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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Nunes, Marília Mendes da Silva. "A importância do total cost of ownership no gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/70025.

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Tendo em vista a necessidade das empresas, de estabelecer relacionamentos estreitos entre fornecedores e compradores, através de vínculos de cooperação imprescindíveis para a competitividade das empresas nos dias de hoje, este estudo aborda a importância do Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ou Custo Total da Propriedade no gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar o papel do TCO como ferramenta de contabilidade gerencial que dá suporte à decisão, no que diz respeito a seleção de fornecedores, tendo em vista que a área de compras é fundamental para o gerenciamento da área de suprimentos de uma empresa. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica de estudo exploratório, com uma aplicação prática na área de compras de uma empresa no ramo da educação. Observa-se que através da utilização da ferramenta de TCO é possível que as empresas consigam visualizar melhor seus custos, para uma correta tomada de decisão, no que diz respeito a uma compra de determinado fornecedor.
Given the need for companies, to establish close relationships between suppliers and buyers through cooperative ties essential for the competitiveness of companies nowadays, this study addresses the importance of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) or Total Cost of property management in the supply chain. This paper aims to demonstrate the role of TCO as a tool of management accounting that supports decision regarding the selection of suppliers, in order that the shopping area is critical to managing the supply area of a company. This is an exploratory study of literature, with a practical application in the shopping area of a company in the business of education. It is observed that by using the tool TCO is possible that companies are able to better visualize their costs, for a correct decision, with regard to a purchase of a particular vendor.
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2

Pospíchalová, Iveta. "Výběr dodavatele z hlediska TCO s vazbou na logistické náklady." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224728.

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Diploma thesis is focused on a selection of a supplier with regard of total costs. In an introductory part of the thesis there is theoretical background about selection of the supplier, logistic costs and analysis of total costs. In practical part of the thesis, the problematic is applied on two concrete examples in Bosch concern.
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3

Geißdörfer, Klaus. "Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) und Life Cycle Costing (LCC) : Einsatz und Modelle: Ein Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und USA /." Münster, Westf : LIT, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017077387&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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4

Geissdörfer, Klaus. "Total cost of ownership (TCO) und life cycle costing (LCC) Einsatz und Modelle: ein Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und USA." Berlin Münster Lit, 2008. http://d-nb.info/991447794/04.

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5

Landscheidt, Steffen. "Life Cycle Cost Analysis in the Swedish Automation Industry : A Case Study for developing a Total Cost of Ownership Model for Industrial Robots." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44743.

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Automation plays an important role when dealing with changes caused by globalization. The introduction of industrial robots is widely seen as an effective strategy against rising competition and outsourcing to low-cost countries. With the launch of amongst other the “Industrie 4.0” initiative, automation has been put into focus more than ever before and it is seen as the future way of production. Although the investment decisions for industrial robots are quite complex, the final purchasing decision is often only based on the initial offering. Procurement decisions based only the initial price are often poor decisions since they do not consider the hidden costs such as maintenance costs or energy consumption. A far better alternative is to calculate the total cost of ownership (TCO) of industrial robots and use this as the fundament in the decision making process. The TCO incorporates all costs from acquisition to the disposal of the industrial robot cell.   The study develops, based on a TCO and total value of ownership (TVO) model for industrial robots, an operational template, which can be used in the sales process. By applying the case study research methodology, the model is developed based on a literature review as well as on expert knowledge from employees of Yaskawa Nordic AB (YNR). Qualitative and quantitate data is gathered at two customer companies and the most crucial factors are identified in order to create a simple, operational template. As most important factors, operators’ wages, spare parts and energy consumptions have been identified. However, while the development of a general model is accomplished in a satisfying way, the realization of the template is hindered due to too few available data. The study shows that many companies cannot control the costs, which are created by their automation equipment. This leads to the conclusion that with further implementation of tools for “Industrie 4.0” the model and template can be revised allowing far more precise TCO/TVO calculations.
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6

Rydgård, Göran, and Nils Palmberg. "Assessing the Total cost of ownership of ERP systems : Case study analysis on the factors behind customer costs in recent minor implementations." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Ekonomiska informationssystem, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57529.

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This master’s thesis presents a model for calculating the total cost of ownership (TCO) of relatively small ERP implementations, including two years of running the system. The main factors affecting the cost items in the model are also analyzed, based in part on four case projects that the consultancy company Acando has carried out recently and in part on literature. The case projects were investigated through interviews with key actors in the projects from Acando and the customer, and through invoicing and project documentation in Acando’s databases. It is important to note that it is the cost side of the projects that is in focus in this thesis. Realized value at the customer is thus not included in the TCO model or further analysis. The model is built based on previous models for assessing the TCO of ERP implementations, but adapted in several ways to the context of the four case projects in the study. The costs of the case projects are mapped individually into the TCO model, and the total costs for the customers of the projects are calculated and presented. This results in a TCO for each of the four projects of between 4 and 9 MSEK. The model makes a clear distinction between internal and external time and resources that are invested in a project. This underlines how an implementation project is a cooperative effort between vendor and customer. Important factors found that affect the TCO of implementation projects include all the seven categories of success factors that Nah and Delgado find in their extensive literature review on the subject. The most significant of these categories of factors are shown to be top management support and project management. This is largely because these influence the impact of many of the other factors. All factors are interrelated though, and it is at times difficult to identify which is the main factor in a certain course of events. Looking more into detail concerning the cost affecting factors the most important factors identified in the case studies were the following: Amount of resources allocated to the project by top management Priority of the project in the organization   Skill and experience of the customer project manager Control and follow-up procedures Communication between stakeholders regarding expectations and  project scope The amount and complexity of integrations, customizations, data migration and testing Type of contract regarding pricing and risk sharing Change management effort
Detta examensarbete presenterar en modell för totalkostnader (TCO eller Total Cost of Ownership) av relativt små ERP-implementationer, inklusive två års drift av systemet. De viktigaste faktorer som påverkar kostnadsposterna i modellen analyseras också, baserat delvis på fyra implementationsprojekt som konsultföretaget Acando nyligen har utfört och delvis på litteratur. Projekten undersöktes genom intervjuer med nyckelpersoner i projekten från både Acando och kund, och genom fakturering och projektdokumentation från Acandos databaser. Det är viktigt att vara medveten om att det är kostnadssidan av projekten som står i fokus i denna rapport. Realiserat värde hos kunden är alltså inte inkluderat i TCO-modellen eller vidare analys. Modellen är baserad delvis på tidigare modeller för att utvärdera TCO av ERP-implementationer, men anpassad för kontexten hos de fyra projekten i studien. Kostnaderna i de studerade projekten mappas in i TCO-modellen, och de totala kostnaderna för projektens kunder presenteras. Resultaten visar på en total kostnad för projekten för mellan 4 och 9 miljoner kronor. Modellen gör en tydlig distinktion mellan intern och extern tid och resurser som investeras i ett projekt. Detta understryker hur ett implementationsprojekt är ett samarbete mellan säljare och kund. Viktiga faktorer som befunnits påverka totalkostnaderna av implementationsprojekt inkluderar alla sju kategorier av framgångsfaktorer som Nah och Delgado hittar i sin omfattande litteraturstudie i ämnet. De viktigaste av dessa kategorier visas vara stöd från ledningen och projektledning. Detta beror till stor del på att dessa påverkar vikten av många andra faktorer. Alla faktorer är relaterade dock, och det ligger många svårigheter i att försöka utreda vilka som är de huvudsakliga faktorerna i ett visst skeende. Ser vi mer i detalj på vilka individuella kostnadspåverkande faktorer som identifierats i studierna är de som följer: Mängd resurser som ledningen allokerar till ett projekt Projektets prioritet i organisationen Kunskap och erfarenhet hos kundens projektledare Styrning och uppföljningsprocesser Kommunikation mellan intressenter angående förväntningar och projektets omfattning Mängden och komplexitet hos integrationer, anpassningar, datamigrering och testning Kontraktets utformning vad gäller prissättning och riskdelning Förändringsledning
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7

De, Paz Torres Silvana Merly, Vílchez Hans Peter Herrera, Yrigoyen Rolando Pachas, and Boullosa Claudio Alberto Saavedra. "Reducción del Total Cost Of Ownership (TCO) de la flota vehicular de una empresa de servicios de telecomunicaciones de última milla." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/654960.

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El presente trabajo de investigación se llevó a cabo en la idea de formular propuestas de mejora para la reducción del TCO por atención de la gestión de flotas de una empresa que brinda servicio a las principales empresas de telecomunicaciones. Actualmente, el costo de esta gestión representa el 42% del total de costos de la compañía, por tanto, representa una oportunidad importante para iniciar un análisis de su TCO e identificar potenciales de ahorro. Esta empresa tiene como reto convertirse en el proveedor de servicios de red de referencia para las empresas de comunicaciones y energía de manera rentable, por este motivo una adecuada gestión de sus costos es el camino para ser competitivos. El problema identificado radica en el no cumplimiento de los presupuestos asignados a la gestión de flotas, siendo este presupuesto repartido entre todas sus sedes. El impacto negativo de esta situación radica en sobrecostos para la organización y posibles pérdidas de clientes debido a no poder ofertar precios competitivos en las licitaciones que participa. Para resolver la problemática, el trabajo de investigación se compone de cinco capítulos: El primero se centra en la definición del problema y la justificación de por qué es necesario el análisis de la presente. En el segundo capítulo, se presenta los conceptos relacionados al TCO y gestión de flotas, así como de herramientas lean que serán la base para formular las propuestas tanto para reducción de TCO e incremento de atenciones; adicionalmente el estado del arte con investigaciones académicas relacionadas al tema. En el tercer capítulo, se describe la situación actual de la gestión de flota relacionado al TCO y nivel de atenciones, se analiza y delimita la sede y componentes del costo para mejora, además de identificar las causas que originan los problemas. Con la identificación de las causas, en el cuarto capítulo, se procede a desarrollar la propuesta de mejora apoyada en herramientas Lean, para finalmente terminar con los cálculos de beneficios esperados y principalmente el impacto en el TCO y presupuesto actual de la gestión. Por último, en el capítulo quinto se muestran las conclusiones y recomendaciones finales para la implementación. El trabajo realizado espera como resultado final la reducción en el TCO por atención y el cumplimiento de los presupuestos asignados de la gestión de flotas, optimizando la gestión de costos de la compañía y contribuir de manera positiva incrementando las posibilidades de abrir nuevos negocios ofreciendo precios competitivos en las licitaciones.
This research work was carried out with the idea of ​​formulating improvement proposals for the reduction of the TCO for fleet management by attention of a company that provides service to the main telecommunications companies. Currently, the cost of this management represents 42% of the company's total costs, therefore, it represents an important opportunity to start an analysis of its TCO and identify potential savings. The challenge of this company is to become the reference network service provider for communications and energy companies in a profitable manner, for this reason an adequate management of their costs is the way to be competitive. The problem identified is about the non-compliance with the budgets assigned to fleet management, this budget being distributed among all its offices. The negative impact of this situation generates over costs for the organization and possible loss of customers due to not being able to offer competitive prices in the tenders it participates. To solve the problem, the thesis is divided in five chapters: The first focuses on the definition of the problem and the justification of why the analysis of this thesis is necessary. In the second chapter, the concepts related to TCO and fleet management are presented, as well as lean tools that will be the basis for formulating proposals for both reductions of TCO and increase of attentions; additionally, the state of the art with academic research related to the topic. In the third chapter, the current situation of fleet management related to the TCO and level of attentions are described, the office and the cost components for improvement are analyzed and defined, in addition to identifying the causes that originate the problems. With the identification of the causes, in the fourth chapter, we proceed to develop the improvement proposal supported by Lean tools, to finally finish with the calculations of expected benefits and mainly the impact on the TCO and current management budget. Finally, the fifth chapter shows the final conclusions and recommendations for implementation. The work performed expects as a final result the reduction in the TCO by attention and compliance with the assigned budgets of fleet management, optimizing the company's cost management and contributing positively by increasing the possibilities of opening new businesses by offering competitive prices in tenders.
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8

Pozzetti, André. "Une méthodologie d’aide à la décision pour l’optimisation de services aéronautiques basés sur la performance." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VALE0013.

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Pour rester compétitives dans l'industrie aéronautique, les entreprises développent des stratégies diverses pour gagner un avantage concurrentiel comme l'augmentation du Coût Total de Possession (TCO) avec l'acquisition aéronautique complexe et des programmes de support. Les clients concentrent leurs besoins sur la disponibilité opérationnelle de tels systèmes et ne sont plus enclins à payer un prix supplémentaire pour un tel service, par conséquent le fournisseur est amené à minimiser le TCO tout en conservant un haut niveau de performance de flotte. Dans de tels accords, une partie du risque de performance opérationnelle est transférée vers le fournisseur sous forme de pénalité financière, engendrant ainsi un risque financier sur la rentabilité du contrat. Cette recherche aborde le problème du point de vue du fournisseur en considérant différentes options stratégiques pour la commercialisation de l'offre de services aéronautiques basés sur la performance, garantissant la disponibilité de la flotte. La méthodologie considère un système complexe, représentatif des systèmes aéronautiques actuels et les mécanismes de support rattachés, avec de multiples objectifs contradictoires à atteindre en tant que fournisseur. La méthodologie proposée couvre les catégories suivantes : disponibilité, fiabilité, maintenabilité et supportabilité. Elle considère le système complexe comme un tout incluant l'ensemble des interactions dans ce système et les relations entre la performance de disponibilité et le coût. D'autres facteurs de contribution additionnels sont aussi considérés dans ce mécanisme de support, comme les types d'incertitude de la performance du système, des données, des risques financiers et des coûts. Un modèle de pénalité pour l'utilisation avec les Services Basés sur la Performance (PBS) des offres dans l'industrie aéronautique est aussi fourni. Une méthodologie d'analyse de pénalité est proposée au travers de deux études de cas présentées dans cette thèse, offrant un avantage compétitif au fournisseur, de par la capacité de prévoir la distribution de probabilité de performance du système, et de quantifier le risque financier pour le modèle de pénalité en question. La méthodologie d'analyse démontre aussi que la capacité d'effectuer une analyse de risque sur des pénalités contractuelles est tout aussi importante pour le fournisseur que la capacité de prévoir la performance globale du système. Les conclusions montrent qu'il est tout à fait possible d'avoir une grande exposition de risque financier si un scénario de pénalité inadapté est choisi, même si la performance de disponibilité de la flotte prévue est au-dessus du taux ciblé ou contracté
To remain competitive within the aeronautic industry, companies are developing various strategies to gain a competitive edge as the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) increases with complex aeronautical acquisition and support programs. Customers are focusing their needs on the operational availability of such systems and are no longer willing to pay a premium for such a service, consequently the supplier is challenged to minimize the TCO whilst retaining a high level of fleet performance. In such accords, some of the operational performance risk is transferred back to the supplier and are usually in the form of financial penalties, which consequently creates a financial risk on the profitability of the contract for the supplier. This research addresses the problem from the point of the supplier when considering different strategic options for the sale and offer of performance-based aeronautic services that guarantee fleet availability. The methodology considers the complex system, as is typical with current aeronautic systems, relating support mechanisms, and the multiple yet contradictory objectives to achieve as a supplier. The methodology proposed covers the categories of Availability, Reliability, Maintainability and Supportability; it considers the complex system as a whole including the interactions within this system and the relationships between availability performance and cost. Additional other contributing factors are also considered within this support mechanism, such as the types of uncertainty on system performance, data, financial risks and costs. The introduction of a penalty model for use with Performance-Based Service (PBS) offers within the aeronautic industry is also provided. A methodology for penalty analysis is proposed through the two case studies presented in this thesis, giving the supplier a competitive advantage through the ability to predict the probability distribution of system performance and to quantify the financial risk for the penalty model in question. The analysis 5 methodology also demonstrates that the ability to perform risk analysis on contractual penalties is just as important to the supplier as the ability to predict overall system performance, as the findings present that it is quite possible to have a large financial risk exposure if the wrong penalty scenario is chosen even if the predicted Fleet Availability performance is above the targeted or contracted rate
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Babin, Anthony. "Optimisation du coût de revient global (TCO) d’un véhicule utilitaire électrique 3,5t ; modélisation multi-physique, dimensionnement et recharge intelligente." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS356.

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Le véhicule électrique est une des solutions de transport respectueuses de l’environnement, n’émettant pas de polluant lors de son utilisation. Gruau, constructeur carrossier pour véhicules utilitaires, se lance activement dans le transport écologique sur le segment de l’utilitaire 3,5t. Afin d’accroitre les ventes de véhicules utilitaires électriques, il est nécessaire d’en réduire le coût total de possession (ou TCO (Total Cost of Ownership)). L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier et de modéliser le comportement des composants de ce véhicule électrique pour simuler des calculs de TCO. Le composant principal étudié est la batterie, dont la durée de vie limitée conditionne la rentabilité du véhicule. La première partie des travaux fut consacrée à la modélisation du comportement du véhicule en fonction d’une mission client donnée. Une étude des cellules de batterie est réalisée dans le but de construire un modèle multi-physique complet en prenant en considération le vieillissement calendaire et le vieillissement en cyclage. Un modèle énergétique global, comprenant ce modèle batterie, permet de déterminer l’énergie nécessaire pour un parcours donné et de simuler le vieillissement des cellules électrochimiques afin de calculer le TCO. Une seconde partie est orientée vers le calcul du TCO. La mise en oeuvre d’un algorithme d’optimisation avec une méthodologie d’accélération des calculs a permis de réaliser les calculs dans des temps raisonnables (passage de 13h à 15min par itération). Après étude de l’impact du dimensionnement de la batterie sur le TCO, il en ressort que la réduction de la capacité n’entraine pas systématiquement la réduction du TCO. Il existe pour chaque mission un point de TCO optimal (jusqu’à 17% d’éconnomie). Afin d’améliorer le TCO, des stratégies de recharge intelligentes sont élaborées et permettent rentabilité accrue du VUE (jusqu’à 29%). Ce travail a été intégré dans un logiciel d’aide à la décision de la capacité de la batterie suivant les besoins du client, destiné aux forces de ventes commerciales
The electric vehicle is one of the environmentally friendly transport solutions that emit no pollutant during its use. Gruau, manufacturer-converter for light commercial vehicles (LCV), is actively involved in green transport in the 3.5t segment. In order to increase sales of electric LCV, it is necessary to reduce its total cost of ownership (TCO). The objective of this thesis is to study and model the behavior of the components of this electric vehicle in order to simulate TCO. The main component studied is the battery, whose limited lifetime will determine the profitability of the vehicle. The first part of the work was devoted to modeling the behavior of the vehicle according to a given customer mission. The study of battery cells was done with the aim of building a complete multi-physics model taking into account calendar aging and cycling aging. Then, this battery model is integrated in a complete energy model taking into account all the components of the studied vehicle. Then a global model, including this battery model, makes it possible to determine the energy required for a given path and to simulate the aging of the electrochemical cells in order to calculate the TCO. A second part is oriented towards the calculation of the TCO. The implementation of an optimization algorithm, with a methodology of computing acceleration, allowed to achieve the computations in reasonable times (reduction from 13h to 15min by iteration). After studying the impact of battery sizing on the TCO, it appears that the reduction of the battery capacity does not systematically lead to the reduction of the TCO. There is therefore an optimum TCO point for each mission (up to 17% savings). In order to improve the TCO, smart recharging strategies are developed and allow increasing e-LCV profitability (up to 29%). This work is integrated into a decision support software relative to the battery capacity according to customer needs, intended for commercial sales forces
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Saunders, Brian J. "A Total Cost Approach to Supply Chain Risk Modeling." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3179.

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The modern supply chain is long, complex, interconnected and global, and plays a fundamental role in business competitiveness. These conditions, along with various supply chain management trends in recent years have increased risks in supply chains which threaten supply chain performance. Greater impact, especially on cost, from an increased threat of supply disruptions is one area of particular concern. Companies today are struggling to find effective means to manage this increased risk and avoid adverse financial impacts. An approach to managing supply disruption risk in supply chains based on the minimization of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of the supply chain is explored in this thesis. Insights are provided into an appropriate view of supply chain risk and a general four step risk management process to guide the design and evaluation of a new risk management tool based on such an approach. A prototype of the new total cost-based, modeling and simulation tool was created in partnership with ProModel Corporation and a government contractor that requested to remain anonymous. A preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of this tool in minimizing TCO and providing an interface useable by non-modelers is provided. This study also reviews and compares a sample set of current supply chain risk management methods and tools and compares them with the new tool for relevance in aiding users in managing supply disruption risk. Based on literature findings and preliminary feedback from pilot contextual demonstrations of the tool, the total cost approach to risk modeling appears promising, although the execution needs to be improved with further enhancements made to the prototype tool. In this preliminary study and evaluation, sufficient evidence is not available to determine that the new prototype tool is any more effective than other currently available risk management tools to provide necessary information to make supply chain risk management decisions that minimize TCO of a supply chain. Suggestions for further development of the tool, especially for improvement of the total cost approach, are provided as well as a preliminary evaluation procedure and survey instruments for a more robust evaluation of the new tool.
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Ridolfi, Giulia. "Il valore dell'acquisto e l'acquisto del valore: Studio ed implementazione di un modello per l'analisi del Cost Breakdown e il calcolo del Total Cost of Ownership per una classe merceologica." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15120/.

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Obiettivo del progetto è l’analisi e lo sviluppo di un sistema di reporting per l’area Acquisti di Ducati, azienda all’interno della quale ho potuto implementare due modelli di costo che risultino utili alle attività decisionali dei buyer. La classe merceologica d’analisi scelta è quella delle forcelle, uno dei pochi prodotti ingegnerizzati dal fornitore il cui know-how è sconosciuto a Ducati. La prima parte della ricerca si concentra su un’ analisi relativa al prezzo d’acquisto perciò è stato creato un data sheet, ottenuto mediante uno studio del prodotto disassemblato, disegni tecnici e analisi meccanica che permetta la classificazione tecnologica della forcella. A seguito della classificazione si è generato un modello di Cost Breakdown, col quale si può calcolare il costo pieno aziendale, a partire dal costo pieno industriale includendo costi diretti ed allocando gli indiretti. Queste due schede sono state consegnate al fornitore. Il prezzo d’acquisto è solo una parte dei costi della Supply Chain, quindi in seconda analisi, si è implementato un modello che consideri anche i costi logistici, qualitativi, finanziari e di pianificazione specifici per le forcelle: il Total Cost of Ownership. Sono state confrontate poi le catene di approvvigionamento di un fornitore italiano e uno giapponese con differenti prezzi d’acquisto, in modo da mettere in risalto la miglior performance tra i due. Attraverso l’individuazione e l’analisi dei costi, utilizzando questi modelli, il buyer identifica le leve negoziali che gli permettono di generare un valore economico-finanziario dato che secondo la Catena del valore di Porter, l’acquisto è una delle attività di supporto per la creazione di marginalità aziendale.
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Corrêa, Sergio Luis Lima. "Análise de relevância de elementos de custo em manutenção e suporte de sistemas ERP nas IFES: uma abordagem baseada em TCO e ITIL." Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/6985.

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PROQUALI (UFJF)
Sistemas Integrados de Gestão Empresarial, conhecidos como ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), são desenvolvidos e mantidos pelas IFES (Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior) para o desempenho das atividades que lhes competem, além disso, sua abrangência permite obtenção de informações gerenciais tornando-se valioso recurso estratégico. Recentes orientações dos órgãos de fiscalização e controle governamental, visando o aumento da eficiência, maior produtividade da máquina pública, e redução de custos têm levado as IFES a adotar políticas de governança de TI. Sistemas ERP geralmente são muito abrangentes e caros, por isso seus custos devem ser mensurados, não somente custos de aquisição, mas principalmente custos de manutenção e suporte. Neste sentido, com objetivo de determinar os elementos de custo para mensurar os custos de manutenção e suporte na gestão de sistemas ERP, houve motivação para esta pesquisa sobre a metodologia TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) suportada pelos processos do framework ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library). O presente trabalho, de caráter descritivo, identificou e relacionou, a partir da pesquisa bibliográfica, os elementos de custo mais evidentes no TCO e ITIL. Em seguida, foi aplicado um questionário web, junto a Especialistas em gestão de Sistemas ERP das IFES, visando mapear sua percepção de relevância sobre esses elementos de custo elencados na pesquisa. Os resultados mostram os elementos de custo ordenados por relevância e frequência aplicáveis à manutenção e suporte de sistemas ERP e a contribuição esperada é a de facilitar a mensuração desses custos.
Integrated Systems Management, known as ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), are developed and maintained by IFES (Federal Institutions of Higher Education) for the performance of activities that concern them, in addition, its scope allows obtaining management information becoming valuable strategic resource. Recent guidelines of the supervisory bodies and government control, aimed at increasing efficiency, higher productivity of public administration, and cost reduction have led IFES to adopt IT governance policies. ERP systems are usually very comprehensive and expensive, so their costs should be measured, not only acquisition costs, but mainly maintenance and support costs. In this regard, in order to determine the cost elements to measure the costs of maintenance and support in managing ERP systems, there was motivation for this research on the TCO methodology (Total Cost of Ownership) supported by ITIL framework processes (Information Technology Infrastructure Library). This work, descriptive, identified and listed from the literature, the most obvious cost elements in TCO and ITIL. Then a web questionnaire was administered, along with experts in ERP systems management of IFES, aiming to map their perception of relevance of these cost factors listed in the survey. The results show the cost elements ordered by relevance and frequency that the maintenance and ERP systems support and the expected contribution is to facilitate the measurement of these costs.
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13

Schumacher, Andreas, Robert Rahmfeld, and Heiko Laffrenzen. "High Performance Drivetrains for Powerful Mobile Machines." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-200388.

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This paper discusses the current and future drivetrain perspectives of powerful mobile machines, especially in regards to TCO and drive performance. For the TCO-impact, the power losses of the components plays a big role and, if they are designed for efficiency, they have a significant and measurable influence. From the braking function point of view, this paper demonstrates not only the advantages of a valve-based over a control algorithm based solution, but also its innovative development directions towards a more sophisticated engine speed controller with optimized heat conversion into the oil. Also for the drivetrain subsystems, innovative components are discussed, like the hybrid control, combining the benefits of a non-feedback and a displacement control in one single assembly, or the variable charge system for further reduced energy consumption of the overall drivetrain.
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14

Lennartsson, Filip, and Hampus Jonasson. "Totalkostnad för ägande av produktionsutrustning med fokus på hållbar utveckling." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104306.

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Companies today strive to lower their climate footprint in their daily work. It is therefore important for them to consider sustainable development when investing in new production equipment. The purpose of the study is to create a greater understanding to which parameters should be involved in a TCO with focus on sustainable development.  A support process at the case company was studied with the purpose of develop an understanding of its current situation. The current situation was then analysed to determine the parameters that should be used in the TCO. The analysis was also used to develop any suggestion of improvement on production equipment.  The result of the study presents a template for a TCO with focus on sustainable development together with a model for investment calculation which can be applied on future investments. It is determined that no suggestions of improvement will be presented as the subject hasn’t been researched enough.  The conclusion is that further studies on the subject must be carried out to be able to present any suggestions on improved production equipment.
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15

Karlsson, Sten. "What are the value and implications of two-car households for the electric car?" Elsevier, 2017. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72812.

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The major barriers to a more widespread introduction of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) beyond early adopters are the limited range, charging limitations, and costly batteries. An important question is therefore where these effects can be most effectively mitigated. An optimization model is developed to estimate the potential for BEVs to replace one of the conventional cars in two-car households and to viably contribute to the households’ driving demand. It uses data from 1 to 3 months of simultaneous GPS logging of the movement patterns for both cars in 64 commuting Swedish two-car households in the Gothenburg region. The results show that, for home charging only, a flexible vehicle use strategy can considerably increase BEV driving and nearly eliminate the unfulfilled driving in the household due to the range and charging limitations with a small battery. The present value of this flexibility is estimated to be on average $6000–$7000 but varies considerably between households. With possible near-future prices for BEVs based on mass production cost estimates, this flexibility makes the total cost of ownership (TCO) for a BEV advantageous in almost all the investigated households compared to a conventional vehicle or a hybrid electric vehicle. Because of the ubiquity of multi-car households in developed economies, these families could be ideal candidates for the initial efforts to enhance BEV adoptions beyond the early adopters. The results of this research can inform the design and marketing of cheaper BEVs with small but enough range and contribute to increased knowledge and awareness of the suitability of BEVs in such households.
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Boyko, Vladimir, and Jürgen Weber. "Combinations of energy saving measures in pneumatics." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71216.

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Within a production machine, various electromechanical and pneumatic structures can be used for drive tasks. As these drive technologies can often replace each other, the energy efficiency, performance and TCO of pneumatic drives must be permanently enhanced to remain competitive. There is a large number of known measures for the reducing their energy consumption, e.g. minimizing of filling volumes, energy saving circuits etc. However, these measures are mainly considered separately and the possible overall energy saving effect resulting from their combination is rarely taken into account. The main goal of this paper is therefore to explore the possible combinations of pneumatic energy saving measures and their cumulative saving effect. Due to the fact that some measures are mutually exclusive (e.g. a general pressure reduction in properly sized drive), each combination should be considered separately. To evaluate their efficiency plausibly, a comprehensive assessment is required that contains both the total cost of ownership analysis (TCO) and a mechanical properties assessment. The presented comprehensive approach of the task analysis can serve as example of how an optimal drive configuration for the specific task can be found, thus creating a basis for solving constructive challenges in designing of pneumatic automation systems.
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17

SOUZA, Daniel da Silva. "Uma análise técnico-econômica para implantação de arquiteturas centralizadas de redes de telefonia móveis." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/10036.

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Diante dos desafios propostos pela quinta geração de redes móveis, a arquitetura C-RAN (Centralized Radio Acess Network) vem ganhando espaço por oferecer suporte `a redes ultra-densas de alta capacidade de próxima geração e oferecer economias. Esta dissertação propõe uma metodologia de modelagem de TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) para C-RAN, CAPEX (Capital Expenditure), OPEX (Operational Expenditure), sendo estes, os critérios fundamentais no ramo de avaliação e projeção de investimentos. Logo é apresentado com um maior nível de detalhamento quanto aos aspectos de investimento, que são de grande relevância para o cenário de arquitetura de redes móveis de comunicação. Dessa forma, este trabalho ´e conduzido no sentido de avaliar o contexto econômico de implantação de uma arquitetura centralizada, baseando-se, principalmente, nos aspectos financeiros que operadoras de serviços necessitam planejar antes de implantar uma nova rede de acesso móvel. O modelo proposto é utilizado em um estudo de caso em que o custo total de implementação e operação das arquiteturas distribuídas e centralizadas são comparados levando em consideração diversos cenários específicos. Os resultados apontam uma economia nos cenários centralizados e destacam os aspectos econômicos mais relevantes no planejamento da C-RAN.
Upon the the challenges proposed by the fifth generation of mobile networks, the architecture of C-RAN (Centralized Radio Acess Network) has gained space by supporting high-capacity ultra-densas networks of next generation and offering economies. This dissertation proposes a TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) for C-RAN, CAPEX (Capital Expenditure), OPEX (Operational Expenditure) and these are the fundamental criteria in the field of investment assessment and projection. It is soon presented with a higher level of detailing as to the investment aspects, which are of great relevance to the architectural landscape of mobile communication networks. In this way, this work is conducted in order to evaluate the economic context of the implementation of a centralized architecture, based mainly on the financial aspects that service operators need to plan before deploying a new Mobile Access Network. The proposed model is used in a case study where the total cost of implementation and operation of the distributed and centralized architectures is compared taking into account several specific scenarios. The results point to an economy in the centralized scenarios and highlight the most relevant economic aspects in the planning of C-RAN.
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18

Mandana, Raghav Somayya. "Policy Tools for the Decarbonisation of Urban Freight Transport in Brazil." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299857.

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There has been an increase in the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the last 3 decades. A large share of these emissions is produced by the transport sector. In 2010 alone, global transport accounted for 7 GtCO2 eq and approximately 23% of total energy-related CO2 emissions. In order for the decarbonisation of the transport sector, one of the most important strategies is to reduce the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel consumption can be reduced by rolling out more battery electric vehicles (BEVs) on public roads. This is one of the methods by which the concept of electromobility is promoted. In order to increase the share of EVs, many countries have implemented different policies that promote the electrification of the transport sector. With respect to freight transport, electric commercial vans are one of the feasible choices.  This Master thesis involves a quantitative study which focus on the “total cost of ownership” (TCO) of light commercial vehicles (LCVs). Two diesel vans currently used in Curitiba, Brazil were selected - the Sprinter van by Mercedes-Benz and the Master van by Renault. In addition, their electric counterparts were also chosen; in conjunction, a sensitivity analysis with respect to fuel prices and annual distance driven was conducted. The results showed that the TCO of the electric LCVs is around 1.6 to 1.7 times higher than their diesel versions. As far as the two van model types were concerned, the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter had a higher TCO than the Renault Master over the chosen vehicle lifetime for both the diesel and electric versions, with the difference around 7.5% for the diesel versions and approximately 13% for the electric versions.  Based on the results of the TCO study, possible economic policies and fiscal instruments were recommended with regards to light commercial freight transport for Curitiba.
Det har skett en ökning av koldioxidutsläppen (CO2) under de senaste 3 decennierna. En stor del av dessa utsläpp produceras av transportsektorn. Bara 2010 svarade, global transport för 7 GtCO2 ekvivalenter och cirka 23% av de totala energirelaterade koldioxidutsläppen. För att avkolning av transportsektorn är en av de viktigaste strategierna att minska användningen av fossila bränslen. Fossil bränsleförbrukning kan minskas genom att rulla ut fler elektriska fordon (EF) på allmänna vägar när det gäller transportsektorn i allmänhet. Detta är en av metoderna som begreppet elektromobilitet främjas. För att öka andelen elbilar har många länder genomfört olika policyer som främjar elektrifiering av transportsektorn. När det gäller godstransport, är elektriska kommersiella lastbilar och skåpbilar två av de möjliga valen.  Detta examensarbete involverar en kvantitativ studie som fokuserar på “totala ägandekostnaderna” (TÄK) för lätta nyttofordon. Två dieselbilar som för närvarande används i Curitiba, Brasilien valdes - Sprinter-skåpbilen från Mercedes-Benz och Master-skåpbilen av Renault. Dessutom valdes deras elektriska motsvarigheter; i samband med detta genomfördes en känslighetsanalys avseende bränslepriser och årlig körd distans. Resultaten visade att T för elektriska LCV är cirka 1.6 till 1.7 gånger högre än deras dieselversioner. När det gäller de två typerna av skåpbilar hade Mercedes-Benz Sprinter en högre TCO än Renault Master under den valda fordonstiden för både diesel - och elektriska versioner, med skillnaden cirka 7.5% för dieselversionerna och cirka 13% för de elektriska versionerna.  Baserat på resultaten av TCO-studien rekommenderades möjlig ekonomisk politik och finanspolitiska instrument när det gäller lätt kommersiell godstransport för Curitiba.
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19

Blackert, Erik. "Total Cost of Ownership For a Marine Fuel System." Thesis, KTH, Marina system, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290162.

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The modern marine fuel system have a vital part in preparing the fuel before it can enter theengines. Hard particles and water are removed and the viscosity needs to meet limitationsof the engines, to prevent damage. The cost for operating the fuel system and wear on theengine varies depending on how the fuel system are operated and on surrounding parameters.This thesis explains the cost impact of di erent parameters on the total cost for operating afuel system and aims to create a total cost of ownership model that also considers the costsfor systems connected to the fuel system.The total cost of ownership model includes capital expenses for the equipment and the operationalexpenses in form of; energy, service, sludge storage, water production, risk and alsoincreased costs on connected systems.The result of this total cost of ownership research shows that even if there are an increasedcost for operating the fuel system itself for highest performance will the total cost of ownershipwhen considering connected systems be lower. The user are therefore always recommendedto aim for maximum separation of hard particles to decrease the cost for enginewear and to lower the total cost of risk for a breakdown. The total energy consumption forthe fuel system can be decreased by up to 15% when variable ow control are used on thesupply pumps and meanwhile increase the separation eciency.
Det moderna bränslesystemet har en viktig roll i att förbereda bränslet innan det kan förbrännas i fartygets motorer. Hårda partiklar och vatten avlägsnas, viskositeten måste också  hållas inom motorernas tillåtna gränser för att motverka slitage. Användare kostnaden för ett bränslesystem varier beroende på hur det används samt av vissa utomståendeparametrar. Den här analysen av totala ägandekostnaden är gjord för att kunna kopplakostnader på kringliggande system ombord med hur bränslesystemet används. Den totala ägandekostnadsmodellen innehåller inköpskostnader för bränslesystemet samt användare kostnaden i form av; energi, service, slamförvaring, vattentillverkning, kostnaden för risk och kostnaden på kringliggande system ombord. Resultatet av analysen är att ökade driftkostnader för bränslesystemet kan motiveras i form av att kostnaden för kringliggande system sjunker när bränslesystemet fungerar optimalt. Användaren kan därför rekommenderas att alltid sträva efter att få ut den fulla potentialen för bränslesystemet för att spara in på kostnader så som motorslitage och risk för motorhaveri. Den totala energiförbrukningen för bränslesystemet kan förväntas sjunka med 15% om pumpar med variabelt öde används till separatorerna samtidigt som separeringseffektiviteten ökar
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20

Bridger, Wray W., and Mark D. Ruiz. "Total ownership cost reduction case study : AEGIS radar phase shifters." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34231.

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MBA Professional Report
The goal of this research is to provide a case study that captures the production and design processes and program management solutions used to reduce total ownership costs of AEGIS Radar Phase Shifters. Specifically, it will focus on the design and redesign of the SPY-1 radar phase shifter; a redesign that dramatically improved performance without increasing Average Procurement Unit Costs (APUC). The researchers will analyze various process-improvement projects (PIP) used to reduce touch-labor and improve production process yield (percentage of manufactured items that are defect-free) of SPY-1B/D phase shifters, and will review programs that improved phase shifter production either directly or indirectly, i.e., consolidated purchasing, lean and six sigma, productivity improvement projects, etc. This case study was conducted with the sponsorship and assistance of the Acquisition Research Program, Graduate School of Business & Public Policy, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
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21

Riley, Lennard Barry. "Reducing the total cost of ownership of mining haul trucks." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21902.

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Thesis (MScIngwet)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The diesel consumption of haul trucks deployed on opencast mines was investigated as a means of reducing the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of mining haul trucks. The conceptualisation of TCO and an introduction to the mining operation was presented as an introduction to the field of research. Thereafter, a review of the available literature revealed that linear programming, queueing theory and coast-down testing were applicable means of investigation. The relevant engineering sciences were applied and correlated with experimental and measured data from the Grootegeluk, Sishen and Thabazimbi mines operated by Kumba Resources Ltd (formerly known as ISCOR Mining). A cost-driver model for diesel consumption was formulated by exploiting the expert judgement of role players in the mining operation. A cost-driver model was developed for the Sishen, Thabazimbi and Grootegeluk mines. The cost-driver models were then modelled as a linear programming problem and solved using the student version of LINDO Optimization Software. The results were discussed and a universal diesel cost driver model was formulated by consolidating the individual diesel cost driver models. The operational cycle of haul trucks was simulated in order to quantify equipment utilisation and reduce diesel consumption of the mining vehicles. The operational cycle of haul trucks was modelled utilising queueing theory. The simulation of the queue network was implemented in Matlab using the next event advance method and was called Q Sim. Q Sim - - was utilised to investigate optimal fleet size and the economies of scale of haul truck capacity. The results of coast down tests were analysed in order to determine the effect of treating mining roads, with a bitumen product, on rolling resistance coefficient. Finally, recommendations for further research are proposed. This includes further refinement of the diesel cost-driver model, expanding the scope of application of Q_Sim in the mining operation and further investigation of dust reduction by bitumen products.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ondersoek is ingestel na die dieselverbruik van myntrokke sodoende die Totale Koste van Eienaarskap (TKE) van myntrokke te verminder. Die konsep rondom TKE is bespreek en 'n inleiding tot die mynybedryf is aangebied sodoende die verskeie aspekte in verb and te bring. 'n Literatuur studie het gevolg, wat aangetoon het dat lineere programmeering, toustaan-en loswieltoetse toepaslike navorsingsmetodes is om die nodige resultate te verkry. Daarna is hierdie ingenieurswetenskappe toegepas en 'n vergelyking is tussen die eksperimentele en gemete data van die Grootegeluk, Sishen en Thabazimbi myne getref. 'n Diesel koste-drywer model is opgestel met die insette van kundige rolspelers in die mynbou bedryf. Dit het gelei tot Koste-drywer modelle vir die Sishen, Thabazimbi en Grootegeluk myne. Die modelle is met lineere programmeering as probleemstelling daargestel en is deur middel van die studente weergawe van die LINDO optimaliseringssagteware opgelos. Die resultate was toe bespreek en daarvolgens is 'n universele diesel koste-drywer model opgestel deur die reeds-geskepte modelle te konsolideer. Die operasionele siklus van myntrokke was gesimuleer sodoende die benutting van toerusting te kwantifiseer en die dieselverbruik van myntrokke te verminder. Hierdie operasionele siklus was gemodelleer deur middel van die toustaan-teorie. Die simulasie van 'n toustaannetwerk was in Matlab gevoer deur Q_Sim te gebruik. Hierdie metode was gebruik om die optimale vloot grootte en die invloed van myntrokkapasiteit te ondersoek. Die ontleding van die loswieltoetse was gedoen om die invloed van In bitumen prod uk op rolweerstand te bepaal. Ten slotte is aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing bespreek. Dit behels die verder aansuiwerings van die diesel koste-drywer model, die uitbreiding van aanwending van die Q_Sim in die mynbou en 'n verdere ondersoek om stofvoorkoming in die mynbou te bewerkstellig deur die gebruikmaking van bitumen produkte.
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22

MOREIRA, EDUARDO DA CUNHA. "LOGISTICAL COSTS MANAGEMENT BASED ON ACTIVITIES AND TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12146@1.

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A correta avaliação dos custos logísticos de uma empresa permite uma melhor gestão destes custos e tomada de decisões mais precisas. Este trabalho aborda a apuração de custos logísticos através do método de custeio tradicional, indica os problemas que o tornam inadequado para esta tarefa e propõe a utilização de ferramentas contemporâneas. Apesar de considerar a importância da análise dos custos logísticos totais, o trabalho desenvolve a análise somente para os custos do transporte marítimo, pois estes são os mais relevantes para o caso em análise. Para solucionar as inadequações do método tradicional de custeio, é proposta a utilização do método de Custeio Baseado em Atividades, do inglês Activity-Based Costing (ABC). Este método visa atribuir os custos dos recursos de acordo com as atividades onde estes foram utilizados e traz bons resultados na avaliação gerencial dos custos logísticos. Além deste método, é proposta a utilização do Custo Total de Propriedade, do inglês Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), para a contratação de navios. Esta ferramenta avalia o custo de obtenção e uso de um bem ou serviço, incluindo outras variáveis além do preço. Os resultados do trabalho são favoráveis à utilização das ferramentas, mas há necessidade de um extenso trabalho interno no seu ambiente de aplicação para a sua implementação.
The correct evaluation of the logistical costs of a company allows better management of these costs and a more accurate decision making process. This work addresses the obtainment of logistical costs through the traditional method of cost assignment, points out problems that make it unsuitable for this task, and suggests the use of contemporary tools. Despite considering the importance of the total logistical costs, this work develops the analysis only for the costs of shipping, since these are the most relevant to the case under approach. To solve the inadequacies of the traditional method of cost assignment, it is suggested the Activity-Based Costing method (ABC). This method allocates the cost of resources in accordance with the activities over which they were used and brings forth good results in the managerial evaluation of logistical costs. In addition to this method, it is suggested the use of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for hiring ships. This tool evaluates the cost of obtaining and using a good or service, including other variables besides price. The results of this work are favourable to the use of the tools, but there is the need of extensive internal work in its field of application to have it implemented.
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23

Demir, Huseyin. "The perfect performance of reduction of total ownership cost (R-TOC) pilot programs /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA411582.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2002.
"December 2002". Thesis advisor(s): Boudreau, Michael W. ; Gates, Bill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-57). Also available online.
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24

Ahlgren, Lucas. "Total cost of ownership of electric cars as a tool for the public." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280798.

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Sustainability and the role of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in the shift to more sustainable transportation are gaining more and more attention in society today. However, only 4.3% of new passenger car registrations in Sweden were BEVs in 2019. High purchase prices are considered a major barrier to BEV purchases. But the purchase price alone does not reflect what the consumer pays for owning a vehicle. Previous research shows that BEVs could be cheaper compared to conventional vehicles such as internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) from a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) perspective. Lack of knowledge about TCO can lead to uneconomical purchase decisions. Moreover, lower adoption rates of BEVs, although BEVs can be more cost-effective and better for the environment in the long run. This paper reports on an exploratory research process including the development and user study of a TCO tool aimed for the public. The purpose is to better understand how a TCO tool influences peoples’ inclination towards purchasing a BEV. Based on an iterative design process, a web application was developed to help car consumers calculate and visualize TCO of new passenger cars. The web application was then used in a user study consisting of think-aloud evaluations and semi-structured interviews with car consumers about the prototype. The conclusion point towards an interesting direction for a TCO tool moving forward. This study suggests that a TCO tool can make users aware of the cost benefits of owning a BEV. However, more research is needed to understand if this realisation is enough to have an effect on BEV purchases.
Hållbarhet och elbilens roll i skiftet till mer hållbara transporter är två områden som får allt mer uppmärksamhet i samhället idag. Trots det var det endast 4.3% av alla nyregistrerade personbilar som var elbilar i Sverige under 2019. Höga inköpspriser anses vara ett stort hinder som begränsar försäljningen av elbilar. Dock reflekterar inte inköpspriset vad konsumenten faktiskt betalar för att äga en bil. Tidigare forskning visar att elbilar kan vara billigare i jämförelse med konventionella fordon såsom förbränningsbilar baserat på den totala ägandekostnaden (TCO). Brist på kunskap om TCO kan leda till oekonomiska inköpsbeslut. Men också lägre försäljning av elbilar, trots att elbilen kan vara mer kostnadseffektiv och bättre för miljön i längden. Denna uppsats beskriver en undersökande forskningsprocess med målet att utveckla ett TCO-verktyg för allmänheten. Därtill genomfördes en användarstudie för att studera hur verktyget påverkar människors benägenhet att köpa en elbil. Utifrån en iterativ designprocess, utvecklandes en webbapplikation. Detta med syftet att hjälpa bilkonsumenter beräkna samt visualisera TCO för nyproducerade personbilar. Webbapplikationen användes sedan i en användarstudie bestående av think-aloud utvärderingar samt efterföljande intervjuer med bilkonsumenter kring prototypen. Slutsatsen tyder på en intressant riktning för användandet av ett TCO-verktyg i framtiden. Denna studie pekar på att ett TCO-verktyg kan hjälpa användarna att förstå kostnadsfördelarna med att äga en elbil. Dock behövs mer forskning för att svara på om denna insikten är tillräckligt för att ha en effekt på elbilsköp.
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25

Esmaeilian, Behzad. "Total Ownership Cost Modeling of Technology Adoption Using System Dynamics: Implications for ERP Systems." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5732.

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Investment in new technologies is considered by firms as a solution to improve their productivity, product and service quality and their competitive advantages in the global market. Unfortunately, not all technology adoption projects have met their intended objectives. The complexity of technology adoption along with little consideration of the long term cost of the technology, are among the factors that challenge companies while adopting a new technology. Companies often make new technology adoption decision without enough attention to the total cost of the technology over its lifecycle. Sometimes poor decision making while adopting a new technology can result in substantial recurring loss impacts. Therefore, estimating the total cost of the technology is an important step in justifying the technology adoption. Total Ownership Cost (TOC) is a wildly-accepted financial metric which can be applied to study the costs associated with the new technology throughout its lifecycle. TOC helps companies analyze not only the acquisition and procurement cost of the technology, but also other cost components occurring over the technology usage and service stage. The point is that, technology adoption cost estimation is a complex process involving consideration of various aspects such as the maintenance cost, technology upgrade cost and the cost related to the human-resource. Assessing the association between the technology characteristics (technology upgrades over its life cycle, compatibility with other systems, technology life span, etc) and the TOC encompasses a high degree of complexity. The complexity exists because there are many factors affecting the cost over time. Sometimes decisions made today can have long lasting impact on the system costs and there is a lag between the time the decision is taken and when outcomes occur. An original contribution of this dissertation is development of a System Dynamics (SD) model to estimate the TOC associated with the new technology adoption. The SD model creates casual linkage and relationships among various aspects of the technology adoption process and allows decision makers to explore the impact of their decisions on the total cost that the technology brings into the company. The SD model presented in this dissertation composes of seven sub-models including (1) technology implementation efforts, (2) workforce training, (3) technology-related workforce hiring process, (4) preventive and corrective maintenance process, (5) technology upgrade, (6) impact of technology on system performance and (7) total ownership cost sub model. A case study of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system adoption has been used to show the application of the SD model. The results of the model show that maintenance, upgrade and workforce hiring costs are among the major cost components in the ERP adoption case study presented in Chapter 4. The simulation SD model developed in this dissertation supports trade-off analysis and provides a tool for technology scenarios evaluation. The SD model presented here can be extended to provide a basis for developing a decision support system for technology evaluation. ?
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Industrial Engineering
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26

Phillips, Martin. "INSTRUMENTATION AND LOGISTICS: INFLUENCING DESIGN AND OWNERSHIP COSTS." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608739.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
A program’s success is measured by the three parameters of cost, schedule and performance. This is true of any acquisition program, including instrumentation development and procurement. The primary purpose of Logistics is to influence and reduce the Total Ownership Costs (TOCs) to the Department of Defense while procuring a supportable system that meets the customer’s needs. The time to influence the TOCs is as early in the life-cycle of the program as can be done - where it is cheapest to affect a “fix.” This paper will briefly describe where Logistics influences ownership costs in the acquisition process. Examples of cost drivers identified in the Hardened Subminiature Telemetry Sensor System (HSTSS) program will be provided and the role of Integrated Product Team (IPT) members in influencing and reducing the TOCs will be discussed. This process is not just in the purview of the traditional logistician, but is also performed by each member of the program’s IPT. Each IPT member brings his unique knowledge and experiences to the teams pool of corporate knowledge. Examples will be provided of decisions made by the IPT that reduced TOCs.
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27

Petcavage, Sheila. "Applying Costing Models for Competitive Advantage." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1915.

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Making good supply management decisions is essential to competing in the global market, as these decisions often account for more than 60% of the average company's total costs. The purpose for this single case study was to explore the strategy that a large manufacturing firm in northeast Ohio used to identify costs when making effective purchasing decisions. The total cost of ownership (TCO) theory was the conceptual framework for the study. The data collection included a semistructured interview with a senior level supply manager and a focus group consisting of mid-level supply managers. Member checking provided verification of the interpreted participants' responses. Methodological triangulation included 2 company documents pertinent to the supply management department that resulted in 4 emerging themes: identifying total costs, tools for implementing TCO, supplier rating and management, and detailed recordkeeping. The findings of this study revealed a simpler approach to capturing and organizing data than was acknowledged in the literature reviewed. The findings showed TCO supported purchasing decisions that often resulted in domestically or regionally purchased products rather than offshore buys. Therefore, reassessment of true total costs by senior manufacturing supply managers might impact social change as more procurement decisions forego sourcing offshore and bring manufacturing of products back to local communities.
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28

Lam, Mytiec. "Lower total cost of ownership of one-net by using thinclient desktop deployment and virtualization-based server technology." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5197.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
The U.S. Navy (USN) has a large enterprise network outside the continental U.S. (OCONUS) that is complex and expensive to maintain. The problem addressed by this thesis is to determine which alternative desktop deployment technology is more cost effective over time while maintaining the users' operational requirements. The USN is conducting a technology refresh of its OCONUS navy enterprise network (ONE-NET) with thick-client desktop computers. This thesis proposes an alternative solution using thin-client desktops with data center server virtualization-based technology as a lower cost option. To back up this claim of lower cost, an analysis was carried out to determine the total ownership costs (TCO) of both the current thick-client and proposed thin-client solutions. A cost per seat (CPS) model developed by Naval Network Warfare Command (NNWC) was used to calculate major cost components--labor, hardware, software, and transport, while a VMware tool was used to calculate power and cooling costs for both solutions. In addition, VMware provided a cost estimate for the upfront hardware and software licensing costs needed to support the virtualization support for the thin-clients solution. The conclusion of the TCO comparison is that, for the 27,284 users, the thin-client solution would save $238 million over seven years.
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Lindsey, Johnathan Jake III. "Characterizing opportunities for short reach optical interconnect adoption : a market survey and total cost of ownership model approach." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65329.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-139).
Over the past decade, the demand for digital information has increased dramatically with the rising use of the Internet and various types of multimedia data - text, audio, graphics, video, and voice. As a consequence, the technologies that connect and transport data have become critically important. Available interconnect technologies are broadly organized into two categories: electrical and optical. Although many digital systems use electrical interconnects, optical interconnects are becoming an attractive alternative as electrical connection has become increasingly difficult in terms of cost and performance. However, the transition from electrical to optical interconnects across multiple markets could still be hampered by its higher cost relative to interconnects in the mid-term. Thus, this work seeks to shed light on the following question: "What additional characteristics are useful to evaluate the attractiveness of optical interconnects in emerging markets?" This thesis seeks to explore and answer this question in three parts. The first part of the thesis attempts to gauge the opportunities and barriers to optical interconnect adoption in emerging markets through an analysis of first phase interviews with professionals working in the datacom, automobile, consumer hand-held device industries. Initial review of the response set shows that of the five initial emerging markets for optical interconnect, datacom, specifically high-performance computing (HPC), has the greatest potential for increased optical interconnect adoption in the near future. To further explore the environment for optical interconnects in the HPC, a second, more detailed questionnaire was distributed to a limited number of interviewees. In response to this interview, some respondents noted that several metrics other than cost and performance, particularly power consumption, as being "very important" when deciding which technology to adopt. The second part of the thesis is primarily concerned with investigating further the influence that power and performance concerns have on optical interconnect adoption in HPC data centers. Specifically, this part of the thesis seeks to explore whether power concerns in data centers could lead to increased adoption of optical interconnects. To that end, a cost model of an HPC data center has been developed to identify the possible economic impacts that the adoption of optical interconnect technologies would have in a power-driven scenario. The third part of this thesis presents a set of policy recommendations based on the results from the data center cost model.
by Johnathan Jake Lindsey III.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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30

Dagala, Wadzani Jabani. "Analysis of Total Cost of Ownership for Medium Scale Cloud Service Provider with emphasis on Technology and Security." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datalogi och datorsystemteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-15003.

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Total cost of ownership is a great factor to consider when deciding to deploy cloud computing. The cost to own a data centre or run a data centre outweighs the thought of IT manager or owner of the business organisation.The research work is concerned with specifying the factors that sum the TCO for medium scale service providers with respect to technology and security. A valid analysis was made with respect to the cloud service providers expenses and how to reduce the cost of ownership.In this research work, a review of related articles was used from a wide source, reading through the abstract and overview of the articles to find its relevance to the subject. A further interview was conducted with two medium scale cloud service providers and one cloud user.In this study, an average calculation of the TCO was made and we implemented a proposed cost reduction method. We made a proposal on which and how to decide as to which cloud services users should deploy in terms of cost and security.We conclude that many articles have focused their TCO calculation on the building without making emphasis on the security. The security accumulates huge amount under hidden cost and this research work identified the hidden cost, made an average calculation and proffer a method of reducing the TCO.

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31

Trnka, Eduard. "Komunikační strategie modelové řady Škody Fabia." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202102.

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This diploma thesis deals with the issue of marketing communication of Škoda Fabia third-generation cars. It is focused on previously unused, yet a very convincing sales argument, that enables a complex quantification of expenditure related to the car ownership. The tool is known as TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) and it has been mostly used by large corporate fleets so far. One of the aims of the thesis is to analyse competitiveness of the Fabia model from the viewpoint of the TCO indicator. This analysis is implemented by means of a specialized tool CarCostExpert by EurotaxGlass´s. A concept of communication strategy based on TCO will be suggested according to its comparison with competitors and interviewing sales network. An estimation of financial potential of the suggested solution as well as analysis of related threats and opportunities are constituent parts of this concept.
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32

Olofsson, Jens, and Sandra Nymo. "Fossil fuel- free by 2030 : A quantitative study on battery electric vehicle adoption and the moderating role of total cost of ownership." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161397.

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Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are promoted as a viable near-term technology to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). With Sweden's relatively slow adoption of the BEV in combination with the Swedish government's target of a vehicle fleet independent of fossil fuels by 2030, we study how adoption intentions are influenced by vehicle attribute and when these effects influence BEV adoption. This thesis builds on previous research investigating the effects of barriers and drivers on consumers intentions to adopt electric vehicles. Our study has more specifically examined Swedish consumers intentions to adopt a BEV by conducting a quantitative designed study. We considered the barrier of high perceived price and the driver of environmental self-identity, alongside demographic factors. Furthermore, we also highlight the understudied concept of total cost of ownership (TCO) by studying its moderating role on the relationship between high perceived price, environmental self-identity and consumers intention to adopt BEV’s.  We find that the barrier of high perceived price had no significant influence on intentions to adopt BEV’s, while environmental self-identity was positive and a strong predictor of consumers intentions. Additionally, our results show that the moderating effect of attention to cost (TCOA) and level of information (TCOB) was only significant at one of the four interactions. Concluding that the moderator TCOB has a positive effect on the relationship between high perceived price and intention to adopt BEV’s. These results have implication for BEV marketing, policy and consumers, and suggests that symbolic attributes of the battery electric vehicle have a tendency to reinforce consumers self-identity. This serves as a promising non-financial strategy for increasing BEV adoption. Moreover, the results indicate that consumer with little knowledge of the cost associated with car ownership (low TCOB) are more sensitive to the negative effects from the price of BEV’s in relation to their adoption intentions.
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33

Garuti, Tommaso. "Ottimizzazione della gestione dei ricambi e del costo delle politiche di manutenzione per una macchina astucciatrice continua." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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Nella tesi viene descritto un metodo per creare una lista ricambi basata su un'analisi statistica. In seguito, utilizzando anche i risultati ottenuti, viene calcolato il Total Cost of Ownership per un gruppo di macchine.
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34

Pflügler, Christoph M. [Verfasser]. "Measuring Purchasing and Supply Management Efficiency : A Complex Event Processing Approach based on Total Cost of Ownership and Activity-based Costing / Christoph M. Pflügler." Aachen : Shaker, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1067735097/34.

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35

Caetano, Rogério Diógenes. "Processo de aquisições na gestão pública brasileira: um estudo à luz do conceito do custo total de propriedade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-27092018-142705/.

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O setor público brasileiro passa por momentos de desenvolvimento em sua forma de gestão, objetivando maior aproximação com as técnicas de gestão do setor privado, que utilizam métodos e conceitos mais eficientes. Esta pesquisa utilizou o conceito do Custo Total de Propriedade - CTP (Total Cost of Ownership, traduzido do inglês) como forma de aprimorar o processo de aquisições de bens duráveis, no caso, veículos, que atualmente é pautado na Lei de Licitações (Lei 8.666 de 1993), que possui o menor preço como critério de decisão de compra. Baseado no CTP, o preço de aquisição é apenas uma variável de custo a ser analisado durante o processo de compra, devendo também haver análise dos custos pós-aquisição e de descarte, fatores que não estão formalizados no processo de aquisição atual e tampouco existem no momento do pregão. Esse conceito traz a definição de compra mais vantajosa, como aquela que possui o menor CTP e não apenas o menor preço de aquisição; portanto, objetiva-se investigar quais aspectos seriam impactados com a aplicação prática do conceito de CTP no fluxo de aquisição de um bem durável em um órgão público. Com isso, a questão a ser respondida é: quais aspectos seriam impactados com a aplicação prática do conceito do Custo Total de Propriedade no fluxo de aquisição de um bem durável em um órgão público. Esta pesquisa se enquadra como qualitativa, com aplicação de questionário semiestruturado aos atores responsáveis pelo processo licitatório da Prefeitura de Franco da Rocha - SP, para: (i) formalizar o atual fluxo de aquisições de veículos; (ii) entender sua percepção sobre aplicação do CTP no processo; e ainda (iii) captar as possíveis variáveis de custo a serem mensuradas na realidade daquela municipalidade. Para fins de validação de informações, foram coletados dados com análise documental de editais de licitações de compras de veículos de 2013 a 2016, sendo necessárias também para composição do exercício de mensuração do CTP. Foram utilizadas as variáveis extraídas das respostas dos entrevistados e sugeriu-se a utilização de novas variáveis para que o cálculo se tornasse mais amplo. Com relação aos resultados, foi possível observar que os aspectos impactados com a aplicação do CTP no processo de aquisição foram: (i) melhora da descrição técnica do bem na etapa inicial realizada pelo solicitante do bem, permeando itens que viabilizem o CTP e que possam influenciar positivamente a qualidade dos bens; e (ii) acurácia na projeção de custos pós-aquisição para atendimento da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal - LRF. Espera-se que haja desenvolvimento das técnicas de gestão de compras em órgãos públicos com uso eficiente dos recursos públicos no que diz respeito aos custos com aquisições, além de demonstrar de forma didática o cálculo e algumas variáveis de custos que podem ser padronizadas no processo de aquisições.
The Brazilian public sector is going through a period of development on its management form, aiming greater approximation with the private sector management techniques, which use more efficient methods and concepts. This research used the concept of TCO - Total Cost of Ownership to improve the process of durable goods acquisition, in this case, vehicles, nowadays grounded by the Brazilian Bidding Law (Law 8.666 of 1993), which has the lowest price as criteria for purchase decision. Based on the TCO, the acquisition price is just a cost variable to be analyzed during the purchase process. There should also be a post-acquisition and disposal cost analysis, factors not formalized in the current acquisition process and neither existing in the trading session. This concept brings the definition of the most advantageous purchase, such as the one that has the lowest TCO and not only the lowest acquisition price; therefore, it aims to investigate which aspects would be impacted by the practical application of the TCO concept in a durable good acquisition flow in a public body. Thus, the question to be answered is which aspects would be impacted by the practical application of the Total Cost of Ownership concept in a durable good acquisition flow in a public body. This research can be classified as qualitative, with the application of a semi-structured questionnaire on the people responsible for the bidding process in the Municipality of Franco da Rocha - SP, to (i) formalize the current flow of vehicles acquisition; (ii) understand their perception of the TCO in the process; and (iii) find possible cost variables to be measured in the reality of that municipality. For purposes of information validation, there were collected data with documentary analysis of the bidding documents for vehicles purchases from 2013 to 2016, also being necessary for the composition of the TCO measurement exercise. Extracted variables from the respondents\' answers were used and it was suggested the application of new variables for the calculation to be broader. Regarding the results, it was possible to observe that the aspects impacted by the TCO application were: (i) improvement of the technical description of the good in the initial stage carried out by the good requestor, permeating items that make the TCO viable and can positively influence the quality of goods; and (ii) accuracy in the projection of post-acquisition costs for compliance with the Fiscal Responsibility Law - LRF. It is expected that there will be a development of the management purchase techniques in public bodies with efficient use of public resources regarding costs acquisitions, as well as demonstrating, in a didactic way, the calculation and some cost variables that can be standardized in the acquisition process.
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36

Mikeš, Zdeněk. "Strategické opatřování informačních a komunikačních technologií v oblasti logistiky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192813.

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The aim of the thesis is to assess current situation on the market of information and communication technologies, especially software systems influencing logistics within companies: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) and then to compare presented description of strategic sourcing with the practice of project management considering the total cost of ownership over the life cycle of supplied ERP.
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37

Manning, James. "A reliability model of a power distribution network with reference to petrochemical and gas-to-liquid plants." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40819.

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The interruption cost for one hour of a petrochemical plant is 33 times higher than that of the average interruption cost for industrial plants across all industries. In addition to the high cost of loss of production, interruptions to the operations of petrochemical and gas-toliquid plants pose safety and environmental hazards. Thus it is necessary to better understand the reliability requirements of petrochemical and gas-to-liquid plants. This study investigated the reliability of electrical distribution networks used in petrochemical and gas-to-liquid plants compared to those used in other industrial plants. A model was developed that can be used to establish the adequacy of the reliability of a distribution network in terms of the components and network topologies used. This model was validated against data that had been collected by the IEEE and applied to an actual petrochemical plant. Over 19 years’ worth of data regarding the trips that have occurred on the distribution network of an existing petrochemical plant was collected and manipulated in order to calculate the reliability indices associated with the equipment used to make up thisRecommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems. The cost of loss of production and the capital costs associated with increased reliability were calculated for a section of the existing petrochemical plant. The reliability associated with different network topologies that could possibly be used to supply power to this section of the plant were modelled using an appropriate software package. The resulting total cost of ownership over the life of the plant associated with each topology was then calculated in order to establish which network topology is the most appropriate for petrochemical and gas-to-liquid plants. It was concluded the components that affect the reliability of an industrial distribution network are different to those that affect a utility distribution network. These components were listed and compared. It was found that the reliability indices that were calculated for the components that affect the reliability of a petrochemical plant were similar to those provided by the IEEE. 17 out of 20 of the indices that were calculated were within the required factor of deviation. Generally the failure rates of components used in petrochemical plants were very similar to those given in the IEEE Gold Book, while the MTTR’s for the components used in petrochemical plants were found to be slightly better than those given in the IEEE Gold Book. The effect of network topology was found to be significant, with small changes in the topology of a network resulting in large variations in the reliability of the network. It was also found that the most appropriate type of network topology to use in the design of the electrical distribution network of a petrochemical plant is the dual radial network. This is the most conservative of the commonly used network topologies and is the one that is currently used in the existing plant that was studied. Due to the high cost of loss of production in petrochemical plants it was established that any incremental improvement in the reliability of the dual radial network would be beneficial to the total cost of ownership of such a plant. Such incremental improvement of the reliability of the distribution network could be cost effectively achieved by adopting a conservative maintenance strategy and the establishment of a conservative spares inventory. Before this study was undertaken, there was no literature around the reliability of electrical distribution networks that focused specifically on petrochemical and gas-to-liquid plants. This study produced a set of reliability indices and a model that electrical engineers can use in the reliability analysis of petrochemical and gas-to-liquid plants. Furthermore it shows that, because the cost of loss of production in petrochemical plants is so high, the most conservative distribution network design and maintenance philosophies should always be used. distribution network. These reliability indices were compared to those given by the IEEE
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
unrestricted
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38

Rieder, Verena [Verfasser], and Peter [Gutachter] Klaus. "Working Capital Controlling. Bewertung alternativer Belieferungsstrategien hinsichtlich ihrer Cashflow-Wirkung auf Basis eines prozess- und wertorientiert ausgerichteten Total Cost of Ownership-Ansatzes am Beispiel der Automobilzulieferindustrie / Verena Rieder ; Gutachter: Peter Klaus." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2017. http://d-nb.info/1130869490/34.

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39

Jiang, Hong. "A System Dynamics Model for Manpower and Technology Implementation Trade-off and Cost Estimation." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5795.

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The U.S. Navy has been confronted with budget cuts and constraints during recent years. This reduction in budget compels the U.S. Navy to limit the number of manpower and personnel to control costs. Reducing the total ownership cost (TOC) has become a major topic of interest for the Navy as plans are made for current and future fleets. According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO, 2003), manpower is the most influential component of determining the life cycle cost of a ship. The vast majority of the TOC is comprised of operating and support (O&S) costs which account for approximately 65 percent of the TOC. Manpower and personnel costs account for approximately 50 percent of O&S costs. This research focused on tradeoff analysis and cost estimation between manpower and new technology implementation. Utilizing concepts from System Dynamics Modeling (SDM), System Dynamics Causal Loop diagrams (CLD) were built to identify major factors when implementing new technology, and then stocks and flows diagrams were developed to estimate manpower cost associated with new technology implementation. The SDM base model reflected an 18 months period for technology implementation, and then compared different technology implementation for different scenarios. This model had been tested by the public data from Department of the Navy (DoN) Budget estimates. The objective of this research was to develop a SDM to estimate manpower cost and technology tradeoff analysis associated with different technology implementations. This research will assist Navy decision makers and program managers when objectively considering the impacts of technology selection on manpower and associated TOC, and will provide managers with a better understanding of hidden costs associated with new technology adoption. Recommendations were made for future study in manpower cost estimation of ship systems. In future studies, one particular type of data should be located to test the model for a specific manpower configuration.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Modeling and Simulation; Engineering
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40

Ho, Van Long, Ebuh Randy Ewane, and Maxime Héaumé. "A CASE STUDY FOR LORAMAX ON SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGY & PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12304.

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Title: A case study for LORAMAX on supply chain strategy & production efficiency.  Limitations: Due to the sensitive nature of the information in this thesis, a non-disclosure agreement was signed, and some data cannot be disclosed.  Background: LORAMAX, the case company for this thesis produces differentiated products on the basis of quality. They are faced with the challenge of making a product that they recently launched, HERO, more competitive in the market. Even though they have chosen a differentiated strategy, the company understands that cost reduction could as well provide them a competitive advantage and is therefore crucial to the survival of the new product.  Research questions:                How can the production cost and lead time be reduced for HERO? How would the choice to either buy pre-assembled modules or manufacture them in-house influence the profit margin of HERO? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to use relevant theories and practical tools in order to help the company identify potential opportunities and areas where to reduce assembly costs and lead-times.  Method: The empirical data used to draw conclusions was collected through a mixed research method (both qualitative and quantitative) carried out on site at LORAMAX with the help of the purchasing and production manager, through interviews, questionnaires and observations. This thesis is written from a positivistic perspective with a deductive approach.  Conclusions: Value Stream Mapping (VSM) and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) are effective tools for cost and lead time reduction and can be used to support a make-or-buy decision. In this thesis, we arrive at the conclusion that LORAMAX will improve its profit margins on HERO if it buys already assembled modules.
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Gabrielsson, Gunilla, and Azadeh Hajiakbar. "En ekonomisk och marknadsmässig utvärdering av vätgasdrivna bränslecellsfordon : Fallstudier inom den svenska transportsektorn." Thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet och industriell dynamik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189582.

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Klimatförändringar och effekterna av global uppvärmning är ett växande problem i världen och anses vara en av vår tids största utmaningar. Idag står Sveriges inrikes transporter av en tredjedel av landets totala växthusgasutsläpp och är i hög grad beroende av fossila drivmedel. För att eftersträva ett hållbart energisystem har politikerna satt upp ett mål om en fossilfri fordonsflotta år 2030. För att uppnå detta mål behöver koldioxidintensiva energikällor gradvis ersättas med renare alternativ. Där har bland andra elfordon och bränslecellsfordon potential att vara nycklar i en sådan teknisk omvandling. Dock finns det många barriärer för att implementera vätgas som drivmedel, däribland de finansiella riskerna kring den stora investeringen i samband med upprättandet av produktion och infrastruktur. Syftet med rapporten har varit att studera om, och på vilket sätt, vätgasdrivna bränslecellsfordon kan bidra till en teknisk omvandling av den svenska transportsektorn. Den ekonomiska ägandekostnaden för fyra utvalda fordonsapplikationer; gaffeltruckar, bussar, distributionsfordon och båtar har studerats för att undersöka vilka som har störst potential att bidra till de vätgasdrivna bränslecellsfordonens genomslag ur ett marknadsmässigt och ekonomiskt perspektiv. Varje fordonsapplikation har jämförts med sina respektive konventionella och/eller miljöanpassade motsvarigheter genom beräkningsmodellen Total Cost of Ownership. Vidare har applicerandet av ett systemperspektiv, med de teoretiska ramverken Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) och Strategic Niche Management (SNM) i fokus, varit värdefullt för förståelsen av vätgasens och bränslecellsfordonens roll i kontexten av ett sociotekniskt system och för att identifiera hur marknadsintroduktionen och diffusionen av dessa ska ske på ett hållbart sätt. Resultaten i denna studie visar på att initiala satsningar på småskaliga projekt inom vätgasdrivna fordonsapplikationer så som gaffeltruckar, bussar, distributionsfordon och båtar har potential att fungera som en katalysator för en framtida introduktion av vätgasdrivna bränslecellsfordon. Sådana projekt skulle inte omedelbart leda till en avsevärd reduktion av koldioxidutsläpp utan snarare hjälpa att bryta barriärerna och underlätta för en framtida marknadsintroduktion av vätgasdrivna bränslecellsfordon i Sverige. Ur ett större perspektiv skulle utvecklingen av vätgasdrivna bränslecellsfordon även uppmuntra till en spridning av andra miljöanpassade alternativ, vilket ytterligare driver fram den tekniska omvandlingen genom positiva feedback-loopar. Då en teknisk omvandling av den svenska transportsektorn kräver en kombination av flera drivmedel och tekniker bör vätgasdrivna bränslecellsfordon betraktas som ett komplement till andra miljöanpassade alternativ, inte en konkurrent. Vidare tyder resultaten på att vätgasdrivna bränslecellstruckar (gaffeltruckar) och bränslecellsbussar kan bli de första applikationerna som introduceras i Sverige via småskaliga implementationsprojekt fram till år 2030 och därefter kommersialiseras. Dessa applikationer har de ekonomiska förutsättningarna som krävs och det finns i dagsläget tydliga drivkrafter och aktörer som verkar för deras utveckling i Sverige. Distributionsfordon med vätgasdrivna räckviddsförlängare finns i Europa och kan, givet att Bonus-malus systemet introduceras, bli ekonomiskt försvarbara i Sverige. Inom båt-applikationen anses pendelfärjor vara lämpliga för enstaka projekt som kan gynna diffusionen av vätgasdrivna bränslecellsfordon, medan deras verkliga genomslag tros bortom 2030. Däremot kan dynamiska effekter i det sociotekniska systemet påskynda utvecklingen applikationerna emellan. Vidare har styrmedel och samordning av infrastruktur och andra strategiska samarbeten identifieras som de viktigaste lösningarna för att få igenom småskaliga implementationsprojekt på kort sikt, och större strukturella förändringar i det svenska transportsystemet på lång sikt. Det bör belysas att nya alternativ så som vätgas och bränslecellsfordon ofta genomgår en långsam marknadsutveckling. Det är därför väsentligt att skapa rimliga förväntningar då det krävs stora förändringar inom infrastrukturen och transportmönster samt betydande teknikutveckling för att dessa ska nå marknadsmässig mognad.
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42

Wirén, Hampus. "Asset Management of Electrical Transportation Systems with Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Ground Support Equipment: Case Study Stockholm Arlanda Airport." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253272.

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We have come a long way in the pursuit of reducing our carbon footprint from our way of living, bycontinuously development of batteries and charging infrastructure for electric vehicles to decrease thedemand for fossil fuels, improving the overall energy efficiency and to increase awareness of the problemto the population. One of the industries, that during the last decades has undergone vast improvements,is the development of the airplane engines due to increased emission regulations, for the aviationindustry, and to reduce the costs of air travel. Despite tighter regulations, global impact from travellingby air is increasing due to the explosive increase in number of travels and travellers. In order to copewith the situation, it is of course necessary to further develop fuel and emission effective airplanes, butalso to study the whole chain of emission sources correlated to the air transport industry. So, whilewaiting for improved airplanes there are well known emission effective technologies that can beimplemented already today – implement electric vehicles as support vehicles at airports.Today, and throughout history, most of the focus of air travel has been on the airplane itself. This thesis,that was carried out at KTH Royal Institute of Technology during late spring and autumn 2018, didinstead study the support vehicles used in airports. In this thesis, a generic economic model wasdeveloped in order to estimate the costs involved when replacing traditionally vehicles to suggestedelectrically propelled alternatives. To test and support the development of an economic model, a casestudy has been carried out at Stockholm Arlanda Airport. This case study included a field study to thementioned airport, and in combination with interviews with former employees from one of the groundhandling companies that are currently active in the airport. Raw data was collected over the equipmentand vehicles currently in use. This data was used to describe the vehicles purpose, requirements and toensure that the alternative electric vehicles proposed would offer at least the same performance as thetraditional vehicles. The developed generic economic model was modulated with five stages thatrepresented a selection of input parameters. The collected data became a result in itself and was used asinput to three concurrent theses.The results from the five stages presents the costs during an investment period of between of one tofifteen years. One of the most significant result could be seen from Stage V. This stage showed that thecombined cost to replace all vehicles currently used, with either all new diesel vehicles or electricalternative vehicles, are lower for electric vehicles than for diesel vehicles. Another significant resultcould be seen from the investigation of Stage IV, Stage IV-B, were the model was modulated to representthe case of replacing a vehicle. The results showed that the Letter and Cargo procedures, that travel thefarthest and has the highest fuel consumption of the investigated vehicles, had negative costs throughthe whole investment period. This means that the expenses will always be lower when these vehicles arereplaced. The model was validated through a sensitivity analysis, performed on the discount rates,depreciation rates and as well as costs for battery replacement during the depreciation period.
Vi har kommit långt i vår strävan att minska vårt koldioxidavtryck genom vårat sätt att leva, genom attkontinuerligt utveckla batterier och laddningsinfrastruktur för elfordon med syftet att minskaefterfrågan på fossila bränslen, förbättra den totala energieffektiviteten och öka befolkningensmedvetenhet om problemet. En av de branscher, som under de senaste decennierna har genomgått storaförbättringar, är utvecklingen av flygplansmotorer och regler för flygplan. Men eftersom antaletflygresenärer fortsätter att öka årligen krävs ytterligare arbete för att förbättra den totala effektivitetenoch minska det negativa globala avtrycket från flygresor. Medan väntan på att morgondagens flygplanska utvecklas så finns det teknik som redan kan appliceras idag – elfordon.I dag, och genom historien, har det mesta av all fokus för flygresor varit på flygplanen själva. Dettaexamensarbete, som genomfördes på KTH, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, under den senare delen avvåren och hösten 2018, utredde istället de fordon som omger ett flygplan, under den tid flygplanet stårstilla på en flygplats. Under denna uppsats utvecklades en generisk ekonomiskmodell, med syftet attestimera kostnaderna att ersätta och använda elfordon istället för de nuvarande fordonen. För attutveckla den ekonomiska modellen genomfördes en fallstudie på Stockholm Arlanda Airport.Fallstudien innehöll en fältundersökning till den nämnda flygplatsen, och i kombination med intervjuermed tidigare anställda från ett av de marktjänstföretag som är verksamma på flygplatsen, insamladesrådata om vilken utrustning och fordon som vid tillfället användes. Denna data användes för att beskrivafordonens syfte, vilka krav som ställs på fordonen. Detta var för att säkerställa att det valda elfordonetkunde utföra uppgiften. Den utvecklade generiska ekonomiska modellen modulerades med fem steg,som representerade vilka indataparametrar som bör väljas. De insamlade uppgifterna blev ett resultat isig och användes som indata till tre samtidiga avhandlingar.Den generiska modellen resultat presenterade kostnaderna från de fem stegen under en varierandeinvesteringsperiod på ett till femton år. Ett av de viktigaste resultaten var från Steg V, som visade attden sammanlagda kostnaden för att ersätta alla de fordon som för närvarande används, med antingenalla nya dieselfordon eller elektriska alternativa fordon, är lägre för elfordon än för dieselfordon. Detandra betydande resultatet kommer från undersökningen av Steg IV, Steg IV-B. I Steg IV-B moduleradesmodellen i syfte att representera scenariot då ett fordon ska ersättas, där Letter och Cargo procedurernavar de som färdades längst och även har den högsta bränsleförbrukningen utav de undersökta fordonen,hade en negativ kostnad under hela investeringslängden. Detta betyder att kostnaderna alltid är lägre,om fordonet ersätts. Modellen har validerats med hjälp utav en känslighetsanalys som utfördes pådiskonteringsräntan, avskrivningssatsen och kostnader för ersättningsbatterier.
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43

Stålbrand, Fredrik. "Supplier Relationship Management in Intelbras Improving quality through buyer-supplier cooperation Fredrik." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17501.

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Competitive forces in today‟s business world are putting firms under pressure to improve quality, delivery performance, and responsiveness while simultaneously reducing cost, which for many companies have resulted in increased outsourcing of activities. Consequently a greater dependency on suppliers‟ performance in terms of quality and delivery service has evolved.Companies are therefore exploring ways to leverage their supply chains, by developing their supply chain structure and continually evaluating the role of suppliers in their activities. As supply chains have evolved, a number of different supply chain structures have emerged, based upon the networks and the level of collaboration between the buyer and supplier. The optimization of a supply chain process has proven to lead inevitably to a growing interdependence among supply chain partners. Treating all suppliers the same is no longer feasible, and a failure to recognize that some suppliers have different needs than others.The research conducted in this thesis was aimed at finding strategies, and approaches of effectively working with supplier relationship management.The empirical study was conducted at Intelbras, a Brazilian electronics manufacturer, which has a large percent of its production outsourced. Intelbras has recently segmented their supply-base into two segments; suppliers of commodity type items and suppliers of critical items. For suppliers of critical items, quality agreements were developed to attend the special needs of selected items.The findings of the research was compared and analyzed with the empirical data, which resulted in a few suggestions of possible future developments for Intelbras.Keywords: Supplier Relationship Management, Strategic Segmentation, Total Cost of Ownership, Buyer-Supplier Cooperation, Quality Agreement
Program: Industriell ekonomi - affärsingenjör
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44

Engholm, Albin. "Driverless trucks in the Swedish freight transport system : An analysis of future impacts on the transport system and the emerging innovation system." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Integrated Transport Research Lab, ITRL, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294580.

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A large-scale introduction of driverless trucks could start taking place during the next decade. While this could bring several economic benefits for freight transport actors and society, it may also change the freight transport system and exacerbate the negative effects of road transport. This thesis aims to increase the understanding of how an introduction of driverless trucks could materialize and impact the freight transport system in Sweden. Two overarching issues are addressed. The first is how freight transport patterns will change due to the impacts of driverless trucks on road transport supply. This is addressed in Paper 1 and Paper 2. The second issue, which is studied in Paper 3, is what factors are shaping the ongoing development towards an introduction of driverless trucks in Sweden. In Paper 1, the impact of driverless trucks on the costs for long-distance road freight transport is studied through a total cost of ownership analysis which shows that driverless trucks could enable cost reductions of around 30%-40% per ton-kilometer. A key determinant of the cost reduction is to what extent reduced driver costs will be offset by other forms of human labor that may be required for driverless truck operations. Other factors, including changes to the truck acquisition cost, have marginal importance. The cost-saving potential provides a strong motivation for freight transport actors to develop and adopt driverless trucks. In Paper 2, the impacts of driverless trucks on road transport demand, utilization of different truck types, modal split, and total logistics costs are studied by using the Swedish national freight transport model Samgods. Two scenario types are studied, one in which driverless trucks substitute manually driven trucks and one where driverless trucks capable of operating between logistics hubs are introduced as a complement to manually driven trucks. The analysis shows that in both scenarios, driverless trucks could reduce total costs for Swedish freight transport in the range of billions of SEK per year. Road transport demand and truck traffic volumes may increase significantly through modal shifts from rail and sea. This could lead to increased societal costs through, for instance, increased CO2 emissions and congestion which are, however, not quantified in the study. In Paper 3, an analysis of the innovation system of driverless trucks based on an interview study with actors involved in the development and introduction of driverless trucks in Sweden is presented. The findings suggest that there are several favorable factors for a successful introduction of driverless trucks, but also that the innovation system is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty related to what infrastructure will be required and available, what business models will be emerging, and which actors will be able to capitalize on the development and which actors that become marginalized in a future with driverless trucks. The findings from this thesis can be of interest for policymakers since it highlights potential benefits and challenges associated with driverless trucks from a transport-system perspective and the provided indicative quantitative estimates on system-level impacts offer a glimpse into a future freight transport system with driverless trucks. Also, the thesis highlights critical challenges for the innovation system of driverless trucks which could guide efforts to improve its performance.
Ett storskaligt införande av förarlösa lastbilar kan komma att inledas under det kommande årtiondet. Detta skulle kunna medföra flera nyttor för transportköpare, transportbolag och samhället i stort men kan också leda till betydande förändringar av godstransportsystemet och ökade negativa effekter från vägtransporter. Syftet med denna avhandling är att öka förståelsen för hur ett införande av förarlösa lastbilar kan ske samt påverka godstransportsystemet i Sverige. Två övergripande frågeställningar studeras. Den första är hur förarlösa lastbilar påverkar utbudet för lastbilstransporter och därigenom förändrar godstransportsystemet. Detta studeras i Artikel 1 och Artikel 2. Den andra frågeställningen är vilka faktorer som påverkar den pågående utvecklingen mot ett införande av förarlösa lastbilar, vilket studeras i Artikel 3. I Artikel 1 görs en analys av hur förarlösa lastbilar kan påverka kostnaden för långväga lastbilstransporter. Denna visar att förarlösa lastbilar kan minska den totala ägandekostnaden med runt 30-40% per tonkilometer jämfört med konventionella lastbilar. Avgörande för hur stor kostnadsbesparingen blir är i vilken utsträckning minskningar i förarkostnader vägs upp av andra lönekostnader som uppstår vid användning av förarlösa lastbilar. Andra faktorer, inklusive förändringar av inköpspriset på lastbilar, har endast marginell påverkan. Den potentiella kostnadsbesparingen utgör ett tydligt motiv för godstransportaktörer att införa förarlösa lastbilar. I Artikel 2 studeras effekterna av förarlösa lastbilar på efterfrågan på lastbilstransporter, användningen av olika lastbilstyper, fördelningen mellan transportslag, och totala transportkostnader. Analysen görs med den svenska nationella godstransportmodellen Samgods och studerar två scenariotyper. I det första scenariot ersätter förarlösa lastbilar hela flottan av konventionella lastbilar. I det andra scenariot införs förarlösa lastbilar som enbart kan köra mellan logistikterminaler som ett komplement till konventionella lastbilar. Analysen visar att förarlösa lastbilar leder till en betydande ökning av efterfrågan på lastbilstransporter till följd av överflyttningfrån sjöfart och järnväg i båda scenarierna. På nationell systemnivå kan förarlösa lastbilar minska de totala kostnaderna för svenska godstransporter i storleksordningen miljarder kronor per år. Åandra sidan kan den betydande ökningen av lastbilstrafik också medföra ökade samhällsekonomiska kostnader, till exempel genom ökade koldioxidutsläpp och trängsel, vilka dock inte kvantifieras i studien. I Artikel 3 presenteras en analys av innovationssystemet för förarlösa lastbilar som bygger på en intervjustudie med aktörer involverade i utvecklingen och införandet av förarlösa lastbilar i Sverige. Resultaten indikerar att det finns flertalet gynnsamma faktorer för ett framgångsrikt införande, samtidigt som innovationssystemet i flera avseenden karakteriseras av en låg mognadsgrad och stora osäkerheter kopplade till infrastrukturfrågor, vilka affärsmodeller som kommer uppstå samt vilka aktörer som kommer gynnas eller missgynnas av utvecklingen. Resultaten från denna avhandling kan vara av intresse för beslutsfattare då de belyser potentiella nyttor och utmaningar med förarlösa lastbilar från ett transportsystemperspektiv och de indikativa systemeffekter som kvantifieras ger en fingervisning om hur ett framtida godstransportsystem med förarlösa lastbilar kan se ut. Avhandlingen belyser också viktiga utmaningar för innovationssystemet för förarlösa lastbilar vilket kan vägleda eventuella ansträngningar för att förbättra det.
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45

Gottwald, Matěj. "Náklady na zabezpečení dat ve firemním prostředí." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191902.

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The thesis focuses on the benefits of company data security in Czech environment calculation based on the additional total cost of ownership for the full disk data encryption and the average expected cost for data breach. In addition to the history of encryption, basics of cryptography, information breach statistics and company data encryption common routine, the theoretical part of the thesis above all introduces the method of company data encryption cost and benefits calculation. Within the practical part of the thesis, each step of the method is customized to match the Czech environment, modified by the organization headcount and applied to three virtual companies. The results are then evaluated, the benefits of data encryption compared by the company size in the Czech environment and also the critical discussion is carried out.
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46

Alfonso, Laguna Carlos de. "Efficient and elastic management of computing infrastructures." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/57187.

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[EN] Modern data centers integrate a lot of computer and electronic devices. However, some reports state that the mean usage of a typical data center is around 50% of its peak capacity, and the mean usage of each server is between 10% and 50%. A lot of energy is destined to power on computer hardware that most of the time remains idle. Therefore, it would be possible to save energy simply by powering off those parts from the data center that are not actually used, and powering them on again as they are needed. Most data centers have computing clusters that are used for intensive computing, recently evolving towards an on-premises Cloud service model. Despite the use of low consuming components, higher energy savings can be achieved by dynamically adapting the system to the actual workload. The main approach in this case is the usage of energy saving criteria for scheduling the jobs or the virtual machines into the working nodes. The aim is to power off idle servers automatically. But it is necessary to schedule the power management of the servers in order to minimize the impact on the end users and their applications. The objective of this thesis is the elastic and efficient management of cluster infrastructures, with the aim of reducing the costs associated to idle components. This objective is addressed by automating the power management of the working nodes in a computing cluster, and also proactive stimulating the load distribution to achieve idle resources that could be powered off by means of memory overcommitment and live migration of virtual machines. Moreover, this automation is of interest for virtual clusters, as they also suffer from the same problems. While in physical clusters idle working nodes waste energy, in the case of virtual clusters that are built from virtual machines, the idle working nodes can waste money in commercial Clouds or computational resources in an on-premises Cloud.
[ES] En los Centros de Procesos de Datos (CPD) existe una gran concentración de dispositivos informáticos y de equipamiento electrónico. Sin embargo, algunos estudios han mostrado que la utilización media de los CPD está en torno al 50%, y que la utilización media de los servidores se encuentra entre el 10% y el 50%. Estos datos evidencian que existe una gran cantidad de energía destinada a alimentar equipamiento ocioso, y que podríamos conseguir un ahorro energético simplemente apagando los componentes que no se estén utilizando. En muchos CPD suele haber clusters de computadores que se utilizan para computación de altas prestaciones y para la creación de Clouds privados. Si bien se ha tratado de ahorrar energía utilizando componentes de bajo consumo, también es posible conseguirlo adaptando los sistemas a la carga de trabajo en cada momento. En los últimos años han surgido trabajos que investigan la aplicación de criterios energéticos a la hora de seleccionar en qué servidor, de entre los que forman un cluster, se debe ejecutar un trabajo o alojar una máquina virtual. En muchos casos se trata de conseguir equipos ociosos que puedan ser apagados, pero habitualmente se asume que dicho apagado se hace de forma automática, y que los equipos se encienden de nuevo cuando son necesarios. Sin embargo, es necesario hacer una planificación de encendido y apagado de máquinas para minimizar el impacto en el usuario final. En esta tesis nos planteamos la gestión elástica y eficiente de infrastructuras de cálculo tipo cluster, con el objetivo de reducir los costes asociados a los componentes ociosos. Para abordar este problema nos planteamos la automatización del encendido y apagado de máquinas en los clusters, así como la aplicación de técnicas de migración en vivo y de sobreaprovisionamiento de memoria para estimular la obtención de equipos ociosos que puedan ser apagados. Además, esta automatización es de interés para los clusters virtuales, puesto que también sufren el problema de los componentes ociosos, sólo que en este caso están compuestos por, en lugar de equipos físicos que gastan energía, por máquinas virtuales que gastan dinero en un proveedor Cloud comercial o recursos en un Cloud privado.
[CAT] En els Centres de Processament de Dades (CPD) hi ha una gran concentració de dispositius informàtics i d'equipament electrònic. No obstant això, alguns estudis han mostrat que la utilització mitjana dels CPD està entorn del 50%, i que la utilització mitjana dels servidors es troba entre el 10% i el 50%. Estes dades evidencien que hi ha una gran quantitat d'energia destinada a alimentar equipament ociós, i que podríem aconseguir un estalvi energètic simplement apagant els components que no s'estiguen utilitzant. En molts CPD sol haver-hi clusters de computadors que s'utilitzen per a computació d'altes prestacions i per a la creació de Clouds privats. Si bé s'ha tractat d'estalviar energia utilitzant components de baix consum, també és possible aconseguir-ho adaptant els sistemes a la càrrega de treball en cada moment. En els últims anys han sorgit treballs que investiguen l'aplicació de criteris energètics a l'hora de seleccionar en quin servidor, d'entre els que formen un cluster, s'ha d'executar un treball o allotjar una màquina virtual. En molts casos es tracta d'aconseguir equips ociosos que puguen ser apagats, però habitualment s'assumix que l'apagat es fa de forma automàtica, i que els equips s'encenen novament quan són necessaris. No obstant això, és necessari fer una planificació d'encesa i apagat de màquines per a minimitzar l'impacte en l'usuari final. En esta tesi ens plantegem la gestió elàstica i eficient d'infrastructuras de càlcul tipus cluster, amb l'objectiu de reduir els costos associats als components ociosos. Per a abordar este problema ens plantegem l'automatització de l'encesa i apagat de màquines en els clusters, així com l'aplicació de tècniques de migració en viu i de sobreaprovisionament de memòria per a estimular l'obtenció d'equips ociosos que puguen ser apagats. A més, esta automatització és d'interés per als clusters virtuals, ja que també patixen el problema dels components ociosos, encara que en este cas estan compostos per, en compte d'equips físics que gasten energia, per màquines virtuals que gasten diners en un proveïdor Cloud comercial o recursos en un Cloud privat.
Alfonso Laguna, CD. (2015). Efficient and elastic management of computing infrastructures [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/57187
TESIS
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47

Andersson, Felicia, and Amanda Folke. "Utveckling av metoden kunddrivet inköp : Inkludering av egentillverkade artiklar." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Industriell organisation och produktion, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-31005.

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Syfte – Studiens syfte var att utveckla KDI-metoden till att även inkludera egentillverkade artiklar. För att kunna uppfylla syftet har det brutits ned i tre frågeställningar: Vilka data och analysverktyg i KDI-metoden berör egentillverkade artiklar? Vilka verktyg bör tillkomma i fas två för att kunna analysera egentillverkade artiklar? Vilken ytterligare data bör tillkomma i fas ett för att kunna inkludera egentillverkade artiklar? Metod – Tillvägagångssättet för studien innefattade en litteraturstudie, en fallstudie samt en analytisk konceptuell ansats. För att besvara den första frågeställningen genomfördes fallstudien innehållande intervjuer, observationer samt dokumentstudier på fallföretaget Kinnarps, Skillingaryd. Insamlad data tolkades och analyserades i förhållande till ett teoretiskt ramverk som genererade ett resultat. För att besvara den andra och tredje frågeställningen genomfördes en analytisk konceptuell ansats utifrån tidigare framtagna teorier som senare sammanställdes i en modell. Resultat – Steg ett till fyra i fas ett samt steg sju och åtta i fas två i KDI-metoden berör egentillverkade artiklar. En modell för inkludering av egentillverkade artiklar skapades där det framgår vilka analysverktyg samt data som bör undersökas. De verktyg som tagits fram baseras på teorier kring bland annat värdeflödeskartläggning, materialhantering och modell för make-or-buy beslut. Utifrån dessa verktyg kunde det tolkas vilka data som bör tillkomma för egentillverkade artiklar. Implikationer – I denna studie framgår det att ingen ny litteratur har upprättats utan kombinationer av redan existerande teorier presenteras. Teorin kring KDI-metoden skulle kunna förändras utifrån det sidoresultat som presenteras i examensarbetets sjunde kapitel. Verksamheter som applicerar KDT-metoden skulle kunna öka kunskapen för KDT och därmed förbättra verksamheten internt. Metoden hjälper även till vid analys för både externa och interna flöden. Begränsningar – KDI-metoden är i nuläget relativt ny och ej testad utanför det kontext som den är utformad för. Detta har resulterat i att författarna ej har kunnat styrka denna litteratur utifrån andra forskare. Fokus har legat på att finna teorier till kunddriven tillverkning kring värdeflödeskartläggning, materialhantering med mera. Önskvärt hade varit att genomföra ytterligare litteraturstudier för att finna lämpliga utvecklingsområden. Nyckelord – KDI-metoden, materialhantering, SWOT-analys, försörjningskedja, värdeflödeskartläggning, produktionslayout.
Purpose – The purpose of the study was to develop the CDP-method to include also manufacturing items. In order to help answering the purpose, three questions have been defined: Which data and analytical tools in the CDP-method affect manufactured items? Which tools should be added in the second phase in order to analyse manufactured items? Which additional data should be included in the first phase in order to include manufactured items? Method – The procedure for the study contain a literature study, case study and an analytical conceptual approach. In order to answer the first question, a case study was performed with interviews, observations and document studies at Kinnarps, Skillingaryd. The received data were interpret and analysed in relation to the theoretical framework that generated a result. In order to answer the second and third question, an analytical conceptual approach were conducted from previous theories that later was compiled in a model. Findings – Step one to four in the first phase and step seven and eight in the second phase of the CDP-method affect manufactured items. A model for included manufactured items has been created where analytical tools and data are presented that should be investigated. The tools that are introduced are based on theories within value stream mapping, material handling and a model for make-or-buy-decision. Based on these tools, it could be interpreted which data that should be created for manufactured items. Implications – It appears in this study that no new literature has been created but combinations of already existed theories are presented. The theory within the CDP- method could be changed from results that were founded when the CDP-method was applied at the case company. This is presented in the bachelor thesis seventh chapter. Companies that apply the CDM-method could increase the knowledge for customer driven manufacturing and improve the company internally. The method also assists when analysing both external and internal flows. Limitations – Today the CDP-method is relative new and not applied outside the context that it is designed for. One result of this is that the authors have not confirmed these literatures by other researcher. The focus has been to find theories to customer driven manufacturing within value stream mapping material handling and so on. It would have been desirable if additional literature studies could be performed in order to find appropriate development areas. Keywords – CDP-method, material handling, SWOT-analysis, supply chain, make- or-buy analysis, value stream mapping, production layout, total cost of ownership.
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48

GORDOS, PYGMALION-ALEXANDROS, and JONAS BULOVAS. "The importance of supplier information quality in purchasing of transport services." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Marknadsföring och Entreprenörskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236510.

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An important prerequisite for successful supply chain integration is the ability to convert data into information combined with structured storing and sharing processes. The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate potential relation between supplier data quality and performance of purchasing of transport services. The output of the thesis generates evidence about the imperative to emphasize on the supplier data quality throughout the supplier selection process. A supplier data quality assessment framework consisting of 4 dimensions - ease of manipulation, accessibility, accuracy and completeness, is developed as the core product of this research project. The weights of these dimensions were assigned specifically for the case company - Cramo, to determine the quality score for a selected sample of carriers. A coefficient k1 representing the ratio of transport expenditure over sales was introduced to facilitate the identification of relation between supplier data quality and transport expenditure. Business units served by transport companies with higher quality data displayed a lower k1, consequently, paying less for the transport services in comparison to their revenue than business units served by carriers with lower data quality score. The framework developed is adaptable - dimensions and metrics can be added or excluded according to situational factors and case peculiarities. The application of the supplier data quality assessment framework allows for a more objective and streamlined supplier selection. It stresses on the overall costs experienced during the period of cooperation. The finding regarding the importance of supplier data quality in purchasing of transport services can be nonetheless generalized for other cases when companies strive for achieving better informed strategic decisions.
En viktig förutsättning för framgångsrik integration av leverantörskedjor ligger i förmågan att omvandla data till information, kombinerat med en strukturerad lagrings- och delningsprocess. Syftet med denna masteruppsats är att undersöka potentiell relation mellan leverantörers datakvalitet och hur effektivt inköpet av transporttjänsterna är. Utfallet av uppsatsen understryker vikten av att beakta leverantörers datakvalitet i alla delar av en upphandling. Som produkt av denna uppsats har en utvärderingsmall för leverantörers datakvalitet utvecklats. Den består av fyra dimensioner – Hanterbarhet, tillgänglighet, noggrannhet samt fullständighet. De olika dimensionerna är viktade specifikt för det studerade företaget – Cramo, för att fastslå kvalitetsindex för ett urval av deras transportörer. En koefficient - k1- infördes för att representera förhållandet mellan transportkostnad och försäljning. Detta för att underlätta identifieringen av potentiell relation mellan datakvalitet och transportkostnad. Depåer vars transportörer kunde uppvisa en högre datakvalitet hade ett lägre koefficientvärde (k1). Alltså fanns ett samband mellan hög datakvalitet och lägre transportkostnad i förhållande till försäljning. Den utvecklade bedömningsmallen är anpassningsbar – dimensioner och mått kan enkelt adderas eller elimineras utifrån rådande omständigheter i varje fall. Bedömningsmallen ger möjlighet till en mer objektiv och harmoniserad leverantörsbedömning. Mallen understryker även vikten av att beakta den totala kostnaden under avtalstiden. Kunskapen från denna uppsats kring vikten av datakvalitet gällande just transportinköp kan även generaliseras till andra fall där företag strävar mot bättre informerade strategiska beslut.
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49

Basma, Hussein. "Energy management strategies for battery electric bus fleet." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://thesesprivees.mines-paristech.fr/2020/2020UPSLM036_archivage.pdf.

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Les bus électriques à batterie (BEB) représentent une solution prometteuse pour remplacer les flottes de bus diesel actuelles consommant des énergies fossiles grâce à leur efficacité énergétique élevée et à leur potentiel de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et à l’absence d’émissions de polluants atmosphériques locaux. Cependant, cette technologie doit faire face à plusieurs défis, en particulier le coût total de possession (TCO) élevé et des contraintes opérationnelles comme l’autonomie des bus, le temps et le lieu de recharge. Cette thèse présente une méthodologie systématique qui vise à développer des solutions pour surmonter ces défis en fournissant un dimensionnement des batteries et une stratégie de recharge optimales pour les BEB. D'abord, un modèle énergétique multi-physique de bus est développé pour évaluer ses besoins énergétiques en prenant en considération ses différents systèmes énergétiques. Ensuite, la consommation d'énergie du bus est évaluée dans plusieurs conditions de fonctionnement afin de quantifier sa consommation d'énergie réelle. Un modèle techno-économique d'une ligne de bus est développé afin d'évaluer l'impact des différentes stratégies de dimensionnement et de recharge des batteries sur les coûts et le fonctionnement du BEB. Ensuite, un modèle TCO est introduit en tenant compte les coûts unitaires BEB, les coûts d'achat et de remplacement des batteries, les coûts d'électricité, les coûts d'infrastructure et de maintenance. L'analyse des résultats d’un cas d’étude à Paris souligne les compromis entre le TCO et les perturbations et les retards des horaires du BEB en fonction des différentes tailles de batterie et stratégies de recharge. Enfin, une méthodologie minimisant le TCO est proposée en déterminant un dimensionnement des batteries et une stratégie de recharge optimales pour la flotte de BEB tout en garantissant l'absence de perturbation des horaires ou des interruptions du service. Elle repose sur une optimisation en deux étapes qui utilise à la fois la programmation dynamique et un algorithme génétique. Les résultats montrent que la méthodologie proposée pourrait réduire le TCO du BEB entre 15-25% par rapport aux approches actuellement adoptées
Initiatives to decrease emissions from the transport sector are increasing worldwide by seeking alternative technologies to replace oil-based mobility. Battery Electric Buses (BEB) present a promising solution thanks to their high energy efficiency, low greenhouse gas emissions and the absence of local pollutant emissions. However, this technology still faces many challenges, especially its high total cost of ownership (TCO) and other operational factors such as the limited bus driving range, the high energy refueling time, and the required charging technologies and strategies. In this context, this thesis presents a systematic methodology that aims at developing solutions to help overcoming these challenges by providing optimal battery sizing and charging strategy for BEB. First, a comprehensive multi-physical bus energy model is developed to evaluate its energy needs considering all the energy systems encountered within. The energy consumption of the bus is then evaluated at a variety of operating conditions. Then, a techno-economic model of an entire bus line is developed in order to assess the impact of different battery sizing and charging strategies on the costs and operation of BEB. A TCO model is introduced considering the BEB unit costs, battery purchase and replacement costs, energy and power costs, infrastructure, and maintenance costs. A case study in Paris city is presented and the analysis reveals the resulting tradeoff between the TCO and BEB schedule disruptions and delays as function of different battery sizes and charging strategies. A methodology to minimize the TCO of BEB deployment is presented providing the optimal battery sizing and charging strategy for BEB, while respecting the BEB operation constraints. The methodology is a 2-step optimization algorithm that utilizes both Dynamic programming and Genetic Algorithm optimization routines. The results show that the proposed methodology could reduce the BEB TCO between 15-25% compared to the currently adopted approaches to deploy BEB
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50

Isak, Eklöv. "Energieffektivisering inom transportsektorn : En fallstudie på ett företagsfordonspark." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-435080.

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Energy efficiency within the transport sector - A case study on the vehicle fleet of a companyIsak EklövThe environmental objective of zero net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2045 asdecided by the Swedish parliament establishes a framework for a standard thatimplies a demand for considerable changes within many sectors at both technical and political level. The need for long term efficiency solutions with respect tosustainability to be able to reach this goal is great and one step towards this couldpotentially be an adaption to an increased amount of vehicles with alternative fuelsin the vehicle fleet of Sweden. This thesis examined the potential for companiesto reduce their life-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases as well as the total cost ofownership (TCO) for their vehicles by changing the composition of their vehiclefleet.The project started with a literature review of a general character where data forlife-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases as well as TCO for different vehicle typeswas examined and collected. Then the life-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases andTCO were calculated for the different vehicle types through a case study on thevehicle fleet of a company. Finally a programming script was developed to increasethe efficiency of the process which was then used to create scenarios with differentcompositions of the vehicle fleet. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out to evaluate the robustness of the life cycle calculations where the parameters individuallywere altered and the effect on the final result was examined.The result of the case study showed that alternative fueled vehicles are expected tolead to lower life-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases compared to the conventionalalternatives for all vehicle types where alternative fuels are commercially available.The only exception for this was the electric fringe benefit vehicle with a 100 kWhbattery which was expected to lead to higher life-cycle emissions than its fossilalternatives. The result of the cost analysis showed a similar pattern but in thiscase the service vehicle fueled with gas was expected to lead to a higher value ofTCO than its fossil alternatives. The sensitivity analysis for life-cycle emissionsof greenhouse gases showed that production of lithium-ion batteries, vehicle base production and tailpipe emissions were the most contributing parameters forfringe benefit vehicles. The purchase cost was found to be the most contributingparameter for TCO.The result of the scenario analysis showed that there is a potential to decreaseiiilife-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases by 22 % of the total life-cycle emissionsfor the vehicle fleet according to the Base-case scenario. The potential to decreaseTCO was found to be 1,1 %. The other scenarios showed a potential decrease forlife-cycle emissions of 37 % and a cost decrease of 7 % individually.Key words: greenhouse gas emissions, alternative fuels, electric vehicles, totalcost of ownership, life cycle assessment, sustainable vehicle fleet
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