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Zeibig, Stefan. "Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)." Controlling 17, no. 11 (2005): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0935-0381-2005-11-691.
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Morssinkhof, S., L. Warlop, and M. Wouters. "Total Cost of Ownership en samenwerking tussen organisaties." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 79, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.79.21833.
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Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is een benadering die vraagt om een relatie tussen ondernemingen die elkaar met open vizier benaderen. De bruikbaarheid van TCOinformatie is grotendeels afhankelijk van de bereidheid van ondernemingen om informatie uit te wisselen. De auteurs bespreken het concept TCO op basis van de literatuur en gaan in op vier aspecten van de toepassing van TCO: In hoeverre worden ‘technische’ attributen van inkoopalternatieven vertaald naar economische gevolgen? Worden alleen kosten, of ook ontvangsten die samenhangen met inkoopalternatieven in beschouwing genomen? Heeft de analyse betrekking op economische gevolgen voor één partij of voor een keten van samenwerkende bedrijven? Dient een TCO-berekening voor analyse, of wordt ze ook onderdeel van de contractuele afspraken tussen bedrijven? Vervolgens worden implicaties voor onderzoek besproken.
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Wouters, M. "Welke factoren dragen bij aan de invoering van total cost of ownership?" Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 83, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.83.21882.
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Samenwerking tussen bedrijven die een klant-leverancierrelatie hebben, kan worden ondersteund door betere kosteninformatie. Dit artikel gaat over total cost of ownership (TCO) informatie ten behoeve van inkoopbeslissingen. TCO-informatie heeft betrekking op inkoopgerelateerde kosten naast de aanschafprijs. Bijvoorbeeld: een machine kan duurder zijn bij aanschaf, maar lagere kosten voor energieverbruik en onderhoud veroorzaken. Het concept TCO wordt besproken en een structureel model met acht factoren die bijdragen aan de invoering van TCO wordt empirisch geschat. Daarna wordt kort stilgestaan bij inkoopbeslissingen tijdens productontwikkeling en bij het gebruik van TCO voor marketing.
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Han, Yan. "Cloud Computing: Case Studies and Total Cost of Ownership." Information Technology and Libraries 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ital.v30i4.1871.
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This paper consists of four major sections: The first section is a literature review of cloud computing and a cost model. The next section focuses on detailed overviews of cloud computing and its levels of services: SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS. Major cloud computing providers are introduced, including Amazon Web Services (AWS),<br />Microsoft Azure, and Google App Engine. Finally, case studies of implementing web applications on IaaS and PaaS using AWS, Linode and Google AppEngine are demonstrated. Justifications of running on an IaaS provider (AWS) and running on a PaaS provider (Google AppEngine) are described. The last section discusses costs and technology analysis comparing cloud computing with local managed storage and servers. The total costs of ownership (TCO) of an AWS small instance are significantly<br />lower, but the TCO of a typical 10TB space in Amazon S3 are<br />significantly higher. Since Amazon offers lower storage pricing for huge amounts of data, the TCO might be lower. Readers should do their own analysis on the TCOs.
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Bliedy, Doaa, Sherif Mazen, and Ehab Ezzat. "Datacentre Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Models : A Survey." International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications 8, no. 2/3/4 (August 30, 2018): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcsea.2018.8404.
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Efremov, Alexander М., Zufar I. Sadriev, Vladimir V. Nikitin, Ivan V. Kalinin, and Vladimir S. Vlasov. "Total cost of ownership as a base of Transneft fleet operation." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION 10, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2020-10-1-84-95.
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Total cost of ownership (TCO) accounting is a brand new optimization process aimed at gaining overall investment and maintenance benefit which is being first applied in Transneft to vehicles and heavy equipment. Commonly fleet renewal and model choice decisions are built on outdated technical standards, personal experience or declared properties, however such way cannot provide an objective result in a modern condition of engineering. IT development in vehicles and heavy equipment monitoring allows accumulating primary data on the operation of each technical unit. Transneft has worked out the methodology of AV annual TCO calculating and analysis to describe the procedure and methods of applying the primary data to AV annual TCO calculating, optimal equipment lifetime determination and models comparison. The authors of this paper have developed the methodology based on the identification of primary data correspondence to different intervals of the same model lifetime using a Big data logic and further operating cash flow long-term forecasting for each model. Forecasting process is selected between averaging, linear extrapolation and probabilistic model based on reliability theory methods. AV annual TCO is calculated by applying equivalent annual annuity to the overall lifetime cash flow. Optimal equipment lifetime is calculated in correspondence to the minimum AV annual TCO. Models are compared by the AV annual TCO corresponded to optimal equipment lifetime. AV annual TCO calculating and analysis provides a whole new level of optimal equipment lifetime determination based on overall investment and maintenance benefit and models overall lifetime costs comparison. Thus we have a mathematical founded answer to the questions «How often to renew the fleet?» and «Which model to choose?».
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McConalogue, Eoghan, Paul Davis, and Regina Connolly. "Health Technology Assessment: The Role of Total Cost of Ownership." Business Systems Research Journal 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2019-0013.
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Abstract Background: Recently the European Union, through its Horizon 2020 fund has awarded numerous research projects tasked with the development of cloud-based health technology solutions. A number of these projects have a specific focus on ambient assisted living (AAL) technologies; solutions that offer a unique opportunity to improve the quality of life of persons with mild cognitive impairments. The diffusion of these solutions across a European wide cloud infrastructure presents a novel opportunity to reduce economic pressures currently experienced by European health systems. However, no route to market framework currently exists for a European wide healthcare delivery system. Objectives: The goal of the paper is to conduct the review and develop the literature around technology assessment for AAL technologies and route to market frameworks. Methods/Approach: We highlight the role of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) when conducting a technology assessment by reviewing existent literature. Results: We discuss three TCO models that can support the assessment of AAL technologies. Conclusions: There is a gap in the analysis of TCO models in the context of AAL technologies particularly in public and private sector collaborations. TCO process should be developed into a key award criterion when conducting AAL technology assessment and procurements, thus aiding long term strategic decision making.
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Ajay Ahuja and Vinayshil Gautam. "Towards Cost Effective Data Centers." Journal of Technology Management for Growing Economies 3, no. 2 (October 29, 2012): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jtmge.2012.32009.
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Data Centers are sub organizations within an IT organization and form an integral part of e-enabled services infrastructure. Their effectiveness is essential for effectiveness of overall IT organization leading to efficient and effective delivery of e-services. Data Center organizations aim for Organizational Effectiveness. Many factors and measures can contribute to Organizational Effectiveness of Data Centers. This paper presents some of the findings from a research study on “Select aspects of Organizational Effectiveness of Data Centers”. As an outcome of this study, amongst other measures, Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) was derived as a critical measure for effective Data Centers. Lower TCO leads to cost effective Data Centers, leading to overall effectiveness. In this paper, we briefly introduce various measures of Data Centers’ Organizational Effectiveness and present a detailed analysis of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) as a key measure of Data Centers’ Organizational Effectiveness. We also present various factors contributing to reduced TCO and a comparison between the factors contributing to TCO for Government and Corporate Data Centers.
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Bacchetti, Andrea, Stefano Bonetti, Marco Perona, and Nicola Saccani. "Investment and Management Decisions in Aluminium Melting: A Total Cost of Ownership Model and Practical Applications." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 3342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093342.
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The well-established Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) concept has been applied to several durable goods industries, including machinery. However, none of the existing TCO models explicitly focus on such highly energy-intensive equipment as metal melting furnaces. In this paper, an application of the TCO concept to aluminium melting furnaces is explored. A TCO model is created and tested through seven case studies in the aluminium die casting industry. Results indicate that the capital expenditure (CAPEX) incurred by the sample companies accounts for only 3–5% of a furnace TCO. Moreover, the melting technology implemented in the furnace highly impacts its TCO, as both the furnace’s thermal efficiency and melting loss (i.e., the fraction of aluminium burnt during the melting process) significantly affect the costs incurred. Moreover, the sample furnaces’ cost effectiveness clearly relies on scale. This evaluation leads to identify technological and managerial levers to reduce a furnace TCO, e.g., by adopting energy-efficient furnaces and by installing centralized, large-sized furnaces to pursue scale economies.
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Stähr, T., and G. Prof Lanza. "Ausfallanalyse von Werkzeugmaschinen*/A reliability analysis of machine tools - Total Cost of Ownership 2.0 in relation to the application." wt Werkstattstechnik online 107, no. 07-08 (2017): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2017-07-08-31.
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Realitätsnahe Lebensdauerprognosen sind für eine ganzheitliche, betriebswirtschaftliche Kostenbetrachtung sehr wichtig. Wirtschaft und Forschung bemühen sich seit Langem, die Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) von Werkzeugmaschinen zu berücksichtigen. Eine Umfrage unter Herstellern und Betreibern von Werkzeugmaschinen analysiert Verbreitung, erwartete Potentiale sowie Hemmnisse von TCO-Betrachtungen. Anhand der Anforderungen der Branche wurde ein Modell mit Fokus auf der belastungsabhängigen Beschreibung des Ausfallverhaltens von Maschinen und Anlagen entwickelt, das in bestehende Standards eingebettet werden kann. A realistic lifetime prediction is highly valued in a holistic economic cost consideration. For years, industry and research have endeavored to consider the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of a machine tool. A survey of manufacturers and operators of machine tools analyzes distribution, expected potential and obstacles of TCO. Based on the identified requirements, a model that can be integrated into existing standards has been developed. It focuses on failure behavior of machines and plants, taking stresses into account.
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Jasilionienė, Regina, and Rima Tamošiūnienė. "EVALUATION OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP SYSTEM EFFICIENCY: APPLYING OF TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP APPROACH." Journal of Business Economics and Management 10, no. 4 (December 31, 2009): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1611-1699.2009.10.343-347.
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Calculating total cost of ownership (TCO) and benefits, building a business case and applying financial measurement methodologies help a company make right customer relationship system for investments solution and build compelling justification for its customer relationship system project. In addition, ongoing measurement of customer relationship system (CRS ) benefits ensures that an enterprise receives expected advantages and achieves strategic objectives. In this paper peculiarities of TCO economic efficiency are analysed. Evaluation method application when developing, using and expanding CRS is being considered, strengths and weaknesses of cost-oriented approach are discussed. Authors present and interpret their empirical research results.
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Emilia Szumska, Rafal Jurecki, and Marek Pawelczyk. "Assessment of Total Costs of Ownership for Midsize Passenger Cars with Conventional and Alternative Drive Trains." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 21, no. 3 (August 15, 2019): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2019.3.21-27.
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The number of alternatively powered vehicles in Poland and EU is growing steadily. Different type of vehicle drive trains determine variations in their performances from economical and environmental technological aspects. The aim of this paper was to investigate the cost efficiency and environmental aspects of midsize passenger cars equipped with different drive train technologies: conventional, hybrid, electric and LPG fueled engine. To this purpose, the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) method was used. Calculations were carried out by AFLEET Tool. The results show that the LPG fueled car has the lowest TCO, while the cars equipped with electric drivetrain indicate the highest TCO. However the electric car recorded the lowest cost of air pollutant emissions and externalities costs.
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Lee, Seunghoon, Young Hoon Lee, and Yongho Choi. "Project Portfolio Selection Considering Total Cost of Ownership in the Automobile Industry." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 23, 2019): 4586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174586.
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Project portfolio selection for developing a new product is critical to a company because the attributes of the project reflect on the price, quality, and functionality of the developed product. The market evaluates the developed product and the assessment of the product value determines its sale on the market. The project portfolio selection and sales are interconnected from a corporate perspective. The automobile industry is an industry which responds to the issue of business sustainability sensitively because their business directly relates to the environment. In this study, business sustainability was approached through the perspective of total cost of ownership (TCO) embedded into the project selection model after the attributes of the project, investment and efficiency, and the TCO of the product were combined to generate a sales function. The sales and revenue models were proposed, and the validity of the models was confirmed using a case from the automobile industry. As a result of the experiments, the sales model tended to show that the market share increased by selecting the proper number of projects to maximize sales. In contrast, the revenue model showed a tendency to select projects more than the sales model in order to maximize the profits of the company. By suggesting project selection models in a new perspective different from the ones in existing studies, this study is valuable with regard to the fact that the suggested models preserve project interrelationships, TCO, and product sales in a practical manner to enhance business sustainability.
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Lebeau, Philippe, Cathy Macharis, and Joeri Van Mierlo. "How to Improve the Total Cost of Ownership of Electric Vehicles: An Analysis of the Light Commercial Vehicle Segment." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040090.
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This paper analyses how the total cost of ownership (TCO) of electric light commercial vehicles change with the number of kilometers driven, the period of ownership, the residual value of the battery, and different fiscal incentives, as well as a kilometer charging scheme. This paper demonstrates that a kilometer-based charge and reduced fiscal incentives for conventional vans can drastically improve the TCO of electric commercial light duty vehicles. Second life applications for batteries could also have a strong impact on the TCO of electric vans as they could retrieve a better residual value. Finally, the paper shows that the TCO of electric vans can be optimized based on its usage. These are important findings given the ambitious objective of carbon free city logistics by 2030. Adoption of electric vans remains very low and this paper offers an up to date analysis to stimulate the electrification of light commercial vehicles, a segment that is growing fast in city logistics.
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Lee, Joosung, and Yeongmin Kwon. "Analyzing Factors of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Adoption Using Total Cost of Ownership." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 65 (May 25, 2020): 606–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.606.614.
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Around 20% of total greenhouse gas emissions occur in transportation, 85% of which takes place in road traffics. Environmentally friendly vehicles are a transport type which has less environment impacts compared to existing internal combustion engine vehicles. Among them hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have increased steadily in South Korea. This paper analyzes the sales of YF SONATA HEV and K5 HEV, which account for 85% of the domestic HEV market, compared to gasoline engine versions of the same models from Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) viewpoint. The relationship between the vehicle’s TCO and HEV sales share were analyzed as well as the consumer’s perception about the value associated with purchasing HEVs. This research conducts a quantitative study on the necessary government incentives on HEV sales for the expansion of HEV market in Korea. This work could contribute to the design of government policy to promote environmentally friendly vehicles. Additionally, this work can serve to analyze the effect of such incentive policies on environmental conservation and reduction of social expenses.
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Sowa, Mariusz. "Total cost of ownership in pallet pools management." MATEC Web of Conferences 296 (2019): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929602007.
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Every loading pallet, regardless of the type, in order to be considered safe during the operation phase, must meet certain formal requirements already at the implementation stage. The loading pallet marketed has a certain life span. The life of the pallet depends on many factors. First of all, they are related to the physical and economic aging of the product . Physical aging consists in the fact that the materials from which the products have been made lose their properties, and the economic ones are the result of the emergence of new, better products on the market, better meeting the specific needs of recipients. The operational life of the cargo pallet also depends on the organization of the transport process, branch and means of transport as well as the date of its completion. The concept of calculating the total cost of ownership of a reusable loading pallet in logistic processes, proposed in the article, allows to determine the total costs of its operation. It is based on the idea of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), which includes total acquisition costs, installation costs, maintenance costs and costs of its disposal over particular time
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Duran, Orlando, Irene Roda, and Marco Macchi. "Linking the spare parts management with the total costs of ownership: An agenda for future research." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 9, no. 5 (December 20, 2016): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2083.
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Purpose: This manuscript explores the link between Spare Parts Management and Total Costs of Ownership or Life Cycle Costs (LCC).Design/methodology/approach: First, this work enumerates the different managerial decisions instances in spare parts management that are present during the life cycle of a physical asset. Second, we analyse how those decision instances could affect the TCO of a physical asset (from the economic point of view). Finally, we propose a conceptual framework for incorporating the spare parts management into a TCO model.Findings: The recent literature lacks discussions on the integration of spare parts management with the Total Costs of Ownership (TCO). Based in an extensive literature revision we can declare that the computation of costs related to spare parts management has been neglected by TCO models.Originality/value: The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, a literature review and identification of a series of spare parts management decision instances and its relationship with TCOs is presented in this paper. Second, a conceptual framework is suggested for linking those decisions instances to a total cost of ownership perspective. Some research questions and future research challenges are presented at the end of this work.
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Hamza, Karim, Kenneth P. Laberteaux, and Kang-Ching Chu. "On Modeling the Cost of Ownership of Plug-In Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010039.
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Plug-in vehicles (PEVs), which include battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), have steadily grown in sales amidst various incentive programs, but much speculation exists on when PEVs would become cost-competitive without incentives. This research adopts a bottom-up approach for estimation of purchase cost, and total cost of ownership (TCO). Baseline predictions, as well as sensitivity analysis (with more favorable conditions for PEVs) are generated for 2030. Results show that the five-year TCO of some PEVs could be less than an equivalent-sized conventional internal combustion-engine (CICE) vehicle, but only in the more optimistic scenarios where the cost of batteries and motors decrease more rapidly than the baseline prediction, and when combined with either higher gasoline prices or longer annual distance travelled. However, without subsidies or incentives, purchase cost parity between PEVs and CICEs was not realized in any of the considered 2030 scenarios.
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Snelgrove, Todd. "Future View: Evolving the Measurement of Best Customer Value from Using a Total Cost of Ownership to Total Profit Added Methodology." Journal of Creating Value 3, no. 2 (September 14, 2017): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2394964317726450.
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Business-to-business firms know that being able to obtain a higher price than competitors and to keep customers happy they must deliver something the customer perceives as value. To support customers to be able and willing to pay this value, a customized, quantified business case needs to be developed to allow the customer to see the payback for whatever investment is being requested versus other alternatives. A previous methodology to do this was to look at the total cost of ownership (TCO) of the proposed purchase over its life. However, too often, TCO became the total cost of acquisition by procurement people (missing the installation, operational and disposal phases, which is often 8 times more important than the landed cost). The next evolution is to look at a more holistic measurement of value that takes into account not only cost savings but all improvements, such as risk reductions, increased revenue and customer satisfaction. Only then can buyers and sellers make decisions on who is creating the best value and what someone should be willing to pay for it. Anyone who can demonstrate and document the greatest value surplus is the one delivering the best value.
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Richnák, Patrik, Klaudia Gubová, and Janka Fabianová. "The Application of Total Cost of Ownership Method to Automotive Industry." LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 11, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2020-0019.
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AbstractTransport currently has the largest share of air pollution, among all sectors. Increasing air pollution caused by conventional cars brings an opportunity to develop electric cars, which are a green alternative in transport. The main aim of the article was to explain the terms related to electromobility through the literature and then to examine the total cost of electric cars and conventional cars on the example of selected four models. The comparison was made on the example of the best-selling four selected models: electric car, hybrid car, plug-in hybrid car and standard petrol car. The methods were used in the elaboration of the article: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and comparison. We used the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) method to process the results. The intention of the article was to point out the lower total cost of ownership for electric cars and to confirm the fact that electric cars are a profitable investment in the future.
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Kumar, Parveen, and Subrata Chakrabarty. "Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of the Impact of Vehicle Usage on the Economic Viability of Electric Vehicles in India." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 11 (September 10, 2020): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120947089.
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The road transport sector in India is on the cusp of a transition to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) from internal combustion engines (ICEs). Government of India (GoI) has announced several policy measures to push the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). However, EVs involve a high capital cost but lower operating costs. Therefore, the economics of EVs vis-à-vis ICE vehicles depends on the extent of their daily use. The daily use, in turn, can vary significantly from context to context. In this paper, a model to compare the total cost of ownership (TCO) of an EV with different fuel variants (petrol, diesel, and compressed natural gas [CNG]) of their ICE counterparts is presented. It is found that, on an average, the TCO per km of electric two-wheelers (e-2Ws) and electric three-wheelers (e-3Ws) is less than their ICE counterparts at the typical average daily usage of the vehicles in Indian cities. In the case of hatchback and sedan cars, the TCO per km of electric cars (e-cars) is higher than their ICE counterparts. The TCO per km of electric bus (e-bus) is higher than diesel and CNG buses because of high initial purchase cost. Policymakers need to explore innovative business models and strategy for high vehicle utilization to improve the economic viability of EVs. Efficient planning of charging infrastructure and fast charging options will further help in accelerating the adoption of EVs in India.
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Lizot, Mauro, Flavio Trojan, and Paulo Afonso. "Combining Total Cost of Ownership and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to Improve Cost Management in Family Farming." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020139.
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Family farming is an important pillar of the global primary food sector and is characterized by a significant local and regional impact. The sustainability of these businesses depends greatly on the use of effective management practices in family farming and smallholder farmer’s activities. However, there is a lack of methodologies to support decision making in this sector related to the recognition of all aspects involved in the acquisition of inputs. Commonly, the existing approaches are focused on cost as the major criterion, which might impact on the agribusiness sustainability in the short or long term. Furthermore, traditional cost-focused approaches should be complemented with multi-criteria aspects within comprehensive and practical methodologies. This paper presents a Cost Management Model (CMM) integrating the concepts of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), which includes both monetary and non-monetary attributes. The use of TCO was mostly focused on industrial applications and studies on costs in agribusiness are still scarce and incomplete. The model was applied to a set of agribusiness families in Southern Brazil to support the supplier selection process of the three main inputs (i.e., fertilizer, fungicide, and soybeans). A significant cost reduction of approximately 13% for fertilizers, 7% for fungicides, and 3% for soybeans can be achieved. The CMM can be applied by smallholder farmers in any region of the world, and its flexibility allows changes in weights and criteria at any time by the decision maker. Buyers are more prepared to select the best supplier for each input and the later can recognize how they are more or less competitive when all costs and relevant criteria are taken into consideration. It can be also applied from an industry-level perspective to highlight the industry’s cost structure and value chain, supporting more focused and effective public policies namely the design of subsidies that mitigate relevant context costs and the investment in infrastructures. Both, subsidies and public investment, are of major importance in rural areas of developing countries.
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Gedel, Ibrahim Alhassan, and Nnamdi Nwulu. "Infrastructure Sharing for 5G Deployment: A Techno-Economic Analysis." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 15, no. 02 (January 26, 2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i02.16749.
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<p>Fifth-generation wireless (5G) mobile communication technology has been classified as a high wireless standard that is capable of handling internet of things, machine-to-machine, and device-to-device communication. Consequently, there is a need to meet the very sensitive requirements of 5G, which include high coverage density, high speed, high capacity and low end-to-end delay. Of crucial importance is 5G’s passive infrastructure. This paper therefore presents a techno-economic analysis of the current telecommunication infrastructure, as well as investigating and determining the suitable passive infrastructure for 5G technology deployment. The paper outlines all the passive infrastructure elements and proposes a mathematical model to calculate the capital expenditure, operational expenditure, total cost of investment (TCI) or total cost of ownership (TCO) and net present value (NPV). Experiments are performed using market prices from the national communication authority, the mobile network operators and the tower company of Ghana. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the variables that increase the TCO or TCI, NPV and return on investment, and to propose the most economical passive infrastructure architecture for easy implementation of 5G technology in Ghana and Africa.</p>
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Herd, Peter, and Jim Chen. "Thermocouple Protection Tube Options for Aluminium Casthouses." Materials Science Forum 693 (July 2011): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.693.112.
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Thermocouple Protection Tubes (TCPTs) are utilised to allow continuous temperature monitoring in harsh and demanding environments for remote monitoring and process control. Choice of optimum TCPT for an application is dependent on a thorough understanding of the operating environment, characteristics of the TCPTs available and an assessment of the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of the different options, including the cost of the particular thermocouple being protected.
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Kim, Hanhee, Niklas Hartmann, Maxime Zeller, Renato Luise, and Tamer Soylu. "Comparative TCO Analysis of Battery Electric and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses for Public Transport System in Small to Midsize Cities." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 4384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144384.
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This paper shows the results of an in-depth techno-economic analysis of the public transport sector in a small to midsize city and its surrounding area. Public battery-electric and hydrogen fuel cell buses are comparatively evaluated by means of a total cost of ownership (TCO) model building on historical data and a projection of market prices. Additionally, a structural analysis of the public transport system of a specific city is performed, assessing best fitting bus lines for the use of electric or hydrogen busses, which is supported by a brief acceptance evaluation of the local citizens. The TCO results for electric buses show a strong cost decrease until the year 2030, reaching 23.5% lower TCOs compared to the conventional diesel bus. The optimal electric bus charging system will be the opportunity (pantograph) charging infrastructure. However, the opportunity charging method is applicable under the assumption that several buses share the same station and there is a “hotspot” where as many as possible bus lines converge. In the case of electric buses for the year 2020, the parameter which influenced the most on the TCO was the battery cost, opposite to the year 2030 in where the bus body cost and fuel cost parameters are the ones that dominate the TCO, due to the learning rate of the batteries. For H2 buses, finding a hotspot is not crucial because they have a similar range to the diesel ones as well as a similar refueling time. H2 buses until 2030 still have 15.4% higher TCO than the diesel bus system. Considering the benefits of a hypothetical scaling-up effect of hydrogen infrastructures in the region, the hydrogen cost could drop to 5 €/kg. In this case, the overall TCO of the hydrogen solution would drop to a slightly lower TCO than the diesel solution in 2030. Therefore, hydrogen buses can be competitive in small to midsize cities, even with limited routes. For hydrogen buses, the bus body and fuel cost make up a large part of the TCO. Reducing the fuel cost will be an important aspect to reduce the total TCO of the hydrogen bus.
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Stankevich, L., P. Gontard, and B. Gorodetsky. "Total Cost of Ownership (tco) measurement is a new evidence-based tool to know the real cost of laboratory tests." Clinica Chimica Acta 493 (June 2019): S699—S700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1549.
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Mazur, Barbara, and Mariusz Wasiak. "TCO - Total Cost of Ownership as a supporting tool of choosing the car fleet in rental company." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 123 (December 1, 2018): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7465.
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The research problem addressed in the article concerns the issue of choosing a car fleet for rental company, factors determining the choice and determining their service life. These problems are key elements in the vehicle replacement policy for the efficiency of rental company. Based on the review of literature, a research gap was identified in the field of car fleet selection and the optimization of the replacement cars process. In the first section of the article describes the short-term rental market, the definition of TCO in general and selected elements. Then each element was characterizes in detail with their application in practice referring to the economic aspects of choosing car rental fleet. The final section of this article contains a case study, in which a real decision was described, as well as its solution and assessment.
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Chang, Bao Rong, Hsiu-Fen Tsai, and Chi-Ming Chen. "Empirical Analysis of Server Consolidation and Desktop Virtualization in Cloud Computing." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/947234.
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Physical server transited to virtual server infrastructure (VSI) and desktop device to virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) have the crucial problems of server consolidation, virtualization performance, virtual machine density, total cost of ownership (TCO), and return on investments (ROI). Besides, how to appropriately choose hypervisor for the desired server/desktop virtualization is really challenging, because a trade-off between virtualization performance and cost is a hard decision to make in the cloud. This paper introduces five hypervisors to establish the virtual environment and then gives a careful assessment based on C/P ratio that is derived from composite index, consolidation ratio, virtual machine density, TCO, and ROI. As a result, even though ESX server obtains the highest ROI and lowest TCO in server virtualization and Hyper-V R2 gains the best performance of virtual machine management; both of them however cost too much. Instead the best choice is Proxmox Virtual Environment (Proxmox VE) because it not only saves the initial investment a lot to own a virtual server/desktop infrastructure, but also obtains the lowest C/P ratio.
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Herrera Perez, Victor Isaac, Josu Olmos, Jon Ander López, and Haizea Gaztañaga. "Analysis of Optimal Charging Points Location and Storage Capacity for Hybrid and Electric Buses." Revista Perspectivas 1, no. 2 (July 17, 2019): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47187/perspectivas.vol1iss2.pp23-30.2019.
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In order to be attractive in a very competitive market, hybrid electric buses and full electric buses need to reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) compared to conventional buses. In this regard, the sizing of the onboard energy storage and the charging infrastructure becomes a key design stage. An optimal onboard storage and charging facilities are necessary to offer an appropriate vehicle autonomy, but they involve high investment costs for the manufacturer and fleet operator. Furthermore, the complex interrelations between these parameters make the best-performed system design a challenging process. To face this issue, the paper proposes an optimization methodology for the onboard storage capacity sizing, charging points rate and charging points location, aiming a total cost of ownership improvement for hybrid and full electric bus routes. As case study, several routes have been selected in the city of Donostia (Spain) to techno-economically evaluate the proposed methodology regarding factors such as: onboard storage cost, charging infrastructure cost, fuel cost, and electricity-grid cost.
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Yang, Lei, Caixia Hao, and Yina Chai. "Life Cycle Assessment of Commercial Delivery Trucks: Diesel, Plug-In Electric, and Battery-Swap Electric." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2018): 4547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124547.
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The development of electric delivery trucks has attracted much attention in recent years. The purpose of this study is to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the total cost of ownership (TCO) of light-duty and medium-duty diesel trucks (DTs), plug-in electric trucks (ETs), and battery-swap ETs. A simplified life cycle assessment (LCA) method and a TCO assessment method are used. Numerical results show that the average GHG emission of light-duty ETs is 69% lower than that of light-duty DTs, while that of medium-duty ETs is 9.8% higher than that of medium-duty DTs. As regards TCO, those of plug-in ETs and battery-swap ETs are 37.8% lower and 21% higher than that of light-duty DTs, while for medium-duty trucks, the TCO of plug-in and battery-swap ETs are 6.7% lower and 18.9% higher than that of medium-duty DTs. The main conclusion of this paper is that light-duty plug-in ETs exhibit the best performance in terms of cost saving and GHG emission reduction. Moreover, ETs show more advantages than DTs when the frequency of use is higher or when the driving environment is more congested.
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Wróblewski, Piotr, Wojciech Drożdż, Wojciech Lewicki, and Jakub Dowejko. "Total Cost of Ownership and Its Potential Consequences for the Development of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Powered Vehicle Market in Poland." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 11, 2021): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082131.
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Electromobility is a growing technology for land transport, constituting an important element of the concept of sustainable economic development. The article presents selected research results concerning one of the segments of this market-vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells. The subject of the research was to gain extensive knowledge on the economic factors influencing the future purchasing decisions of the demand side in relation to this category of vehicles. The research was based on a numerical experiment. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of purchase prices in relation to the TCO of the vehicle after 3–5 years of use was performed. The research included selected models that are powered by both conventional and alternative fuels. The use of this method will allow to assess the real costs associated with the hydrogen vehicle. The authors emphasize the important role of economic factors in the form of the TCO index for the development of this market. The experimental approach may be helpful in understanding the essence of economic relations that affect the development of the electro-mobility market and the market demand for hydrogen fuel cell-powered vehicles in Poland.
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Gedel, Ibrahim Alhassan, and Nnamdi I. Nwulu. "Low Latency 5G Distributed Wireless Network Architecture: A Techno-Economic Comparison." Inventions 6, no. 1 (January 24, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions6010011.
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The most profound requirements of fifth-generation (5G) technology implementations are the architecture design and the radio base station technology to capably run applications such as device-to-device, machine-to machine and internet of things at a reduced latency. Owing to these requirements, the implementation of 5G technology is very expensive to mobile network operators (MNO). In this study we modified the existing 4G network to form a distributed wireless network architecture (DWNA); the picocell and distributed antenna system were modified to support the enabling technology of 5G technology were a multi-edge computer (MEC), software-defined networking (SDN), massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO), ultra-dense network (UDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and device-to-device (D2D) communication at a reduced cost of ownership, improved coverage and capacity. We present a mathematical model for operational expenditure, capital expenditure and total cost of ownership (TCO) for the DWNA. A mathematical model for DWNA capacity and throughput was presented. Result shows that it is very economical for MNO to rent the space of the tower infrastructure from tower companies. The sensitivity analysis also shows a significant reduction in TCO for both the modified picocell and modified distributed antenna systems.
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Topal, Orhan, and İsmail Nakir. "Total Cost of Ownership Based Economic Analysis of Diesel, CNG and Electric Bus Concepts for the Public Transport in Istanbul City." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 2369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092369.
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As across the world, in Turkey, several studies have been carried out by local government to use sustainable and 100% zero-emission public transport following increased public awareness. Increasing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) due to transportation systems in the world make it necessary to establish “zero-emission sustainable transportation systems” in Turkey. In this study, an economic analysis based on actual field data is presented for Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management (IETT) to seek the suitability of an electric bus concept for Istanbul conditions. For this purpose, a dynamic model based on the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) from well to wheel has been proposed for the three groups of transportation, namely diesel, CNG (compressed natural gas) and electric buses. The data source used in the proposed approach is created by performing actual field performance tests for diesel, CNG and electric buses under real Istanbul road, time, and trip conditions. Afterwards, the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PB) methods considering TCO values and updated unit prices are carried out for the investment versus profitability analyses to compare the different public bus concepts. The results show that the electric bus concept with a charging station depot achieving sustainable and zero-emission goals will be the driving force to advance the electric bus concept for Istanbul Public Transport.
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Sadhukhan, Samir K., Chayanika Bose, and Debashis Saha. "Use of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) for Post-Deployment Replanning of UMTS Networks." International Journal of Applied Metaheuristic Computing 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 18–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijamc.2018040102.
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Inherent dynamism in user movement demands for post-deployment tuning of UMTS networks to minimize the total cost of ownership (TCO). Conventionally, UMTS operators so far have considered many-to-one mapping of RNCs to MSCs. However, such single-homed networks do not remain cost-effective over the passage of time, typically when subscribers later on begin to show specific mobility patterns such as diurnal movement. This necessitates topological extension of the network in terms of dual-homing of some selected RNCs to two MSCs simultaneously via direct fibre links, resulting in a many-to-two mapping in parts of the network. The aim of such selective dual-homing is to reduce handoff cost maximally at the expense of minimal increase in link cost, thereby reducing the TCO optimally. In this article, the authors have formulated the scenario as an integer linear programming problem, converted it into a state space search and then solved it using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique. Compared to Simulated Annealing (SA) and Tabu Search (TS), ACO exhibits 10% to 15% improvement in solution quality.
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Gupta, Naveen, and Dr Vijit Chaturvedi. "An investigation into role of Server Virtualization as a tool for sustaining competitive advantage and facilitating organization effectiveness-A conceptual analysis with reference to IT industry." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 8, no. 3 (February 28, 2014): 1356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v8i3.1949.
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This paper examines how VMware virtualization software reduces total cost of ownership (TCO) in server environments and provides almost immediate return on investment (ROI). It also demonstrates how Virtualization technology is a leading solution and why IT Industries are adopting it. Following Paper depicts a conceptual study towards the Server Virtualization technology and its advantages for any organization using the same. Various researches show that the Organization using Virtualization to optimize their server's performance and efficiency results reduced overall cost and downtime.Thus this paper will help organizations in identifying the basic benefits server virtualization technology has over other and how economy, cost benefit and effectiveness can be generated.
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Jefferies, Dominic, and Dietmar Göhlich. "A Comprehensive TCO Evaluation Method for Electric Bus Systems Based on Discrete-Event Simulation Including Bus Scheduling and Charging Infrastructure Optimisation." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11030056.
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Bus operators around the world are facing the transformation of their fleets from fossil-fuelled to electric buses. Two technologies prevail: Depot charging and opportunity charging at terminal stops. Total cost of ownership (TCO) is an important metric for the decision between the two technologies; however, most TCO studies for electric bus systems rely on generalised route data and simplifying assumptions that may not reflect local conditions. In particular, the need to reschedule vehicle operations to satisfy electric buses’ range and charging time constraints is commonly disregarded. We present a simulation tool based on discrete-event simulation to determine the vehicle, charging infrastructure, energy and staff demand required to electrify real-world bus networks. These results are then passed to a TCO model. A greedy scheduling algorithm is developed to plan vehicle schedules suitable for electric buses. Scheduling and simulation are coupled with a genetic algorithm to determine cost-optimised charging locations for opportunity charging. A case study is carried out in which we analyse the electrification of a metropolitan bus network consisting of 39 lines with 4748 passenger trips per day. The results generally favour opportunity charging over depot charging in terms of TCO; however, under some circumstances, the technologies are on par. This emphasises the need for a detailed analysis of the local bus network in order to make an informed procurement decision.
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Ongel, Aybike, Erik Loewer, Felix Roemer, Ganesh Sethuraman, Fengqi Chang, and Markus Lienkamp. "Economic Assessment of Autonomous Electric Microtransit Vehicles." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 26, 2019): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030648.
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There is rapidly growing interest in autonomous electric vehicles due to their potential in improving safety, accessibility, and environmental outcomes. However, their market penetration rate is dependent on costs. Use of autonomous electric vehicles for shared-use mobility may improve their cost competitiveness. So far, most of the research has focused on the cost impact of autonomy on taxis and ridesourcing services. Singapore is planning for island-wide deployment of autonomous vehicles for both scheduled and on-demand services as part of their transit system in the year 2030. TUMCREATE developed an autonomous electric vehicle concept, a microtransit vehicle with 30-passenger capacity, which can complement the existing bus transit system. This study aims to determine the cost of autonomous electric microtransit vehicles and compare them to those of buses. A total cost of ownership (TCO) approach was used to compare the lifecycle costs. It was shown that although the acquisition costs of autonomous electric vehicles are higher than those of their conventional counterparts, they can reduce the TCO per passenger-km up to 75% and 60% compared to their conventional counterparts and buses, respectively.
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Wei, Caiyang, Theo Hofman, and Esin Ilhan Caarls. "Co-Design of CVT-Based Electric Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 1825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071825.
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For an electric vehicle (EV) with a continuously variable transmission (CVT), a novel convex programming (CP)-based co-design method is proposed to minimize the total-cost-of-ownership (TCO). The integration of the electric machine (EM) and the CVT is the primary focus. The optimized system with co-design reduces the TCO by around 5.9% compared to a non-optimized CVT-based EV (based on off-the-shelf components) and by around 2% compared to the EV equipped with a single-speed transmission (SST). By taking advantage of the control and design freedom provided by the CVT, the optimal CVT, EM and battery sizes are found to reduce the system cost. It simultaneously finds the optimal CVT speed ratio and air-flow rate of the cooling system reducing the energy consumption. The strength of co-design is highlighted by comparing to a sequential design, and insights into the design of a low-power EV that is energy-efficient and cost-effective for urban driving are provided. A highly integrated EM-CVT system, which is efficient, low-cost and lightweight, can be expected for future EV applications.
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Siebenhofer, Marina, Amela Ajanovic, and Reinhard Haas. "How Policies Affect the Dissemination of Electric Passenger Cars Worldwide." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082093.
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Road transportation is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gas emissions. The EU set the target to reduce overall transport emissions by 60% by 2050 compared to 1990. Electric mobility is considered a proper means to achieve this goal. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are a mature technology. The high investment costs, limited driving range and a charging infrastructure that is not extensive yet are currently the main challenges. This work analyses how policies affect the dissemination of BEVs in selected countries with remarkable market shares of BEVs. The core objective is to investigate how policies affect BEV economics compared to conventional car economics. Financial policies and their effects on BEVs for the major markets of China, the USA and Europe were analysed. To do so, the total cost of ownership (TCO) was calculated for each country. The major conclusions were: (i) The investment cost of a car had the most significant impact on the TCO; (ii) Low TCO as an incentive was not enough to ensure successful BEV dissemination; (iii) Non-monetary incentives such as access to certain zones and the usage of bus lanes for BEVs combined with registration taxes, low electricity prices and high fuel prices were very favourable conditions.
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Katzan, Jr, Harry. "The Education Value Of Cloud Computing." Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) 3, no. 7 (November 9, 2010): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/cier.v3i7.219.
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Cloud computing is a technique for supplying computer facilities and providing access to software via the Internet. Cloud computing represents a contextual shift in how computers are provisioned and accessed. One of the defining characteristics of cloud software service is the transfer of control from the client domain to the service provider. Another is that the client benefits from economy of scale on the part of the provider. Cloud computing is particularly attractive to small and medium-sized educational institutions, because it represents a lower total cost of ownership (TCO) than alternative modalities.
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Lu, Meng, Gabriel Domingues-Olavarría, Francisco J. Márquez-Fernández, Pontus Fyhr, and Mats Alaküla. "Electric Drivetrain Optimization for a Commercial Fleet with Different Degrees of Electrical Machine Commonality." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 2989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14112989.
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At present, the prevalence of electric vehicles is increasing continuously. In particular, there are promising applications for commercial vehicles transferring from conventional to full electric, due to lower operating costs and stricter emission regulations. Thus, cost analysis from the fleet perspective becomes important. The study of cost competitiveness of different drivetrain designs is necessary to evaluate the fleet cost variance for different degrees of electrical machine commonality. This paper presents a methodology to find a preliminary powertrain design that minimizes the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for an entire fleet of electric commercial vehicles while fulfilling the performance requirements of each vehicle type. This methodology is based on scalable electric machine models, and particle swarm is used as the main optimization algorithm. The results show that the total cost penalty incurred when sharing the same electrical machine is small, therefore, there is a cost saving potential in higher degrees of electrical machine commonality.
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Kiran Mallidi, Ravi, Manmohan Sharma, and Jagjit Singh. "Legacy Digital Transformation: TCO and ROI Analysis." International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 12, no. 3 (August 27, 2021): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.12.3.5.
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Legacy Digital Transformation is modernizing or migrating systems from non-digital or older digital technology to newer digital technologies. Digitalization is essential for information reading, processing, transforming, and storing. Social media, Cloud, and analytics are the major technologies in today's digital world. Digitalization (business process) and Digital Transformation (the effect) are the core elements of newer global policies and processes. Recent COVID pandemic situation, Organizations are willing to digitalize their environment without losing business. Digital technologies help to improve their capabilities to transform processes that intern promote new business models. Applications cannot remain static and should modernize to meet the evolving business and technology needs. Business needs time to market, Agility, and reduce technical debt. Technology needs consist of APIs, better Security, Portability, Scalability, Cloud support, Deployment, Automation, and Integration. This paper elaborates different transformation/modernization approaches for Legacy systems written in very long or End of Life (EOL) systems to newer digital technologies to serve the business needs. EOL impacts application production, supportability, compliance, and security. Organizations spend money and resources on Digital Transformation for considering Investment versus Return on Investment, Agility of the System, and improved business processes. Migration and Modernization are critical for any Legacy Digital Transformation. Management takes decisions to proceed with Digital Transformation for considering Total Cost Ownership (TCO) and Return on Investment (ROI) of the program. The paper also includes a TCO-ROI calculator for Transformation from Legacy / Monolithic to new architectures like Microservices.
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Heilala, J., J. Montonen, and O. Väätäinen. "Life cycle and unit-cost analysis for modular reconfigurable flexible light assembly systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 222, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 1289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544054jem1034.
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The article presents a decision support methodology for the selection of a modular reconfigurable assembly system using three-dimensional visualization, component-based simulation, efficiency, and economic analysis methodology. During the design and selection of an assembly system, measurement schemes should be established for determining and understanding design effectiveness. Measurements can be classed into two categories: cost and performance. Understanding assembly production costs is the first step towards increasing profits. The authors have developed an analysis method that integrates factory simulation, overall equipment efficiency (OEE), and economic analysis methods. Cost calculation includes life cycle cost (LCC), cost of ownership (COO), commonly used investment evaluation methods, discounted cash flow techniques, net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR). The idea is to use these integrated analysis methods in the selection and development of a light assembly system. The development is based on selected industrial standards and the authors’ own experience in assembly system design and simulation. The developed TCO (total cost of ownership) methodology is useful in system supplier and end-user communication; ideally, it is used in the assembly system sales process, it helps in trade-off analysis of the system concepts, and it improves system specification.
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Krawiec, Krzysztof, Grzegorz Karoń, Marcin Jacek Kłos, and Łukasz Wierzbicki. "Selected Issues of the TCO Model for the Conversion of the Conventional Bus Fleet to Electric One." Transport and Communications 7, no. 1 (2019): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/tac.c.2019.1.8.
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National and European transport policy is now moving towards zero-emission transport. One way to achieve public transport policy objectives is to replace conventional buses with electric ones. However, due to the technical characteristics of electric buses, this process will be complicated. Tools are therefore required to support this process. The objective of the research project ERANET Electric Mobility Europe project "PLATON - Planning Process and Tool for Step-by-Step Conversion of the Conventional or Mixed Bus Fleet to a 100% Electric Bus Flee” is to support the stakeholders involved in the process of fleet renewal using an IT tool. Proper development of the tool requires the analysis of many aspects related to the process. The article presents selected elements influencing the total cost of ownership (TCO). The focus of the paper is on the technical and organizational aspects related to the replacement of bus fleet. Authors also shows the main aspects of the structure of TCO analysis.
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Atmaja, Ardian Thresnantia. "The Potential Of Blockchain Technology To Change International Mobile Roaming Business Model." ACMIT Proceedings 5, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/acmit.v5i1.70.
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The key objectives of this paper is to propose a design implementation of blockchain based on smart contract which have potential to change international mobile roaming business model by eliminating third-party data clearing house (DCH). The analysis method used comparative analysis between current situation and target architecture of international mobile roaming business that commonly used by TOGAF Architecture Development Method. The purposed design of implementation has validated the business value by using Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) calculation. This paper applies the TOGAF approach in order to address architecture gap to evaluate by the enhancement capability that required from these three fundamental aspect which are Business, Technology and Information. With the blockchain smart contract solution able to eliminate the intermediaries Data Clearing House system, which impacted to the business model of international mobile roaming with no more intermediaries fee for call data record (CDR) processing and open up for online billing and settlement among parties. In conclusion the business value of blockchain implementation in the international mobile roaming has been measured using TCO comparison between current situation and target architecture that impacted cost reduction of operational platform is 19%. With this information and understanding the blockchain technology has significant benefit in the international mobile roaming business.
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Ewert, Ricardo, Alexander Grahle, Kai Martins-Turner, Anne Magdalene Syré, Kai Nagel, and Dietmar Göhlich. "Electrification of Urban Waste Collection: Introducing a Simulation-Based Methodology for Technical Feasibility, Impact and Cost Analysis." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030122.
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Electrification is a potential solution for transport decarbonization and already widely available for individual and public transport. However, the availability of electrified commercial vehicles like waste collection vehicles is still limited, despite their significant contribution to urban emissions. Moreover, there is a lack of clarity whether electric waste collection vehicles can persist in real world conditions and which system design is required. Therefore, we introduce a multi-agent-based simulation methodology to investigate the technical feasibility and evaluate environmental and economic sustainability of an electrified urban waste collection. We present a synthetic model for waste collection demand on a per-link basis, using open available data. The tour planning is solved by an open-source algorithm as a capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP). This generates plausible tours which handle the demand. The generated tours are simulated with an open-source transport simulation (MATSim) for both the diesel and the electric waste collection vehicles. To compare the life cycle costs, we analyze the data using total cost of ownership (TCO). Environmental impacts are evaluated based on a Well-to-Wheel approach. We present a comparison of the two propulsion types for the exemplary use case of Berlin. And we are able to generate a suitable planning to handle Berlin’s waste collection demand using battery electric vehicles only. The TCO calculation reveals that the electrification raises the total operator cost by 16–30%, depending on the scenario and the battery size with conservative assumptions. Furthermore, the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be reduced by 60–99%, depending on the carbon footprint of electric power generation.
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Xia, Yan, Jie Yang, Zhiyuan Liu, and Jing Dong. "Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles using Vehicle Usage Data Collected in Shanghai, China." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119837960.
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This paper investigates the economic viability of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) in Shanghai, China based on a real-world in-use PHEV dataset. To quantify PHEV drivers’ gross profit compared with internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) owners, a total cost of ownership (TCO) model is adopted taking account of vehicle retail price, tax credits, subsidies, insurance, maintenance, energy prices, and resale value. The impact of the determinants for gross profit are examined in relation to vehicle distance traveled (VDT) electrically, gasoline price, electricity price, and car-buying cost. It is found that: (1) only 10% of the deployment of PHEVs (i.e., BYD Qin) is economically viable if the benefit from a free license plate is exempt; (2) the 100-kilometer gross profit of PHEVs increases linearly with the electric driving distance, while the saving of energy cost per kilometer decreases with the total VDT; (3) PHEVs’ profit could be significantly improved by reducing the car-buying cost—a decrease of 10% in car-buying cost makes 80% of the PHEV deployment feasible; and (4) if switching the daytime charges to off-peak hours, 50% of the PHEV deployment will become feasible.
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Prashanth, Tirumanapally. "Minimizing the Network Overhead load for Virtual Desktop." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 10 (October 30, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i10.261.
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Over the past decade, cloud computing services become pervasive in the industrial field in order to enhance the efficiency and reduce the TCO (Total Cost of Ownership). Virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) provides the computing environment to the client, where the host server delivers the video images encoded on the host server. The client decodes the video images and then displays them on the screen. However, this scheme causes the heavy traffic and increases an overhead on the host server due to the frequent memory access. In this paper, we propose a novel method for reducing the network traffic and decreasing an overhead on the host server through the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) comparison of each frame. Experimental result shows the feasibility of our proposal.
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Vijayagopal, Ram, and Aymeric Rousseau. "Electric Truck Economic Feasibility Analysis." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 2 (May 12, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12020075.
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The technical feasibility of electrified powertrains has already been demonstrated through several simulation and prototyping efforts. The economic feasibility of advanced powertrains for trucks has not yet been fully analyzed as it depends on a very large number of parameters. There are several examples of battery or fuel-cell-powered trucks used by fleets, but most of these vehicles are either part of technical demonstrations or incentivized by government agencies. Wider acceptance of trucks with advanced electrified powertrains will be possible when they achieve performance and economic parity with conventional vehicles. This paper examines the sensitivity of total ownership cost (TCO) for medium and heavy-duty electric trucks with respect to battery and fuel costs. The results will help identify cost targets for battery packs for various types of trucks and will also highlight use cases where we are likely to see early adoption of these technologies.
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Worighi, Imane, Thomas Geury, Mohamed El Baghdadi, Joeri Van Mierlo, Omar Hegazy, and Abdelilah Maach. "Optimal Design of Hybrid PV-Battery System in Residential Buildings: End-User Economics, and PV Penetration." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9051022.
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This paper proposes an optimal design for hybrid grid-connected Photovoltaic (PV) Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs). A smart grid consisting of PV generation units, stationary Energy Storage Systems (ESSs), and domestic loads develops a multi-objective optimization algorithm. The optimization aims at minimizing the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and the Voltage Deviation (VD) while considering the direct and indirect costs for the prosumer, and the system stability with regard to intermittent PV generation. The optimal solution for the optimization of the PV-battery system sizing with regard to economic viability and the stability of operation is found while using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) with the Pareto front. In addition, a fuzzy logic-based controller is developed to schedule the charging and discharging of batteries while considering the technical and economic aspects, such as battery State of Charge (SoC), voltage profile, and on/off-peak times to shave the consumption peaks. Thus, a hybrid approach that combines a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) and the GA is developed for the optimal sizing of the combined Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and ESSs, resulting in reductions of approximately 4% and 17% for the TCO and the VD, respectively. Furthermore, a sensitivity cost-effectiveness analysis of the complete system is conducted to highlight and assess the profitability and the high dependency of the optimal system configuration on battery prices.