 log cfu/g. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in distribution of isolates and total aerobic bacterial count across geographical sites studied among the roasted and nonroasted African sausages. This study has demonstrated presence of bacteria in African sausages which are potentially zoonotic to humans. Comprehensive study is needed to sample more eatery meat points in Nairobi and other areas in order to demonstrate pathogenic attributes of these isolates and establish the respective total aerobic bacterial count. There is also need to establish the sources of bacteria due to high total aerobic bacterial count determined in the current study.
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Lee, Siew Wen, Choon Weng Lee, Chui Wei Bong, Kumaran Narayanan, and Edmund Ui-Hang Sim. "The dynamics of attached and free-living bacterial population in tropical coastal waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 8 (2015): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14123.
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We investigated the dynamics of attached and free-living bacterial abundance over a period of 18 months in tropical coastal waters of Malaysia. We measured the abundance at both oligotrophic coastal water (Port Dickson) and eutrophic estuary (Klang), and hypothesised that attached bacteria are predominant in eutrophic waters. We found that bacterial abundance was higher at Klang than Port Dickson (Student’s t-test: t=4.87, d.f.=19, P<0.001). Attached bacteria also formed a large fraction of the total bacteria at Klang (75% ±13s.d.) relative to Port Dickson (56% ±22), and showed preference for chlorophyll-a-based particles rather than total suspended solids. The bacterial community structure was clearly different between the two stations but was similar between the attached and free-living bacterial population. Our results showed the importance of attached bacteria in eutrophic water where they could play a major role in carbon and nutrient cycling.
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Kopylov, A. I., D. B. Kosolapov, and I. V. Rybakova. "Population, biomass, and production of heterotrophic bacteria in reservoirs of the Upper Volga." Водные ресурсы 46, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0321-059646135-42.
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Populations, biomasses, and production rates of planktonic, epiphytic, and benthic bacterial communities were defined in two reservoirs of the upper Volga, and their contributions to total numbers of bacteria and productivity were estimated. Populations and production rates of heterotrophic bacteria in 1-cm3 samples of bottom sediments exceed fouling of higher aquatic plants by a factor of 101–102, and in the water layers by a factor of 103–104. In mesotrophic Rybinsk and eutrophic Ivankovskoye reservoirs, benthic bacteria account for 90.4% and 98.8% of the total biomass, and 99.5% and 95.8% of total heterotrophic bacterial products, respectively. In these reservoirs, dissolved organic carbon accounts for 9.55% and 1.19% of the biomass and 4.12% and 0.45% of production, and epiphytic bacteria account for 0.05% and 0.03% of the biomass and 0.03% and 0.02% of production. These findings suggest important roles of benthic bacterial populations in reservoirs of the upper Volga.
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Sazhin, A. F., N. D. Romanova, A. I. Kopylov, and E. A. Zabotkina. "Bacteria and viruses in Arctic Sea ice." Океанология 59, no. 3 (June 26, 2019): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0030-1574593373-382.
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We studied vertical distribution of bacteria and viruses in different layers of the Arctic sea ice drilled at the North Pole. The sampled multi-year ice was characterized by uneven vertical distribution of bacterial abundance. This characteristic varied within the range of 8±1.2×103 to 95±2.6×103 cells ml-1. The layers with the maximal bacterial abundance were located in the intermediate and lower layers of the ice cores. Bacterial biomass varied from 0.5 to 5 mg C m-3 with the mean value 1.57±0.2 mg C m-3. The ratio of viral to bacterial abundance varied from 0.6 to 28, with the mean value 12.5. The average total number of phages attached to bacteria was 6.2×103 viral particles ml-1. The number of viral particles located within bacterial cells varied from 2 to 21 particles per a bacterial cell. The frequency of visibly infected bacterial cells (FVIC) calculated for the upper, intermediate and lower layers of the ice was 0.92, 1.23 and 0.8% of the total bacterial abundance, respectively. The overall frequency of infected cells (FIC) calculated for the same layers was 6.3, 8.4 and 0.8% of bacteria numbers, respectively, while the viral-mediated mortality of bacteria (VMB) was 7.1, 9.8 and 6.1 %, respectively. Our data show that during the study period the rate of viral infection of bacterial cells and the viral-mediated mortality of bacterial cells in the multy-year ice of the North Pole were relatively low.
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Pezzulo, Alejandro A., Patrick H. Kelly, Boulos S. Nassar, Cedric J. Rutland, Nicholas D. Gansemer, Cassie L. Dohrn, Andrew J. Costello, David A. Stoltz, and Joseph Zabner. "Abundant DNase I-Sensitive Bacterial DNA in Healthy Porcine Lungs and Its Implications for the Lung Microbiome." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 19 (July 19, 2013): 5936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01752-13.
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ABSTRACTHuman lungs are constantly exposed to bacteria in the environment, yet the prevailing dogma is that healthy lungs are sterile. DNA sequencing-based studies of pulmonary bacterial diversity challenge this notion. However, DNA-based microbial analysis currently fails to distinguish between DNA from live bacteria and that from bacteria that have been killed by lung immune mechanisms, potentially causing overestimation of bacterial abundance and diversity. We investigated whether bacterial DNA recovered from lungs represents live or dead bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung samples in young healthy pigs. Live bacterial DNA was DNase I resistant and became DNase I sensitive upon human antimicrobial-mediated killingin vitro. We determined live and total bacterial DNA loads in porcine BAL fluid and lung tissue by comparing DNase I-treated versus untreated samples. In contrast to the case for BAL fluid, we were unable to culture bacteria from most lung homogenates. Surprisingly, total bacterial DNA was abundant in both BAL fluid and lung homogenates. In BAL fluid, 63% was DNase I sensitive. In 6 out of 11 lung homogenates, all bacterial DNA was DNase I sensitive, suggesting a predominance of dead bacteria; in the remaining homogenates, 94% was DNase I sensitive, and bacterial diversity determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing was similar in DNase I-treated and untreated samples. Healthy pig lungs are mostly sterile yet contain abundant DNase I-sensitive DNA from inhaled and aspirated bacteria killed by pulmonary host defense mechanisms. This approach and conceptual framework will improve analysis of the lung microbiome in disease.
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Ferreira, Ana-Cristina, Paula Vasconcellos Morais, and Milton S. da Costa. "Alterations in total bacteria, iodonitrophenyltetrazolium (INT)-positive bacteria, and heterotrophic plate counts of bottled mineral water." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m94-012.
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The quantitative variation in the microflora in bottled mineral waters stored in polyvinyl chloride bottles was studied immediately after bottling and after 7 days storage, over 9 months. The microflora was determined by combining total counts using ethidium bromide, and the number of iodonitrophenyltetrazolium (INT)-positive cells determined with heterotrophic plate counts on R2A for prolonged incubation periods at 22 and 37 °C. Immediately after bottling of mineral water A, the total counts with ethidium bromide varied between 70.0 and 495.0 bacteria/mL. The number of INT-positive bacteria varied between 14.0 and 40.0% counts. The heterotrophic plate counts were higher at 22 °C than at 37 °C and varied between 1.1 and 13.2% and between 0.7 and 9.3% of the total counts, respectively. After 7 days storage, total bacterial counts increased by 1000 times, indicating multiplication of bacteria that were present in low numbers immediately after bottling. The percentage of INT-positive bacteria remained between 2.6 and 39.0% of the total counts but the number of culturable bacteria was higher than the number of INT-positive cells. Similar counts were found in other mineral waters (B, C, and D), but the numbers of INT-positive cells in two of them (B and D) were higher than the heterotrophic plate counts at 22 °C. These results show the presence in the aquifer and (or) bottling system of a flora that is neither INT-positive nor culturable and reinforce previous results that still mineral waters have a large bacterial population after storage.Key words: mineral water, bacterial populations, ethidium bromide, INT, HPC.
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Qin, D., P. J. Bliss, D. Barnes, and P. A. FitzGerald. "Bacterial (Total Coliform) Die-Off in Maturation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 7-9 (April 1, 1991): 1525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0606.
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A mathematical model of bacterial (total coliform) die-off in maturation ponds was developed based on first order kinetics. Laboratory single factor and dynamic model pond tests were carried out, using effluent from a municipal trickling filter wastewater treatment plant. Correlations were found between two groups of factors which were found to have a significant effect on the first order rate coefficient: the environmental factors, temperature, pH and organic loading; and the illumination-related factors, sunlight intensity, depth, algal concentration and turbidity. These correlations were used in the model along with the physical configuration factors, dimensions (depth, width and length), detention time and dispersion number and a calibrated dispersion model. Predictions of the bacterial die-off using the model agreed well with experimental results obtained from the dynamic model pond tests.
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Chon, Je-Gyun, Byeong-Seop Park, Chi-Hoon Ahn, and Jong-Won Kang. "Gas Forming Bacterial Infection after Total Knee Arthroplasty." Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association 52, no. 2 (2017): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.2017.52.2.199.
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Xu, Yao, and Derek S. Tan. "Total Synthesis of the Bacterial Diisonitrile Chalkophore SF2768." Organic Letters 21, no. 21 (October 21, 2019): 8731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03348.
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Dehority, Burk A., Anthony P. Grifo, Patricia A. Tirabasso, and Francis L. Fluharty. "Relationship Between Rumen Bacterial Concentrations and Total Numbers." Journal of Dairy Science 75, no. 12 (December 1992): 3452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(92)78120-x.
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Alam, Nur E., Md Rayhan Ali, Md Tarek Molla, Shahin Mahmud, Kaisar Ali Talukder, and AKM Mohiuddin. "Therapeutic Potential of Plant Extracts Against Multidrug Resistance Poultry Bacteria." Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 30, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v30i1.47797.
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Plant extracts were evaluated on bacteria isolated from poultry farm for developing substitutive therapeutic agent of antibiotics. A diverse range of bacterial load observed both in total viable count (TVC) and in total coliform count (TCC) in 30 samples randomly collected from poultry feeds, drinking water and faeces. A total of six bacterial isolates e.g. Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., Citrobacter spp., Vibrio spp., Escherichia coli and Plesiomonas spp. were found in the samples cultured in MacConkey Agar medium. Fifteen antibiotics were studied against bacterial susceptibility. All the bacterial isolates exhibited multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) with gross resistance to erythromycin and ampicillin. E. coli had the highest MAR (53.3%), and Vibrio spp. as well as Plesiomonas spp. both had the same MAR (46.7%). Methanolic extract of Terminalia chebula and Azadirachta indica showed significant zone of inhibition against all the tested bacteria. These findings confirm the presence of multidrug resistant bacteria in poultry environment that reveals a possibility of cross-contamination to human and animals. The plant extracts could be developed into therapeutic drugs to rein antibiotic poultry resistant bacteria.
Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 30(1): 119-130, 2020 (June)
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Wasfi, Ola A. S., Nehad Mahdy, and Amal Ahmed. "The Effect of Miswak and Toothbrush on Saliva Total Bacterial Count and Cariogenic Bacteria." Journal of High Institute of Public Health 38, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jhiph.2008.20906.
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Casida Jr., L. E. "Arthrobacter species as a prey cell reservoir for nonobligate bacterial predators in soil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-089.
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The possibility was investigated that, in soil, Arthrobacter species might serve as a major reservoir of prey cells for the nonobligate bacterial predators in the soil. Previous evidence had indicated this. Arthrobacter globiformis cells added to soil caused an increase in the total bacterial count and the gram-negative bacteria count of the soil. Copper-resistant bacterial predators, such as Cupriavidus necator, also increased in number, apparently in response to the A. globiformis cells. Other bacterial predators did not respond to A. globiformis. Certain soil bacteria responded specifically and quickly (within 2.5 h) to the A. globiformis cell additions. They had gliding motility and could hydrolyze GELRITE (the solidifying agent for media). Addition of these hydrolyzer bacteria to soil caused marked increases in the total bacteria count, the gram-negative bacteria count, and the bacterial predator counts. These responses mimicked those for A. globiformis soil additions. The results from an alternative method of soil incubation that speeded up the processes, and from other observations, indicated that the large apparent bacterial predator attack on A. globiformis in soil may actually be on other bacteria in soil that respond to A. globiformis in a nonpredatory manner. Therefore, A. globiformis and other Arthrobacter species may not be serving as a major reservoir of prey cells in soil.Key words: predation, predators, prey, soil, Arthrobacter.
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Townsend, David E., and Ali Naqui. "Comparison of SimPlate TotalTM Plate Count Test with Plate Count Agar Method for Detection and Quantitation of Bacteria in Food." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.3.563.
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abstract The SimPlateTM Total Plate Count (TPC) test, developed by IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., detects and quantitates total bacterial concentration in food after 24 h of incubation. The performance of SimPlate TPC was compared with that of the plate count agar (PCA) method for enumerating total bacterial concentration of 255 food samples representing 15 different food matrixes. Total bacterial counts on SimPlate TPC were measured after 24 h of incubation and plotted against values obtained from PCA after 48 h. Simple regression analysis of the data showed strong correlation between the methods (r = 0.95); the sensitivity of SimPlate TPC for foodborne bacteria was 96% relative to PCA (slope = 0.96). It was concluded that SimPlate TPC is a suitable alternative for the detection and quantitation of foodborne bacteria. The method has been granted Performance Tested Certification by the AOAC Research Institute.
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Sotnikova, V. M., N. A. Shurduba, D. V. Gruznov, and S. V. Tokarev. "INTERRELATION OF THE TOTAL, FREE AND BACTERIAL ATP IN THE MILK OF HEALTHY COWS." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 4 (2018): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.201804008.
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In the article the results of studies to determine the level of total, free and bacterial ATP in the milk of healthy cows on the farm in Moscow region. The number of total ATP (bacterial, somatic and free), as well as the level of free ATP in the samples of milk were measured in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, using a special test system into a luminometer HY-LiTE2 (Merk, Germany) after a preliminary sample preparation. ATF bacteria in milk was determined as the difference between total and free ATP after the destruction of somatic cells. It is noted that when increasing the number of somatic cells in milk of healthy cows from 191,3±9,6 thousand/cm3 to 310,4±15,5 thousand/cm3, the total level of ATP is increased from 10389,8±415,6 RLU to 16637,0±499,1 RLU-free – from 5274,8±210,9 RLU to 10089,6±403,6 RLU, the values of total ATP higher levels of free ATP in 2 times. It is established that the level of bacteria in milk of healthy animals was (2,1±0,2)×104 to (1,9±0,1)×106 CFU/cm3, not dependent on the values of somatic cells and did not correlate with indices of total and free ATP. Determined that an increase in the number of microorganisms in milk bacterial ATP values proportionally increase. The figures may vary 1,5–2 times.
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Niwa, Rieko, Shigenobu Yoshida, Naruto Furuya, Kenichi Tsuchiya, and Seiya Tsushima. "Method for simple and rapid enumeration of total epiphytic bacteria in the washing solution of rice plants." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 1 (January 2011): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-101.
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The phyllosphere is one of the most common habitats for terrestrial bacteria. However, little is known about the populations of bacteria, including unculturable bacteria, that thrive on plant surfaces. Here, we developed a fluorescent nuclear staining technique to easily and rapidly observe and enumerate populations of total and living epiphytic bacteria, with particular emphasis on the concentration by centrifugation and fixation of the epiphytic bacteria. An investigation on the optimal conditions for centrifugation and fixation revealed that centrifugation at 20 400g for 2 min and fixation with 0.5% glutaraldehyde solution were the optimum conditions for observation of the bacteria. Using this technique, we assessed the populations of the total and living bacteria on the surface of rice plants. When epiphytic bacteria were recovered from rice seeds ( Oryza sativa ‘Koshihikari’), the number of total and living bacterial cells was 7.36 and 6.85 log10·g–1(fresh mass) in the seed washing, respectively. In contrast, the numbers of total and living bacterial cells in the leaf sheath washings were 5.5–5.8 and 5.3–5.7 log10·g–1, respectively. Approximately 5%–30% of the total bacteria in the washing solution of rice plant were culturable. The usefulness of the enumeration method and the amount of bacteria on the plant surfaces are discussed.
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Wijimulyati, Sara, Erfan Andrianto Aritonang, and Eka Rista Efrem Burga. "CHARACTERISTICS AND FIGURES OF FRESH TILAPIA BACTERIA FROM TAMBAK SAWIYOH SIDOARJO." Indonesian Journal of Public Health 15, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v15i1.2020.112-121.
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ABSTRACTThis study aims to analyze characteristic and calculate the number of bacterial contamination of fresh nila fish from Sawiyoh pond Sidoarjo, East Java. A total of 30 fresh nila fish were taken and examined at the Microbiology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya University. This research is a descriptive study with observational methods. The step of bacterial enrichment was carried out on BPW (Buffered Pepton Water) media. The bacterial identification procedure uses selective media SSA (Salmonella-Shigella Agar), Gram staining, and tests on TSIA media (Triple Sugar Iron Agar). The procedure for calculating the total bacteria using TPC (Total Plate Count) on NA (Nutrient Agar) media. The results on selective SSA media in 30 samples showed suspect Salmonella sp. with the characteristics of colorless colonies with black dots in the middle. The results of Gram staining in 30 samples showed that the bacteria were Gram negative in the form of rods. Test results on TSIA media identified one positive sample of Salmonella sp. (sample 09) with characteristics of the red slope of the media, the base of the media is yellow, and H2S is formed. The results of the calculation of total bacteria by the TPC method showed that the total bacterial total was 15.8 x 105 CFU / gram. The limit of microbial contamination according to the 2009 SNI for fresh fish is 5 x 105 CFU / gram so that fresh nila fish from Sawiyoh Sidoarjo pond has a number of bacterial contamination above the stipulated threshold.Keywords: Nila Fish, Gram Staining, Salmonella sp., Salmonella-Shigella Agar, Total Plate Count, Triple Sugar Iron Agar
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Hassan, Hayat, and Hatil EL-Kamali. "Effect of soil physico-chemical properties and plant type on bacterial diversity in semi- arid parts in central Sudan. Part ii. Sharq El-neel region, Khartoum state." International Journal of Scientific World 4, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v4i1.5482.
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<p>Total viable counts of bacteria and bacterial diversity of the different soil samples from three different localities in Sharq EL-Neel region: Soba, AL-Aelafoon and Um Dawan Ban sub-regions were carried out. Soil physical and chemical characteristics (pH, EC,SP,solublecations: Na, K, Ca, Mg and anion P, organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil texture)in each studied sub-regions were measured. Qualitative analysis of microorganisms isolated from the studied soil samples reveal a total of thirteendifferent species of bacteria, of which two are unidentified. The ten species are classified under Bacillus genus. In Sharq EL-Neel regionsoil samples, total bacterial counts ranged from 9.5 × 10<sup>4 </sup>cfu g<sup>-1</sup> to 1×10<sup>3</sup> with a mean of 4×10<sup>3 </sup>cfu g<sup>-1</sup>. The quantitative data on microbial population recorded in the present study was analysed using two diversity indices. High Shannon-Weiner diversity Index value for bacteria was obtained in AL-Aelfoon sub-region (1.79361), whereas high Simpson's index value was obtained in Um Dawan Ban sub-region (2.80).ActinomycesActinomyces spp. and Streptomyces spp. Where the most abundant microorganisms identified in the three sub-regions. Total bacterial count in Soba soil was positively correlated with pH (r= 0.0194) and sand (r= 0.3205); the total bacterial count in AL-Aelafoon soilwas positively correlated with EC (r= 0.1062), clay (r= 0.3816), silt (r= 0.1936), SP (r= 0.9302), K (r= 0.6252), Ca (r= 0.0015) and Mg (r= 0.1556), whereas the total bacterial count in Um Dawan Ban soil was positively correlated with clay (r= 0.2614), silt (r= 0.0216), SP (r= 0.565), K (r= 0.9645), P (r= 0.0197), Ca (r= 0.7377), Mg (r= 0.0267), N (r= 0.5215) and O.C (r= 0.3214). There were obvious differences in correlation coefficients among the selected criteria (46 % from the total number of correlation coefficients were positively correlated between bacterial counts and soil physico-chemical properties whereas 54% from the total number were positively correlated between plant type and bacterial counts).</p>
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Henry, J. G., D. Prasad, and W. B. Lohaza. "Fate of indicator organisms in sludge during bacterial leaching of metals." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-028.
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Biological extraction (bacterial leaching) of heavy metals from digested sewage sludge has been shown to be a practical means for decontaminating sludge for use on agricultural land. However, it was not known whether pathogenic organisms would survive or be destroyed in the acidic environment necessary for the bacterial leaching process. The purpose of the research reported herein was to assess the effect of bacterial leaching on various bacteria commonly used to indicate the possible presence of pathogenic organisms. Although pathogenic viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths may be present in sludge, this study is concerned only with bacterial pathogens. The concentrations of the four indicator bacteria selected to represent the bacterial pathogens were determined in a series of laboratory bacterial leaching units. Results showed that, although about 80–90% metal removal efficiencies were achieved (at a pH of 4.0, an aeration rate of 100 mL of air per minute per litre of sludge) at a temperature of 20–25 °C, the indicator bacteria were not reduced during bacterial leaching at high suspended solids concentrations. The survival of indicator bacteria was found to be a function of the suspended solids concentration in the leaching units, regardless of the source or type of indicator bacteria. At suspended solids concentrations greater than 10 g/L, the indicator bacteria were able to survive, apparently unaffected by the unfavourable environmental conditions (10 days retention at pH 4.0). Below this suspended solids concentration of 10 g/L, significant reductions of total coliforms, faecal coliforms, and faecal streptococci were achieved. Total heterotrophs did not follow the same trends as the other indicator bacteria. Key words: bacterial leaching, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, indicator bacteria, enteric pathogens removal, sewage sludge, sludge disposal.
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TAKAHASHI, HAJIME, HIROTAKA KONUMA, and YUKIKO HARA-KUDO. "Development of a Quantitative Real-Time PCR Method To Enumerate Total Bacterial Counts in Ready-to-Eat Fruits and Vegetables." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2504.
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A newly developed real-time PCR assay rapidly quantifies the total bacterial numbers in contaminated ready-to-eat vegetables and fruits compared with the standard plate count method. Primers targeting the rpoB gene, which encodes for the β subunit of the bacterial RNA polymerase and which is common to most bacterial species, was used instead of the 16S rRNA gene, which has multiple copies and varies among bacterial species. A primer pair specific for rpoB was confirmed to amplify rpoB in a wide range of bacterial species after we assessed 49 strains isolated from five kinds of fruits and vegetables. We purchased fruits and vegetables from retail shops and enumerated the bacteria associated with them by use of real-time PCR and compared this to the number found by the culture method. We found a high correlation between the threshold PCR cycle number when compared with the plate count culture number. The real-time PCR assay developed in this study can enumerate the dominant bacterial species in ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables.
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Barros, Felipe Martins do Rêgo, Giselle Gomes Monteiro Fracetto, Felipe José Cury Fracetto, José Petrônio Mendes Júnior, Victor Lucas Vieira Prudêncio de Araújo, and Mario Andrade Lira Junior. "Silvopastoral systems drive the nitrogen-cycling bacterial community in soil." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 42, no. 3 (June 2018): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542018423031117.
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ABSTRACT Intercropping tree legumes with forage grasses in a silvopastoral system can avoid pasture degradation benefiting the soil. In such a system, nitrogen (N) is supplied by symbiosis between legumes and bacteria. However, the pasture quality determines the action of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which possess nifH genes, which encode nitrogenase enzyme. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), involved in the nitrification step, can be evaluated by specific regions of the 16S rRNA corresponding to AOB. Thus, we investigated the influence of the introduction of tree legumes into a silvopastoral system on the community structure and abundance of total bacteria, diazotrophic bacteria and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria by DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and real-time qPCR (quantitative PCR). The experiment involved nine plots of one hectare each, planted with sabia (Mimosa caesalpinifolia), a Gliricidia species (Gliricidia sepium), and a Brachiaria species (Brachiaria decumbens) in a randomized block design, forming three treatments: I-Brachiaria intercropped with sabia; II-Brachiaria intercropped with Gliricidia and III-Brachiaria only, with three replicates. The structures of the total bacterial and ammonium-oxidizing bacterial communities were influenced by tree legume introduction, possibly through modification of the soil chemical attributes. The copy numbers of total bacteria, ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and diazotrophic bacteria were higher in soils planted with legumes, which provided better conditions for microbial growth compared to planting with the Brachiaria species alone. Silvopastoral management with tree legumes improves the biological quality of soil, favouring the bacterial community linked to N-cycling.
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Enger, Øivind, Bente Husevåg, and Jostein Goksøyr. "Seasonal variation in presence of Vibrio salmonicida and total bacterial counts in Norwegian fish-farm water." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-105.
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Total bacterial counts and the number of the fish pathogenic bacterium Vibrio salmonicida have been studied in water samples collected twice a month in 12 Norwegian fish farms from October 1988 to June 1989. Total counts were determined by staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole followed by epifluorescence microscopy. Cells of V. salmonicida were enumerated with a fluorescent antibody technique using highly specific monoclonal antibodies. Despite the fact that no outbreak of cold-water vibriosis was reported, V. salmonicida was detected in all 12 farms, in numbers ranging from 12 to 43 bacteria/mL. The number of farms where V. salmonicida was detected was generally highest during the winter. Total bacterial counts in the water samples varied between 4 × 104 and 9 × 105 bacteria/mL and the lowest numbers occurred during the winter period. The total bacterial counts were comparable with counts in water uninfluenced by fish farming. On the basis of our results, and additional information available about cold-water vibriosis caused by the bacterium V. salmonicida, an asymptomatic carrier state of the disease is proposed. Key words: cold-water vibriosis, asymptomatic carrier, fluorescent antibody, fish pathogen.
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Azam Ramli, Nor, Nur Baitul Izati Rasli, Mohd Rodzi Ismail, Syabiha Shith, Noor Faizah Fitri Md Yusof, Nazatul Syadia Zainordin, Maher El-Bayoumi, and Amni Umirah Mohamad Nazir. "EFFECTS OF HOOVERING ACTIVITIES ON BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS AND PARTICULATE MATTER LEVELS IN MAIN PRAYER HALLS OF MALAYSIAN MOSQUES." Current World Environment 14, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.14.1.12.
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In Malaysia, carpets are commonly used as finishing flooring material in the main prayer hall of mosques. In cleaning carpets, hoovering has been the most popular method, but it directly triggers the uplifting of dust that may contain bacteria and fungi. Hoovering activities and ventilation strategies (air conditioning split units (ACSUs) or by active ventilation (non-ACSUs)) can affect the prevalence of bacterial and fungal growth. This study aimed to establish the total bacterial counts, total fungal counts and also PM10 concentrations under different ventilation strategies (ACSUs and non-ACSUs) in the main prayer halls of mosques. Identification of bacterial and fungal species also took place in this study. Sampling was performed in 25 mosque buildings (17 ACSUs and 8 non-ACSUs) with carpeted flooring on Zohor-Asar and Friday-Asar prayer sessions at Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Results revealed that the total bacterial counts, total fungal counts and mean PM10 concentrations were higher in mosques with ACSUs than in mosques with non-ACSUs at concentrations ranging from 166cfu/m3 to 660 cfu/m3, from 118 cfu/m3 to 660 cfu/m3 and from 11.15 ± 9.32 µg/m3 to 49.30 ± 13.13 µg/m3, respectively. The total bacterial counts exceeded the acceptable guideline limit by the Industrial Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality (ICOP), but the total fungal counts and PM10 concentrations did not. In some mosques, the total bacterial and fungal counts did not decrease even after hoovering activities were completed. The dominant types of bacteria found in the mosque buildings were Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp. and Micrococci spp., whilst the dominant fungal species was Aspergillus niger. Although the findings were not alarming, care should be taken by mosques authorities especially while and after hoovering, to ensure that, the indoor air quality in mosques are being maintained within the permissible limit to protect worshippers from being exposed to bacterial and fungal.
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Vymazal, J., J. Balcarová, and H. Doušová. "Bacterial dynamics in the sub-surface constructed wetland." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0830.
Full textAbstract:
Constructed wetlands have been shown to be capable of removing a wide variety of contaminants, including bacterial pollution. However, only limited information exists on the distribution of bacteria on roots of macrophytes growing in constructed wetlands. Constructed wetland with sub-surface horizontal flow at Nucÿice near Prague, Czech Republic, was put in operation in 1996. The system treats municipal sewage from 650 PE and the total area of the beds, planted with Phalaris arundinacea and Phragmites australis in alternate stripes perpendicular to the flow direction, is 3,224 m2 (2 beds 62×26 m each). Pea gravel (8/16 mm) was used as a filtration material. During the period 1998-1999, distribution of total aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria and fecal streptococci was monitored in wastewater as well as on roots of both macrophyte species. Counts of bacteria on root surface in the system at Nucÿice indicate that there is a steep decrease in bacterial numbers within the first few metres of the bed and that there is significantly more bacteria on roots of Phragmites as compared to Phalaris. There was no statistically significant influence of the season on the bacterial counts on roots of macrophytes.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania and AL-Tharthar reservoirs." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 4 (December 2, 2012): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.4.600-607.
Full textAbstract:
Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania and AL-Tharthar reservoirs were studied during the period from February 2001 to January 2002, samples were collected from four stations in AL-Habania reservoir (AL-Warrar, AL-Theban regulator, middle of the reservoir and the fourth was towards AL-Razzaza reservoir) and from two stations at AL-Tharthar reservoir (Ein AL-Hilwa and the middle of the reservoir). Coliform bacteria, faecal Coliforms, Streptococci, faecal Streptococci and total count of bacteria were used as parameters of bacterial contamination in waters of both reservoirs through calculating the most probable number. Highest count of Coliform bacteria (15000 cell/100ml) was recorded at Ein AL-Hilwa and lowest count at AL-Theban regulator and middle of AL-Tharthar reservoirs and reached (400 cell/100ml), faecal Coliform bacteria ranged between less than (300 cell/100ml) to (2300 cell/100ml). Total Streptococci ranged between less than (300 cell/100ml) to (24000 cell/100ml), faecal Streptococci ranged between less than (300 cell/100ml) to (900 cell/100ml). Total bacterial count showed variable values due to ecological changes at the stations of study which reached (3980 cell/ml) in the forth station towards AL-Razzaza reservoir and was declined to (580 cell/ml) at the middle of AL-Tharthar reservoir. Results were discussed in the research text.
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HUTCHISON, M. L., L. D. WALTERS, G. C. MEAD, M. HOWELL, and V. M. ALLEN. "An Assessment of Sampling Methods and Microbiological Hygiene Indicators for Process Verification in Poultry Slaughterhouses." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.1.145.
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Studies to determine the appropriateness of the use of populations of indicator bacteria on poultry carcasses for process verification were undertaken in commercial slaughterhouses. Samples were collected from neck skin by excision or from whole carcass rinses and were examined for a range of presumptive process hygiene indicator bacteria. Coefficients of variation were calculated for each bacterial indicator and were significantly lower in excised samples, indicating more reproducible bacterial recovery by this sampling method. Total viable counts of aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas in samples collected by excision had the lowest coefficients of variation when compared with other indicators and were therefore used for further study. The uncertainties associated with the quantification of each bacterial indicator were calculated and were lowest overall for total viable counts of aerobic bacteria. In general, uncertainty was higher for lower bacterial numbers. Results of microbiological testing on pooled excised neck skin samples were not significantly different from the mean of individually analyzed samples. Bacterial numbers increased by 1 log unit when cultures were stored under chilled conditions typical of those used for transporting samples to external laboratories, but the increases were not significant for Pseudomonas and aerobic bacteria when storage time was less than 17 h. Weak relationships were identified between bacterial indicator numbers and duration of processing, although cleanliness of the processing environment diminished visibly during this time. In the plants visited for this study, there was a poor relationship between presumptive bacterial indicator numbers and process hygiene. Consequently, bacterial analyses for process verification purposes may be of limited value.
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Schapira, Mathilde, Thomas Pollet, James G. Mitchell, and L. Seuront. "Respiration rates in marine heterotrophic bacteria relate to the cytometric characteristics of bacterioplankton communities." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 6 (August 3, 2009): 1161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000617.
Full textAbstract:
Respiration in marine bacteria (fraction <0.6 µm) was investigated in 5 distinct coastal ecosystems. Respiration rates were estimated from the decrease of dissolved oxygen (O2) concentrations measured with a fibre-optic oxygen sensor (optode) during short-term incubations (5 to 6 hours) in the dark. Sub-populations of heterotrophic bacteria were defined and enumerated by flow cytometric analysis. Respiration rates ranged from 0.04 to 0.14 µmol O2l−1h−1and were not correlated to total bacteria abundances. In contrast, they significantly increased with the relative proportion of HDNA cells (i.e. high deoxyribonucleic acid content) within the bacterioplankton community. These results stress the need to relate bacterial respiration rates to the absolute and relative abundance of the different cytometrically defined sub-populations found in bacterial assemblages, rather than to total cell counts. This result indicates that only a fraction of bacterial cells may contribute to bacterial respiration, which indicates a reconsideration of the relevance of some previous estimates of bulk bacterial respiration and the related biogeochemical fluxes may be required.
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Allard, Sarah M., Mary Theresa Callahan, Anthony Bui, Angela Marie C. Ferelli, Jessica Chopyk, Suhana Chattopadhyay, Emmanuel F. Mongodin, Shirley A. Micallef, and Amy R. Sapkota. "Creek to Table: Tracking fecal indicator bacteria, bacterial pathogens, and total bacterial communities from irrigation water to kale and radish crops." Science of The Total Environment 666 (May 2019): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.179.
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Mountford, Simon J., Biswaranjan Mohanty, Kade D. Roberts, Heidi H. Yu, Martin J. Scanlon, Roger L. Nation, Tony Velkov, Jian Li, and Philp E. Thompson. "The first total synthesis and solution structure of a polypeptin, PE2, a cyclic lipopeptide with broad spectrum antibiotic activity." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 15, no. 34 (2017): 7173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob01493g.
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Miller, H. J., E. Liljeroth, G. Henken, and J. A. van Veen. "Fluctuations in the fluorescent pseudomonad and actinomycete populations of rhizosphere and rhizoplane during the growth of spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m90-044.
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The total bacterial populations, fluorescent pseudomonads, and actinomycetes in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and endorhizosphere of two wheat lines (C-R5B and C-R5D) were investigated weekly during plant growth. The total numbers of bacteria (colony-forming units) were counted on a low-nutrient agar medium, while the numbers of fluorescent pseudomonads and actinomycetes were determined by means of selective media. Fluorescent pseudomonads generally constituted less than 0.5% of the total bacterial numbers and the percentage significantly decreased with time in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and root-free soil. The percentages of fluorescent pseudomonads were lower in the rhizoplane than in the rhizosphere, and in the endorhizosphere they were barely detectable. The rapid decline of fluorescent pseudomonads frequently observed in survival studies may be explained by the inability of the plant to support this group of bacteria during later development of its rhizosphere. Actinomycetes generally represented no more than 7% of the total bacterial numbers. Actinomycete percentages were highest in the rhizosphere and root-free soil and lowest in the endorhizosphere. Only minor differences were found in total bacterial numbers and in the numbers of fluorescent pseudomonads between the two wheat lines. However, numbers of actinomycetes were significantly different over the whole experiment between wheat line C-R5B and C-R5D in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and endorhizosphere. Key words: actinomycetes, bacteria, fluorescent pseudomonads, rhizosphere, sampling time.