Academic literature on the topic 'Total Diet Study (TDS)'

Abstract Foods purchased throughout the United States during 1991–1997 under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study (TDS) program were analyzed for elements and radionuclides. The program is described with emphasis on food analysis and quality control, including independent interlaboratory exercises. Analytical results are summarized for Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Hg, Se, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca, P, K, and Na and for 137Cs, 131I, 106Ru, and 90Sr. Concentration data are provided to expand the information base used to support assessments of the safety and nutritive value of the U.S. food supply and for their potential use in food composition databases. For selected foods, comparisons were made with past TDS results and with those reported in the literature. An extensive listing of the analytical data is available on the FDA CFSAN Website.

Abstract The State of Kuwait in cooperation with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted a Total Diet Study (TDS) to estimate intakes of pesticide residues by the population. The levels of organochlorine (OC) pesticides, carbamates, benzimidazoles, and phenylureas in the TDS core list are reported here. The TDS core list was established through a national food consumption survey. All food items (140 for the Kuwaiti adult) were prepared as eaten and analyzed for the pesticides mentioned above. The FDA's multiresidue methods in Volume I of the Pesticide Analytical Manual were used in gas, liquid, and gel permeation chromatographic analyses. Only vegetable and fruit samples contained pesticide residues (mg/kg), including the carbamates 1-naphthol (1.4) and 3H-carbofuran (0.94) in carrots; the OC pesticide vinclozolin (0.47), 3H-carbofuran (0.66), and fenuron (0.6) in kiwi fruit; the OC pesticide procymidone (0.32) and carbendazim (0.5) in grapes; 3H-carbofuran (5.0) in apricots; the OC pesticides captan (0.013) and thiabendazole (0.63) in pears; captan (0.035) in plums; and carbendazim (0.4) in mandarin oranges. The levels of 3H-carbofuran found in both apricots and kiwi fruit exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) of the United Nations. The daily intakes of pesticides by the different population groups are discussed in light of the FAO/WHO acceptable daily intakes.

It is unknown whether diet quality is associated with microvascular structure. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between diet quality, reflecting adherence to dietary guidelines, with retinal microvascular calibre in older adults. The dietary data of 2720 Blue Mountains Eye Study participants, aged 50+ years, were collected using a semi-quantitative FFQ. A modified version of the Healthy Eating Index for Australians was developed to determine total diet scores (TDS). Fundus photographs were taken and retinal vascular calibre measured using computer-assisted techniques and summarised. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, mean arterial blood pressure, smoking, serum glucose, leucocyte count and history of diagnosed stroke or CHD, persons with higher TDS had healthier retinal vessels cross-sectionally, with wider retinal arteriolar calibre (by approximately 3 μm, comparing the highest with the lowest quartile of TDS, Ptrend= 0·0001) and narrower retinal venular calibre (by approximately 2·5 μm; Ptrend= 0·02). In younger subjects aged ≤ 65 years, increasing TDS (lowest to the highest quartile) was associated with healthier retinal vessels: approximately 4·4 μm wider retinal arteriolar (Ptrend< 0·0001) and approximately 2·3 μm narrower venular calibre (Ptrend= 0·03). After multivariable adjustment, however, baseline TDS were not associated with retinal arteriolar (Ptrend= 0·89) or venular calibre (Ptrend= 0·25), 5 years later. Also, baseline TDS were not associated with the 5-year change in retinal arteriolar (β = 0·14; P= 0·29) or venular calibre (β = − 0·26; P= 0·07). Greater compliance with published dietary guidelines (higher diet quality) was cross-sectionally associated with wider retinal arterioles and narrower venules, indicating better retinal microvascular health.

SUMMARYIn the near future, ruminants may be forced to consume low-quality water since potable drinking water will become increasingly scarce in some regions of the world. A completely randomized design trial was completed to evaluate the effect of increasing concentrations of total dissolved salts (TDS) (640, 3187, 5740 and 8326 mg TDS/l) in drinking water on the performance, diet digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen (N) and water balance using 24 Red Sindhi heifers (200 ± 5 kg) that were fed Buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris) grass hay and concentrate in a ratio of 50 : 50. After a 15-day diet adaptation period, the digestion study was completed over a 5-day period and the performance trial was completed over a 56-day period. Dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed:gain, intake and digestibility of most feed components were unaffected by the concentration of salt in the water. However, intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fibre declined linearly as TDS inclusion rate increased. Further, the inclusion of TDS resulted in a linear increase in the intake of drinking water and total (food plus drinking) water intake. Similarly, TDS inclusion levels resulted in a linear increase in total water excretion, with urine being the major route of water excretion. In contrast, increasing concentrations of TDS caused a linear decrease in creatinine and allantoin excretions. Finally, increasing the inclusion rate of TDS resulted in a linear decrease in N retention and a linear increase in urinary N excretion, which may pose a considerable challenge for farmers with respect to the reduction and management of nutrient losses.

A segurança alimentar é uma necessidade fundamental e de grande preocupação pública em todo o mundo. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHO) recomenda o Estudo de Dieta Total (EDT) como sendo o método mais adequado de estimativa para as ingestões de contaminantes e nutrientes para um país ou grandes grupos populacionais. A implantação de um estudo relacionando a ingestão de alimentos em uma Região de Elevada Radioatividade Natural (HBRA) motivou o presente estudo, uma vez que no planalto de Poços de Caldas há ocorrência de anomalias radiativas com concentrações naturais significativas de urânio e tório. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar e comparar as ingestões de elementos essenciais, tóxicos e radionuclídeos, a partir dos alimentos que compõem as dietas das populações urbana e rural, da cidade de Poços de Caldas. As determinações das concentrações dos elementos essenciais e tóxicos foram realizadas aplicando-se a técnica de análise por ativação neutrônica (As, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na e Zn), espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite (Cd, Cu e Pb) e por geração de vapor frio (Hg). As determinações dos radionuclídeos foram realizadas aplicando-se as técnicas de análise por espectrometria gama (40K), separação radioquímica seguida de contagem alfa e beta total (210Pb, 226Ra e 228Ra) e espectrometria alfa (210Po, 228Th, 230Th, 232Th, 234U, 235U e 238U). Os grupos de alimentos foram estabelecidos de acordo com os dados de consumo da região sudeste do país, obtidos pela Pesquisa Orçamentária Familiar (POF) 2008-2009 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A lista final totalizou 82 alimentos distribuídos em 20 grupos, incluindo a água, e com massa total de 3,6180 Kg. Com o EDT aplicado para a região do Planalto de Poços de Caldas, foi possível observar que as ingestões diárias média para todos os elementos essenciais na dieta da população urbana apresentaram valores mais elevados quando comparados à dieta da população rural, porém não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. As dietas estudadas foram deficientes nos elementos essenciais Ca, K, Mg e Se quando comparadas aos valores de ingestão diária recomendados. Os teores dos elementos tóxicos Cd e Pb no presente estudo estiveram dentro do intervalo relatado pela WHO a partir de EDT realizados em diversos países e/ou diferentes regiões no mundo. A ingestão total do elemento tóxico Hg foi encontrada muito abaixo do limite estabelecido pela WHO. Em relação aos radionuclídeos naturais, o cálculo de dose efetiva comprometida por ingestão da região rural (0,89 mSv/ano) apresentou-se 61% mais elevado quando comparado à região urbana (0,56 mSv/ano). Isto pode ser explicado pelo fato dos maiores pontos de anomalias radioativas estarem localizados na zona rural. Porém, a partir dos valores encontrados no presente estudo não apresentaram níveis que representassem ameaça à saúde da população deste planalto.<br>Food security is a fundamental need and a great public concern throughout the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the Total Diet Study (TDS) as the most appropriate method of estimating the intake of contaminants and nutrients for a country or large population groups. The implementation of a study relating food intake in a High Background Radiation Area (HBRA) motivated the present study, since in the Poços de Caldas plateau there are occurrences of radiative anomalies with significant natural concentrations of uranium and thorium. Therefore, the objective is to evaluate and to compare the intakes of essential, toxic elements, and radionuclides from the foods that composed the diets of the urban and rural populations of the city. The concentration determination of the essential and toxic elements was performed using the neutron activation analysis (As, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn) and atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace (Cd, Cu and Pb) and cold vapor atomic (Hg). The determination of radionuclides was performed by gamma spectrometry (40K), radiochemical separation followed by total alpha and beta counting (210Pb, 226Ra and 228Ra) and alpha spectrometry (210Po, 228Th, 230Th, 232Th, 234U, 235U and 238U). The food groups were established according to consumption data from the southeast region of the country obtained by the Household food budget survey POF 2008-2009 by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The final list contained 82 foods distributed in 20 groups, including drinking water, and with a total mass of 3.6180 kg. The TDS applied to the region of the Poços de Caldas Plateau allowed to observe that the average daily intakes for all the essential elements in the urban population diet presented higher values compared to the diet of the rural population but did not present statistical differences. The essential elements Ca, K, Mg and Se were deficient in the diets studied compared to the recommended daily intake values. The toxic element level of Cd and Pb in the present study were within the range reported by the WHO from TDS conducted in several countries and/or different regions in the world. The total intake of the toxic element Hg was found well below the established limit by WHO. Intake effective dose compromised calculation of the rural region (0.89 mSv/year) was 61% higher compared to the urban region (0.56 mSv/year). This can be explained by the fact that the highest points of radioactive anomalies in the plateau are located in the rural zone, but the values found in the present study do not present levels that represent a threat to the health of the population in this plateau.

Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are essential nutrients. We investigated Na and K content of foods collected from the 2007 Vancouver Total Diet Study (TDS). Our food nutrient content data showed that processed foods and soups had a high Na content while fluid milk, unprocessed meats and several fruits and vegetables had a high K content. The Na/K ratio indicated, with few exceptions, a segregation of the foods high in Na from ones high in K. Based on this data, new Na and K intakes were generated using Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS2.2), cycle 2.2 Nutrition dietary recall. In general, the results showed a lower Na intake than indicated by CCHS2.2, but still higher than the Tolerable Upper Level of Intake (UL). K intakes were similar to CCHS2.2 data showing an intake lower than the AI.<br>Le sodium (Na) ainsi que le potassium (K) sont des nutriments essentiels. Nous avons examiné le contenu de Na et de K d'aliments collectés pour l'Étude Canadienne sur l'alimentation totale de Vancouver conduite en 2007. Notre base de données sur le contenu nutritionnel des aliments a démontré que les aliments traités et les soupes ont un haut niveau de Na alors que le lait, les viandes non-traitées ainsi que plusieurs fruits et légumes détiennent un niveau élevé de K. Basés sur ces données, de nouvelles prises ont été générées en utilisant l'Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (ESCC 2.2), cycle 2.2, Nutrition. En général, les résultats ont démontré un niveau d'ingestion de Na moins que CCHS mais plus élevé que l'apport maximum tolérable (AMT). Les ingestions de K étaient similaires aux données contenues dans l'ESCC 2.2, démontrant une ingestion inférieure à l'apport suffisant (AS).

This thesis quantified risks of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in the diet of First Nations peoples residing on-reserve in the province of Ontario, Canada. Data was obtained from the 2011-2012 First Nations Food, Nutrition, and Environment Study (FNFNES) and Health Canada to construct total diet studies and probabilistic assessments. Results indicated that the majority of the population is at low risk of exceeding the reference values for these contaminants. Average exposures of Pb and Hg were higher than the general Canadian population (1.7 and 1.6 times greater, respectively), whereas Cd was 59% lower than the Canadian average. The upper percentiles of the population exposure distributions were characterized for contributing food items to assist risk management strategies. For cadmium exposures, smokers had elevated exposures compared to non-smokers. Women of childbearing age had lower dietary MeHg exposures than the total population and were largely below the reference value.

L’Etude de l’Alimentation Totale en Afrique Subsaharienne a couvert plus de 90% de l’alimentation moyenne de populations correspondant à 7291 ménages et 4020 échantillons d’aliments, représentatifs des habitudes alimentaires locales et préparés tels que consommés. Les polluants organiques persistants tels que les dioxines, les polychlorobiphényles, les retardateurs de flamme bromés ainsi que les composés perfluorés ont été quantifiés à des teneurs très faibles. Une sélection de 68 substances, dont l’exposition a été étudiée de façon semi-probabiliste a permis de mettre en évidence que 24 de celles-ci sont, de façon individuelle ou en groupe, susceptibles de représenter un fardeau de santé publique. L’Aflatoxine B1, compte tenu des prévalences du virus de l’hépatite B, est susceptible de générer chaque année des cas de cancer du foie, à raison de 0,2 (Douala) - 23,9 (Nord Cameroun) cas additionnels pour 100 000 habitants. La co-exposition à l’aflatoxine B1, à la sterigmatocystine et aux fumonisines est particulièrement préoccupante dans certains centres de l'étude. La co-exposition à des niveaux importants à l’ochratoxine A, à la citrinine et à de l’aluminium, qui sont toutes des substances néphrotoxiques, a été relevé au Bénin. Des teneurs fortes de chlopyrifos dans le poisson fumé consommé au Mali alertent les autorités sur le risque chronique et aigu. Les expositions aux treize hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans le poisson fumé et les huiles de cuisson ne permettent pas des marges d’exposition sécurisantes eu égard à leur caractère génotoxique et cancérogène. L’exposition au plomb, en particulier au Nigeria révèle un risque d’augmentation de la pression artérielle chez les adultes et des pertes de points de QI chez les enfants. Les données générées aider ont les gestionnaires de risques à mieux protéger le consommateur. Une étude visant spécifiquement l'exposition du nourrisson et du jeune enfant permettrait d'aller plus loin dans la connaissance du risque chimique en Afrique Subsaharienne<br>The Total Diet Study in Sub-Saharan Africa covered 90% of the average diet of 7291 households with 4020 samples of typical foods prepared as consumed. Persistent organic pollutants such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants, as well as perfluorinated compounds were quantified at very low concentrations. The exposure of a selection of 68 chemicals was assessed, individually or in group, following a semi-probabilistic approach. Among these, 24 substances were characterized as a potential public health concern. The co-exposure to aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B is likely to induce a morbidity factor in additional cases of liver cancer/100 000 inhabitants/year ranging from 0.2 (Duala) to 23.9 (North Cameroon). The co-exposure to aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and fumonisins is of concern in some of the studied areas. The co-exposure to ochratoxin A, citrinin and aluminium, each of which are nephrotoxic, represents a concern identified in Benin. High Chlorpyrifos concentrations in smoked fish from Mali represent chronic and acute risks for consumers. The 13 genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked fish and edible oils do not allow for safe margins of exposure. Lead exposure, particularly in Nigeria, might elevate blood pressure in adults and affect children neurodevelopment. The generated data will inform the risk managers and help them to better protect consumers. Additional studies, more specifically focusing on the infant and young child would be au beneficial perspective in terms of contribution to knowledge about food chemical risks in Sub-Saharan Africa

碩士<br>中國醫藥大學<br>營養學系碩士班<br>102<br>The objective of this study was to apply the food consumption data of National Nutrition Survey in Taiwan (NHSIT) to the Total Diet Study (TDS). It was to establish representative food categories, food lists, sampling model, and to analyze the distribution of preservatives and bleaching agents in food samples. The results can be used not only to provide food safety risk assessment, but also to monitor the changes and trend of eating habits, food consumption and food contaminants in Taiwan. By applying the food consumption data from National Nutrition Survey in Taiwan (2005-2008), this study established the national food classification system for TDS, which included 12 major categories and 47 minor categories. Using foods in higher consumption rate as the guide, we compiled a list of 128 representative food items. By focusing on how preservatives and bleaching agents were added to food items, we established a list of 97 preservatives and a list of 59 bleaching agents. By taking into account the seasonal and regional foods, we divided the seasons into spring-summer and fall-winter and regions into north, central, south and east regions in Taiwan. We randomly selected two counties from each region and purchased foods from the list of 225 food samples from hypermarkets, supermarkets, traditional markets, night markets and restaurants. The purchased food samples were prepared into ready-to-eat foods and were combined according to proper ratios into national composite food samples. They were sent to a certified laboratory for food testing and analysis for benzoic acid, sorbic acid, dehydroacetic acid, salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoate and sulfur dioxide in the food samples. The result showed that the 128 food items on the representative food list accounted for 82.34% of the total diets consumed in Taiwan. For two seasons (spring-summer and fall-winter) and in eight counties, total 3,025 food samples were purchased according to 225 food items. 312 composite samples were prepared for analysis of preservatives and 186 composite samples were prepared for analysis of bleaching agents. The result showed the following unacceptable rates in the food samples: benzoic acid (8%), sorbic acid (3.8%), dehydroacetic acid (3.2%), and sulfur dioxide (2%). Salicylic acid and p-hydroxybenzoate were not detected. Preservatives were most frequently added, against safety regulations, in products of rice, wheat, flour, meat, soy bean and preserved vegetables. The bleaching agent sulfur dioxide was often added to preserved vegetables in excessive amount. In summary, it is necessary to carry out TDS periodically for accurate assessment of food safety in Taiwan.

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of catering in the home for elderly people in Prague. The topic is reviewed from a socio-cultural point of view. The main objective is to penetrate the world of diet and catering of seniors living in a total institution, which is characterized by specific features affecting the rights and personal freedoms of its clients. The home for elderly people is committed to comply with the statutory regulations of the Social Services Act as well as its own internal guidelines, while the compliance with legislation and various aspects of catering, including dining, eating, the environment in which food is consumed, as well as those participating in preparation and serving of meals is negotiated at a committee. The relationship between the layers above is captured by an ethnographic study that gives an overall picture of the catering process with all its specifics. Research has revealed that the catering process is becoming an individualized activity at many levels, enabling clients to make autonomous decisions about the process. Nevertheless, staff and clients are aware of limits that prevent individualisation. Key words: diet - meal - catering - senior - total institution - ethnographic study - individualization

The formal study of diet, nutrition and cancer is still relatively young, with most epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) having occurred in the last twenty to thirty years. Despite methodological challenges of studying diet and cancer in free-living populations, there is scientific consensus that overweight and obesity increase the risk of certain cancers and growing evidence that dietary patterns rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains and low in red and processed meat are associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer and total cancer mortality. Although it is more difficult to isolate the specific components of diet that affect risk, several key factors appear to play a role. Dietary composition appears to operate by both affecting energy intake and also independent of energy intake. Despite extensive research, evidence does not support an important impact of the macronutrient composition of diet on cancer risk.

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b &lt;1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur &gt; tibia &gt; humerus &gt; 4 metacarpal&gt; 3 metacarpal&gt; 3 metatarsal &gt; 4 metatarsal &gt; rib&gt; fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) &lt;III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) &lt;femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) &lt;III metacarpal (107.2 kg) &lt;femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) &lt;III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) &lt;III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P&lt;0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race&gt; line 990&gt; Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) &lt;III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) &lt;femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P&lt;0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P&lt;0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P &lt;0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P &lt;0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) &lt;III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) &lt;femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P &lt;0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)&gt; line 990 (5.13 mm)&gt; Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) &lt;III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) &lt;femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P&lt;0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P&lt;0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) &lt;III metacarpal bone (33.86) &lt;femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

Abstract There are mainly two types of solids in the oil field waters; Suspended Solids (SS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). While it is easy to remove SS from water, removal of TDS requires the application of advance filtration techniques such as reverse osmosis or ultra-filtration. Because these techniques cannot handle high volumes of the oilfield waters with high TDS content, produced waters originated from hydraulic fracturing activities cannot be treated by using these advance technologies. Thus, in this study we concentrated on the pretreatment of these waters. We investigated the feasibility of the Coagulation, Flocculation, and Sedimentation (CFS) process as pretreatment method to reduce mainly SS in Produced Water (PW) samples. We collected samples from 14 different wells in the Permian Basin. First, we characterized the water samples in terms of pH, SS, TDS, Zeta potential (ZP), Turbidity, Organic matter presence and different Ion concentration. We tested varying doses of several organic and inorganic chemicals, and on treated water samples we measured pH, TDS, SS, Turbidity, ZP and Ions. Then, we compared obtained results with the initial PW characterizations to determine the best performing chemicals and their optimal dosage (OD) to remove contaminants effectively. The cation and anion analyses on the initial water samples showed that TDS is mainly caused by the dissolved sodium and chlorine ions. ZP results indicated that SS are mainly negatively charged particles with absolute values around 20 mV on average. Among the tested coagulants, the best SS reduction was achieved through the addition of ferric sulfate, which helped to reduce the SS around 86%. To further lessen SS, we tested several organic flocculants in which the reduction was improved slightly more. We concluded while high TDS in the Permian basin does not implement a substantial risk for the reduction of fracture conductivity, SS is posing a high risk. Our study showed, depending on components of the initial PW, reuse of the pretreated water for fracturing may minimize fracture conductivity damage.

River water quality modeling is of prime importance in predicting the health of the rivers and in turn warns the human society about the future possibility of water problem in that area. Total dissolved solids is a prominent parameter used to access the quality of the river water. In our current study, artificial neural networking models have been developed to predict the concentrations of total dissolved solids of the river Thamirabarani in India. Neural Network toolbox of the MATLAB 2017 application was used to create and train the models. Monthly data from year 2016 to 2019 at four different sites near Thamirabarani river were procured from Tamilnadu pollution control board. Many artificial neural network architectures were built and the best performing architecture was selected for this study. With several parameters such as pH, chloride, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen as input and the total dissolved solids as output parameter, the model was trained for many iterations and a final architecture was arrived which predicts the futuristic TDS concentrations of Thamirabarani in a more accurate manner. The predicted and the expected values were very close to each other. The root mean square error (RMSE) values for the selected stations such as Papanasam, Cheranmahadevi, Tirunelveli and Punnaikayal were 0.565, 0.591, 0.648 and 0.67 respectively.

The association of factor VII coagulant activity (VIIC) with plasma lipid concentrations has been a consistent feature of a number of studies in man and points to plasma lipoproteins as determinants of VIIC.To modify plasma lipoprotein concentrations and to study the effect of this on VIIC, rabbits were fed a 1%- cholesterol-supplemented diet. Treatment resulted in a many-fold increase in plasma cholesterol concentration with the major fraction of excess cholesterol associated with the very low and intermediate density lipoprotein fractions. VIIC was considerably higher in rabbits fed 1%- cholesterol-supplemented than in rabbits fed the standard diet. In both groups of rabbits, the direction and extent of variation in VIIC coincided with variation in cholesterol concentration so that over time there were significant and positive correlations between VIIC and plasma cholesterol. A method that provides a measure of the total functionalfactor VII concentration (VII) was also used. This assay involves clotting the plasma in the presence of excess tissue factor and therefore the conversion of VII tothe more reactive two-chain form of theprotein (αVIIa) .The concentration of αVIIa present in the serum was measured from the rate of activation of excess of [sialyl-3H]-bovine factor X. By day 10 of treatment, and in all furthercomparisons VTIt was only slightly higher in the group of rabbits fed cholesterol-supplemented than in that fed the standard diet.This increase in VI11 istoo small to explain the considerable increasin VIIC in the hypercholesterolaemic rabbit. We conclude thattheincrease in VIIc was to ahigher proportion of αVIIa in theplasma of hyperchol⋆esterol-aemic rabbits rather thanto an increase in the concentration of the single-chain protein.

ABSTRACT Background: Kebo rubber leaves (ficus elastica roxb) contain flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins. Flavonoids in the leaves of ficus elastica roxb such as catechins, isoflavones are polyphenolic antioxidants from plant metabolites. The leaves of ficus elastica roxb are trusted and proven empirically in the community to reduce cholesterol levels in the blood. Mice choose animals because they are considered to have physiological similarities with humans. This study aimed to determine the effect of ethanol extract of ficus elastica roxb leaves on reducing total cholesterol level in male Swiss Webster mice. Subjects and Method: This was a quasi-experimental study conducted at Biology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Fisheries and Biology, University of Bangka Belitung from April to June, 2017. A sample of 25 male Swiss Webster mice was selected at random and allocated into groups. The dependent variable was total cholesterol. The independent variable was the extract of ficus elastica rox. The data were tested by One-Way ANOVA. Result: There were statistically significant mean differences among the study groups (p= 0.002), indicating the effect of ethanol extract of Ficus Elastica Roxb leaves on reducing total cholesterol level in male Swiss Webster mice at various doses. Conclusion: There are statistically significant mean differences among the study groups, indicating the effect of ethanol extract of Ficus Elastica Roxb leaves on reducing total cholesterol level in male Swiss Webster mice at various doses. Keyword: Ethanol extract of Ficus Elastica Roxb leaves, total cholesterol, mice Correspondence: Muhamad Seto Sudirman. School of Health Polytechnic, Pangkalpinang. Email: MuhamadSeto@gmail.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.10

Overweight and obese children often suffer for many physiological and psychological is-sues. Resistance training allows them to excel over their peers due to strength ability which is related to their somatotype. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an eight-week resistance training program on body composition in overweight and obese children. Study sample included 8 boys and 4 girls (age = 11.7 ± 1.54) who were involved in an eight-week strength specifically designed program consisted of two strength training unit per week. Resistance of exercise was set on 8‒10 RM. Body composition were measured by InBody 720 two times before and after the training intervention. The Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used. Results showed increase in total body weight (2.7%), lean body mass (2.5%) and fat mass (3.7%). This effect indicates that used resistance training program is suficient to lean body mass grow. Nevertheless, program proved to be inadequate to avoid an increase in fat mass. This could be caused by many factors which should be consider in further research (e.g. longer technique practice, diet, number of training units).

Desalination of high salinity water is an effective way of improving the aesthetic quality of drinking water and has been demonstrated to be a characteristic valued by consumers. Across India, 60% of the groundwater, the primary water source for millions, is brackish or contains a high salt content with total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging from 500 parts per million (ppm) to 3,000ppm. The government does not provide sufficient desalination treatment before the water reaches the tap of a consumer. Therefore consumers have turned to in-home desalination. However, current products are either expensive or have low recovery, product water output per untreated feed water, (∼30%) wasting water resources. Electrodialysis (ED) is a promising technology that desalinates water while maintaining higher recovery (up to 95%) compared to existing consumer reverse osmosis (RO) products. This paper first explores the in-home desalination market to determine critical design requirements for an in-home ED system. A model was then used to evaluate and optimize the performance of an ED stack at this scale and designated salinity range. Additionally, testing was conducted in order to validate the model and demonstrate feasibility. Finally, cost estimates of the proposed in-home ED system and product design concept are presented. The results of this work identified a system design that provides consumers with up to 80% recovery of feed water with cost and size competitive to currently available in-home RO products.

Platelet derived growth factor(s) probably synthesized by the megakaryocyte are important in atherogenesis. In a pilot study destruction of the circulating platelets was induced by injection of goat serum containing a specific platelet antibody (APS) to rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet (2g per day) for 12 weeks. Seven days after APS the percentage of atheroma in the aorta measured by planimetry was increased in these animals compared to control animals on the same diet that had been injected with goat serum (GS) 7 days before. In a new study 15 pairs of male litter mate rabbits on high cholesterol diet were randomised in pairs to treatment with either APS or GS. Five pairs of animals were killed 18 hours after the injection, 5 pairs 4 days after and 5 pairs 7 days after the injection and the platelet count, mean platelet volume, megakaryocyte nuclear, cytoplasmic and total size, megakaryocyte DNA distribution and the percentage of atheroma in the aorta were measured. Comparison of these variables between the 2 groups revealed the following statistically significant findings (p&lt;0.05) : 18 hours after the injection the platelet count was decreased and the mean platelet volume increased in the APS group. At day 4 the platelet count, megakaryocyte nuclear, cytoplasmic and total size and the megakaryocyte DNA content were increased in the APS group. At day 7 the platelet count and the percentage of the atheroma were higher in the APS group. Since platelets produced by big megakaryocytes with high DNA content are more reactive than normal platelets, we suggest that the acceleration of atheroma formation demonstrated 7 days after APS is caused by the large number of platelets with possible high concentrations of growth factor(s) derived from the large megakaryocytes with increased DNA content.

Obesity is a growing problem worldwide, and recent data indicated that 20% of the populations would be obese. Obesity arises as a multifactorial disease caused by inherited traits that interact with lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity. The liver plays an essential role in the gluco-regulation via regulating glucose, lipid and protein metabolism. The process of glucose metabolism is controlled by a range of molecular mechanisms and genes which affect the metabolism of the liver during intake of high fat diet (HFD). The objective of this research is to investigate the profile of hepatic gene expression of glucose metabolism in mice on HFD treated with leptin (5 mg/kg BW Ip injection). Ten wild type CD1 mice fed on HFD is used for this study, where groups are control (vehicle - leptin) and test group (vehicle + leptin). Body weight (BW) was measured, and blood chemistry, insulin and leptin were measured at the end of the experiments. Total RNA was isolated from the liver tissue, and RTPCR profiler array technology was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of 84 essential genes of hepatic glucose metabolism. The data of the BW and blood chemistry are not significantly different between the two groups. Leptin treatment enhanced the metabolic pathways and the candidate genes of the different metabolic pathway; glycogen metabolism such as Gys1, Gys2 and Pygm, pentose phosphate shunt such as Rpia and suppressed the glycolysis such as Aldob, and TCA cycle such as Mdh1b. In conclusion, this study has shown that leptin could affect the profile of the hepatic mouse genes of glucose metabolism in the early stages of HFD to induce obesity

Abstract A novel apparatus that is capable of dynamic flash evaporation and phase separation using centrifugal flow (i.e., using a Hydro-Cyclone Apparatus/HCA) is explored in this study. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the segregation of phases using the novel apparatus that forms a stable air core at the center from a premixed air-water mixture. The stable air core is then retrieved using an air retrieval tube that is strategically placed in the test section for maximum retrieval of air. For the purpose of this study, a prototype of the apparatus was fabricated using rapid prototyping (3D Printing). Experiments were performed on the flow separator apparatus (HCA) by varying the ratio of the air and water flow rates. A high-speed digital image acquisition apparatus was used in this study for flow visualization in the HCA. Flow maps were generated based on the measurements for flow rates and pressure drops obtained from the experiments conducted in this study. This enabled the measurement of several parameters, which include: the dimensions and morphology of the stable air core, entrainment of the water from the air retrieval tube, etc. The data obtained from this study will be used in the design of experiments for the novel apparatus to demonstrate the feasibility of a compact dynamic flash evaporator and separator system that can be used for various water conservation applications, which include: desalination (e.g., seawater, brackish water, as well as total dissolved solids/ TDS from produced water in oil and gas industries), water remediation (e.g., suspended solids) and purification (e.g., urine purification apparatus/ UPA).

Bile acids are significant physiological factors for digestion, solubilization, absorption, toxic metabolites and xenobiotics. In addition, bile acids are responsible of signal transduction as well as metabolic regulation that activate several receptors such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the membrane G-protein receptor 5 (TGR5). Activation of TGR5 by bile acids is associated with prevention of obesity as well as ameliorating the resistance to insulin via increasing energy expenditure. The objective of this research is to investigate TGR5 gene expression level in different fat depots including visceral or epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT), brown adipose tissue and inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT) and to study the response of TGR5 gene expression to the antiobesity treatment (SFN). Three groups of male CD1 mice were used in this study; lean group fed with SCD, DIO mice on HFD and DIO obese mice treated with anti-obesity treatment. Body weight (BW) and phenotype data were evaluated by weekly including blood samples for analysis of glucose, insulin, leptin, triglycerides (TG). Total RNA was extracted from different fat depots and RT-PCR profiler array technology was used to in order to assess the mRNA expression of TGR5 and leptin. There was significant downregulation of TGR5 gene expression level in obese (DIO) mice and remarkable upregulation of TGR5 gene expression after successful weight loss in DIO mice treated with SFN in time dependent manner at 1 weeks and 4 weeks of ip applications. In conclusion, obesity is associated with decrease in expression of TGR5 in different fat depots and treatment with anti-obesity drug (Sulforaphane) causes stepwise upregulation of TGR5 gene expression in epididymal white adipose tissue parallel stepwise decrease in body weight. Increase of expression of TGR5 in DIO mice in eWAT is accompanied by improvement in glucose homeostasis and insulin action.