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1
Hernández-Sánchez, Brizeida Raquel, José Carlos Sánchez-García, and Alexander Ward Mayens. "Impact of Entrepreneurial Education Programs on Total Entrepreneurial Activity: The Case of Spain." Administrative Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci9010025.
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There is a need to evaluate entrepreneurial education programs (EEPs) to see the impact they have on a country’s development. Previous work has focused mostly on entrepreneurial intentions, mainly in a university context. Additionally, literature reviews on the impact of entrepreneurial education have not yet been conclusive, mainly due to the use of subjective indicators and a low consideration of objective indicators. The purpose of this article is to respond to some of these challenges. Specifically, this study used an objective indicator, Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA), in a non-university context. A database was created that included programs categorized by autonomous communities. The analysis showed that EEPs significantly influenced the entrepreneurial activity of autonomous communities. This implies that entrepreneurial education should be a prioritized objective in the educational policy of these communities. The recommendations derived from these results are, among others, to promote role models, continue supporting the financing of entrepreneurial initiatives through education and training, continue implementing government policies to support entrepreneurship, and carry out evaluations on the impact that these programs have on skills acquired in the short and medium terms, as well as their maintenance over time.
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FRANKLIN, REBECCA J., MICHAEL H. MORRIS, and JUSTIN W. WEBB. "ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN AMERICAN INDIAN NATIONS: EXTENDING THE GEM METHODOLOGY." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 18, no. 02 (June 2013): 1350009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108494671350009x.
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Drawing on institutional theory and using a methodology adapted from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), early stage entrepreneurial activities are examined within American Indian nations. Examining a context within a larger institutional context, comparisons are made between three American Indian nations and the United States. Patterns are identified regarding total entrepreneurial activity (TEA), nascent entrepreneurship, business discontinuation and new and established business rates. Additional analyses are conducted of individual-level variables within American Indian nations including location, self-efficacy and other variables in relation to nascent entrepreneurship and business ownership. Implications are drawn for tribal entrepreneurship development and further extension of the GEM methodology.
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Leporati, Marcelo, Sergio Daniel Roses, and Alfonso Jesús Torres-Marín. "Factors influencing senior entrepreneurship in Chile. A GEM perspective." ESIC MARKET Economic and Business Journal, Volume 52, Issue 2 (December 1, 2020): 283–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.7200/esicm.169.0522.1.
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Objective: The aim of this research is to identify which are the internal factors that lead senior (+55 years) to entrepreneurship in Chile and its comparison with a selected group of Latin American countries. Methodology: To achieve the previous goal, the analysis is based on the Adult Population Survey of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) of 2016 and uses a logistic regression model applying different variables on the TEA (Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity). Results: The research shows that occupation, level of education, age, knowledge of other entrepreneurs and the entrepreneur’s confidence in their own skills are key variables. Limitations: These study does not consider the external perspective, which reflects how the environment influences entrepreneurial intentions. Practical implications: Based on these results, governments can better understand what factors they should consider when configuring policies to support entrepreneurial activity in this demographic sector. Furthermore, this work contributes to the development of knowledge about senior entrepreneurship in the country and to the identification of best practices to be used in other countries.
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Schneider, Kaethe, and Vbronia Saeed. "Entrepreneurial Career Probabilities of Adolescents." Open Psychology Journal 14, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350102114010104.
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Introduction: The extent of new enterprise creation is a key driver contributing to economic, social, individual, and cultural values. Given a relatively low rate of Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) in Germany, an understanding of the predictors of adolescent entrepreneurial career preferences is critical in developing ways to foster the interest of young people in entrepreneurship. Although the late precursors of the intention to become self-employed are largely understood, only a few studies have investigated which early individual-level factors affect the subjective probability of becoming an entrepreneur. Objective: The objective of the current study is to identify and statistically examine personality factors that affect the subjective probability of adolescents becoming entrepreneurs. Methods: Based on the German Socio-Economic Panel, we employed logistic regression to research the dependence of the variable “probability of becoming self-employed” on independent variables such as gender, locus of control (LoC), and personality traits for German adolescents aged between 16–17 years. Results: The study reveals a positive influence of the personality traits conscientiousness, extraversion, and LoC on the probability of being self-employed for German adolescents aged between 16–17 years. Agreeableness and neuroticism were found to have no significant effect on the subjective probability of adolescents becoming entrepreneurs, and openness was found to have no significant impact on high likelihood of being self-employed. For adolescents, being female has a significant impact only on a medium probability to be self-employed. Conclusion: To the current body of personality models explaining early adolescent entrepreneurial career preferences, we contribute a model which refers to a representative sample of adolescents in German society.
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Dele-Ijagbulu, Oluwafemi, Menisha Moos, and Chukuakadibia Eresia-Eke. "The Relationship Between Environmental Hostility and Entrepreneurial Orientation of Small Businesses." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (July 2020): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2393957520931332.
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Declining entrepreneurship as indicated by low total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) and high business failure is unacceptable in any economy. This predicament is indicative of South Africa’s business environment as well as the entrepreneurial disposition of firms operating within it. However, the factors precipitating entrepreneurial behaviour among small firms are yet to be fully comprehended and the environment as a motivation for entrepreneurship among these firms is yet to be examined thoroughly. Furthermore, research focus on the antecedents of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is limited, even as EO has been considered as an aggregated construct repeatedly with inadequate attention directed at its independent constituents. In response to these concerns, this study investigates the relationships between environmental hostility (EH) and the individual components of EO among small businesses in South Africa. Using a quantitative methodological approach, the study conducts a survey, and analyses data obtained through random sampling. Through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), it is discovered that only four components of EO are statistically recognisable, contrary to five as widely acknowledged in literature. Positive associations were also revealed between EH and each of these dimensions to varying degrees. These findings underline the necessity for entrepreneurial action along the lines of risk-taking, proactive-innovativeness, competitive aggressiveness and autonomy among small businesses in South Africa, given the hostile environment of her small business sector.
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Akbar, Riznaldi. "An Investigation of Determinants Global Entrepreneurship: Multi-Country Panel Studies." DeReMa (Development Research of Management): Jurnal Manajemen 11, no. 1 (June 3, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/derema.v11i1.185.
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<p>This study examines the validity of governmental supports and policies; and financing for entrepreneurs in the context of global entrepreneurial activities. Our studies are based on the rich datasets of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database covering 108 countries from 2001 to 2014. In this study, we examine whether countries with more favorable policies and supports towards entrepreneurship and availability of financing for entrepreneurs would result in the higher country’s entrepreneurial activities.</p><p>We use total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA), a percentage of 18 - 64 year old population who are either a nascent entrepreneur or an owner manager of a new business, as our dependent variable to represent country’s entrepreneurial activities. There are two main explanatory variables used in the study: governmental supports and financing for entrepreneurs. The governmental supports represents the extent to which public policies support entrepreneurship as a relevant economic issue, while financing for entrepreneurs indicates the availability of financial resources for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) including grants and subsidies. We also include three control variables of basic school entrepreneurial education and training; physical and services infrastructure; and cultural and social norms to test the significance of these factors to the country’s entrepreneurial activities.</p><p>This study adopts panel regression model augmented with control variables. We favor Random Effect model as opposed to Fixed Effect or Pooled OLS model as Hausman and Breusch–Pagan test suggest. Our results suggest that there is no evident that government supports have significant contribution to country’s entrepreneurial activities. In other words, entrepreneurial activities are more flourished in a country that has not set entrepreneurship as relevant economic issues as it might be the case for many emerging countries. The availability of formal financial resources is significant to the country’s entrepreneurships, but with a negative sign. It could be interpreted that in some countries many new start-ups and entrepreneurs seem to have a greater reliance to informal financing of 4Fs (Founders, Family, Friends and Foolhardy investors) instead of formal channels i.e. government grant and subsidies, venture capital or strategic partners. A country with cultural and social norms that encourage citizens to new business activities also has greater number of entrepreneurships. However, we found no evident that entrepreneurial education and training at basic school; and ease access to infrastructure are significantly affecting entrepreneurial activities in a country.</p>
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Meyer, Natanya, and Jacques De Jongh. "The Importance of Entrepreneurship as a Contributing Factor to Economic Growth and Development: The Case of Selected European Countries." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 4(J) (September 14, 2018): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i4(j).2428.
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Entrepreneurship has been pointed out as a key contributor to sustained economic growth and development as it not only creates employment, but increased spending in markets, knowledge transfers, employment and innovation. However, very few studies exist that empirically measures the relationship between the three variables; economic growth, economic development and entrepreneurship. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine and highlight the importance of entrepreneurship as a contributing factor to economic growth and development. Traditionally, economic growth is measured by the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country. As no formal measurement of economic development exists, an index was created taking into consideration the Human Development Index (HDI), percentage population above the poverty line and employment rate. The entrepreneurship development variable is measured by the Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA). The study followed a quantitative research design and made use of secondary time series data with the sample period ranging from 2005 to 2016. The study area comprised five selected member states of the European Union (EU) which included Germany, the Netherlands, Hungary, Belgium and Poland. Findings suggest that economic growth, development and entrepreneurship seem to be inexplicably connected. As several other factors may also contribute to the fluctuations of economic growth and development results differed from one country to another. However, the analyses from the Dutch, Hungarian and Polish economies for the period under consideration reveal correspondingly healthy economic and social environments where entrepreneurial climates are flourishing. The analysis from Germany and Belgium, however reveal subdued entrepreneurial development. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the development of SME sectors especially in transition economies be centralised as important focus areas towards improving economic and social growth outlooks. In turn, policy stakeholders should ensure the creation of enabling environments structured around responsive micro and macro decision-making.
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Mahadea, Darma, Shaun Ramroop, and Temesgen Zewotir. "Assessing entrepreneurship perceptions of high school learners in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 14, no. 1 (March 23, 2011): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v14i1.59.
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Although South Africa achieved positive economic growth rates since the advent of democracy in 1994, the formal sector has not been able to absorb the annual increasing number of job-seekers on the market and solve the unemployment problem. The exercise of entrepreneurship, through business formations and expansions, is regarded as a vehicle for job creation and output expansion. According the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reports, South Africa’s level of early stage total entrepreneurial activity (TEA) is rather low relative to other countries at a similar level of development. This is partly owing to skills and resource limitations. If more individuals could realistically be exposed to practical entrepreneurship education at the secondary school level, South Africa’s base for entrepreneurial capacity can be enhanced. This study uses quasi logistic regression to examine the probability of secondary school learners, in Pietermaritzburg, the capital of Kwazulu-Natal province in South Africa, to start their own business in the future. It also probes the association between the socio-economic attributes of these learners and entrepreneurship. On the basis of a survey of 275 senior school learners from 5 schools, the regression results indicate that gender, ethnic background and having a role model as well as acquiring personal skills to run one’s own business are significant factors influencing an individual’s propensity to venture into small firm self-employment in the future. Black learners are perceived to have a significantly greater disposition to enter into business than other groups, and male scholars are found to have a greater probability of starting their own business than female. As potential entrepreneurs do not necessarily come exclusively from a business family background, the supply of effective entrepreneurship can be augmented, if more young individuals with the relevant skills endowment can start opportunity firms and necessity ventures.
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Sulejman, Rejhan. "The influence of entrepreneurship in youth unemployment in transition and MENA countries." Zbornik Veleučilišta u Rijeci 8, no. 1 (2020): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31784/zvr.8.1.7.
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Even though young people do not have enough work experience and skills, there is no doubt that they are an important source of the economic growth. However, the integration of young individuals to the labor market faces difficulties because of the missing experience, so one of the tools used to integrate them easily in the market has been entrepreneurship. In the last decade the concept ‘entrepreneurship’ and ‘entrepreneur’ have become very popular especially among youth. Studies show that young people are becoming interested in start-up businesses because they think about what they can do for themselves instead of what the government can do for them. The aim of this paper is to identify the relationship of entrepreneurship with youth unemployment in transition and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries for the period 2008 – 2016. An econometric analysis of panel data for the 33 countries is executed in Stata 12, to identify whether entrepreneurship can be used as a tool to decrease youth unemployment. There is no universal method to measure entrepreneurship, so data collected from different countries can bring incorrect results. In order to avoid incorrectness and misleading results we use TEA (total-early stage entrepreneurial activity) for entrepreneurship, from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, which uses the same methodology for data collection in every country. This study proves the theories from the literature review stating that young people have ambitions and are interested in starting their own business.
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Zaritskiy, B. E. "Problems of Small and Medium Business in Germany." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-6-75-133-152.
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The article deals with the problems of small and medium entrepreneurship (SME) in Germany, its role in the country’s economy. It reveals the mechanism of interaction of government structures, political parties, business alliances and the expert community in formulating and carrying out policies aimed at supporting SME. It shows that real business conditions in Germany differ substantially from what is usually offered to potential investors in advertising brochures. The Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity Index (TEA-Quote) puts Germany far behind its competitors. For several consecutive years the number of liquidated small and medium enterprises has been higher than that of newly created ones. Germany’s new generation prefers to seek jobs in big companies or in the civil service. Germany seems to have lost the Gründer spirit. Entrepreneurs complain about the great number of bureaucratic procedures, the growing shortage of skilled workforce, high electricity prices, and difficulties in accessing bank credits for micro and small enterprises. An underdeveloped market of venture capital has been a drag on innovative startups. A successful cluster policy, which gave a new impulse to the development of several territories, has not offset serious shortcomings in the country’s entrepreneurial climate. While not dramatizing the situation, the author considers as mistaken a common point of view found in Russian publications. This point of view holds that framework conditions for business in Germany constitute a near-ideal model, which leads to success as long as it is copied faithfully. The article analyses public discussion in Germany about the problems of SMEs, complains of small and medium business against the authorities. The key provisions of the government strategy to develop small and medium business adopted in 2019 and a cessionary package to mitigate damage of the coronavirus outbreak on the German economy adopted in 2020 are reviewed. The main conclusion of the author is that the German experience should be treated selectively, taking into account overall internal political, economic and social conditions under which the German policy of supporting SMEs is designed. The strengths of this policy lie in its systemic nature and a commitment to align it with industrial, innovative, social, research, and educational policies.
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Vodă, Ana Iolanda, Gina Ionela Butnaru, and Rodica Cristina Butnaru. "Enablers of Entrepreneurial Activity across the European Union—An Analysis Using GEM Individual Data." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031022.
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The objective of this study involves identifying the influence of different perceptual attributes on the likelihood of engaging in early-stage entrepreneurial activities (TEA). The study correspondingly applies individual data based on the statistics gathered from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Adult Population Survey database for 18 European Countries in 2007 and 2014. We performed several logistic regression analyses in order to test the influence of some entrepreneurial attributes on the propensity to engage in TEA. We identified four perceptual determinants: Capability to identify opportunity; having the skills, knowledge and experience to start up a business; fear of failure; and knowing other entrepreneurs. We tested their effect along with some control variables and interaction effects. The results confirm the importance of these factors in explaining entrepreneurial activities across different economies.
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Torres, Pedro, and Mário Augusto. "Cultural configurations and entrepreneurial realisation." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-12-2017-0525.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to better understand the connection between culture and entrepreneurship in proposing and testing complex configurations of culturally endorsed implicit leadership theories (CLTs) and cultural practices that lead to entrepreneurial behaviour by studying entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) separately. Design/methodology/approach Using data from Globe Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) studies, a sample of 44 countries, and a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, several models for EI and TEA were developed. Findings The main findings provide a way of distinguishing between complex antecedent conditions that are required for each stage of the entrepreneurial realisation. The results empirically show that there is no ideal context – the path to stimulate entrepreneurship that works best for one country does not necessarily works the same for other countries. There are multiple paths to achieve the desired outcome. Research limitations/implications The data from the GLOBE study were not completely up to date, the effect of which was minimised by considering data from GEM that respects temporal ordering. Nevertheless, data from GEM suggest that there is a degree of stability in the data over time. Future research could replicate this study with a larger selection of countries and with new data, collected in a different way. Additionally, the inclusion of CLTs proposed in this study opens new opportunities for future research, by providing a new angle to look at the entrepreneurial realisation process. Practical implications This study advances research into the association of culture and entrepreneurship, and develops testable models using a configurational approach, thus confirming the suitability of asymmetric configuration analysis for entrepreneurial research. The results expand an understanding of the entrepreneurial process by showcasing the different complex antecedent conditions for EI and TEA. Depending on a country’s cultural profile, policy-makers should invest in the dimensions that enable their society to align with the model that best suits their own culture. The obtained models offer a framework for evaluating new interventions that aim to develop entrepreneurial behaviour in a specific country. Originality/value Different configurations showcase that there are alternative paths to achieving high levels of EI and TEA. The differences among the possible configurations for each stage of the entrepreneurial realisation are uncovered. Country profiles are identified, quantified, and then compared providing guidance for policy-makers.
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Dileo, Ivano, and Francesco Losurdo. "Investigating Socio-Economic and Perceptual Variables of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity in Selected EU Countries." Olsztyn Economic Journal 11, no. 4 (December 30, 2016): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.2935.
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This paper investigates socio-economic and perceptual factors affecting the likelihood of being a total early-stage entrepreneur in selected EU countries (Denmark, Germany, Finland, Sweden and Latvia) during 2005-2012. The data used for our empirical research comes from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Our findings show that the probability to become a total early-stage entrepreneur increases for males and younger individuals with a bachelor's degree or secondary education and who are working part time or full time. Furthermore, these entrepreneurs are characterised by a lower fear of failure and higher entrepreneurial skills and perception of opportunity. Policy makers should improve the institutional framework that involves measures aimed at empowering potential entrepreneurs in finding new market opportunities. Territorial cooperation in a macro-regional perspective may be a facilitator aimed at entrepreneurial development.
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Ordeñana, Xavier, Paul Vera-Gilces, Jack Zambrano-Vera, and Adriana Amaya. "Does all entrepreneurship matter? The contribution of entrepreneurial activity to economic growth." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 33, no. 1 (October 29, 2019): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-11-2018-0256.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper revisits the effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth. Design/methodology/approach Using a cross-country panel data set of 61 countries in the period 2002–2014, this paper empirically analyzes the differences in contribution to economic growth. Particularly, using an extension of the Cobb–Douglas production function, the authors show the role of entrepreneurship in developed and developing economies. Global entrepreneurship monitor data were used to estimate the proposed types of entrepreneurship. Findings Results indicate that economic growth can be explained by growth-oriented entrepreneurship, including developing economies. These results remain robust to a variety of specifications that include economic, social and cultural controls, and two ways of sorting countries by stage of development. Originality/value The authors split the total entrepreneurial activity (TEA) according to job expectations, in order to isolate the effect of entrepreneurial activity that is growth oriented (dynamic) and not (regular). Lastly, the empirical application presented comprises a more adequate timeframe to analyze the proposed relationship, determining possible differences for developed and developing economies.
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Harmina, Anita. "The role of entrepreneurship in explaining the real Gross Domestic Product per capita: Regression model selection." Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/crebss-2016-0007.
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Abstract In this research, the impact of total early-stage entrepreneurial activity and competitiveness of the economy on the real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is analyzed in a cross-section of world economies using the methods of correlation and multiple regression analysis. In the attempt to select between the linear and the double-logarithmic model, the regression diagnostics and quality of the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables were analyzed. The functional form of the model was tested by the MacKinnon, White and Davidson test. Model selection methods regarding the comparison of coefficients of determination and the Akaike information criterion were used. The results of the analysis show that independent variables have a statistically significant impact on the real GDP per capita, and that the real GDP per capita is elastic to the changes of competitiveness but inelastic to the changes of total early-stage entrepreneurial activity.
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Asif, Mahnoor, and Anum Ellahi. "Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Pakistan: The Regional Dimension." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 21, Special Edition (September 1, 2016): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2016.isp.a8.
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This study analyzes entrepreneurial ability in Pakistan through a cross-sectional comparison of provinces and districts based on data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for 2010–12. The aim is twofold: to (i) identify individual and country-level factors that affect nascent and potential entrepreneurs and (ii) see how regional income levels and the degree of development affect entrepreneurship (of both the opportunity and necessity varieties), eventually contributing to innovation and economic growth. We investigate the effect of total early-stage entrepreneurial activity on entrepreneurial framework conditions at the regional level and then evaluate the impact of education, age, gender and entrepreneurial ability on potential entrepreneurs, nascent entrepreneurs and baby business owners to examine the entrepreneurial startup process.
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Nataraajan, Rajan, and Madhukar G. Angur. "Innovative ability and entrepreneurial activity: two factors to enhance “quality of life”." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 29, no. 6 (June 30, 2014): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-09-2013-0205.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of aspects of knowledge economy covered by the Knowledge Economy Index [KEI] and aspects of entrepreneurial activity covered by the Global Entrepreneurship Index [GEI] on quality of life [QOL] in a country. Design/methodology/approach – Data pertaining to KEI, GEI and QOL for different countries were gathered and analyzed through correlation and regression analyses. Findings – The results of the analysis yielded two key findings: First, KEI and GEI have a significant effect on QOL. Second, the Innovation Index (a component of KEI) and the total early stage entrepreneurship (a component of GEI) emerge as key factors that improve QOL. Originality/value – The value of this research lies in the fact that it unearths the two factors in KEI and GEI that actually impact QOL. By establishing and reinforcing the salience of innovative ability and entrepreneurial activity, this research helps long-term planners of an economy to fine-tune their focus.
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Ravšelj, Dejan, Polonca Kovač, and Aleksander Aristovnik. "Tax-Related Burden on SMEs in the European Union: The Case of Slovenia." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2019-0024.
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Abstract Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are very important for the European economy. However, SMEs often encounter various barriers, whereby tax-related barriers are perceived as the most burdensome that affects their business operations and entrepreneurial activity in general. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it attempts to identify SMEs perception on current state and measures to be carried out in order to reduce respective red tape. Second, it tries to establish the relationship between burdens imposed by tax policy and entrepreneurial activity. Using hierarchical cluster analysis and descriptive statistics two different datasets are analyzed for the European Union (EU) and Slovenia separately. The results provide evidence that tax burden is less influential than tax administrative burden among EU countries by considering their impact on new business density and total early-stage entrepreneurial activity. Additionally, the results for Slovenia reveal that the need for a stable tax system, with IT and procedurally related measures are highlighted.
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Bayar, Yilmaz, Marius Gavriletea, and Zeki Ucar. "Financial Sector Development, Openness, and Entrepreneurship: Panel Regression Analysis." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 29, 2018): 3493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103493.
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Entrepreneurship plays a major role in all countries’ economies through generating new jobs and innovation, and in turn making a contribution to the economic growth. Therefore, the determinants underlying entrepreneurship have become important for designing an environment that increases entrepreneurial activity. In this study, we considered it important to investigate the influence of factors such as financial sector development, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and trade and financial openness on entrepreneurship, using information from 15 upper middle income and high-income countries over the 2001–2015 period. The findings reveal that the banking sector and capital market development, FDI inflows, and trade openness affect the total early-stage entrepreneurial activity positively. Furthermore, the crises had a negative impact on the entrepreneurship.
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Dima, Bogdan, Oana-Ramona Lobonţ, and N. Nicoleta-Claudia. "Does the quality of public policies and institutions matter for entrepreneurial activity? Evidences from the European Union’s member states." Panoeconomicus 63, no. 4 (2016): 425–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1604425d.
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By using data related to the 15 European Union ?old? and ?new? Member States, for a time span between 2001 and 2014, the present paper supports the thesis of a positive and significant correlation between the quality of governance and entrepreneurial activity. In order to test such correlation, the elements of Governance Quality reported by the World Bank?s Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project were considered. Some key aspects of entrepreneurial activity reflected by Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity, Perceived Opportunities and Perceived Capabilities were taken into account based on The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database. In addition, in order to reflect the structural rigidities and tensions from the labour market, the unemployment rate provided by the World Bank?s World Development Indicators database was considered as a control variable. The effect of the inclusion of a country in a certain development group, according to the most recent World Bank classification (?low-income economies? to ?high-income economies?), was also considered in a multi-level analytical framework with a two-level model. The results of this study clearly indicate that higher levels of public policies and institutions? credibility/effectiveness produce a positive and robust impact on entrepreneurial climate.
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AMORÓS, JOSÉ ERNESTO, LIZBETH MARTÍNEZ RAMÍREZ, LUCÍA RODRÍGUEZ-ACEVES, and LINDA ELIZABETH RUIZ. "REVISITING POVERTY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 26, no. 02 (June 2021): 2150008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946721500084.
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Currently, the economic effect of entrepreneurship research has been highly associated with opportunity entrepreneurship, while necessity entrepreneurship has a lower effect. This manuscript revisits the relationship between poverty and entrepreneurial activity, mainly necessity-driven, analyzed by Amorós and Cristi (2011). We hypothesize that countries with a high pursuit of entrepreneurial activities reduce poverty, even if necessity-motivated entrepreneurship is developed. We test our hypothesis using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data and the UN-UNDP, Human Development Index from 2010–2019. Our results reconfirm that total and necessity-motivated early-stage entrepreneurship both, have a positive effect on countries’ poverty reduction trends, especially in developing countries. We discuss the relevance of entrepreneurship activities on development beyond pure economic effects and highlight the importance of entrepreneurship in the pandemic situation caused by COVID-19, which is pushing more people into poverty situations.
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Ni, Lianghui, Mingyan Zhao, Zhishan Hu, Kun Yang, Xing Zhao, Haijing Niu, and Hua Lin. "Neural Mechanism of Shentai Tea Polyphenols on Cognitive Improvements for Individuals with Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 82, no. 3 (August 3, 2021): 1137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-210469.
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Background: A growing awareness about non-pharmacological intervention for cognitively impaired individuals may represent an alternative therapeutic approach that is actively accepted by patients with very early stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Understanding the neural basis of non-pharmacological intervention is a crucial step toward wide use for patients with cognitive disorders. Objective: To investigate the underlying neural mechanism of shentai tea polyphenols in subjects with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods: A total number of 36 patients with SCD participated in the study and received supplementation with shentai tea polyphenols for three months. All participants underwent a series of tests on neuropsychological function and fNIRS assessment during n-back tasks at baseline and follow-up. Results: After intervention with shentai tea polyphenols in SCD, increased cerebral activity was observed in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), left premotor cortex (PMC), left primary somatosensory cortex (PSC), right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and premotor cortex (PMC). Moreover, shentai tea polyphenols intervention of three months significantly improved SCD subjects’ cognitive functions (memory, language, and subjective cognitive ability) and depression condition. We further found that the improvement of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Auditory Verbal Learning Test-recognition scores had positive correlations with increased brain activity in right IFG and left DLPFC, respectively. Conclusion: This study provides new evidence that the frontal cortex was found to be specifically activated after non-pharmacological intervention of shentai tea polyphenols in SCD, which may be associated with cognitive enhancement and mental wellbeing. These findings provide important implications for the selection of shentai tea polyphenols interventions for SCD.
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Wu, Juan, and Yaokuang Li. "An Exploratory Cross-Country Analysis of Female Entrepreneurial Activity: The Roles of Gendered Institutions." Entrepreneurship Research Journal, June 22, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/erj-2018-0019.
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Abstract The use of a gender-neutral approach to explore the contextual determinants of female entrepreneurship may preclude us from unraveling the complex institutions that tend to treat men and women asymmetrically, namely gendered institutions. This paper uses institutional theory to highlight different institutional patterns from a gendered perspective. In particular, drawing upon Scott’s well-known formulation of three institutional categories, we examine how three pillars of gendered institutions—regulative, normative and cognitive gendered institutions—shape both the absolute and the relative levels of female entrepreneurial activity, that is, female total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) rate and female/male TEA ratio. Using cross-sectional data for 63 countries in 2013, we employ exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis and find that all three dimensions of gendered institutions have significant influences on the relative levels of female entrepreneurial activity, while only regulative and cognitive gendered institutions are significantly related to the absolute level of female entrepreneurship. Specifically, regulative gendered institutions have negative impacts, while cognitive gendered institutions have positive impacts. In addition, among the three distinct dimensions of gendered institutions, cognitive gendered institutions have the most important effect on both levels of female entrepreneurship. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
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Morales-Alonso, Gustavo, Yilsy Núñez Guerrero, Juan Francisco Aguilera, and Carlos Rodríguez-Monroy. "Entrepreneurial aspirations: economic development, inequalities and cultural values." European Journal of Innovation Management ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (March 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-07-2019-0206.
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PurposeThis study aims at shedding light on entrepreneurial aspirations on both developed and developing economies, in terms of contextual and individual values. Among the former, economic development and inequalities are sought after, while among the latter national culture is the variable under study.Design/methodology/approachThe data used are extracted from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for a panel of countries, where the entrepreneurial aspirations of individuals of each country are measured through the Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA). The influence of cultural values as defined by Hofstede (individualism-collectivism (IDV), masculinity–femininity (MAS) and uncertainty avoidance (UAI)), moderated by the development level of the country and the existing inequalities are analyzed through artificial neural network (ANN) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) techniques.FindingsResults show that in the post-crisis era, entrepreneurial aspirations are negatively linked to individualism in developing countries. In developed countries, however, entrepreneurship is not linked to individualism but to inequalities.Originality/valueEntrepreneurial aspirations have not been thoroughly studied in the post-crisis era. We prove that entrepreneurial orientations have changed, together with the world, in the last decade. Cultural differences between countries tend to moderate, especially among developed ones, which speak of homogenization of national cultures. In this regard, inequalities are the determining factor. Contrarily, in developing countries, the differences in individualism are noticeable when it comes to analyzing entrepreneurial aspirations.
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Li, Yaokuang, Juan Wu, Daru Zhang, and Li Ling. "Gendered institutions and female entrepreneurship: a fuzzy-set QCA approach." Gender in Management: An International Journal ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (July 8, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-07-2019-0110.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the contextual embeddedness of female entrepreneurship through a focus on gendered institutions. Specifically, it draws upon Scott’s (1995) institutional categories and explores how the three dimensions of gendered institutions combine to explain both a high level of female Total Early-stage Entrepreneurship Activity (TEA) rates and female/male TEA ratios. Design/methodology/approach Collecting data from the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, the World Economic Forum and the World Bank for 63 countries, this study uses the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method to explore causal complexity between the regulative, normative and cognitive dimensions of gendered institutions (conditions) and the female TEA rates and the female/male TEA ratios (outcomes). Findings First, this study confirms the complex interactions occurring among institutional components. Second, the results highlight the key role that gender equality in entrepreneurial cognitions plays in achieving high female entrepreneurship. Third, configurations for the high female TEA rates and the female/male TEA ratios share a high similarity. Practical implications The study provides policymakers with a holistic viewpoint and alternate solutions with the aim of promoting female entrepreneurship in their respective countries. Originality/value The study highlights gendered institutions beyond general institutions, enriching the literature on the gender and institutional determinants of female entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the application of the fsQCA method in the study helps to enhance the understanding of how institutional components complexly interact to shape female entrepreneurship.
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Mahadea, Darma, and Irrshad Kaseeram. "Impact of unemployment and income on entrepreneurship in post-apartheid South Africa: 1994–2015." Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management 10, no. 1 (March 22, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v10i1.115.
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Background: South Africa has made significant progress since the dawn of democracy in 1994. It registered positive economic growth rates and its real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita increased from R42 849 in 1994 to over R56 000 in 2015. However, employment growth lagged behind GDP growth, resulting in rising unemployment. Aim and setting: Entrepreneurship brings together labour and capital in generating income, output and employment. According to South Africa’s National Development Plan, employment growth would come mainly from small-firm entrepreneurship and economic growth. Accordingly, this article investigates the impact unemployment and per capita income have on early stage total entrepreneurship activity (TEA) in South Africa, using data covering the 1994–2015 period. Methods: The methodology used is the dynamic least squares regression. The article tests the assertion that economic growth, proxied by real per capita GDP income, promotes entrepreneurship and that high unemployment forces necessity entrepreneurship. Results: The regression results indicate that per capita real GDP, which increases with economic growth, has a highly significant, positive impact on entrepreneurial activity, while unemployment has a weaker effect. A 1% rise in real per capita GDP results in a 0.16% rise in TEA entrepreneurship, and a 1% rise in unemployment is associated with a 0.25% rise in TEA. Conclusion: There seems to be a strong pull factor, from income growth to entrepreneurship and a reasonable push from unemployment to entrepreneurship, as individuals without employment are forced to self-employment as a necessity, survival mechanism. Overall, a long-run co-integrating relationship seems plausible between unemployment, income and entrepreneurship in South Africa.
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Sitohang, Yosep Oktavianus, Yoga Sasmita, Yudhie Andriyana, and Gandhi Pawitan. "The Analysis of Nascent Entrepreneurs’ Happiness Level in Indonesia." Jurnal Dinamika Manajemen 8, no. 2 (September 16, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jdm.v8i2.12765.
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This study tried to analyze the factors that influence the happiness level of entrepreneurs in Indonesia especially the nascent entrepreneurs. The level of entrepreneurs’ happiness has a positive effect on the sustainability of their business. The research data are secondary data from 1,148 respondents who are included in the category of Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) at Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) in 2013. The variables employed are motivation, perception and innovation and demographic variables (gender, education and income). Analyzer used is multiple linear regressions with dummy variable. From the result, it is found that only the motivation, education level and level of income that significantly influence the level of happiness. The nascent entrepreneurs, who have motivation to start a business because of opportunity, have a higher level of happiness than necessity motivation due to necessity. The level of education and income are also proportional to the level of happiness, but the level of education gives greater influence to the level of happiness of nascent entrepreneurs in Indonesia.
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Svetek, Mojca, and Mateja Drnovsek. "Exploring the Effects of Types of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity on Subjective Well-Being." Journal of Happiness Studies, April 21, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00392-3.
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AbstractEntrepreneurial activity has been seen as the single most important activity of individuals due to its role in the economic development of nations. However, little is known about the impact of entrepreneurial activity on the subjective well-being of nations beyond its economic impact. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of different types of entrepreneurial activity – total entrepreneurial activity, opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity and innovative entrepreneurial activity – on subjective well-being across nations. We consider three distinct mechanisms by which entrepreneurship may influence subjective well-being at the national level. Our panel data includes representative country-level data from 2008 to 2015 from five different data sources for 31 European countries. We employ four econometric models for analyzing the panel data: pooled OLS regression (POLS), fixed effects model (FE), random effects model (RE), and simultaneous equations model (3SLS). Our results suggest that opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity has a positive impact on subjective well-being. In addition, we find that subjective well-being affects the level of opportunity-driven and innovative entrepreneurial activity. These findings have implications for policy-makers seeking to promote not only economic development but also subjective well-being in the nation.
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Amadi-Echendu, Anthea Patricia, Magaret Phillips, Kudakwashe Chodokufa, and Thea Visser. "Entrepreneurial Education in a Tertiary Context: A Perspective of the University of South Africa." International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 17, no. 4 (July 8, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v17i4.2482.
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<p class="2">South Africa is characterised by high unemployment levels, a low Total Early Stage Entrepreneurial Activity rate, and a high small business failure rate. Entrepreneurship and small business development is seen as a solution to end unemployment in South Africa. A study to understand how to improve small business support was conducted at the University of South Africa and has shown that alumni are unable to apply theoretical knowledge acquired from their studies. The purpose of this article is to explore the potential of the University of South Africa in becoming more entrepreneurial to address the aforementioned challenges. A desk study that reviewed literature was conducted to identify different constructs associated with an entrepreneurial university, namely entrepreneurial education, research and development, innovation, commercialisation and incubation, and stakeholders. In addition to traditional teaching methods, various alternative approaches can be used to stimulate entrepreneurial education to develop the skills of learners/students. To address these challenges a closer relationship between academia, government, and industry is paramount. It is recommended that universities incorporate entrepreneurial education in all their qualifications, expose students to on-the-job training, assist with the incubation of business ideas that students have, and provide a platform for cross-pollination of knowledge between industry, academia, and government.</p>