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1
Fazlullah, Ihza Qaseem. "The Analysis of Indonesia's Nickel Export Affecting the Dynamic of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows in Indonesia: Multiple Regression Analysis." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (CJMS) 3, no. 10 (2023): 240–52. https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2023.v03i10.018.
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<i><strong>Indonesia is a major player in the global nickel market, with the country's nickel exports accounting for a significant percentage of its total exports. Despite this, Indonesia has experienced fluctuations in its foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in recent years. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between Indonesia's nickel export and FDI inflows. By understanding the dynamics of FDI in Indonesia, policymakers can better design policies that support economic growth and attract investment to the country. </strong></i><i><strong>The study used time series data from 1990 to 2021, with the research objects being Indonesia and FDI. The variables analyzed included FDI, Percentage of Total Exports that are Nickel, Nickel Export Value, and Nickel Export Volume. The research method was the OLS regression method with multiple regression analysis, including unit root and classical assumption tests. The result of the study shows that the percentage of total exports that are nickel has a significant negative effect on FDI inflows, while Indonesia's nickel exports value and nickel export volume being positively significant influential factors on FDI inflows in Indonesia.</strong></i>
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Qaseem, Fazlullah Ihza. "The Analysis of Indonesia’s Nickel Export Affecting the Dynamic of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows in Indonesia: Multiple Regression Analysis." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3, no. 10 (2023): 240–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2023.v03i10.018.
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Indonesia is a major player in the global nickel market, with the country's nickel exports accounting for a significant percentage of its total exports. Despite this, Indonesia has experienced fluctuations in its foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in recent years. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between Indonesia's nickel export and FDI inflows. By understanding the dynamics of FDI in Indonesia, policymakers can better design policies that support economic growth and attract investment to the country. The study used time series data from 1990 to 2021, with the research objects being Indonesia and FDI. The variables analyzed included FDI, Percentage of Total Exports that are Nickel, Nickel Export Value, and Nickel Export Volume. The research method was the OLS regression method with multiple regression analysis, including unit root and classical assumption tests. The result of the study shows that the percentage of total exports that are nickel has a significant negative effect on FDI inflows, while Indonesia's nickel exports value and nickel export volume being positively significant influential factors on FDI inflows in Indonesia.
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Nusamara, Arlyn Annabel, Virginia Virginia, and Matthew Mikha Sebastian Matondang. "Mechanism for Settlement of International Trade Disputes in the Case of the European Union's Lawsuit Against Indonesia Regarding Nickel Mining." AURELIA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 3, no. 2 (2024): 1408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.57235/aurelia.v3i2.2730.
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Nickel, a naturally formed metal element, has a shiny shape and a sparkling white color. On some islands in Indonesia, nickel is still abundantly found, such as in Sulawesi, which is a hub of mining industry, especially in Morowali and North Morowali. Besides, it is also found on several other islands, like Maluku North (Halmahera), Papua, and Kalimantan. In addition, total nickel exports by 2022 rose to $5.97 billion. Following the entry into force of a policy banning the export of crude nickel seeds on January 1, 2020, Indonesian nickle exports have increased. However, the EU opposed the policy and sued Indonesia to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in early 2021. Indonesia was found to have violated article X.1 of the GATT on violation of regulatory transparency obligations, article 3.1 (b) of the Subsidy Agreement and the Contract Act on Prohibited Subsidies, and article XI.1 of GATT concerning export and import bans. The aim of the filed lawsuit is to maintain the balance of international trade and encourage more environmentally friendly mining practices. However, the impact is a decrease in foreign investment in the nickel sector.
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Ratna Dewi, Ine, Yordan Wiguna, and Avior Ocean Louis Ishaac Noya. "Enigma of Nickel Export Ban: Understanding Its Impact through Input-Output Analysis." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 21, no. 02 (2023): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jep.v21i02.28568.
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The nickel ore export ban policy has drawn pros and cons in various circles. This study aims to analyze the impact of the nickel ore export ban on other sectors of the economy and the interrelationship between one sector and another. This study uses secondary data in the form of Indonesia's Input Output Table Total Transactions at Basic Prices in 2016 derived from BPS publications and data on the number of Ferro-nickel exports in 2020 derived from UNData publications, which are then analyzed using the input-output method and presented using descriptive quantitative analysis. Based on the research results, electricity and gas procurement are the economic sectors with the most significant backward linkage. In contrast, the manufacturing sector achieves the most significant forward linkage value. In addition, the electricity and gas procurement sector also has the most significant output multiplier value, followed by the construction and manufacturing sectors. The increase in Ferro-Nickel exports due to the nickel ore export ban has considerably impacted the economy regarding both domestic and import output, especially in the manufacturing industry sector. Thus, nickel ore processing activities depend on capital goods and other imported raw materials. The study's implication shows that the export of Ferro-Nickel as part of the mining and quarrying sector impacts the output of other sectors to increase overall economic growth.
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Aulawi, Muhamad Haris, Yordan Gunawan, M. Hanaan Alfarizi, and Manuel Campos Lago. "Governing Indonesia’s Plan to Halt Bauxite Ore Exports: is Indonesia Ready to Fight Lawsuit at the WTO?" BESTUUR 11, no. 1 (August) (2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v11i1.69178.
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Every nation has natural resources that must be regulated by state law and used for community benefit. Indonesia, a major exporter of bauxite ore to Europe, plans to ban exports. Indonesia must prepare for a second EU nickel ore export lawsuit after the first from the nickel export ban. The study aims to determine whether Indonesia is guilty of issuing a policy to stop exports of bauxite ore. This research is a normative legal research uses the rule of law, law principles, and legal doctrines to solve legal issues. Books, journals, and the internet provided data for the research. Articles from previous bilateral agreements are also used. This research examines Monism and Dualism.The results of the study show that Indonesia is not entirely at fault, considering that Indonesia is a country that adheres to a dualism system in international law enforcement. However, Indonesia still needs to renegotiate the percentage of bauxite ore exports with the European Union, considering that Indonesia is already bound by the IEU-CEPA agreement. If Indonesia continues its plan to stop the total export of bauxite ore, then Indonesia can still be considered to have committed acts of default.
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Lesmana, Angga Setia, F. Defung, and Jamaluddin Jamaluddin. "The Influence of Capital Expenditure, Nickel Exports, Nickel Prices, and Return on Equity on Stock Prices of Nickel Mining Companies in Indonesia." Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 3, no. 10 (2024): 3673–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/fjmr.v3i10.11626.
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This research aims to investigate the effect of Capital Expenditure, Nickel Exports, Nickel Prices, and Return on Equity on Stock Prices of Nickel Mining Companies in Indonesia during the period of 2014-2023. The research design uses a causal approach. The population of this study is nickel mining companies in Indonesia that are registered by the Indonesia Stock Exchange throughout the research period, 2014-2023, with the total population of 8 companies. This study uses saturation sampling method. There are 8 companies as samples of this study, resulting in 66 financial report data. The data is analyzed using the multiple regression. The research findings indicate that capital expenditure has a significant and positive effect on the stock price of nickel mining companies (Significance value is 0.000 <α = 0.05). Nickel exports do not affect the stock price of nickel mining companies (Significance value is 0.064 > α = 0.05). Nickel prices do not affect the stock price of nickel mining companies (Significance value is 0.311 > α = 0.05). Return on Equity has a significant and positive effect on the stock price of nickel mining companies (Significance value is 0.015 <α = 0.05).
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Kusumadewi, Karina, and Teuku Yuri M. Zagloel. "Improving Operational Efficiency of Nickel Ore Port in North Konawe with VSM And Optimization Approach." Enrichment: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 3, no. 2 (2025): 208–22. https://doi.org/10.55324/enrichment.v3i2.356.
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Indonesia, the world's largest nickel producer, has enforced a nickel ore export ban since 2020 to promote domestic downstream processing. This policy surge has intensified port activities, especially in nickel ore logistics, leading to operational inefficiencies such as prolonged barge waiting times, demurrage penalties, and logistics delays at key ports like Lameruru, Southeast Sulawesi. This study applies Lean principles and Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to identify waste and bottlenecks in nickel ore port operations. The research further develops a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based optimization model to improve barge scheduling and minimize waiting times. Data collected from port operations, stakeholder interviews, and secondary sources reveal that waiting times at the jetty constitute the primary inefficiency, causing nearly half of shipments to incur demurrage. The GA optimization reduced total barge waiting time by 55%, increased immediate docking by 71%, and significantly decreased maximum waiting times, boosting port productivity and reducing costs. The Future State VSM reflects a 79.7% Process Cycle Efficiency, an improvement over the current 69.97%. Despite limitations such as reliance on static historical data and exclusion of real-time dynamic factors, this integrated Lean-VSM-GA approach demonstrates significant potential to enhance Indonesia’s nickel ore logistics, offering actionable strategies for port operators and policymakers to increase competitiveness in the global nickel industry.
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Iis Fitriani and Puji Muniarty. "Bankruptcy Prediction Analysis Using the Altman Z-Score Method at PT Aneka Tambang (Persero) Tbk." Ilomata International Journal of Management 1, no. 2 (2020): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52728/ijjm.v1i2.86.
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This study aims to determine the prediction of bankruptcy in Aneka Tambang (Persero) Tbk for the period 2011 to 2018. Z-score is the independent variable (X) measuring by five ratios: working capital to total assets, retained earnings to total assets, earnings before interest and tax to total assets, the market value of equity to total liabilities, and sales to total assets. The background of this research is the government's ban on the export of raw minerals, which resulted in Aneka Tambang (Persero) Tbk no longer making overseas sales of nickel ore, which made the company's profit decline. This research method uses descriptive research with a quantitative approach, the source of the data used is secondary data based on financial reports published on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and the official website www.antam.com. The population used is the financial statement data for ten years, namely from 2009 to 2018, while the sample using for eight years, namely from 2011 to 2018. The data collection technique carried out using documentation and literature study techniques. Data analysis techniques were carried out by discriminant analysis using the Altman Z-Score method and one sample t-test analysis. The Altman Z-Score uses five variables that represent liquidity ratios X1, profitability ratios X2 and X3, and activity ratios X4, and X5. The formula Z-Score Z = 0.717 X1 + 0.847 X2 + 3.107 X3 + 0.420 X4 + 0.998 X5. With criteria, Z> 2.99 categorized as a good company. Z between 1.23 to 2.99 categorized as a company in the grey area or area of financial difficulty. Z <1.23 is categorized as a potentially bankrupt company.
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Donitus, Dicky Marchandry, Ayu Nyoman Saskara Ida, and Agung Bagus Putu Widanta Anak. "Analysis of the Effect of International Prices, Production Volume, and the US Dollar Exchange Rate on Nickel Exports in East Luwu Regency." International Journal of Social Science And Human Research 06, no. 09 (2023): 5544–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8356521.
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East Luwu Regency is one of the potential areas in Indonesia whose main sector is nickel mining. Nickel is one of the raw materials for making electric vehicles that are needed in this world, especially for countries in Europe, especially with the green transformation through Net Zero Emissions in 2050. Indonesia as a country with the number one nickel production in the world restricts exports abroad by implementing a nickel ore export ban policy in order to maintain domestic nickel reserves and increase added value by refining nickel into semi-finished goods which will certainly provide benefits for exporting regions. This policy was implemented on January 1, 2020 passed Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia No. 11 of 2019 which turned out to have a positive impact on the value of nickel exports in Indonesia, especially in one of its nickel mining areas, namely East Luwu Regency. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the effect of international prices, production volume and the exchange rate of the United States dollar on nickel exports in East Luwu Regency. This study uses quantitative research methods using the help of SPSS 29 software. Based on the study results it has been obtained that: (1) International prices, production volume, and US dollar rate simultaneously affect the value of nickel exports in East Luwu Regency (2) International prices have a positive and partially significant effect on the value of nickel exports in East Luwu Regency (3) Production volume has a positive and partially significant effect on the value of nickel exports in East Luwu Regency (4) The U.S. dollar exchange rate has a negative and partially significant effect on the value of nickel exports in East Luwu Regency.
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Cahyani, Novi Ratna. "Kebijakan Pemberhentian Ekspor Biji Nikel Indonesia Tahun 2020." Ganaya : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 6, no. 2 (2023): 423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37329/ganaya.v6i2.2463.
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The utilization of nickel ore has increased along with the growing trend of electric vehicles. As a country with abundant nickel ore resources, Indonesia has received economic benefits from nickel ore export activities. However, since January 1, 2020, Indonesia has taken a policy to stop the export of nickel ore. Indonesia’s decision is interesting to study for two reasons. First, a ban on nickel ore exports has reduced state revenues. Second, the policy of stopping nickel ore exports creates a bad perception from partner countries that have depended on the supply of raw materials. This research aims to examine why Indonesia implemented the policy of stopping nickel ore exports in 2020. This research explores existing problems using a neomercantilism perspective through qualitative research methods with secondary data sources. The results show that stopping the export of nickel ore is Indonesia's neomercantilist policy to secure the supply of nickel ore and support domestic companies BUMN, to increase their relative position in international trade. It was concluded that stopping nickel ore exports in 2020 had improved Indonesia's relative position in international trade.
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Hartono, Billie Ariyanta, and Aloysius Gunadi Brata. "Determinants of Indonesian Nickel Exports: Panel Data Analysis using Gravity Model Approach." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan 10, no. 1 (2025): 112–21. https://doi.org/10.20473/jiet.v10i1.65522.
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This research investigates the determinants of Indonesia’s nickel exports to major destinations—China, Japan, the United States, Malaysia, and Singapore—from 2003 to 2022. By employing a gravity model, the study validates its utility in explaining Indonesia’s nickel export patterns. The results indicate a positive relationship between the economic size of importing countries and Indonesia’s nickel exports, while increased geographical distance negatively impacts these exports. The estimation also incorporated control variables such as inflation, real exchange rates, and a COVID-19 dummy. These findings highlight the importance of proactive adaptation to global market dynamics to ensure the continued strength of Indonesia’s nickel export sector.
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Rajindran, Nanthini, Roswanira Abdul Wahab, Nurul Huda, et al. "Physicochemical Properties of a New Green Honey from Banggi Island, Sabah." Molecules 27, no. 13 (2022): 4164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134164.
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Green honey is exclusively available on the island of Banggi in Sabah, and its uniqueness sees the commodity being sold at a high market price. Therefore, green honey is prone to adulteration by unscrupulous individuals, possibly compromising the health of those consuming this food commodity for its curative properties. Moreover, an established standard for reducing sugar in green honey is unavailable. Ipso facto, the study aimed to profile green honey’s physical and chemical properties, such as its pH, moisture content, free acidity, ash content, electroconductivity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH, colour, total sugar content, total protein content, and heavy metals as well as volatile organic compounds, the data of which are profoundly valuable in safeguarding consumers’ safety while providing information for its quality certification for local consumption and export. The results revealed that the honey’s physicochemical profile is comparable to other reported kinds of honey. The honey’s naturally green colour is because of the chlorophyll from the nectar from various flowers on the island. The raw honey showed free acidity between 28 and 33 Meq/100 g, lower than the standard’s 50 Meq/100 g. The hydroxymethylfurfural content is the lowest compared to other reported honey samples, with the total phenolic content between 16 and 19 mg GAE/100 g. The honey’s reducing sugar content is lower (~37.9%) than processed ones (56.3%) because of water removal. The protein content ranged from 1 to 2 gm/kg, 4- to 6-fold and 2-fold higher than local and manuka honey, respectively. The exceptionally high content of trans-4-hydroxyproline in raw honey is its source of collagen and other healing agents. Interestingly, low levels of arsenic, lead, nickel, cadmium, copper, and cobalt were detected in the honey samples, presumably due to their subterranean hives. Nevertheless, the honey is fit for general consumption as the concentrations were below the maxima in the Codex Alimentarius Commission of 2001.
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Sekar Arum, Dewi Narulita, Iswi Hariyani, and Yusuf Adiwibowo. "Implications of Nickel Ore Export Restrictions in International Trade Disputes." International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies 4, no. 3 (2024): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2024.4.3.2748.
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The problems related to restrictions on nickel ore exports started with Indonesia restricting nickel ore exports. Indonesia implemented restrictions because the presence of nickel in Indonesia was running low. The existence of this problem makes the European Union feel disadvantaged. Apart from that, Indonesia has issued restrictions on exports of nickel ore Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 11 of 2019. This regulation is considered to have come into force on January 1 2020, from which date all nickel that wishes to be exported must go through the stages of refining and processing domestically, so that what is exported is not in the form of raw goods but not semi-finished goods or finished goods. In this article it is explained that nickel that cannot be exported is concentrate <1.7%. By issuing this regulation, the European Union considers that Indonesia has violated Article nickel quota so it is considered to violate these regulations. With this problem, the European Union filed a lawsuit with the WTO. The lawsuit has been registered in DS-592. Starting from November 22 2019, the European Union and Indonesia carried out the consultation stage, but in the event that the consultation failed to take place, the next stage that was carried out was the panel stage. However, in this case Indonesia lost the lawsuit with the European Union. Seeing this, Indonesia immediately submitted an appeal to the WTO. Indonesia still wants to limit nickel ore so that it can improve the quality of nickel.
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Kurniyanto, Ifan Rizky, Debora Rosa Linda Gultom, and M. Bahrul Wusto. "Does the negotiation process on nickel export between Indonesia and the European Union provide benefits?" BIO Web of Conferences 146 (2024): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202414601017.
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Nickel is one of the Indonesia’s potential raw materials which export to the European Union (EU). Indonesia stopped exporting raw material of nickel to the EU on the grounds that Indonesia wanted to be linked downstream to provide value added from exported goods and create new jobs. Nickel which has many benefits makes the European Union act to make a lawsuit against Indonesia regarding the termination of raw nickel exports through the World Trade Organization (WTO). The purpose of this research was finding out the reasons for Indonesia to stop exporting raw nickel to the EU and finding out the reasons for the EU to sue Indonesia, finding out the negotiation process and the causes of Indonesia's defeat of the EU lawsuit at the WTO. This research was conducted in period March - May 2024 by using the literature review approach method through the study of information from secondary data to answer the purpose of research. The results showed that there was a split in the relationship that developed because of the European Union's decision to ban palm oil exports. Indonesia felt aggrieved by this, so it took the policy to ban nickel exports as a “retaliation”. Negotiations said that the value of exports was increased by the requirement that nickel imports from Indonesia must be processed through smelters into semi-finished goods before being exported to the EU. The EU disagreed because such a regulation could impair the ability of existing industries to compete, as the supply of raw materials for nickel products would be reduced. The WTO granted the EU's lawsuit because Indonesia is still unable to implement nickel to be linked downstream, supported by the existence of Indonesian government regulations that contradict WTO regulations related to trade. The temporary result of the EU lawsuit trial against Indonesia is (win-lose). It is expected that the Indonesian government can strengthen smelters for sustainable development and can support nickel be linked downstream in the future. Indonesia must also strengthen negotiations in the form of cooperation to support the nickel export program in the form of semi-finished and finished goods.
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Setyagama, Azis, Wawan Susilo, Purwanto, Eko Wahyono, and Muchamad Su’ud. "INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT POLICY PROHIBITS THE EXPORT OF NICKEL ORE IN THE FORM OF RAW MATERIALS." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 12, no. 2 (2024): e1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i2.1163.
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Purpose: The purpose of this research is to critically examine the Indonesian Government's policy of prohibiting the export of nickel ore and its implications from a legal, regulatory, and economic perspective. By conducting a thorough analysis of relevant regulations, including Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation (Permen ESDM) No. 11 of 2019, this study aims to elucidate the rationale behind the prohibition and assess its impact on Indonesia's economic sovereignty, value addition in the nickel industry, and international trade relations. Additionally, the research seeks to provide recommendations to stakeholders, particularly the Indonesian Government, on navigating the challenges and opportunities associated with the nickel ore export prohibition, with a view toward promoting sustainable economic development and maximizing the benefits derived from the country's mineral resources. Theoretical framework: This research uses a multidisciplinary theoretical framework to analyze the Indonesian Government's policy of prohibiting nickel ore exports. It uses normative legal theory, constitutional law, administrative law, resource curse theory, export-led growth theory, trade policy analysis, state sovereignty, political economy perspectives, and international relations theory to understand the policy's implications on legal, economic, and political dynamics at domestic and international levels. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research uses a mixed-methods approach, combining normative legal research with qualitative analysis, to examine the Indonesian Government's policy of prohibiting nickel ore exports. It examines the legal framework, aligns with international norms, and gathers insights from stakeholders through interviews, document analysis, and thematic analysis. The findings are then analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the policy's legal, economic, and socio-political dimensions. Findings: The Indonesian Government's policy of prohibiting nickel ore exports has led to increased value addition, employment opportunities, and technology transfer. This policy aligns with Indonesia's sovereignty over its natural resources, aligns with international obligations, and enjoys domestic support. The policy has potential long-term implications for sustainable development and strategic positioning, highlighting the need for a holistic approach to resource management and international trade relations. Research, Practical & Social Implication: The research provides a comprehensive analysis of Indonesia's policy of prohibiting nickel ore exports, offering insights for future studies. It also informs comparative studies, policy design, diplomatic engagement, and social implications. The policy's potential for economic development and environmental protection is highlighted, promoting sustainable management of Indonesia's mineral resources. Originality/Value: This research explores Indonesia's policy prohibiting nickel ore exports, focusing on its economic, legal, and socio-political implications. It uses a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating legal, economic, and political perspectives. The empirical data from stakeholder interviews and document analysis provides valuable insights. The findings have practical implications for policymakers and international actors in resource governance and sustainable development.
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Jastra Widiyanti and Putu Mahardika Adi Saputra. "ANALISIS DAYA SAING DAN DETERMINAN PRODUK OLAHAN NIKEL INDONESIA." Journal of Development Economic and Social Studies 2, no. 3 (2023): 608–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/jdess.2023.02.3.12.
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Nickel is a mineral that has become popular in recent years as the electric vehicle industry has boomed. Indonesia is a country with abundant resources and reserves of raw nickel ore. This study aims to determine the export competitiveness of Indonesian processed nickel products against their exporters and the factors that influence exports of Indonesian processed nickel products. This research is included in quantitative research using secondary data. The analysis technique used is the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) analysis method and panel regression analysis. The results show that in the Nickel Processed Product Commodity, Indonesia has quite good competitiveness against competing countries. In addition, the competitiveness variable, the Gross Domestic Product per capita of the destination country, and the exchange rate of the destination country have a significant positive effect on Indonesia's exports of processed nickel products. The findings of this study imply that Indonesia needs to maintain and increase its current competitiveness for nickel-processed product commodities and needs to pay attention to factors such as competitiveness, Gross Domestic Product per capita of destination countries, and destination country exchange rates to optimize Indonesia's export activities.
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Sheppard, M. I., S. C. Sheppard, and C. A. Grant. "Solid/liquid partition coefficients to model trace element critical loads for agricultural soils in Canada." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87, Special Issue (2007): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s06-061.
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Canadian consumers are demanding a sustainable agricultural industry as well as products delivered under Best Management Practices (BMPs). Trace element accumulation in soils may influence crop productivity, food quality and ecosystem and human health. Canada’s feed and foodstuff export industry has already faced cases of penalties for high trace element content [cadmium (Cd) in durum wheat]. Thus, it is imperative to be able to estimate the accumulation and potential short- and long-term impacts of trace elements in soil. A national-level Trace Element Indicator (TEI) based on present loadings of trace elements to agricultural land is in progress. An Expert Panel including Canadian, American and Australian experts guided the assembly of a proposed methodology for this TEI. The proposed TEI, described briefly here, is a critical load approach with a single expression of the risk of impact from single or multiple trace elements from multiple sources (manures, biosolids, effluents and fertilizers and natural processes), invoked in a stochastic manner. Two key data requirements are the current background levels of trace elements in soil, and the leachability of these trace elements. A survey of total and soluble concentrations of 54 elements in up to 112 soils was completed. Although preliminary in scope, these represent key soil series in Canada. From this, a database of the solid/liquid partition coefficient, Kd, was computed. These Kd values will be used to characterize the leachability of the trace elements. Key words: Cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, uranium, metals, Kd, distribution coefficient
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Tsen, Wong Hock. "EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY, REAL TOTAL EXPORTS AND SUB-CATEGORIES OF REAL TOTAL EXPORTS BY STANDARD INTERNATIONAL TRADE CODE (SITC) OF MALAYSIA." Labuan Bulletin of International Business and Finance (LBIBF) 17, no. 1 (2019): 16–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/lbibf.v17i1.1907.
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This study examines the impact of exchange rate volatility on Malaysia’s real total exports and sub-categories of Malaysia’s real total exports by standard international trade code (SITC). Exchange rate volatility is estimated by the stochastic volatility with moving average (SVMA) model. The conventional and partially asymmetric autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models are used in the estimation. Exchange rate volatility is found to have significant impact on real total exports and some sub-categories of real total exports in the short run and long run. The impact of exchange rate volatility on exports can be negative or positive and is different for sub-categories of real total exports. The partially asymmetric ARDL model shows that positive exchange rate volatility or negative exchange rate volatility tends to have positive or negative impact on exports. Generally, exchange rate volatility can be harmful to Malaysia’s exports.
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Syifa Febriani. "Analisis Gugatan Uni Eropa Terhadap Indonesia Dalam Larangan Ekspor Nikel di World Trade Organization." SANTRI : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam 2, no. 1 (2023): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.61132/santri.v2i1.204.
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The aim of this research is to find out how the European Union's complaint against Indonesia regarding the ban on nickel exports at the World Trade Organization (WTO) occurred. The biggest problem with this is the degradation of nickel in nature. Solving this problem requires nickel empowerment. This can be avoided by stopping shipments abroad, which will help anticipate the current depletion of nickel supplies. Therefore, the Indonesian government must hurry to increase nickel supplies, with activities aimed at increasing the added value of nickel in the country's natural resources.
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Situmorang, Humala. "The Effect of the Ban on Nickel Exports on the Economic Profitability of PT Vale Indonesia, Tbk from 2015 - June 2020." Fundamental Management Journal 6, no. 1p (2021): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/fjm.v6i1p.2834.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of government policies to prohibit the export of raw materials for mining ore, especially nickel ore, to foreign countries based on Permen ESDM No. 01/2014 on the economic profitability of INCO companies from 2015 to June 2020. To see the company's economic profitability, it can be seen from the side of gross profit margin, net profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity. This analysis is made by compiling profitability ratios in one table so that it is expected to provide clearer information for interested parties. INCO Tbk is a mining company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange whose majority shares are owned by foreign countries. From the results of the research and analysis that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the ban on nickel ore exports has a negative effect on gross profit margin, net profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity from 2015-2017, but the ban on nickel ore exports has no negative effect. on gross profit margin, net profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity from 2018-June 2020. Keywords: economic profitability, gross profit margin, net profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity, exports.
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Trisnadi, Ilhan Pasha Islamy. "Analysis of the European Union's Lawsuit Against Indonesia Regarding the Ban on Nickel Ore Exports." AURELIA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 2, no. 2 (2023): 1147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.57235/aurelia.v2i2.610.
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Nickel is a metal that has the characteristics of a silvery-white color with the characteristics of strength, heat resistance, light weight and corrosion resistance with the chemical formula Ni. It has good electrical and thermal conductivity making it suitable for coating copper, iron and aluminum to prevent corrosion. Nickel was first discovered and developed by Cronstedt in 1751, in a mineral called Nicolite (Kupfernickel), which was found in the Sudbury region, Ontario, Canada, a nickel-producing area of 30% of the world's demand for nickel metal. One of the countries with the largest nickel reserves is Indonesia. According to several experts, it is estimated that Indonesia has nickel reserves of more than 1 billion tons of nickel. The largest distribution of nickel reserves is in the eastern part of Indonesia. The distribution of nickel in Indonesia and the distribution of nickel mining in Indonesia today, among others, are found on the islands of Sulawesi (Southeast and South Sulawesi), Maluku and Papua. Unfortunately, currently a lot of Indonesian nickel is exported in the form of raw material, so the selling price is very cheap. Thus, government support is very much needed to improve nickel processing, such as support for ease of licensing, clear and transparent rules and regulations. This support can be seen in the issuance of a decree by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Number: 549.Pers/04 SJI/2019 dated 2 September 2019 concerning "Nickel Ore Cannot be Exported Again as of January 2020".
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Imdadul Haque, Mohammad. "Assessing the progress of exports diversification in Saudi Arabia: growth-share matrix approach." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 3 (2020): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(3).2020.10.
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High dependence on a particular category of exports results in fluctuations in income as the price of the export item fluctuates. In Saudi Arabia, a single category of mineral exports forms over 78% of the total exports, exposing the country to revenue volatility. The study aims to assess the magnitude of diversification of the export basket for the country. It uses data from 1984 to 2018 to study the importance of non-mineral exports in total exports. It applies Granger causality, variance decomposition, and impulse response function in the vector autoregressive framework. The study also uses the growth-share matrix to evaluate individual items of non-mineral exports. The results show a long-run relationship with a 1% increase in non-mineral exports, leading to a 0.30% increase in total exports. Non-mineral exports Granger-cause total exports. In the long run, non-mineral exports have a share of 64% of the forecast error variance in total exports. Moreover, a 1% shock in non-mineral exports creates a huge initial impact on total exports. Also, the growth rate of non-mineral products is higher than mineral products. The results indicate the importance of non-mineral exports for a predominantly oil-exporting country. Finally, the study attempts to classify its non-mineral export categories based on growth rates and market shares. Targeted emphasis on export category with a strong growth rate and low market share can be an effective strategy for further export diversification.
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Prakash, Amit, and Priteshni Chand. "The Potential of Re-exports: A Probability for Fiji’s Trade Growth." Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research 9, no. 1 (2022): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/ajeer.v9i1.3841.
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This study investigates the significance of re-exports in Fiji. The dominance of the re-export of domestic exports is indisputable in Fiji; however, there is lack of literature concerning the performance of re-exports to total exports transiting the Fijian economy. This study aspires to fill that gap offering suggestions to strengthen the total exports of Fiji by diversifying the trade policies. Time series data is used for total exports, re-exports and domestic exports from 1985 to 2018 to establish an ARDL model. The model was subjected to diagnostic testing with a favorable outcome regarding the stability of the model for hypothesis testing. The findings re-affirm that re-exports are a significant predictor of Fiji’s total exports and trade growth. This research signifies the need for national policies to include the promotion of re-exports. Conclusively, the finding of this study is instrumental in updating or reshaping development policies for inclusive growth.
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Pratama, Kristian Abillio. "ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF INCREASING THE VALUE OF FERRONICKEL EXPORTS ON DOMESTIC INDUSTRY AND IMPORTS USING THE 2016 INDONESIAN INPUT-OUTPUT TABLE." Journal of Economic, Bussines and Accounting (COSTING) 8, no. 2 (2025): 1193–200. https://doi.org/10.31539/costing.v8i2.14007.
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This study aims to determine the economic impact of increased ferronickel (FeNi) exports in Indonesia due to the nickel ore downstream policy implemented on January 1, 2020. The study employs a quantitative approach with Indonesia's 2016 Input-Output model (I-O Table) to measure the multiplier effect on the domestic economy and imports. The analysis reveals that the manufacturing industry sector has a forward linkage of 5.504 and an output multiplier of 1.845, making it the most positively impacted sector. In 2020, the increase in FeNi exports boosted the domestic output of the manufacturing industry sector by IDR40.091 billion or 0.61%. In addition, the agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and mining sectors also benefit. However, this policy also triggers increased imports of capital goods and raw materials to support nickel processing. These findings indicate that the downstreaming of nickel ore can have a significant economic impact, mainly through increased domestic output in the manufacturing industry sector, while indicating the need to strengthen supporting industries to reduce import dependence.
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Jiang, Qiang. "Does Exports Promote the Economic Growth of China? A Long-Run View Point." International Journal of Financial Research 8, no. 2 (2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v8n2p64.
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This paper empirically studied the influence of exports on long-run economic growth of China at the present stage, using the 2002-2012 panel data of provinces. Results showed that the exports hinder the long-run economic growth of China. Based on the theory of technology and resource, We researched the influencing mechanism of exports on long-run economic growth from three aspects: the influence of exports on total factor productivity, the influence of exports on human capital and the influence of exports on consumption of energy and mineral resources. The empirical study results showed that although exports enhanced the standard of human capital, exports depressed the progress of total factor productivity, and consumed enormous energy and mineral resources. So the total effection is exports hinder the long-run economic growth of our country at present stage.
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Febiola, Cahya Putri, Charine Alya Pratiwi, Ratna Atiqah Salsabila, and Adimas Bramantyo. "NICKEL ORE EXPORT PROHIBITON IN THE FRAMEWORK WOLRD TRADE ORGANIZATION AS AN EFFORT TO PROTECT NATURAL RESOURCES (WTO STUDY CASE DS592: INDONESIA MEASURES RELATING TO RAW MATERIALS)." JURNAL ILMIAH ADVOKASI 12, no. 3 (2024): 444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36987/jiad.v12i3.6223.
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Indonesia issued a policy prohibiting the export of nickel ore with a grade <1.7% in Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 11/2019, but this policy gave rise to a lawsuit from the European Union at the WTO. The aim of this research is to find the implementation of the adoption of the WTO concept in the Indonesian legal system and answer dispute resolution between Indonesia and the European Union regarding the policy of banning Indonesian nickel ore exports as an effort to protect natural resources based on GATT/WTO rules and principles. This research uses a normative method using a case approach, statutory approach and conceptual approach. The research results show that the ban on nickel ore exports is Indonesia's effort to protect its natural resources, despite legal challenges from the European Union. The implementation of the GATT/WTO concept in Indonesian policy shows a balance between international obligations and national interests in managing natural resources. This dispute also highlights the importance of appropriate legal strategies in safeguarding state sovereignty within the WTO framework.
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Simbolon, Putu George Matthew, Mochammad Abizar Yusro, and Vicko Taniady. "Permanent Sovereignty vs. International Obligations." Lentera Hukum 11, no. 2 (2024): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v11i2.43342.
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This research analyses Indonesia's policies related to downstreaming and restrictions on raw nickel exports that have caused international debate, especially the European Union which complained against Indonesia to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Dispute Settlement 592 (DS-592). The study explores Indonesia's position as a WTO member that is being questioned for its policy of banning nickel ore exports to the European Union, and examines the DS-592 ruling in relation to the permanent sovereignty debate. This article uses a normative juridical method with doctrinal, comparative, and case approaches. The results show that Indonesia has permanent sovereignty over its nickel ore guaranteed by UN Resolution 1803. Therefore, Indonesia must exercise this sovereignty with due regard to international obligations. Indonesia should learn from China's export regulations as it prioritises export restriction policies rather than export bans. By applying China's approach, Indonesia can prevent the problems that occurred in DS 592. However, a series of nickel downstream policies implemented by Indonesia have violated the provisions of the WTO Agreement. This article also explains that the vacuum of the Appellate Body does not negate the EU's authority to retaliate against Indonesia. This article concludes that Indonesia must implement a policy determining the percentage of downstream nickel ore, as well as nickel ore that will be exported. This conclusion has resulted in the theoretical idea that no sovereignty can be exercised in violation of the country's international obligations. Thus, each country must be able to establish policies that can balance national interests with international obligations. KEYWORDS: Export Restrictions, International Obligations, Nickel Ore, Soverignty, WTO.
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Ummah Khoiro, Evada. "KEBIJAKAN HILIRISASI SUMBER DAYA ALAM MINERAL DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS BIBLIOMETRIK." Jurnal Edueco 7, no. 2 (2024): 131–37. https://doi.org/10.36277/edueco.v7i2.242.
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This research seeks to reveal research trends related to Indonesian government policy in downstreaming natural resources as a contribution of universities to new knowledge and sustainable development. The research method uses literature searches using bibliometric analysis techniques. This data includes 994 articles published in journals indexed by Google Scholar between 2001 and 2024. The data analysis technique utilizes the Harzing's Publish or Perish application and VOSviewer. The research results show that many researchers are discussing policies for the downstreaming of natural resources, especially nickel. Regulation of exports and mining downstream policies have also become topics that have been widely researched in recent years (2023-2024). This is in line with the ban on exports of nickel ore and resources by the Indonesian government, which has received much opposition from world trade organizations such as the European Union.
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Ismail, Hosameldin H., and Rania S. Azab. "The Contribution of High - Tech Exports to Japan’s Economic Growth." Smart Journal of Business Management Studies 20, no. 2 (2024): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/2321-2012.2024.0002.9.
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Japan is considered one of the strongest economies in the world. Exports are the primary determinant of the success of the economic development in Japan. Japan is also considered one of the most important countries, that exports advanced technology globally. The study aims to identify the development of these exports, the commercial importance of advanced technology exports, and the relationship between advanced technology exports and each of total exports, GDP, and average per capita GDP. Descriptive approach and analytical approach, along with some statistical analysis tools, were used to measure the impact of the relationship of advanced technology exports on each of total exports, GDP, and average per capita GDP. The results showed statistically significant relationship between advanced technology exports and GDP.
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Okechukwu, Obiora G., Glauco De Vita, and Yun Luo. "The impact of FDI on Nigeria’s export performance: a sectoral analysis." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 5 (2018): 1088–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-11-2017-0317.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the foreign direct investment (FDI)–exports relationship in Nigeria using disaggregated FDI and export data. Design/methodology/approach This paper applies the autoregressive distributed lag cointegration approach in examining the long-run relationship between FDI and exports. Findings The results suggest that aggregate FDI has a positive and statistically significant long-run impact on total exports. Once exports are disaggregated into oil and non-oil exports, the positive, cointegrating relationship holds only for oil exports. When disaggregated by sector, primary sector and manufacturing sector FDI have a positive and significant long-run relationship with both total exports and oil exports but service sector FDI does not appear to have any significant influence on Nigerian exports. Originality/value This is the first paper that employs both sectoral FDI and disaggregated export data to examine the FDI–exports nexus in Nigeria.
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Ronsul, Syeny, Ni Made Witari Dewi, and Luh Ketut Ayu Manik Sastrini. "Indonesian Government Policy on Restrictions on Exports of Nickel Raw Materials to the European Union." Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences 3, no. 11 (2024): 4627–40. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjas.v3i11.12268.
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Indonesia is one of the largest contributors to nickel output in the world. The Indonesian government implemented a nickel export embargo that was previously planned for 2022, advancing to 2020. This government policy aims to increase economic added value, reduce dependence on raw material exports, and provide long-term benefits for the Indonesian economy and society. However, this policy caused dissatisfaction on the part of the European Union, which then sued Indonesia to the WTO with complaint number DS592. This research uses normative legal research methods. The results show that Indonesia does not prohibit the export of nickel that has been processed and refined, so that global nickel producers do not lack raw materials. Indonesia is also obliged to ensure the availability of supplies for domestic needs, especially for smelter players who have invested
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Zheng, Yu, and Juan Zhang. "The Identification of Total Exports Peak Periods for Shaanxi Province." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.426.
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The seasonal fluctuation of total exports has significant impact on foreign trade growth. Based on the methods of Directional Statistics, total exports at customs of Shaanxi Province are analyzed from 2007 to 2010. Distribution types are ascertained by using von Mises distribution test, which is submitting to unimodal von Mises distribution. Correspondingly, the result indicated that the total exports in Shaanxi Province has a character of seasonal fluctuation.
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Dr., Reena Dogra, and Kimta Aprajita. "Relationship between MSME Output, Exports and Economic Growth in India: An Econometric Study." International Journal of Management and Economics Invention 11, no. 03 (2025): 3966–73. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14965326.
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ABSTRACT : The MSME sector has emerged as a key pillar of the Indian economy, playing a vital role in the country’s economic development through its significant contributions to output, exports, and employment. This study examines the causal links between MSME output, MSME exports, total exports, and India's GDP using the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test and the Granger causality test. The Johansen-Juselius test results reveal no strong evidence of a long-term cointegrating relationship among the variables. However, the Granger causality test, based on an unrestricted VAR model with first-differenced data, identifies bidirectional causality between GDP and MSME exports and between MSME exports and total exports.
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THABA, Kingsley, Jan HLONGWANE, Abenet BELETE, and Mushoni BULAGI. "IMPACT OF FLOATING EXCHANGE RATE ON THE OUTPUT, EXPORT AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN BEEF INDUSTRY." PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 7, no. 2 (2023): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v7i2.419.
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The purpose of the study is to analyse the impact of floating exchange rate through the long-run and short-run changes or dynamic relations amongst total production, Volume of exports and total employment from 1995 to 2020, using a time-series analysis. The study adopts the secondary time series data for total production, volume of exports and total employment. Descriptive statistics was adopted to describe the features of the data quantitatively and to profile the beef industry. Unit root test was performed for the integration of variables where data exabits mixture of level and first integration. Bound test shows that variables are somehow associated in the long run due to their short run cointegration. The results from the cointegration test and the ARDL-ECM estimation suggest a long-run effect among total production, volume of exports and total employment. The adjustment term or coefficient of ECT of dependent variables suggests that the past year’s errors are corrected for the current year at a convergence speed of 0.93, 1.72 and 1.06 percentage points, respectively. Furthermore, Causal relation or effect results for beef industry shows that single directional causality effect exists between, or which runs from volume of exports total production output, exchange rate to volume of exports and lastly, causal effect run from volume of exports to total employment. The overall conclusion is that floating exchange rate impact on total production, volume of exports and total employment in the beef industry of the South African red meat industry.
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Nikolic, Goran. "Structural adjustment of Serbian commodity exports to the EU demand for imports." Ekonomski anali 49, no. 162 (2004): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0462191n.
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In this paper we have calculated indexes of export-import similarity (Serbian exports and EU imports) by using certain statistical methods. A considerable increase in indexes of export-import similarity, after the approval of the EU preferential, shows that Serbian exports used to be adjusted to the EU market. After suddenly increasing, indexes of export-import similarity then decreased followed by a fall in the share of manufactured products in total exports, although the total exports and exports to the EU recorded a further increase. This fact clearly shows that a growth in exports was achieved mainly by primary products, which widened a gap between the Serbian export structure and that of the EU import structure. Therefore, a growth in Serbian exports can not be sustained without radical restructuring of the Serbian export sector.
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Tangkudung, Auderey G., and Jemmi Y. Kaseger. "Hilirisasi Nikel sebagai Nilai Tambah dalam Penguatan Perekonomian Indonesia." Jurnal Syntax Admiration 5, no. 10 (2024): 3946–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jsa.v5i10.1591.
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In addition to nickel used for export, the government currently requires the downstreaming of nickel in the country. In addition, the potential of nickel in Indonesia also plays a role in increasing state revenue investment, through smelter investment. Through the nickel export ban policy, the long-term continuity of raw nickel supply for domestic smelter needs is maintained. However, there are problems in the community due to the export ban that affects the selling price of nickel, especially affecting business activities. This paper discusses the extent of nickel downstream policies, the ban on nickel ore exports, the added value obtained and the obstacles faced. The research methods used are exploratory and descriptive methods, data collection for analysis purposes is obtained from various literature, regulations and legislation, media reports and various other relevant secondary data sources. The findings show that nickel downstreaming actually creates an additional impact on the nickel industry. value and pushing nickel prices in a positive direction so as to encourage investors to come to Indonesia so as to strengthen Indonesia's economy in a better direction.
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Şaşmaz, Abdullah Bahadır. "Trade, Exports and Local Development In Turkey's Border Cities: A Panel Data Approach." Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi 28, no. 1 (2025): 42–59. https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.1584020.
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This study investigates the bidirectional relationship between trade, exports, and local development in 14 border cities of Turkey from 2004 to 2021, utilizing variables such as patent and trademark registrations, population, government expenditures and time dummy variables by using panel data analysis. The findings reveal that border trade and exports, along with GDP per capita, do not have statistically significant effects on each other. However, a positive relationship is found between total trade, exports, and GDP per capita, indicating the importance of expanding trade beyond neighboring countries. Population growth negatively impacts GDP per capita and total exports, but positively affects total trade. The study suggests that border provinces need strategies to manage population growth, improve workforce quality, and promote value-added production. Central government expenditures positively influence all variables except for total trade, indicating the importance of state investments in local economic development. Furthermore, the increase in brand registrations positively impacts exports and GDP per capita, while patents contribute to total exports. The study highlights the need for a more comprehensive approach to trade, encouraging diversification and reassessment of heterodox economy policies for sustainable growth.
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Jošić, Hrvoje, and Maja Bašić. "Trade creation and trade diversion effects from Croatia’s CEFTA and EU membership." Ekonomski pregled 72, no. 4 (2021): 489–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.72.4.1.
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This paper provides a detailed empirical study of trade creation and trade diversion effects arising from Croatia's two regional trade agreements, the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) and the European Union (the EU). It offers a foundation for discussion about future trade policies in terms of benefits and drawbacks from those regional trade agreements. Croatia’s imports, exports and total trade flows with 180 trading partner countries were examined for the period of 2000 – 2016. Cross-country panel regression using gravity model of international trade assessed pooled OLS, fixed and random effects, as well as more robust Tobit and PPML estimator models. The random effects model found positive effects of Croatia-CEFTA integration evident in trade creation in imports, exports and total trade flows. Croatia-EU integration exhibits no significant effect of trade creation in neither imports, exports nor total trade flows. Nonetheless, there is a trade diversion effect in cases of imports and total trade flows. In the Tobit model CEFTA created trade in imports, exports and total trade flows, while the EU diverted trade in imports and total trade flows. Finally, the robust PPML estimator found that: (1) CEFTA membership created trade in imports, exports and total trade flows, and (2) the EU membership diverted trade in imports and exports, and created trade in total trade flows.
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Xu, Chang, Jianbing Guo, Baodong Cheng, and Yu Liu. "Exports, Misallocation, and Total Factor Productivity of Furniture Enterprises." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (2019): 4892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184892.
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With the increase in labor costs in China and the tremendous changes in the international trade environment, upgrading the total factor productivity of Chinese furniture export enterprises faces a great challenge. Lots of studies have explored the interaction of exports or misallocation on the total factor productivity (TFP) of furniture enterprises, however, there is little knowledge on the impact and interaction of both exports and misallocation on the TFP. Based on panel data of Chinese furniture enterprises, this paper measures the TFP and the distortion of labor and capital resources in Chinese furniture enterprises. A two-way fixed-effects model is used to analyze the impact of exports and misallocation on the TFP of Chinese furniture enterprises. The paper reveals several important findings. First, the TFP of Chinese furniture export enterprises is lower than that of non-export enterprises, this phenomenon is called the “export–productivity paradox”. Chinese furniture export enterprises are processing trade-oriented and labor-intensive enterprises at the low end of the value chain, exports have a negative effect on improving the TFP of furniture enterprises in the short term. Second, the distortion of labor and capital resources in Chinese furniture enterprises promotes improvements to the TFP of furniture enterprises rather than reducing the TFP of furniture enterprises. Last but not the least, we find that misallocation has a positive moderating effect on exports and can weaken the negative impact of exports on TFP by the “forced mechanism”, which is that the higher the distortion of the misallocation, the higher the cost of acquiring capital and labor, and enterprises are forced to enhance their productivity when facing market competition, thus promoting improvements to the TFP of furniture enterprises.
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Coayla, Edelina, and Ysabel Bedón. "The Agro Exports of Organic Native Products and Environmental Security in Peru." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 6, no. 3 (2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/175umi47d.
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The study objective is to analyze agro-exports of organic products and environmental security (certification) in Peru. Agro-exports are the second generator of foreign currency for Peru. The descriptive, comparative-graphical method and the polynomial curve are used. In 2019 traditional agro-exports and non-traditional agro-exports contributed 11% and 89% of total agro-exports respectively, the main markets were the United States (35%) and the Netherlands (15%). Peru is the world's leading exporter of native functional products (called superfoods) quinoa and maca. Quinoa is the most demanded native agro-export product internationally. It was found that during the period 2000-2019 the main Peruvian agro-exports of non-traditional products with a vertiginous growth are fruits and vegetables. For the year 2019, fruit agro-exports in terms of FOB value in millions of US - contribute 56% to the total of non-traditional agro-exports. The increase in fresh grapes, fresh blueberries and fresh avocados is remarkable. Environmental security in terms of the area for organic production affects 51% of agro-exports. Peru promotes organic production from the producer to the final consumer and the certification of organic products in the production, transformation and marketing processes.
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Darussalam, M. Miftah, Marshanda Amalia Vega, Putri Octaria, and Shinta Puspasari. "Perbandingan Metode Ekstrapolasi Polinomial dan Ekstrapolasi Chebyshev pada Prediksi Total Ekspor Migas Tahun 2022." Jurnal Ilmiah Informatika Global 15, no. 1 (2024): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36982/jiig.v15i1.3624.
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International trade plays a crucial role in strengthening relationships between nations, where production specialization and exports serve as strategies to address a country's production deficiencies. The focus on exports, particularly oil and gas exports in Indonesia, is key to economic growth. This study compares two primary extrapolation methods, namely polynomial and Chebyshev, to predict the volume of oil and gas exports in 2022. Actual data from 2019 to 2021 is utilized to evaluate the performance of these methods. The analysis results indicate that although both methods provide accurate predictions, polynomial extrapolation has a slightly lower error rate compared to Chebyshev. Using MAPE as the evaluation metric, polynomial extrapolation obtains a value of 28.48, while Chebyshev obtains 31.46. Furthermore, for the relative error, polynomial method yields 0.304466997 percent, and Chebyshev method yields 0.327263854. Therefore, the polynomial method is chosen as the preferred approach, predicting the total oil and gas exports to be 11,127.29.
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Daffa Brilliandana Pratama. "The Analysis of World Trade Organization Panel Decision of Indonesia Measures Relating to Raw Materials." JUSTICES: Journal of Law 3, no. 3 (2024): 215–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.58355/justices.v3i3.121.
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European Union has requested a panel regarding Indonesia's restriction of exports and downstreaming of raw materials. According to the European Union, Indonesia's export and downstream policies violate World Trade Organization (WTO) provisions, namely Article XI:1 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994. In the panel report, the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body (WTO DSB) decided that Indonesia had been proven to have violated these WTO provisions. This thesis examines whether the WTO's ruling on Indonesia's restrictions on raw materials is justified and explores Indonesia's arguments in Appellate Body with the European Union regarding restrictions on nickel ore exports and downstreaming. The research methodology involves normative legal research, analyzing primary legal sources like legislation and secondary sources such as textbooks and case studies. The study delves into Indonesia's challenges in defending its policies at the WTO's Appellate Body. The primary research object is Indonesia's Measures relating to Raw Materials, particularly nickel ore, and relevant agreements like GATT 1994. Legal materials include Indonesian regulations on exports and GATT 1994, while secondary sources encompass statutory regulations, scientific journals, and related literature. The data collection method relies on library research. Using a qualitative approach, the thesis seeks a deep understanding of the core issues. Analytical methods include statutory interpretation, case studies, and grounded theory. The research finds Indonesia's measures non-compliant with GATT 1994 but suggests leveraging Article XXI, the Security Exception, as a strategic defense in the Appellate Body.
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Cañizares Arévalo, Jorge de Jesús, Maribel Cárdenas García, and Claudia Marcela Durán Chinchilla. "Is The Answer in The East? Trade Agreements with East Asia as an Opportunity for Latin American Exports: The Case of Chile." Revista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas 32, no. 1 (2024): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18359/rfce.7091.
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Trade Agreements (TAs) are instruments crafted and implemented by policymakers with the aim of enhancing trade between countries or regions/economic blocs. In this study, a gravity model was utilized to estimate the effects within a panel of 165 countries, examining Chilean exports across total, agricultural, and manufacturing sectors. The findings largely align with theoretical expectations: the presence of FTAs tends to bolster Chile’s exports to partner nations, with a more pronounced effect observed for FTAs. Notably, FTAs with South Korea, China, and Japan have facilitated trade growth exceeding the average increase, both across total exports and within the manufacturing sector. Additionally, the FTA with South Korea has shown significant growth in agricultural exports compared to exports to other countries.
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Klaiber, Laura B., Stephen R. Kramer, and Eric O. Young. "Impacts of Tile Drainage on Phosphorus Losses from Edge-of-Field Plots in the Lake Champlain Basin of New York." Water 12, no. 2 (2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020328.
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Quantifying the influence of tile drainage on phosphorus (P) transport risk is important where eutrophication is a concern. The objective of this study was to compare P exports from tile-drained (TD) and undrained (UD) edge-of-field plots in northern New York. Four plots (46 by 23 m) were established with tile drainage and surface runoff collection during 2012–2013. Grass sod was terminated in fall 2013 and corn (Zea mays L.) for silage was grown in 2014 and 2015. Runoff, total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total suspended solids (TSS) exports were measured from April 2014 through June 2015. Mean total runoff was 396% greater for TD, however, surface runoff for TD was reduced by 84% compared to UD. There was no difference in mean cumulative TP export, while SRP and TSS exports were 55% and 158% greater for UD, respectively. A three day rain/snowmelt event resulted in 61% and 84% of cumulative SRP exports for TD and UD, respectively, with over 100% greater TP, SRP and TSS exports for UD. Results indicate that tile drainage substantially reduced surface runoff, TSS and SRP exports while having no impact on TP exports, suggesting tile drains may not increase the overall P export risk.
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Muhammad Ahmad, Mazher. "Causal Relationship Among SME’s Import, Export, Deposits, and Small Manufacturing Contribution to GDP – Toda Yamamoto Analysis." Review of Economics and Development Studies 8, no. 4 (2022): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v8i4.469.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the causal relationship between Pakistani SMEs' imports, exports, domestic deposits, and GDP in the small manufacturing sector over 2007-Q1 to 2020-Q4.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: Granger causality is a revolutionary and cutting-edge econometric technique that was presented by Toda and Yamamoto (1995). This technique enabled us to identify various kinds of observations, all of which are discussed in detail in the concluding part of the article.
 Findings: Four-causal relationship among the variables which revealed the empirical results. (i) fluctuations in exports values, total imports values and deposit in domestic currency may cause the changes in GDP of small manufacturing sector in Pakistan (ii) fluctuations in GDP of small manufacturing and deposits in domestic currency may cause the changes in total exports value in SME sector in Pakistan while changes in total imports value do not make the cause of changes in total exports value in Pakistan SME sector (iii) fluctuations in GDP of small manufacturing and total exports value may cause the changes in total imports value in SME sector in Pakistan while changes in deposit in domestic currency do not make the cause of changes in total imports value in SME sector in Pakistan and (iv) fluctuations in GDP of small manufacturing, total exports value, and total import values does not make the cause of changes in deposit in domestic currency in SME sector in Pakistan.
 Implications/Originality/Value: Using secondary data and an estimation method to take into account new factors, the study also makes a big contribution to the ongoing research on SMEs in Pakistan.
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Rizki, Kurniadi, Retno Budiarti, and I. Gusti Putu Purnaba. "Dependency Model of the Exchange Rate with the Volume Export of Mining Products in Indonesia Using Copula." JTAM (Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Matematika) 8, no. 4 (2024): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jtam.v8i4.23089.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims to analyze the dependence of the IDR-USD exchange rate on the volume of mining exports in Indonesia using the copula approach. This dependence is important to understand considering that the exchange rate and mineral exports have a direct impact on the country's economy which depends on foreign exchange from this sector. Mineral exports are one of the country's main sources of foreign exchange, while the exchange rate influences the competitiveness of exports on the international market. The mining products taken are iron and steel, copper and nickel, which are Indonesia's leading commodities. The copula method was chosen because of its ability to capture and model non-linear dependencies between variables, without considering the distribution of each variable. Copula makes it possible to model the marginal distribution of exchange rates and export volumes separately from their dependency structures, which is in line with the complex and dynamic nature of the Indonesian mining sector economy. The results show that there is no significant dependence between the exchange rate and the volume of commodity exports taken. Therefore, this commodity export volume policy will not have a significant effect on fluctuations in the IDR-USD exchange rate and vice versa. This article can be a recommendation for exporters to understand that export volumes do not need to pay attention to exchange rate fluctuations.
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ÇİTİL, Mücahit. "Ticaret Partnerlerinin Önemi: Türkiye’nin Ticaret Partnerleri Üzerine Bir Panel Veri Analizi." Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 7, no. 14 (2021): 257–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.7.14.13.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the effect of selected economic indicators of 15 countries that Turkey exported the most between 1996-2019 on Turkey's exports was investigated by the panel data method. These economic indicators are the exports of the countries to which Turkey exports the most, the total output levels, the annual average value of their national currencies against the US dollar, their per capita incomes, manufacturing industry production and household consumption expenditures, These indicators are used by applying logarithmic transformation. According to the results, among the selected indicators of the trading partners, Turkey's exports are positively affected by the total output level and by the their exports of the trading partners., Turkey's exports, however, are more strongly affected by the level of total output represented by GDP. The depreciation of the national currencies of these trade partners against the US dollar and the manufacturing industry productions have a negative effect on Turkey's exports. Although the depreciation against the US dollar is compatible with expectations, the result for the manufacturing industry shows that the relationship between Turkey's export products and the manufacturing industries of its trading partners is favor substitution rather that supplementary. There is no statistically significant results for the per capita incomes and household consumption expenditures of trading partners. Key Words: International Trade, Turkish Economy, Export, Panel Data
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Tulus Widjajanto, Adhi Susano, and Ambar Tri Hapsari. "Analisis Pengaruh Suku Bunga dan Nilai Tukar terhadap Ekspor Total serta Implikasinya terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia (Tahun 2000–2018)." Jurnal Pajak dan Analisis Ekonomi Syariah 1, no. 3 (2024): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.61132/jpaes.v1i3.356.
Full textAbstract:
Export activities in the long term can provide foreign exchange income for the country concerned, which will later be used to increase the growth of the country's economy, finance import needs and domestic development. A study by Kusuma and Twin (2012) concluded that exports had a positive and significant effect on national foreign exchange reserves. Exports are therefore one of the important benchmarks to know how much economic growth is in a country. The fluctuating state of exports in Indonesia is a very important thing to pay attention to. Especially in the face of the era of free trade in the Southeast Asia region or the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), Indonesia is expected to improve its export performance, so that it can compete with other countries. Then it is necessary to know what factors affect the increase and decrease in the value of Indonesia's exports. From the data processing it is known that interest rates and exchange rates together have a significant effect on total exports with α = 0.00390 < from α = 0.05. Parasially, the Bungan tribe had a negative and significant effect on total exports with a significance value of α = 0.0003 < of α = 0.05, and the exchange rate against the US dollar had a positive and significant effect on total exports with a significance value α = 0.0130 < of α = 0.05.
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Gunawan, Yordan, Muhammad Nur Rifqi Amirullah, and Mohammad Hazyar Arumbinang. "ICJ Jurisdiction Over the Case of Policy to Stop Nickel Exports: European Union v. Indonesia." Jambe Law Journal 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jlj.6.1.1-22.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to explore the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding the European Union's legal action against Indonesia in response to Indonesia's policy to halt the export of raw materials derived from nickel ore. The research methodology employed for this paper is normative legal research, relying primarily on legal materials that encompass normative law for data collection. The outcome of this study indicates that Indonesia has implemented a measure to cease the export of raw materials derived from nickel ore, leading to the domestic downstream management of mineral resources within the country. In addition, the purpose of the export stop is the strong desire of the Indonesian government so that all raw materials are managed domestically and can invite investors from abroad to invest in Indonesia. However, the European Union (EU), as one of the enthusiasts and consumers of nickel ore raw materials, objected to the policy issued by Indonesia. The form of objection from the EU is to sue Indonesia to the WTO. The EU objected to the policies issued by the Indonesian government because they could interfere with various policies taken by the EU. The policy is expected that in 2050 the EU will be free from CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the EU argues that the cost of nickel ore, once domestically managed, is anticipated to undergo a significant increase, surpassing the prevailing market price. The author scrutinizes the jurisdictional aspects regulated by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) within this context
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Wang, Xingxing, Anjian Wang, Weiqiong Zhong, and Depeng Zhu. "Research on Nickel Material Trade Redistribution Strategy Based on the Maximum Entropy Principle." Entropy 24, no. 7 (2022): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24070938.
Full textAbstract:
In the double carbon background, riding the wind of new energy vehicles and the battery high nickelization, nickel resources rise along with the trend. In recent years, due to the influence of geopolitical conflicts and emergencies, as well as the speculation and control of international capital with its advantages and rules, the world may face price and security supply risks to a certain extent. Therefore, to obtain the most objective trade redistribution strategy, this paper first constructs the nickel material trade network, identifies the core trading countries and the main trade relations of nickel material trade, and finds that the flow of nickel material mainly occurred between a few countries. On this basis, a trade redistribution model is constructed based on the maximum entropy principle. Taking Indonesia, the largest exporter, and the largest trade relationship (Indonesia exports to China) as examples, the nickel material redistribution between countries when different supply risks occur are simulated. The results can provide an important reference for national resource recovery after the risk of the nickel trade.