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Al-Arif, M. Anam, Lucia Tri Suwanti, AT Soelih Estoepangestie, and Mirni Lamid. "The Nutrients Contents, Dry Matter Digestibility, Organic Matter Digestibility, Total Digestible Nutrient, and NH3 Rumen Production of Three Kinds of Cattle Feeding Models." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (2017): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1142.
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In Indonesia, forage is difficult to obtain in the dry season, while the agricultural waste very abundant and potentially pollute the environment. Use of agricultural waste as feed animal is very advantage to obtain cattle nutrients need and alleviate pollution. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutrient quality of fermented complete feed based on soybean straw (CFS), compared with forage (F) or forage and concentrate with 4:1 ratio (FC). Proximate analysis was conducted to three kind of feed, then nutrients digestibility were conducted by in-vitro analyzed. Each kind of feed consisted of 4 replicates. The results showed that CFS had higher ash and crude protein content and less crude fiber than FS and F. CFS had dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) significantly (p< 0.05) higher than F but not significantly different with FC. There are not significantly different of NH3 production among the three kinds of feed. The conclusion was CFS had highest nutrient content. CFS and FC had digestible nutrient that higher than F. The quality of CFS can still be improved by adding N digestible for rumen microbe growth.Key words: complete feed, soybean straw, nutrient digestibility
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Muktiani, Anis. "KORELASI ANTARA KONSUMSI PROTEIN, ENERGI DAN BULAN LAKTASI DENGAN PRODUKSI SUSU SAPI PERAH DI KABUPATEN SEMARANG." Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah 15, no. 2 (2017): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36762/litbangjateng.v15i2.411.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluated the relationship of energy consumption (total digestible nutrients), intake protein and month of lactation with milk production on dairy cattle in Semarang Regency. The materials used was 40 dairy cattle between 1-9 month of lactation. It were grouped into 3 groups of month lactation including group 1 (1-3 month), group 2 (4-6 month) and group 3 (7-9 month). The measured variables were dry matter consumption, crude protein, and total digestible nutrients as independent variables and milk production as a fixed variable. The effect of independent variables on fixed variables was tested using correlation test and linear regression. The result showed that milk production of each group 1,2 and 3 was 12.12, 9.40, and 7.73 liters / day. The crude protein content and total digestible nutrients ration ranged between 12-13.7% and 62-66%. The consumption of crude protein and total digestible nutrients had no apparent correlation with milk production in dairy cattle in Semarang Regency, but milk production was strongly influenced by lactation (p <0.01). Correlation value (r) between lactation month with milk production showed moderate relationship (r = 0,55) with regression equation Y = 13.258-0,717X, that the milk production will decrease equal to 0,717 liter every month. The conclusion of this study is consumtion of protein and energy is not correlated with dairy milk production in Semarang Regency. Lack of consumption of crude protein and total digestible nutrients in early lactation leads to lower production presistence than normal milk production patterns.
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Rêgo, Margareth Maria Teles, José Neuman Miranda Neiva, Aníbal Coutinho do Rêgo, Magno José Duarte Cândido, Rossana Herculano Clementino, and João Restle. "Nutritional evaluation of elephant-grass silages with byproduct of annato." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 10 (2010): 2281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001000026.
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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional value of elephant-grass silages containing annato byproduct. Twenty intact rams were distributed in a complete randomized block design with five diets (0; 4; 8; 12 and 16% annato byproduct in the silage) and four replications and used to estimate the intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, content of total digestible nutrients and nitrogen balance. The addition of annato byproduct raised the intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), in body weight (%BW) and in metabolic weight (g kg-1BW0.75). The digestibilities of DM (55.95%), OM (58.19%), CP (45.34%), NDF (52.79%), ADF (45.79%), EE (34.96%) and NFC (99.86%) were not influenced by the addition of annato byproduct. The inclusion of annato byproduct in elephant-grass silage increased digestibility of total carbohydrates, the TDN content and the nitrogen balance. The aditions of annato byproduct at levels up to 16% of the elephant grass silage natural matter improves nutrient intake and nitrogen balance.
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Kusmiyati, F., E. Pangestu, S. Surahmanto, E. D. Purbajanti, and B. Herwibawa. "Production, quality and livestock carrying capacity of Panicum maximum and Sesbania grandiflora at saline soil with different manure application." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 44, no. 3 (2019): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.44.3.303-313.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of manure at saline soil on forage production, quality and livestock carrying capacity of P. maximum and S. grandiflora. The research was conducted on moderately saline soil at Rembang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia.Randomized complete block design was used as design experiment. The treatments were different dosage of manure as organic amendment (0, 10 and 20 tonnes/ha). Forage crops were P. maximum and S. grandiflora that planted monoculture or mixed-cropping. Parameters measured were dry matter (DM) production, ash, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total digestible nutrients. P. maximum was cut eight times, S. grandiflora was cut six times during one year. The result showed that the highest total dry matter production of mixed cropping P. maximum and S. grandiflora was available at moderately saline soil with application 20 ton/ha manure. Total production of dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrient available at application 20 ton/ha manure were 29131 kg/ha/year; 3722 kg/ha/year and 17718 kg/ha/year, respectively. Carrying capacity based on dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients were 10.8 AU/ha/year; 13.6 AU/ha/year and 11.3 AU/ha/year, respectively. In conclusion, application of 20 ton/ha manure at saline soil increased production, crude protein and carrying capacity.
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Lestari, Endang Sri. "Kecernaan Serat dan Total Digestible Nutrients Pakan Akibat Suplementasi Daun Katuk, Jintan Hitam dan Mineral dalam Rumen Sapi Perah secara In Vitro." Bulletin of Applied Animal Research 2, no. 2 (2020): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36423/baar.v2i2.556.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan suplementasi herbal (tepung daun katuk dan tepung jintan hitam), penambahan mineral Sulfur Proteinat (S-Proteinat) serta penambahan kombinasi herbal dan mineral terhadap kecernaan serat dan Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) pakan sapi perah secara in vitro. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah T0 = Ransum Kontrol, T1 = T0 + kombinasi herbal (0,50% tepung daun katuk + 0,50% tepung jintan hitam), T2 = T0 + mineral (0,25% S-Proteinat) dan T3 = T1 + mineral (0,25% S-Proteinat). Ransum kontrol terdiri atas hijauan rumput gajah dan konsentrat komersial. Parameter yang diamati adalah kecernaan Neutral Detergen Fibre (KcNDF), kecernaan Serat Kasar (KcSK) dan nilai Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pemberian suplementasi tepung daun katuk dan tepung jintan hitam, mineral S-Proteinat serta kombinasi kedua herbal dan mineral S-Proteinat tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap nilai KcNDF, KcSK dan TDN. Disimpulkan bahwa pemberian suplementasi herbal tepung daun katuk 0,50% BK pakan dan tepung jintan hitam 0,50% BK pakan, mineral S-Proteinat 0,25% BK pakan serta kombinasi kedua herbal dan mineral S-Proteinat belum mampu meningkatkan nilai kecernaan NDF dan SK serta nilai TDN pakan.Kata kunci : kecernaan serat, total digestible nutrients, in vitro, herbal, mineral.
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ABE, Akira, Mitsuru SHINODA, Kaoru IWASAKI, Fumitoshi SATOH, Takao SUDA, and Bin TAKAHASHI. "Assessment of Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) of Hays from Its Chemical Composition." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 56, no. 1 (1985): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.56.12.
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Faradilla, Farah, Limbang Kustiawan Nuswantara, Marry Christiyanto, and Eko Pangestu. "KECERNAAN BAHAN KERING, BAHAN ORGANIK, LEMAK KASAR DAN TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS BERBAGAI HIJAUAN SECARA IN VITRO." Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah 17, no. 2 (2019): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36762/jurnaljateng.v17i2.798.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kecernaan bahan kering, bahan organik, lemak kasar dan Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) beberapa hijauan secara in vitro. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan September 2018 – Januari 2019 di Laboratorium Ilmu Nutrisi dan Pakan, Fakultas Peternakan dan Pertanian, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 8 jenis hijauan pakan sebagai perlakuan masing-masing 3 ulangan. Parameter yang diamati kecernaan bahan kering, bahan organik, lemak kasar dan TDN. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berbagai jenis hijauan menghasilkan nilai kecernaan dan TDN yang berbeda (P<0,05). Kesimpulan hasil penelitian ini adalah kecernaan bahan kering, bahan organik dan lemak kasar dipengaruhi oleh kandungan nutrien dalam bahan pakan, sedangkan nilai TDN berkorelasi dengan nilai kecernaan nutrien dalam bahan pakan.
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Várhegyi, I., J. Várhegyi, and L. Rózsa. "The relationship of cell wall content and cell wall degradation rates measured in situ to digestibility depression of forages given to wether sheep." BSAP Occasional Publication 22 (1998): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00033036.
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The fractional rate of digestion as compared with the rate of passage can determine the extent of digestion in the digestive tract and the amount of potentially digestible matter escaping digestion (Van Soest, 1982). The lower the rate of digestion or the higher the rate of passage, the more nutrients escape digestion. The effect of rate of passage is higher for food components with slow rates of digestion such as neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) (Mertens, 1985). Increasing feeding level is associated with higher rate of passage, lower residence time in the rumen and decreased digestibility of nutrients. Digestibility depression is considered in several energy evaluation systems (van Es et al., 1978; Moe, 1981; Agricultural and Food Research Council, 1993 etc.) although most of the systems use a standard percentage discounting energy value, regardless of foods or nutrient components. Studies (Tyrell and Moe, 1975) showed that digestibility depression is higher for cell wall than cell solubles, whilst El Khidir and Thomsen (1983) reported that digestibility depression of cell walls was responsible for proportionately 0-7 of the observed decrease in digestibility. Mertens (1985) reported that energy discount factors can be related to NDF content and total digestible nitrogen value of foods. Ørskov (1996) recommended prediction of food potential of both energy value and intake from degradation characteristics.
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SILVA, Daniel Cézar da, Adriana GUIM, Gladston Rafael de Arruda SANTOS, et al. "Intake and digestibility of crossbred goats finished on caatinga grassland receiving feed supplementation during dry season." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 17, no. 3 (2016): 484–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402016000300014.
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SUMMARY It was evaluated the effect of feed supplementation at 0.4; 0.8 and 1.2% of body weight (BW) on intake and digestibility of crossbred goats finished on caatinga, in relation to crossbred goats not supplemented (0.0% of BW). Thirty-two crossbred, Anglo-Nubian goats were used, eight months old and with body weight of 18 ± 2.5 kg, organised into randomised blocks, which were kept on 37 hectares of caatinga from 7 h to 16 h. Intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fibre, total carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients was influenced (P<0.05) by the levels of feed supplementation, with linear increases of 202.31; 179.42; 25.05; 11.83; 35.79; 12.27; 142.63 and 166.79 g animal-1 day-1 respectively. There was a substitution effect (P<0.05) on dry matter intake when using feed supplementation at 0.7% BW. Feed supplementation resulted in positive linear effect (P<0.05) for digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrates, total digestible-nutrient content and digestible energy, with an increase of 17.15; 16.64; 19.07; 44.74; 15.15 and 17.56% for dry matter, and 0.69 Mcal kg-1 of dry matter respectively. Final body weight, total gain and average daily gain, showed a linear increase (P<.005) of 2.60, 3.09 and 0.036 kg per percentage point of each additional level of supplement. Feed supplementation increases the intake and digestibility of total dry matter and nutrients, a fact that makes greater performance possible, and recommends use up to a level of 0.7% BW to avoid any substitution effect.
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Jerez Bogota, Kevin S., Christian Sanchez, Jimena Ibagon, et al. "123 Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of multi-enzyme-supplemented low-energy and -amino acid diets for growing and finishing pigs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (2019): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.128.
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Abstract Objective was to determine the effects of supplementing corn-soybean meal-based diets with a multi-enzyme on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in growing pigs. A total of 276 pigs (BW = 33.99 ± 4.3 kg) were housed by sex in 45 pens of 6 or 7 pigs and fed 5 diets (9 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were positive control (PC); and negative control 1 (NC1) or negative control 2 (NC2) without or with multi-enzyme. The multi-enzyme used supplied at least 1,250, 860, 4,600, and 1,000 units of xylanase, β-glucanase, arabinofuranosidase and phytase per kilogram of diet, respectively. The PC was adequate in all nutrients according to NRC (2012) recommendations and had greater digestible P content than NC1 diet or NC2 diet by 0.134 percentage points. The NC1 diet had lower NE and digestible AA content than PC diet by 3%. The NC2 diet had lower NE and digestible AA content than PC diet by 5%. The diets were fed in 4 phases based on BW; Phase 1: 34–50 kg, Phase 2: 50–75 kg, Phase 3: 75–100 kg, and Phase 4: 100–120 kg. Nutrient digestibility was determined at the end of Phase 1. Overall (34–120 kg BW), pigs fed the PC and NC1 diets did not differ in ADG and ADFI. Pigs fed NC2 diet had lower (PPPP > 0.10). Supplemental multi-enzyme increased (P = 0.047) the ATTD of GE for NC2 diet. In conclusion, the NE and digestible AA and P can be lowered by ≤ 5% in multi-enzyme-supplemented diets without effects on growth performance pigs.
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Rosendo, Oswaldo, Luis Freitez, and Rafael López. "Ruminal Degradability and Summative Models Evaluation for Total Digestible Nutrients Prediction of Some Forages and Byproducts in Goats." ISRN Veterinary Science 2013 (May 13, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/532528.
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In in vitro true dry matter degradability (IVTDMD), in situ dry matter degradability, and neutral detergent fiber degradability, both in vitro (IVNDFD) and in situ (ISNDFD) techniques were used with crossbred goats to determine dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ruminal degradability in eight forages and four industrial byproducts. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) content obtained with five different summative models (summative equations) were studied to compare the precision of estimates. All these models included digestible fractions of crude protein, ether extract, and nonfiber carbohydrates that were calculated from chemical composition, but digestible NDF (dNDF) was obtained from IVNDFD (IVdNDF), ISNDFD (ISdNDF), or by using the Surface Law approach. On the basis of the coefficient of determination (R2) of the simple lineal regression of predicted TDN (y-axes) and observed IVTDMD (x-axes), the precision of models was tested. The predicted TDN by the National Research Council model exclusively based on chemical composition only explains up to 41% of observed IVTDMD values, whereas the model based on IVdNDF had a high precision (96%) to predict TDN from forage and byproducts fiber when used in goats.
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Paula, Vinicius R. C., Natália C. Milani, Cândida P. F. Azevedo, et al. "PSII-17 Comparison of corn ethanol co-products from Brazil and USA apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in pigs." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2020): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.304.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, GE, EE, NDF, ADF, and CP, the metabolizability of energy, of two high protein (HP) corn distillers dried grain (DDG) and of two corn DDG with solubles (DDGS), from Brazil and USA, and their respective digestible and metabolizable energy content in growing pigs. Fifty crossbred barrows (32.4±6.9kg) were distributed in a randomized block design, with 10 replicates, and received a 96.7 % corn basal diet (BD) or four diets with 40% of each test ingredient: Brazilian HP DDG (BHP); USA HP DDG (UHP); Brazilian DDGS (BDG) and USA DDGS (UDG), substituting for corn. Animals were fed at 2.8 x maintenance (110 kcal of DE per kg of BW0.75) for 7 d adaptation and 4 d of total feces and urine collection. The ATTD of nutrients and energy were calculated by difference and the results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test (P&lt; 0.05). The BHP and UHP samples contained (as is basis) 92.3 – 89.6% DM, 2.8 – 3.5% ash, 42.9 – 34.9% CP, 10.3 – 7.3% EE, 32.7 – 47.5% NDF, 13.3 – 17.5% ADF, 5.30 – 4.90 Mcal/kg, respectively. The BDG and UDG samples contained (as is basis) 86.1 – 86.1% DM, 4.8 – 4.9% ash, 13.9 – 25.8% CP, 9.0 – 6.4% EE, 40.8 – 40.2% NDF, 13.3 – 14.3% ADF, 4.51 – 4.53 Mcal/kg, respectively. The ATTD of DM and GE and the digestible and metabolizable energy contents of BHP were greater (P&lt; 0.05) than those verified in UHP. The ATTD of DM, GE, NDF, ADF, digestible and metabolizable energy values of BDG were lower (P &lt; 0.05) than those verified in UDG. In conclusion, the BHP presented higher digestible values to almost all parameters evaluated, however, all ingredients presented acceptable digestible contents, indicating they may be used in pigs feeding.
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MOLINA, BRUNA SUSAN DE LABIO, LARISSA RIBAS DE LIMA, LUDMILA COUTO GOMES, LUCIANO SOARES DE LIMA, and CLAUDETE REGINA ALCALDE. "NUTRITIVE VALUE OF DIETS WITH INACTIVE DRY YEAST FOR SAANEN GOATS IN THE PERIPARTUM PERIOD." Revista Caatinga 29, no. 1 (2016): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n123rc.
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ABSTRACT: The aim was to evaluate the replacement of soybean meal by inactive dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) from sugar cane on nutritive value of diets for Saanen goats in the peripartum. Twenty-four Saanen goats (nine primiparous, 55.35 ± 4.55 kg and fifteen multiparous, 73.12 ± 8.51 kg) in prepartum and postpartum periods were distributed in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 (diet × parturition order) factorial arrangement. Diets were composed of soybean meal, soybean meal plus dry yeast or dry yeast as protein source, and other ingredients: ground corn, mineral supplement and limestone. The roughage source used was the whole plant corn silage (40% of the total diet). Diets were evaluated as dry matter intake and digestibility of nutrients. The diet with total dry yeast inclusion promoted a reduction on the ether extract intake (postpartum) and ether extract digestibility (prepartum and postpartum), due its lower ether extract content when compared to the other diets. Multiparous goats presented higher intakes for dry matter, nutrients and total digestible nutrients in both evaluated periods due their higher intake capacity. Primiparous goats in postpartum had better coefficients of digestibility for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total carbohydrates, and so a higher energetic value, attributed to total digestible nutrients compared to multiparous ones. Dry yeast can replace soybean meal with no changes on nutritive value of diets for Saanen goats.
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Paiva, Gutemberg Nascimento, Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo, Lara Toledo Henriques, et al. "Water with different salinity levels for lactating goats." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4 (2017): 2065. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4p2065.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of supplying water with varying salinity levels to dairy goats on nutrient intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, and milk yield. The experiment lasted 65 days and involved 24 crossbred goats with mean body weight of 38±4 kg, which were randomly allotted. It was set in a completely randomized design with four treatments consisting of 640, 3188, 5740 and 8326 mg L?1 total dissolved solids (TDS) in the drinking water. The results showed that water salinity levels had no effect on the intake of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, total digestible nutrients, metabolizable energy, digestible energy, or apparent nutrient digestibility. Water intake was influenced by the salinity, increasing as the salt level was increased. Moreover, the varying salinity had no significant effect on milk yield. Drinking water containing up to 8326 mg L?1 TDS provided no interference with the intake and nutrient digestibility of lactating goats in the feedlot. However, increasing the water salinity affects animal intake without any changes in milk yield. Therefore, this type of water can be used for crossbred goats at 30 days in milk, for up to 65 days in the feedlot.
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Hernaman, Iman, Nadia Ainunisa, Rahmat Hidayat, et al. "Perbandingan Model Pendugaan Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) dan Protein Tercerna pada Domba Garut Jantan yang Diberi Ransum Berbasis Bahan Pakan Lokal." Jurnal Agripet 19, no. 1 (2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v19i1.12980.
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ABSTRAK. Perhitungan total digestible nutrients (TDN) dan Protein tercerna secara biologis seringkali mengalami kesulitan sehingga dilakukan perhitungan dengan menggunakan model pendugaan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk membandingkan model pendugaan TDN dan protein tercerna pada domba Garut jantan yang diberi ransum berbahan baku pakan lokal. Dua puluh empat ekor domba Garut diberi ransum berbasis bahan pakan lokal dengan kandungan TDN dan protein berbeda, lalu diukur nilai TDN dan protein tercerna. Nilai keakuratan model pendugaan TDN dan protein tercerna diukur dengan perhitungan ratio prediction to deviation (RPD), Hubungan TDN dan protein tercerna in vivo dengan berbagai model pendugaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis regresi. Model pendugaan yang digunakan untuk mengukur TDN adalah model Sutardi, Wardeh dan Harris et al., sedangkan model pendugaan protein tercerna menggunakan model Beenson dan Knight dan Haris. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa model pendugaan TDN Wardeh lebih akurat dibandingan dengan model Sutardi maupun Beenson dengan nilai ratio prediction to deviation (RDP) = 2,45, R2 = 08629 dan r = 0,9289. Model pendugaan protein tercerna Beenson dan Knight dan Haris tidak dapat digunakan karena memiliki nilai RDP yang sangat rendah. Kesimpulannya model pendugaan Wardeh lebih akurat dalam mengukur TDN pada domba Garut jantan. (Comparison of the total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible proteins models in male Garut sheep fed local feed-based rations) ABSTRACT. Calculation of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digested proteins biologically are often difficult, so calculations are made using the estimation model. The study aimed to compare the estimation model of TDN and digestible proteins in male Garut sheep fed local feed-based rations. Twenty-four of male Garut sheep were given various types of rations based on local feed ingredients with different TDN and protein content, then measured the value of TDN and digested protein. Then the accuracy of the TDN and digested protein estimation model was measured by calculating the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD), while measuring the relationship of TDN and digested proteins In Vivo with various estimation models was carried out using regression analysis. The estimation model used to measure TDN was the Sutardi, Wardeh and Harris et al. models, while the digested protein estimation model is using Beenson and Knight and Haris models. The results show that the Wardeh TDN estimation model is more accurate compared to the Sutardi and Beenson models with the RDP = 2.45, R2 = 0.8629 and r = 0.9289. Beenson and Knight and Haris digestible protein estimation model cannot be used because it has a very low RDP value. The conclusion is Wardeh estimation model is more accurate in measuring TDN in male Garut sheep.
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Alves Júnior, Renato Tonhá, Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza, Airon Aparecido Silva de Melo, et al. "Mesquite Extract as Phytogenic Additive to Improve the Nutrition of Sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 7 (2017): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n7p164.
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Four concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg extract per ml of water) of mesquite extract were used as phytogenic additive to verify the potential to increase the nutritional value of the feed, ruminal parameters (primarily propionate production) and nitrogen use efficiency, microbial protein synthesis and quantify the reduction of ciliated protozoa and characterize the ingestive behavior of sheep. Ten adult male sheep were subjected to a 5 × 5 double Latin square design. Prior to feeding, the animals received the mesquite extract. Nutrient intake was estimated from the difference of the amount of feed provided and the total surplus. Rumen content samples were collected to evaluate the profile of short-chain fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen, pH, ciliated protozoa, turnover rate and disappearance rate. To estimate the microbial protein synthesis, the technique of purine derivatives was used. The mesquite extract quadratically increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, as well as increased propionate production, acetate:propionate ratio and microbial protein synthesis. The numbers of ciliate protozoa in the rumen decreased as a result of mesquite extract inclusion in the diet. The use of mesquite pod extract at a concentration of 488 mg/mL is recommended to improve digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, and to optimize microbial protein synthesis and increase propionic acid production.
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Ikhatua, U. J., and F. O. Olubajo. "Feed Intake and Nutrient Utilization by Three Breeds of Cattle." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 8, no. 1 (2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v8i1.2512.
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Two feeding and digestibility trials were carried out to investigate the effects of groundnut cake (GNC) supplementation on feed intake, DM digestibility, nutrient utilization and liveweight gain of three breeds of cattle fed on all-roughage rations (hay and fresh grass) of Cynodon nlemfuensis var robustus. The results showed a decrease in mean DM intake of the basal ration by approximately 13.14%; 1.9% and 6.4% and an increase in total dry matter intake (basal + GNC supplement) of approximately 0.42%), 11.56% and 11.04% for the indigenous, crosses and exotic animals respectively. The results also showed non-significent increases in the apparent digestibilities of the nutrients. Both the total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) kg/W0.75 and Metabolizable Energy (ME) Kcal/W0.75 intake by the three breeds of cattle were increased with supplementation and mean daily liveweight increased by 18.92%, 13.15% and 16.27% respectively.
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LAFOREST, J. P., J. R. SEOANE, G. DUPUIS, L. PHILLIP, and PAUL M. FLIPOT. "ESTIMATION OF THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SILAGES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 1 (1986): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-013.
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Forty-eight wethers were used to determine voluntary intake and digestibility of eight silages made from pure swards of legumes and grasses. Chemical and physical characteristics of silages were measured and related to dry matter intake, digestibility coefficients and digestible nutrient intakes by means of simple correlation and linear regression analyses. Intakes of dry matter (DM), digestible energy, digestible protein and total digestible nutrients were correlated negatively with percentage cell walls (r = −0.87) and positively with crude protein (r = 0.92). Lignin and the logarithm of (lignin × 100/acid detergent fiber) were highly correlated to cell walls digestibility (r = 0.98). There was a close relationship between protein digestibility and crude protein content (r = 0.99). Dry matter digestibility was accurately estimated by a summative equation (r = 0.74). The physical characteristics (packed volume and water solubility) of the silages were not well correlated to either digestibility coefficients or intake. The nutritive value of good quality, well-preserved grass and legume silages was satisfactorily predicted from laboratory analyses of crude protein and cell wall components. The applicability of the equations developed in this study should be tested using a larger number of silages. Key words: Nutritive value, forages, silages, sheep
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Oliveira de Souza, Sinvaldo, Robério Rodrigues Silva, Fabiano Ferreira da Silva, et al. "Manejo nutricional de novillos criados en pastoreo y en corral: efectos en el consumo, digestibilidad, rendimiento y viabilidad económica." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias 12, no. 1 (2021): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v12i1.5076.
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This study aimed to evaluate nutrient intake and digestibility, performance and economic viability of steers during the rearing phase in Brachiaria brizantha cultivar Marandu graze and in feedlot. Were used fifty crossbred steers in the rearing phase, with a mean weight of 275 ± 8.18 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design with ten replications per treatments: Mineral supplementation, nitrogen supplementation, Concentrate supplementation in the order of 1 and 2 g/kg body weight and total feedlot. The total dry matter intake and body weight showed a difference (P<0.05) for animals in feedlot. Crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ashes and protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, total digestible nutrients showed differences for the animals that received mineral supplementation in comparison to the other managements adopted. The same performance was observed for animals in feedlot. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, non-fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients showed a difference (P<0.05) for the animals that received mineral supplementation, in comparison to the other managements adopted. (P<0.05). The mean daily gain was lower (P<0.05) for animals receiving mineral supplementation. The gross margin was higher (P<0.05) for animals handled in feedlot. Considering the obtained results, it was possible to observe that the animals kept in graze with good availability of dry matter presented satisfactory performance. It is feasible to confine the animals in rearing, since it shortens the production cycle, generating favorable economic results.
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Adu, L. F., and C. A. M. Lakpimi. "EFFECT OF FEEDING CHOPPED AND UNCHOPPED GROUNDNUT HAULM (HARAWA) ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF SOME RUMEN METABOLITES IN YANKASA LAMBS." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 10 (January 19, 2021): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v10i.2720.
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The effect of feeding chopped and unchopped groundnut haulm (Harawa) on nutrient intake, metabolism and utilization was determined in 24 (12 each of male and female) growing Yankasa lambs. Feeding of chopped harawa significantly (P 0.05) Increased feed intake, the digestibility of nutrients and liveweight gains. It also had an appreciable effect on nitrogen retention and the production of total rumen nitrogen, rumen ammonia-nitrogen and volatile fatty acids. The availability of digestible energy did not differ significantly under the two feeding regions. There was a better feed efficiency for lambs fed chopped hay.
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Amuda, A. J., K. J. Onaleye, and O. J. Babayemi. "Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance of WAD sheep fed ensiled maize stover and concentrate supplement." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 2 (2020): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i2.46.
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A study on effect of ensiled maize stover (EMS) and protein concentrate supplement (CS) on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance of ensiled maize stover (EMS) and concentrate supplement (CS) by West African Dwarf ewe was carried out. were showed Fifteen West African dwarf ewe with body weight of 14-16 kg allotted to individual metabolic cage in completely randomized design after preliminary feeding trial. The treatments were: A (75% EMS + 25% CS), B (50% EMS + 50% CS), C (25% EMS + 75% CS), D (100%EMS) and E (100% CS). The digestibility study lasted for seven days to determine dry matter digestibility, nutrients digestibility and nitrogen retention of WAD ewe fed ensiled maize stover and concentrate supplement. Results that dry matter intake (DMI), digestible crude protein (DCP), digestible crude fibre (DCF), digestible nitrogen free extract (DNFE), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) ranged from 321.65- 694.41gDM/day, 3.99 - 12.30%, 7.32 - 17.23%, 33.35 – 38.85% and 63.65 – 70.92%, respectively. Dry matter intake of ewe fed sole ensiled maize stover (diet D) was lowest (321.65gDM/day) while animals on diet C (25% EMS+75%CS) had the highest (694.41gDM/d). Apparent digestibility of CP was lowest (3.99%) in ewe fed sole EMS and highest (12.20%) in ewe fed diet C (25% EMS + 75% CS). Positive N-balance was observed for all the five diets, but it was highest (P< 0.05) in diet B (50%+50%) and lowest in diet D (100% EMS). Similarly, N-retention was highest (67.15%) in diet B and lowest (27.61%) in diet D. Therefore, diet made up of 50% ensiled maize stover and 50% concentrate is recommended for sheep production.
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Cabral, A. M. D., F. F. R. Carvalho, G. C. L. Santos, et al. "Use of sugar cane to feed lactating dairy goats." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 6 (2020): 2297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12022.
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ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of replacing corn silage with sugarcane in the diet of lactating Saanen goats and to determine their intake and digestibility of nutrients, ingestive behavior, milk yield and composition. The experimental diets were composed of increasing levels (0, 33, 66 and 100%) of substitution in dry matter (DM). Twelve multiparous Saanen goats, with an average body weight of 45.2kg, average milk yield of 3.0kg day-1, distributed in a triple latin square experimental design (4 × 4) were used. The dry matter intake (DMI) and other nutrients were estimated through the difference between the total nutrient in the food offered and its total in the leftovers. The DMI, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients were not influenced, but the apparent digestibility of DM and NDF decreased. Feeding time and feeding efficiency were not influenced, the rumination and total chewing times increased, and the leisure time decreased, both linearly. Milk yield was not influenced by substitution levels, but corrected milk yield to 3.5% fat decreased. Sugar cane represents a dietary alternative for goats with medium milk yield in critical periods of forage, since it does not change the consumption of DM and milk yield, even with the apparent declining digestibility of some nutrients, influencing the ingestive behavior of the animals.
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Perazzo, Alexandre Fernandes, Sansão De Paula Homem Neto, Ossival Lolato Ribeiro, et al. "Correlations of intake, digestibility and performance with the ingestive behavior of lambs fed diets containing ammoniated buffel grass hay." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 3 (2016): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1551.
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<p>This study aimed to evaluate the correlations of intake, digestibility and performance with the ingestive behavior of lambs fed diets containing ammoniated buffel grass hay. Buffel grass hay was treated with four levels of urea (0, 18, 36 and 54 g/kg DM basis) and eight repetitions. Thirty-two sheep with no defined breed and an average body weight of 17.7 ± 1.8 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. It was observed positive correlations were found between the feeding time and the intake of dry matter (r = 0.3120), organic matter (r = 0.3242), neutral detergent fiber (r = 0.3800), total carbohydrates (r = 0.3343) and total digestible nutrients (r = 0.3233). Positive correlations (P &lt; 0.05) were found among the rumination efficiencies, g of DM/h and g of NDF/h with nutrient intake variables, except for ether extract intake. Positive correlations were observed (P &lt; 0.05) between both total weight gain (TWG) and average daily gain (ADG) and the rumination efficiency, g of DM/h (r = 0.3330) and g of NDF/h (r = 0.3304). The feeding and rumination efficiencies have a positive relationship with the total digestible nutrients. The correlation among intake, digestibility and performance variables with the ingestive behavior, it was important for the understanding of diet containing ammoniated buffel grass hay, in which the positive correlation of rumination efficiency with intake and weight gain explained the favorable effect on productive performance of feedlot sheep.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>
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Islam, R., MRA Redoy, AAS Shuvo, MAH Sarker, MA Akbar, and M. Al-Mamun. "Effect of pellet from total mixed ration on growth performance, blood metabolomics, carcass and meat characteristics of Bangladeshi garole sheep." Progressive Agriculture 28, no. 3 (2017): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v28i3.34659.
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Six indigenous Bangladeshi Garole sheep (Ovis aries) (BW: 8±0.5 kg; Age: 1yr) were divided into two groups using a randomized block design to investigate the effect of total mixed ration (TMR) pellet feeding on growth parameter, blood metabolomics, carcass and meat characteristics. Control diet was composed of road side grass, rice straw, wheat bran, mustard oil cake, molasses, common salt which considered as loose total mixed ration (L-TMR) and treatment diet was pelleted form of L-TMR (P-TMR).In both the dietary treatments the animals were fed at 1.5 times of maintenance energy and protein requirement. P-TMR revealed a positive impact (p < 0.05) on live weight gain and feed conversion ratio than L-TMR. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude fibre (DCF) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in P-TMR group whereas there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in other digestible nutrients as well as plasma metabolites like plasma glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol concentration between two dietary group. Dressing percentage and eye muscle area was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in P-TMR group but no significant difference was found between dietary treatments in term of disposition of body fat, proximate composition of mutton, all the sensory parameters except tenderness and overall acceptability. So, it could be concluded that, the P-TMR might be fed to sheep for better growth performance and higher meat production rather than production of functional mutton.Progressive Agriculture 28 (3): 222-229, 2017
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Sun, Baoli, Luciana L. Prates, and Peiqiang Yu. "Interactive Curve-Linear Relationship Between Alteration of Carbohydrate Macromolecular Structure Traits in Hulless Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Grain and Nutrient Utilization, Biodegradation and Bioavailability." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (2019): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061366.
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The aim of this study was to reveal an interactive curve-linear relationship between altered carbohydrate macromolecular structure traits of hulless barley cultivars and nutrient utilization, biodegradation, as well as bioavailability. The cultivars had different carbohydrate macromolecular traits, including amylose (A), amylopectin (AP), and β-glucan contents, as well as their ratios (A:AP). The parameters assessed included: (1) chemical and nutrient profiles; (2) protein and carbohydrate sub-fractions partitioned by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS); (3) total digestible nutrients (TDN) and energy values; and (4) in situ rumen degradation kinetics of nutrients and truly absorbed nutrient supply. The hulless barley samples were analyzed for starch (ST), crude protein (CP), total soluble crude protein (SCP), etc. The in situ incubation technique was performed to evaluate the degradation kinetics of the nutrients, as well as the effective degradability (ED) and bypass nutrient (B). Results showed that the carbohydrates (g/kg DM) had a cubic relationship (p < 0.05), with the A:AP ratio and β-glucan level; while the starch level presented a quadratic relationship (p < 0.05), with the A:AP ratio and cubic relationship (p < 0.05), with β-glucan level. The CP and SCP contents had a cubic relationship (p < 0.05) with the A:AP ratio and β-glucan level. The altered carbohydrate macromolecular traits were observed to have strongly curve-linear correlations with protein and carbohydrate fractions partitioned by CNCPS. For the in situ protein degradation kinetics, there was a quadratic effect of A:AP ratio on the rumen undegraded protein (RUP, g/kg DM) and a linear effect of β-glucan on the bypass protein (BCP, g/kg DM). The A:AP ratio and β-glucan levels had quadratic effects (p < 0.05) on BCP and EDCP. For ST degradation kinetics, the ST degradation rate (Kd), BST and EDST showed cubic effects (p < 0.05) with A:AP ratio. The β-glucan level showed a cubic effect on EDST (g/kg DM) and a quadratic effect on BST (g/kg ST or g/kg DM) and EDST (g/kg DM). In conclusion, alteration of carbohydrate macromolecular traits in hulless barley significantly impacted nutrient utilization, metabolic characteristics, biodegradation, and bioavailability. Altered carbohydrate macromolecular traits curve-linearly affected the nutrient profiles, protein and carbohydrate fractions, total digestible nutrient, energy values, and in situ degradation kinetics.
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Adeloye, A. A. "Intake And Nutrient Digestibilities Of All-concentrate Diet From Forage And Some Crop Wastes By Sheep And Goats." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 20 (January 5, 2021): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v20i.2097.
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A total of 20 animals comprising 10 ranis and 10 bucks were involved in a digestibility study to assess the nutritive value of a combination of yam peel, cocoa-seed testa and Leucaena leaf in an all-concentrate diet for the sheep and goat. Parameters for assessment were dry matter intakes, dry matter and nutrient digestibilities, total digestible nutrients and nutritive ratio. The dry matter intakes in the all-concentrate diet by the sheep and goat ( > 4% of body weight) were higher (p<0.05) than obtained for the conventional diet of grass hay and supplemental concentrates of dry matter, crude protein and energy were lower (P<0.05) while those of crude protein and ether extract were higher and significant when compared to the conventional diet. The nature of the crude fibre of all-concentrate feed could influence the dry matter and energy digestibilities, and the digestible energy. The nutritive ratio of the all-concentrate feed was narrow (P<0.05) and indicated a high nutritive value.
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Velayudhan, Deepak E., Marta Gracia, Leon Marchal, and Yueming Dersjant-Li. "64 Total Replacement of Inorganic Phosphorus by a Novel Consensus Bacterial 6-phytase Variant in Grower Pigs Fed Corn-soybean Meal-based Diets." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (2021): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.076.
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Abstract The efficacy of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) to totally replace dietary inorganic phosphorus (Pi) was evaluated in grower pigs fed diets with reduced net energy (NE) and digestible amino acids (AA), using growth performance and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients as outcome measures. A total of 352 growing pigs (23.4 ± 1.3 kg) were randomized to 4 dietary treatments with 8 pigs/pen and 11 pens/treatment. Diets were corn, soybean meal, distiller’s dried grains with solubles and wheat middlings based, formulated by phase (Grower 1, 25 to 50 kg and Grower 2, 50 to 75 kg). The positive control (PC) diet provided adequate energy and nutrients. A negative control diet was formulated without Pi (0.12% STTD P) and reduced Ca (-0.12 to -0.13 percentage points), NE (-32 kcal/kg) and essential AA (-0.15 to 0.3 percentage points) vs. PC. The NC was supplemented with 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg of PhyG. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and orthogonal polynomial were used for linear response to increasing PhyG. Nutrient reductions in the NC reduced (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) during both phases and overall, increased (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) and tended to reduce (P &lt; 0.1) feed intake during Grower 1 and overall, vs. PC. Supplementation of PhyG showed linear improvement (P &lt; 0.05) in FCR during Grower 1 and ADG during Grower 2 and PhyG at 1,000 FTU/kg maintained a similar growth performance compared to PC. Addition of PhyG improved (P &lt; 0.001) ATTD P and tended to improve ATTD of DE (P &lt; 0.1) in linear manner. In conclusion, the novel consensus phytase can replace Pi and compensate for the reduction of Ca, NE and digestible AA in grower pig diets with equal performance compared to the nutrients adequate positive control.
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Beck, P., T. Hess, D. Hubbell, M. S. Gadberry, J. Jennings, and M. Sims. "Replacing synthetic N with clovers or alfalfa in bermudagrass pastures. 2. Herbage nutritive value for growing beef steers." Animal Production Science 57, no. 3 (2017): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15046.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including alfalfa (ALF, Medicago sativa L.) or a combination of white (Trifolium repens L.) and red (Trifolium pretense L.) clovers (CLVR) inter-seeded into bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) on herbage nutritive value compared with monocultures of bermudagrass fertilised with 0 (0N), 56 (56N), or 112 (112N) kg nitrogen (N)/ha over four grazing seasons. At the end of the fourth year (during the winter), legume plants in ALF and CLVR were killed and the carryover N benefit on bermudagrass nutritive value was evaluated during the fifth year. Pre-grazing herbage of all pastures exceeded the dietary recommendations for growing steers to maintain 0.9 kg/day average daily liveweight gain for crude protein and total digestible nutrients, 118 and 617 g kg/DM, respectively. Post-grazing herbage in ALF was below 600 g/kg total digestible nutrients at all times during the grazing season, post-grazing total digestible nutrients of CLVR was below 600 g/kg during the late summer and autumn. Post-grazing herbage of monoculture bermudagrass pastures fell below 600 g/kg in the middle of summer regardless of N fertilisation. Carryover N benefits of legumes were similar to 112N in the early summer, but were not different than 0N and 56N during the late summer and autumn. Replacing applications of synthetic N in bermudagrass swards with inter-seeding of either clovers or alfalfa produce herbage with equivalent nutritive value to heavily N fertilised monocultures of bermudagrass during the early summer, and similar to moderately N fertilised in the late summer and autumn. The inclusion of legumes in bermudagrass swards can reduce the reliance on synthetic N fertilisation with little overall effect on herbage nutritive quality possibly decreasing environmental impacts of grazing production systems.
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Gollcher, Augusta Martins Romaniello, José Augusto de Freitas Lima, Elias Tadeu Fialho, Paulo Borges Rodrigues, and Renato Ribeiro de Lima. "Nutritional value of high and low tannin high-moisture sorghum grain silage in horses." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 6 (2010): 1246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000600012.
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The objective in this work was to determine the nutritive value of high and low tannin high-moisture sorghum grain silage in horse feeding by means of digestibility. A total of eight crossbred geldings at the age of six years and an average body weight of 330 kg were used in a complete randomized design with samples replicated on the same animals. The test-diets consisted of the ensiled high and low tannin sorghum grains replacing 30% of the dry matter of the reference diet, constituted exclusively by hay. The daily dry matter intake was equivalent to 2.0% of the body weight, so, the test diets were constituted by 30% of ensiled sorghum grains and 70% of hay. The digestibility coefficients of the nutrients of the low and high tannin sorghum grain silages were obtained by the difference between the coefficient of digestibility of the nutrients of the reference diet and the test-diets. The values of digestibility of dry matter, energy and protein of the high tannin sorghum grain silage were lower (73.65, 73.65 and 71.33%) than low tanin sorghum grain silage (87.70, 87.70 and 82.36%). The contents of digestible dry matter, digestible protein, digestible starch, digestible neutral detergent fiber and digestible energy were 59.08%, 10.63%, 71.48%, 2.32% and 3,954 Mcal/kg of dry matter of the low tannin sorghum grain silage and 50.58%, 8.16%, 67.80%, 3.72% and 3,192 Mcal/kg of the dry matter of high tannin sorghum grain silage, respectively, therefore, only contents of digestible neutral detergent fiber and starch were similar among silages. The use of low tannin sorghum grain silage, an alternative food in formulation of promising diets for horses feeding.
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Andrade, Ederson Américo, Miguel António Machado Rodrigues, Luis Ribeiro, Clayton Quirino Mendes, Luis Miguel Mendes Ferreira, and Victor Pinheiro. "Effect of cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp) Stover dietary inclusion level on total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients in growing rabbits." World Rabbit Science 27, no. 1 (2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2019.10450.
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Although agro-industrial co-products have low economic value as foods for human consumption, they may have potential value as animal feedstuffs. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of cowpea stover inclusion in rabbits’ diet on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. A total of 180 animals were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (CS0, CS2 or CS4, with no inclusion, 20 or 40 g/kg of cowpea stover, respectively). Animal performance was evaluated between the 53<sup>rd</sup> and 67<sup>th</sup> d of age in 48 animals per treatment. The coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and gross energy were measured between 63 to 67 d of age in 12 animals per treatment. Results showed that, in general, CTTAD values were not affected by the inclusion of cowpea stover. Nevertheless, a trend towards a decrease in crude protein digestibility (<em>P</em>=0.0848) was observed when including cowpea stover. This had a negative influence on digestible protein (P=0.0240) and on the ratio between digestible protein and digestible energy (<em>P</em>=0.0231) for diet CS4. Rabbits showed normal figures for growth rate (on av. 46.8 g/d), feed intake (on av. 168.3 g/d) and feed conversion ratio (on av. 3.61). Future studies should assess the possibility of incorporating higher levels of cowpea stover while analysing the economic impact of this inclusion.
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Noblet, J., X. S. Shi, and S. Dubois. "Metabolic utilization of dietary energy and nutrients for maintenance energy requirements in sows: basis for a net energy system." British Journal of Nutrition 70, no. 2 (1993): 407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930135.
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Digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for maintenance (NEm) values of a set of fourteen diets were measured in six adult sows fed at and below their maintenance energy level. The efficiency of ME for NEm was estimated from heat production (HP) measurements (indirect calorimetry) at these different feeding levels. HP was partitioned between HP due to physical activity, thermic effect of food (TEF) and fasting heat production (FHP). The amounts of DE digested in the small intestine or in the hindgut were measured. Equations for prediction of NEm from dietary characteristics were calculated. HP at maintenance level averaged 400 kJ/kg body-weight0.75, 16 and 19% of the total being due to physical activity and TEF respectively. The efficiency of ME for NEm averaged 77·4% with higher values for digestible diethyl ether extract (100%) and starch + sugar (82 %). The efficiencies of digestible crude protein (N × 6·25) and digestible residue averaged 69 and 56 % respectively. The energy absorbed from the small intestine was used more efficiently than the energy fermented in the hindgut (82 v. 59%). These values are comparable with those obtained in growing pigs. The NEm content of diets can be predicted accurately from equations including DE (or ME) values and some dietary chemical characteristics.
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Wilson, H. C., V. R. Bremer, G. E. Erickson, et al. "Digestion characteristics and prediction of digestible energy and total digestible nutrients in beef cattle finishing diets containing traditional and by-product lipid sources." Applied Animal Science 37, no. 4 (2021): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15232/aas.2020-02131.
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Li, Bokun, Yasuyuki Ishii, Sachiko Idota, et al. "Yield and Quality of Forages in a Triple Cropping System in Southern Kyushu, Japan." Agronomy 9, no. 6 (2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060277.
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A triple cropping system, combining spring maize, pearl millet, and twice-cut blast disease resistant Italian ryegrass, was examined for the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 growing seasons to achieve quality herbage production in Miyazaki, southern Kyushu, Japan. The growth of the three crops reached to harvest, even though typhoon and heavy rainfall occurred. Annual dry matter (DM) yield of the triple crops was 4098 g m−2 and 4349 g m−2 in the first and second cropping seasons, respectively. The observed total digestible nutrients (TDN) were higher in spring maize (up to 68.2% and 76.8%), pearl millet (up to 60.0% and 67.9%), and Italian ryegrass (up to 71.6% and 68.6%), during the first and second season, respectively, leading to an annual TDN yield of 2357 g m−2 and 2938 g m−2. The results suggest that the present established triple cropping system is feasible for obtaining high yields with more digestible nutrients in the forages.
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Souza, Rodrigo de, Claudete Regina Alcalde, Bruna Hygino, Bruna Susan de Labio Molina, Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos, and Ludmila Couto Gomes. "Effects of dietary energy levels using calcium salts of fatty acids on nutritive value of diets and milk quality in peripartum dairy goats." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 38, no. 3 (2014): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542014000300009.
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Peripartum is a critical period for dairy goats, as dry matter intake (DMI) is not enough to supply the energy requirement for foetal growth and subsequent lactation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) to increase dietary energy level of peripartum dairy goats and its effects on nutritive value of diets and milk quality. Twenty multiparous Saanen goats (body weight 63.5±10.3 kg) were distributed in a completely randomised design in four treatments at the following dietary energy levels: 2.6 Mcal of metabolisable energy per kg of dry matter (Mcal ME/kg DM) - control diet; and 2.7, 2.8, and 2.9 Mcal/kg DM - with added CSFA. Goats were housed in individual stalls and evaluated in the peripartum period, by measuring body weight (BW), DMI, dry matter and nutrient digestibility of diets, blood composition, and milk quality and yield. Increasing dietary energy level to 2.9 Mcal ME/kg DM had no effect on BW and did not limit DMI. CSFA supplementation increased intake of total digestible nutrients and did not affect fibre digestion. Blood triglycerides and cholesterol concentration increased with CSFA addition. The treatments had no effect on milk yield and composition; however, CSFA supplementation changed the fatty acid concentration of milk fat, increasing levels of polyunsaturated and essential fatty acids. In conclusion, peripartum dairy goats supplemented with CSFA to increase dietary energy level up to 2.9 Mcal ME/kg DM had a greater supply of total digestible nutrients and showed altered fatty acid concentration of milk fat.
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Drozdowska, Mariola, Teresa Leszczyńska, Aneta Koronowicz, Ewelina Piasna-Słupecka, Dominik Domagała, and Barbara Kusznierewicz. "Young shoots of red cabbage are a better source of selected nutrients and glucosinolates in comparison to the vegetable at full maturity." European Food Research and Technology 246, no. 12 (2020): 2505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03593-x.
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AbstractCruciferous vegetables are a valuable source of ingredients with health benefits. The most characteristic compounds of cruciferous vegetables with identified anticancer properties are glucosinolates. Young shoots and sprouts of red cabbage are becoming a popular fresh food rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. The objective of this research was to determine, for the first time in a comprehensive approach, whether young shoots of red headed cabbage are a better source of selected nutrients and glucosinolates in the human diet in comparison to the vegetable at full maturity. The proximate composition (protein, fat, digestible carbohydrates, fiber), fatty acids profile, minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper), as well as glucosinolates were examined. The red headed cabbage was characterized by a significantly larger amount of dry matter, and total and digestible carbohydrates in comparison to young shoots. The ready-to-eat young shoots, which are in the phase of intensive growth, are a better source of protein, selected minerals, and especially glucosinolates. The level of some nutrients can be enhanced and the intake of pro-healthy glucosinolates can be significantly increased by including young shoots of red cabbage into the diet.
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Stein, H. H. "Procedures for determining digestibility of amino acids, lipids, starch, fibre, phosphorus, and calcium in feed ingredients fed to pigs." Animal Production Science 57, no. 11 (2017): 2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17343.
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The proportion of nutrients that is absorbed from the intestinal tract of the pig differs among dietary ingredients; therefore, it would be desirable to determine the proportion of nutrients that is absorbed for each ingredient, but, for practical reasons, values for the digestibility of nutrients in each ingredient are used as predictors of absorption. For amino acids, starch and lipids, ileal digestibility must be determined because nutrients not absorbed in the small intestine will be fermented or changed in the large intestine, which invalidates data for total tract digestibility of these nutrients. For starch, apparent ileal digestibility is a reasonable predictor of its disappearance from the small intestine, but because of endogenous secretions of amino acids and lipids into the small intestine, standardised ileal digestibility of amino acids and true ileal digestibility of fat must be determined. For fibre, total tract digestibility is used to estimate fermentation and subsequent absorption of short-chain fatty acids, but it must be corrected for endogenous secretions. Likewise, for phosphorus and calcium, values for apparent total tract digestibility must be corrected for basal endogenous losses; consequently, standardised total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium is calculated and used in diet formulation. These procedures for determining the digestibility of nutrients in feed ingredients make it possible to formulate diets in which concentrations of digestible nutrients can be predicted from values for individual feed ingredients.
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Ismael, Adi Jonathan, Ch L. Kaunang, K. Maaruf, and M. Waani. "DAYA DUKUNG BAHAN KERING, PROTEIN KASAR DAN TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIEN LIMBAH TANAMAN PANGAN SEBAGAI PAKAN RUMINANSIA DI KECAMATAN TALAWAAN KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA." ZOOTEC 38, no. 1 (2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.38.1.2018.17603.
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CARRYING CAPACITY OF DRY MATTER, CRUDE PROTEIN AND TOTAL NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF CROP WASTE AS RUMINANT FEED IN TALAWAAN SUB-DISTRICT OF NORTHERN MINAHASA. A research evaluating nutrient carrying capacity of crop residues as ruminant feed had been conducted since 1st March – 6th April 2017 in District Talawaan North Minahasa Regency. Descriptive method of analysis was used. Secondary data were collected from Balai Pertanian Peternakan dan Perikanan dan Kehutanan in Talawaan district and Statistics Center Bureau (BPS) North Minahasa Regency. Parameters observed were crop residues carrying capacity and carrying capacity index of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrient (TDN). The results showed that carrying capacity of DM, CP and TDN were 9664 AU, 5240 AU and 8090 AU, respectively. Carrying capacity indexes were at safe levels (> 2) 13.09, 7.10, and 10.96 for DM, CP and TDN, respectively. It can be concluded that carrying capacity of DM (9664 AU), CP (5240 AU) and TDN (8090 AU) can provide nutrients for additional 8926 AU (DM), 4502 AU (CP) and 7351 AU (TDN) of ruminants in Talawaan District, North Minahasa Regency with carrying capacity index of >2. Keywords: Food crop residues, nutrient carrying capacity, carrying capacity index, ruminant livestocks.
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Jacyno, E., A. Pietruszka, W. Biel, et al. "Effect of sow age on the apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in the diet." South African Journal of Animal Science 46, no. 3 (2016): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v46i3.2.
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The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of sow age on apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients and the concentration of metabolizable energy in the diet. The experiment was carried out on 20 gestating sows, divided into two groups: Group I - 10 sows in first pregnancy (131 ± 4.5 kg) and Group II - 10 sows in fourth pregnancy (225 ± 8.2 kg). Sows in the two groups were fed identical diets for sows during early pregnancy. The total collection of faeces began on day 30 of pregnancy and lasted eight days. Sows in the fourth pregnancy had greater digestibility coefficients of dry matter (4.1 percentage units), organic matter (3.4 percentage units), crude protein (5.5 percentage units) and crude fibre (6.2 percentage units) than sows in the first pregnancy. The total tract digestibility of ether extract, starch and sugars was not affected by pig age. The metabolizable energy, determined according to the content of digestible nutrients, in the sow diet in fourth pregnancy was 0.7 MJ/kg higher than in the diet of sows in their first pregnancy. Results of this research indicate that sow age should be considered when formulating diets during early pregnancy.______________________________________________________________________________________Keywords: Digestibility, gestation, metabolizable energy, nutrients, age of sow
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Zaeem, Muhammad, Muhammad Nadeem, Thu Huong Pham, et al. "Corn-Soybean Intercropping Improved the Nutritional Quality of Forage Cultivated on Podzols in Boreal Climate." Plants 10, no. 5 (2021): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10051015.
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Intercropping systems could be a potential source of nutrient-rich forage production in cool climates on podzolic soils common in boreal ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated the effects of corn–soybean intercropping (IC) on the nutritional quality of forage. Two silage corn varieties were cultivated as monocropping (MC) or were intercropped with three forage soybean varieties using a randomized complete block design. IC significantly increased the crude protein (22%) and decreased the acid detergent (14%) and neutral detergent (6%) fibers. Forage net energy, total digestible nutrients, ash, dry matter intake, digestible dry matter and relative feed value were also significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) in the IC treatments compared to corn MC. The macro and micro nutrients were higher in IC than corn MC. Intercropping increased the omega 3 fatty acid (FA) contents (67%) compared to corn MC. IC also increased the active microbial community in the plant root zone, which may contribute to the improvement in forage nutritional quality because the active soil microbial community composition showed significant correlations with soluble sugars, soluble proteins and potassium contents of the forage. These results demonstrate that corn–soybean IC could be a suitable cropping system to increase the nutritional quality of forage cultivated on podzols in boreal climates. The resultant forage has the potential to be a source of high-value animal feed for livestock production in cool climate regions of the world.
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Pinto, C. S., A. L. R. Magalhães, A. L. Teodoro, et al. "Potential alternative feed sources for ruminant feeding from the biodiesel production chain by-products." South African Journal of Animal Science 50, no. 1 (2020): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v50i1.8.
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This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, fractionation of nitrogen compounds and carbohydrates, digestibility parameters, gas production kinetics and ruminal fermentation of fruit seed cakes. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three fruit seed cakes (treatments) and four replications. The cakes were made of seeds of custard apple (Annona squamosa), soursop (Annona muricata) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), which were collected in a biodiesel plant. The passion fruit seed cake presented the highest content of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre crude protein (NDFcp), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin and total carbohydrates (P<0.05). The custard apple seed cake presented high proportions of crude protein, condensed tannins and digestible energy (P<0.05). The soursop seed cake presented higher values for ether extract and total digestible nutrients (P<0.05). For potential degradability, the authors detected a difference between the custard apple, soursop and passion fruit seed cakes. The total volume of gases was higher for custard apple and soursop seed cakes. Custard apple seed cake presented higher proportions of in vitro degradation parameters (P<0.05). Thus this cake could provide greater nutrient levels when supplied in ruminant diets, followed by soursop seed cake and passion fruit seed cake.
 Keywords: alternative food, by-products, ruminant feeding, seed cake, semi-arid
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Galyean, M. L., and L. O. Tedeschi. "Predicting microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle: Relationship to intakes of total digestible nutrients and crude protein1." Journal of Animal Science 92, no. 11 (2014): 5099–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8098.
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NAKANO, Miwa, Kazuhiro MATOBA, and Yasuko TOGAMURA. "An Estimation for Total Digestible Nutrients in Fresh Herbage from a Perennial Ryegrass - White Clover Mixed Pasture." Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 52, no. 2 (2018): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.6090/jarq.52.155.
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Allahverdiyev, E., and S. Khalilov. "Effect of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on the Accumulation of Total Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in the Surface Mass in Cover Crop of Alfalfa." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 7 (2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/68/08.
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The article examines the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on the accumulation of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the surface mass of alfalfa in the gray-meadow soils, which have long been irrigated and poorly supplied with nutrients in the Karabakh region. issues were commented: Provision of plants with essential nutrients during the growing season, productivity, product quality depends on the availability of easily digestible nutrients in the soil. In order to get high yields from agricultural crops, organic and mineral fertilizers should be applied to the soil every year in accordance with the norms established on the basis of soil cartograms, and cultivation techniques should be properly followed. The optimal diet for alfalfa depends on the optimization of fertilizer rates in different irrigations. The highest amount of total NPK was observed in the first form over the years and decreased in subsequent forms. Each of the formations in the surface mass was high in nitrogen and potassium, and low in phosphorus. In the 2nd and 3rd years of alfalfa condition, the total NPK was higher than in the first year in terms of formats. This is due to the fact that alfalfa increases the amount of nutrients in the soil and soil fertility. It also has a positive effect on the regulation of nutrients in the surface mass of alfalfa.
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Gaponov, N. V., and L. N. Gamko. "Nutrient digestibility of fishmeal rations in primates." Veterinary Science Today, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2021-3-38-239-242.
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The results of the study on effects of fishmeal on nutrient digestibility and intake in primates are given in the paper. Fishmeal is a feeding stuff, manufactured from fish, marine mammals, invertebrates not suitable for human consumption and by-products of their processing. Fishmeal nutrient composition includes natural substances and minerals, including phosphorus, calcium, iodine, selenium, several essential amino acids, as well as vitamins А, D and В complex. Fishmeal is known to be rich in digestible energy and proteins. One kilogram of fishmeal contains 700 grams of raw protein and up to 15 MJ of digestible energy. It should be noted that fishmeal is easily digested by animals. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data in publications on use of fishmeal as high protein feed in rations of primates. In this regard, the aim of the study was to analyze the effects of fishmeal on digestibility of mixed feed nutrients in male rhesus-macaques and to use the obtained results for understanding of prospects of fishmeal further use for feeding primates. The chemical composition and nutritional value of the total mixed ration was determined. The economic effectiveness of the fishmeal use in the rations of primates was calculated. Based on the experimental data, it was established that the inclusion of fishmeal (18% out of total) into the diet contributes to the improvement of feed intake in experimental primates and reduces the costs of complete granular feed.
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Monteiro, C. C. F., M. A. Ferreira, A. S. C. Véras, et al. "A new cactus variety for dairy cows in areas infested with Dactylopius opuntiae." Animal Production Science 59, no. 3 (2019): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17256.
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Spineless cactus is an important part of dairy cow diet in the semiarid Brazilia. Severe infestation of cochineal (Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell) destroyed a vast area of the most common species of cactus planted in the region; Opuntia ficus-indica Mill. resistant varieties with superior agronomic performance were recently selected, but they still need to be tested with dairy cows. We evaluated the use of a resistant variety, ‘Orelha de Elefante Mexicana’ (OEM, Opuntia spp.), in dairy cow diet. We tested its effect on intake, nutrient digestibility, microbial protein, blood parameters and performance of lactating cows. Ten cows with an average milk yield of 20 kg/day were assigned to an experiment using a double 5 × 5 Latin square design. The experimental diets consisted of five replacement levels of Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck cv. (‘Miúda’) by ‘OEM’ (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) on a dry-matter (DM) basis) and were formulated considering the ingredient composition. The roughage:concentrate ratio was 70:30 on a DM basis. The replacement of ‘Miúda’ by OEM did not change the intake (kg/day) of DM (18.0), organic matter (16.3), crude protein (CP, 2.8), total digestible nutrients (11.6), non-fibre carbohydrates (7.6) and neutral detergent fibre (5.7), or the apparent digestibility (g/kg) of DM (655), organic matter (694), CP (739) and non-fibre carbohydrates (950), whereas apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fibre increased linearly. Microbial protein production (1.5 g/day), microbial protein efficiency (129.2 g CP/kg total digestible nutrients), plasma urea nitrogen (21.4 mg/dL), nitrogen balance (123 g/day), feed efficiency (1.1), nitrogen efficiency (0.2), milk production (20.0 kg/day), fat-corrected milk production (20.1 kg/day) and milk composition were not influenced by the replacement. Therefore, we recommend the use of OEM in the diet of lactating cows with an average milk yield of 20 kg/day.
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Urubkov, S. A., S. S. Khovanskaya, and S. O. Smirnov. "Study of the content of the main macronutrients in gluten-free crops and products of their processing." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 2 (2019): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-2-102-107.
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The aim of this study was to obtain data on the quantitative ratio of the main nutrients in amaranth grain, as well as products of its processing (blasted grain and flour Krupchatki) in comparison with the more common in Russia gluten-free grain products, such as buckwheat and rice flour, corn and buckwheat. The review of Russian and foreign articles showed quite wide ranges of the content of the main nutrients in amaranth grain. As a result of the study, data on the content of the main macronutrients, i.e. protein, fat, digestible and non-digestible carbohydrates and ash content were obtained. The obtained data showed that the protein content in amaranth grain exceeds the content of this nutrient in buckwheat, as well as rice and corn flour. The total content of lipids in the exploded amaranth grain was 6.41% for dry matter, and surpassed the rest of the studied products in this indicator. The analysis showed a relatively high content of carbohydrates in all the studied products. The amaranth grain carbohydrates are made up 63,25% dry solids, which is lower than in other samples, where the values of this indicator ranged from 65,6 to 80.3% solids, the amount of indigestible carbohydrates in the grain amaranth is almost 2 times higher than this value in other samples. The results obtained in this study can be used in studies of gluten-free crops and products of their processing in the development of specialized gluten-free grain mixtures using amaranth for children's nutrition.
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Pina, Douglas dos Santos, Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho, José Augusto Gomes Azevêdo, Analívia Martins Barbosa, Rilene Ferreira Diniz Valadares, and Edenio Detmann. "Effects of inclustion and exposition times of sugar cane to calcium oxide on the physiologic and digestive parameters of Nellore heifers." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 7 (2010): 1579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000700026.
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It was aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion and times of sugar cane exposition to whitewash on intake and total and partial digestibility of nutrients and ruminal parameters and to compare titanium dioxide and chromium oxide as markers to estimate fecal dry matter excretion and dry matter abomasal flow. It was used six rumen and abomasum cannulated Nellore females, with average body weight of 250 ± 19 kg, distributed in an incomplete 6 x 6 latin square design. The experiment was set in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme with three levels of whitewash (0; 0.5 or 1.0% natural matter) and two times of sugar cane storage (0 and 3 days). There was no effect of storage times neither interaction among levels of whitewash and storage times on the intake of nutrients. However, levels of whitewash linearly increased consumption of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and non-fibrous carbohidrates (NFC).Storage times reduced total apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), but they did influence ruminal apparent digestibility of the nutrients. The inclusion of whitewash increased the consumption of total digestible nutrients (TDN), but it did not affect total digestibility and ruminal digestibility of the nutrients. The markers produced similar results for the estimates of total and ruminal apparent digestibility of all the evaluated nutrients. Interactions for ruminal pH were observed. However, values of amonical nitrogen were only influenced by sampling times. Addition of whitewash does not affect preservation of sugarcane, but it positively influences consumption of DM, OM, and TDN of the animals. The markers produced similar estimative to total tract and ruminal apparent digestibility of all nutrients. Titanium dioxide and chromium oxide markers produce similar estimates of digestibility.
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PAUL, SHYAM S., ASIT B. MANDAL, and NITYA N. PATHAK. "Feeding standards for lactating riverine buffaloes in tropical conditions." Journal of Dairy Research 69, no. 2 (2002): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029902005423.
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Data from 33 feeding trials, conducted on lactating riverine buffaloes from different institutes across India, were subjected to multiple regression analysis to derive nutritional requirements for dry matter (DM), total digestible nutrients (TDN), crude protein (CP) and digestible crude protein (DCP) for maintenance, milk production and body weight gain. Maintenance requirements for DM, TDN, CP and DCP were 59.9, 35.3, 5.43 and 3.14 g/kgW0.75, respectively; corresponding requirements for producing 1 kg 6% FCM were 688, 406, 90.3 and 55.2 g and for 1 g gain in body weight were 3.37, 1.97, 0.327 and 0.23 g. Regression equations had high R2 values (0.61, 0.66, 0.84 and 0.68 for prediction of DM, TDN, CP and DCP, respectively) and the equations (F-value) as well as coefficients were highly significant (P<0.001). Regressed values were used to derive feeding standards. Derived values matched well with the actual intake versus performance of animals under diverse feeding conditions. New standards predicted requirements and intake of nutrients for different production levels better than existing feeding standards. Because they are based on a more thorough analysis of data, the new feeding standards will be appropriate for use widely in India.
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Kala, Anju, D. N. Kamra, Avinash Kumar, Neeta Agarwal, L. C. Chaudhary, and C. G. Joshi. "Impact of levels of total digestible nutrients on microbiome, enzyme profile and degradation of feeds in buffalo rumen." PLOS ONE 12, no. 2 (2017): e0172051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172051.
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Ojimaduka, C. B., D. I. Taiwo, A. A. Shaibu, S. Abdullahi, and S. S. A. Egena. "Growth performance of broiler chickens administered varying doses of garlic (Allium sativum) and Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) extracts." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 4 (2020): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i4.86.
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The study was designed to evaluate the effects of administering extracts of garlic and Aloe vera in water on the growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. One hundred and fifty, day old, Arbor acre chicks were used, in a completely randomized design, in seven treatments and each with three replicates. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. The garlic and Aloe vera extracts together with the antibiotics control (Sulfaquinoxalina) were administered at different doses via drinking water consecutively for three days and alternately at week 1, 3, 5 and 7, respectively. Treatment 1 received commercial antibiotics (Sulfaquinoxalina) at 2.67 g in 4 litres of water. Treatments 2 and 3 each received 0.40 mL of garlic and Aloe vera extracts in 4 litres of water which translated to 400 ppm. Treatments 4 and 5 each received 0.80 mL of both extracts in 4 litres of water (800 ppm) while treatments 6 and 7 each received 1.20 mL of both extracts in 4 litres of water (1200 ppm), respectively. The parameters measured were mean body weight, mean body weight gain, mean feed intake, mean feed conversion ratio, mean protein and energy efficiency ratio and apparent nutrient digestibility of feed as a result of the various doses of garlic and Aloe vera. Results showed no significant (p>0.05) differences in all the growth performance parameters measured for the first four weeks (starter phase). Feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency and energy efficiency ratio were affected (p<0.05) across the treatment groups at the last four weeks (finisher phase) of the experiment, with broiler chickens administered 400 ppm of garlic extract (T3) showing better performance (2.44, 2.42, 0.14) compared to those fed treatment 6 and 7 (1200 ppm Aloe vera and garlic). The apparent nutrient digestibility of the broiler chickens for all the nutrients were significantly (p<0.05) affected at both the starter and finisher phases of the experiment but no particular trend was observed. The total digestible nutrients were therefore calculated and it showed that birds administered 400 ppm Aloe vera extract (T2) at the starter phase and both 800 ppm of Aloe vera (T4) and garlic (T5) at the finisher phase, had better (p<0.05) total digestible nutrients compared to the control (90.69 vs 88.31; 91.10, 90.60 vs 88.59, respectively). It is concluded that the doses of 400 ppm (garlic) and 800 ppm (Aloe vera) extracts via drinking water improved feed conversion ratio, protein and energy efficiency ratio of broiler chickens at the finisher phase.