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Journal articles on the topic 'Total extra cost'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

I.A., Yusuf, Aiyelari E.A., and A. Lawal F. "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SORGHUM/SOYABEAN INTERCROP SYSTEMS BY PARTIAL BUDGET IN THE GUINEA SAVANNAH OF NIGERIA." Continental J. Agricultural Economics 8, no. 1 (2014): 9–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.810380.

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Five sorghum/soyabean planting schedules intercrop were evaluated in a field experiment at Mokwa (Guinea savannah) in Nigeria, during the 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons with a view of determining the planting schedule that will result in the highest net benefits. Experimental design was randomize complete block (RCB) with three replicates. Soyabean variety TGX1019-2EB was drilled on the crest of the ridge, while sorghum seedlings were transplanted on the lower side of the ridge. The following sorghum/soyabean intercrop treatments were evaluated: (1) Sorg + Soy 0DAPS: Sorghum seedlings intercro

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I.A., Yusuf, Aiyelari E.A., Lawal F.A., Alawode V.O., and Bissallah G. "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MAIZE/SOYABEAN INTERCROP SYSTEMS BY PARTIAL BUDGET IN THE GUINEA SAVANNAH OF NIGERIA." Continental J. Agricultural Economics 8, no. 1 (2014): 9–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.810382.

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Seven soyabean/maize planting schedule intercrop were evaluated in a field experiment at Mokwa (Guinea savannah agro-ecology) in Nigeria, during the 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons with a view of determining the planting schedule that will result in the highest net benefit. Experimental design was randomize complete block (RCB) with three replicates. Soyabean variety TGX1448-2E was intercropped with maize variety ACR-DMR-SRY using the following planting schedules: (1) Maize planted at 14 Days Before Planting Soyabean(14DBPS), (2) Maize planted at 7 Days Before Planting Soyabean(7DBPS), (3) Maiz

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Aslam, Mohammad. "A Prospective Study of Total Extra Peritoneal Inguinal Hernia Repair Fixation versus no Fixation of Mesh." International Journal of Surgery & Surgical Techniques 8, no. 2 (2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijsst-16000218.

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Background: The necessity of mesh fixation in laparoscopic totally extra peritoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair remains controversial. We performed a single-center prospective study to compare the effectiveness of mesh fixation versus nonfixation in laparoscopic TEP repair. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, from August 2021 to July 2023. All patients admitted to the General surgical unit with uncomplicated inguinal hernias were included. A total of 96 patients were included

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Layard, R., D. Clark, M. Knapp, and G. Mayraz. "Cost-benefit analysis of psychological therapy." National Institute Economic Review 202 (October 2007): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950107086171.

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At present six million people are suffering from clinical depression or anxiety disorders, but only a quarter of them are in treatment. NICE Guidelines prescribe the offer of evidence-based psychological therapy, but they are not implemented, due to lack of therapists within the NHS. We therefore estimate the economic costs and benefits of providing psychological therapy to people not now in treatment. The cost to the governement would be fully covered by the savings in incapacity benefits and extra taxes that result from more people being able to work. On our estimates, the cost could be reco

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Tye, Cooper, Jad Lawand, and Vincent Moretti. "The cost-effectiveness of an additional surgical scrub in reducing prosthetic joint infections in total hip and knee arthroplasty." International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics 10, no. 4 (2024): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20241696.

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Background: Surgical skin preparation prior to total knee and hip arthroplasty is an important step in infection prevention. Compared to a single application, repeat skin preparation after draping demonstrates greater efficacy in reducing the overall occurrence of surgical site infections in total joint arthroplasty. We sought to find if the addition of an extra surgical scrub after draping is a cost-effective means of decreasing prosthetic joint infection (PJI), and if so, under what conditions it would be most cost-effective. Methods: We employed a model to assess the cost-effectiveness of r

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Yan, Qingyou, and Qian Zhang. "The Optimization of Transportation Costs in Logistics Enterprises with Time-Window Constraints." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/365367.

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This paper presents a model for solving a multiobjective vehicle routing problem with soft time-window constraints that specify the earliest and latest arrival times of customers. If a customer is serviced before the earliest specified arrival time, extra inventory costs are incurred. If the customer is serviced after the latest arrival time, penalty costs must be paid. Both the total transportation cost and the required fleet size are minimized in this model, which also accounts for the given capacity limitations of each vehicle. The total transportation cost consists of direct transportation

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Alevizakos, Michail, Apostolos Gaitanidis, and Leonard Joseph Appleman. "Quantification of the financial burden of antineoplastic agent price increases." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (2019): 6519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.6519.

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6519 Background: Antineoplastic medication prices are overall increasing yet this phenomenon is not limited to new medications but can also be observed in already established medications. Methods: We accessed the yearly payment files from Medicare Part B for injectable antineoplastic agents (codes J8501-J9999) for the years 2010-2017 and all costs were adjusted to 2017 USD to adjust for inflation. We then calculated the price-per-dose for every medication and compared that price with the price-per-dose that the medication would have if its initial price was only affected by inflation. We subse

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Enyindah, Ndamzia Clement, and Rex Kemkom Amadi. "Using Diagnosis and Life Cycle Cost to Improve Reliability of an Excavator." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 3 (2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.3.1107.

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Diagnosing of equipment before actual failure and reduced total ownership cost of excavator (TOC) is a significant issue for the mining and civil construction industries to unavoidably consider. Consequences of prolonged project execution time and extra cost due to sudden breakdowns are better minimized by studying the reliability of the equipment and having knowledge of life cycle cost model which was used in this research to ascertain the economic replacement time and cost of an excavator. Results from life cycle cost analysis carried out on an excavator show that the replacement time and to

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Enyindah, Ndamzia Clement, and Rex Kemkom Amadi. "Using Diagnosis and Life Cycle Cost to Improve Reliability of an Excavator." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 3 (2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.3.1107.

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Diagnosing of equipment before actual failure and reduced total ownership cost of excavator (TOC) is a significant issue for the mining and civil construction industries to unavoidably consider. Consequences of prolonged project execution time and extra cost due to sudden breakdowns are better minimized by studying the reliability of the equipment and having knowledge of life cycle cost model which was used in this research to ascertain the economic replacement time and cost of an excavator. Results from life cycle cost analysis carried out on an excavator show that the replacement time and to

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MOL, Ben W., Lan N. VUONG, Tam M. LUU, et al. "Can We Identify Subgroups in Which ICSI is Cost-Effective Over IVF: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomised Clinical Trial." Fertility & Reproduction 04, no. 03n04 (2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318222740644.

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Background: The use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has increased substantially worldwide, primarily in couples with non-male factor infertility. We recently published the results of a large randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing ICSI and IVF showing no significant improvement of ICSI over IVF in couples with normal semen concentration and motility. Here, we assess the cost-effectiveness of ICSI in these couples, with additional attention for subgroups. Aim: To assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ICSI versus IVF in relation to sperm morphology. Method: We perform

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Higuera, Francisco, Manuel Sigfrido Rangel-Frausto, Victor Daniel Rosenthal, et al. "Attributable Cost and Length of Stay for Patients With Central Venous Catheter—Associated Bloodstream Infection in Mexico City Intensive Care Units A Prospective, Matched Analysis." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 1 (2007): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/510812.

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Background.No information is available about the financial impact of central venous catheter (CVC)-associated bloodstream infection (BSI) in Mexico.Objective.To calculate the costs associated with BSI in intensive care units (ICUs) in Mexico City.Design.An 18-month (June 2002 through November 2003), prospective, nested case-control study of patients with and patients without BSI.Setting.Adult ICUs in 3 hospitals in Mexico City.Patients and Methods.A total of 55 patients with BSI (case patients) and 55 patients without BSI (control patients) were compared with respect to hospital, type of ICU,

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Kacprzak, Dariusz, and Witold Kosiński. "Optimizing Firm Inventory Costs as a Fuzzy Problem." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 37, no. 1 (2014): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2014-0019.

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AbstractThe fixed order quantity model of inventory management system is used in the deterministic part. Several elements of inventory cost, such as ordering cost, transportation and storing costs, frozen capital cost, as well as extra rebates, are taken into account in the model. Then the fuzzy optimization problem for the total cost function is formulated within the space of Ordered Fuzzy Numbers when all variables of the model are fuzzy. After the choice of a particular defuzzification functional an appropriate theorem is formulated which gives the solution of the problem.

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Чирков, E. Chirkov, Дорохин, S. Dorokhin, Скрыпников, and Aleksey Skrypnikov. "DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL TRANSPORT DISTANCE AND THE RATIONAL SPEED OF THE COMMUNICATION ON THE ROAD." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 3, no. 1 (2016): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18887.

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This article describes the relevance of road transport under current conditions in the region of a transport hub. Established transit factor, let-conductive to determine the optimal value of the extra-urban transit from the total intensity-sti movement. Submitted economic calculations of the cost of work on transportation, taking into account speed limits. Recommended cost performance of all modes of transport that are formed on the main roads

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Regent, Aleksandar, Neven Szabo, and Mladen Vuković. "On the economy of aerial firefighting using Canadair CL-415." Sigurnost 60, no. 1 (2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31306/s.60.1.5.

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SUMMARY: Innovations introduced in firefighting practice should help maximise the cost/benefit relation. One of the largest costs of firefighting in Croatia is the cost of aerial firefighting. The majority of the costs are incurred by the procurement, maintenance and actual operation of the hydroplane Bombardier CL-415. Published data indicate that these costs are significantly underestimated in Croatia. The paper purports to show the actual costs of wildfire fighting using these planes. An additional cost, if class A foam is used, amounts to 12-13% of total costs. One of the conclusions is th

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Rao, Dongning, and Zhihua Jiang. "Cost-Sensitive Action Model Learning." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 24, no. 02 (2016): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488516500094.

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Action model learning can relieve people from writing planning domain descriptions from scratch. Real-world learners need to be sensitive to all kinds of expenses which it will spend in the learning. However, most of previous studies in this research line only considered the running time as the learning cost. In real-world applications, we will spend extra expense when we carry out actions or get observations, particularly for online learning. The learning algorithm should apply more techniques for saving the total cost when keeping a high rate of accuracy. The cost of carrying out actions and

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Papiernik, E., and L. G. Keith. "The Cost Effectiveness of Preventing Preterm Delivery in Twin Pregnancies." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 39, no. 3 (1990): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000005286.

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AbstractAs an extension of previous work on the risk of prematurity in singletons and on the social cost of twin births, an analysis has been carried out into the cost effectiveness of preventing premature delivery in twin pregnancies. The cost of prevention is assessed in terms of early diagnosis through ultrasound screening and of an extra 11 weeks of work leave to expectant mothers. When this cost is compared to the social cost involved in the transfer of newborns to neonatal intensity care units and in supporting handicapped children, it is concluded that the total cost of prevention corre

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Terrile, Richard J., and Christ Ftaclas. "Direct Detection of Extra-Solar Planetary Systems from Balloon Borne Telescopes." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 161 (January 1997): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110001486x.

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AbstractAnalysis of a 1.5 meter diameter High Altitude Balloon Circumstellar Imaging Telescope (HABCIT) indicates that it offers a fast and low cost path to direct detection of extra-solar planets. Above an altitude of about 30 kilometers, scatter in the visible due to the atmosphere is more than 1000 times smaller than the diffraction sidelobes for a 1.5 meter telescope at 1 arcsecond in the visible. This permits a thousandfold reduction in the total background against which the planet must be detected. By flying a scatter compensated 1.5 meter telescope and high efficiency coronagraph on a b

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Halloush, Shiraz, Stephen Huber, Hanna Kim, and Jim M. Koeller. "Establishing the six-month resource utilization and cost-of-care for the treatment of first-line metastatic BRAF (V600) melanoma with combination BRAF and MEK inhibitors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (2020): e19396-e19396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e19396.

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e19396 Background: Comparative data on cancer therapy health care resource utilization (HCRU) and associated cost will be helpful as value-based healthcare moves forward. BRAF & MEK inhibitor combinations are considered first-line treatment for BRAF (V-600) metastatic melanoma (MM), although head-to-head trials are lacking. We aimed to establish the real-world HCRU and 6-month (mo) cost-of-care in V-600 MM treated with BRAF & MEK inhibitor therapy. Methods: A single data team in 2018 performed a multicenter, retrospective chart audit of adult patients with BRAF V-600 MM. Four instituti

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MM, Ari. "Optimization of 4-Bac Extra Probiotics Dosage for Enhanced Productivity in Broiler Chickens Using a Quadratic Polynomial Response Model." Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research 8, no. 4 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajar-16000344.

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This study aimed to determine the optimal dosage of 4-Bac Extra probiotics supplementation for broiler chickens using performance traits and a quadratic polynomial response model. A total of 180 Arbor Acre broiler chickens were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, replicated three times, representing 0% (T1), 0.25% (T2), and 0.50% (T3) probiotics supplementation. The birds were raised in a deep litter system and provided with ad libitum access to feed and water. During the starter phase, the 0.25% probiotics treatment group exhibited significantly higher feed intake and improved feed c

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Dretakis, Konstantinos, and Christos Koutserimpas. "Pitfalls with the MAKO Robotic-Arm-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty." Medicina 60, no. 2 (2024): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina60020262.

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Robotic-arm-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RATKA) with the MAKO system minimizes deviations in implant alignment and yields superior precision in implant position compared to a manual total knee arthroplasty. In this comprehensive commentary, we present and categorize the limitations and pitfalls of the procedure and we also provide recommendations for avoiding each limitation. The main surgeon-related limitations include prolonged operation duration, loose insertion of the checkpoints and pins, wrong registration and mapping, and damage to soft tissues during bone cutting. The system-relat

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Naunheim, Matthew R., Vinay K. Rathi, Margaret L. Naunheim, et al. "What Do Patients Want from Otolaryngologists? A Discrete Choice Experiment." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 157, no. 4 (2017): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599817717662.

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Objectives Patient preferences are crucial for the delivery of patient-centered care. Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are an emerging quantitative methodology used for understanding these preferences. In this study, we employed DCE techniques to understand the preferences of patients presenting for an ear, nose, and throat clinic visit. Study Design DCE. Setting Decision science laboratory. Methods A DCE survey of 5 attributes—wait time, physician experience, physician personality, utilization of visit time, and cost/copayment—was constructed with structured qualitative interviews with pati

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Olsen, Jens, Ingrid Willaing, Steen Ladelund, Torben Jørgensen, Jens Gundgaard, and Jan Sørensen. "Cost-effectiveness of nutritional counseling for obese patients and patients at risk of ischemic heart disease." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 21, no. 2 (2005): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462305050269.

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Objectives:Obesity and dyslipidemia are risk factors for ischemic heart disease, and prevention and treatment in primary care can reduce these risks. The objective of this cost-effectiveness analysis was to compare the costs and effects (in terms of life years gained) of providing nutritional counseling by a general practitioner (GP) or a dietician.Methods:A total of 60 GPs, who accepted to participate, were randomized either to give nutritional counseling or to refer patients to a dietician for counseling. The life years gained was estimated using a Cox regression model. Costs were estimated

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Huang, K., N. Hollevoet, and G. Giddins. "Thumb carpometacarpal joint total arthroplasty: a systematic review." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 40, no. 4 (2015): 338–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193414563243.

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Thumb carpometacarpal joint total arthroplasty has been undertaken for many years. The proponents believe the short-term outcomes are better than trapeziectomy and its variants, but the longer term complications are often higher. This systematic review of all peer reviewed articles on thumb carpometacarpal joint total arthroplasty for osteoarthritis shows that there are reports of many implants. Some are no longer available. The reported outcomes are very variable: for some there are good long-term outcomes to beyond 10 years; for others there are unacceptably high early rates of failure. Over

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Chan, Randolph C. H., Winnie W. S. Mak, Ingrid H. Y. Pang, et al. "Utility and Cost-effectiveness of Motivational Messaging to Increase Survey Response in Physicians." Field Methods 30, no. 1 (2017): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x17732010.

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The present study examined whether, when, and how motivational messaging can boost the response rate of postal surveys for physicians based on Higgin’s regulatory focus theory, accounting for its cost-effectiveness. A three-arm, blinded, randomized controlled design was used. A total of 3,270 doctors were randomly selected from the registration list. Results showed that motivational messaging was effective in boosting response rate among younger physicians at relatively low cost when the messages were sent during the delivery of generic invitation letter and questionnaire. However, message fra

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Das Roy, Monami, and Shib Sankar Sana. "Production rate and lot-size dependent lead time reduction strategies in a supply chain model with stochastic demand, controllable setup cost and trade-credit financing." RAIRO - Operations Research 55 (2021): S1469—S1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2020112.

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This study explores simultaneous reduction strategies of lead time and setup cost in a two-stage supply chain model under trade-credit financing. Lead time depends on a variable production rate and lot size. It consists of setup, production, and transportation time which are shortened to reduce lead time. Although double safety factors are considered to avoid stock-out; but still backorders take place as the demand during the lead time is stochastic. Setup cost is reduced by including an extra investment cost. In addition, the vendor offers a fixed credit period to the buyer to settle the acco

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Kapoor, Vinay K., Biju Pottakkat, Sheenu Jhawar, et al. "Costs of management of bile duct injuries." Tropical Gastroenterology 32, no. 2 (2011): 117–21. https://doi.org/10.4103/trog_20113202_117.

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Background: Only a few studies address the financial impact of the management of bile duct injuries (BDI). This study was aimed to assess the cost of BDI sustained during cholecystectomy. Methods: Patients who underwent surgical repair for post cholecystectomy BDI and due for routine follow up between August 2006 and September 2007 were called for an interview. Results: 47 patients were interviewed. There were 39 (83%) women and 8 (17%) men. The median direct cost was US$ 1626 (451-11,009); 73,983 (20,521-500,910). The median indirect cost was US$ 312 (26-2,708); 14,196 (1,183-123,214). Total

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Shirzadeh Chaleshtari, Ali. "Resource Tardiness Weighted Cost Minimization in Project Scheduling." Advances in Operations Research 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1308704.

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In this paper, we study a project scheduling problem that is called resource constrained project scheduling problem under minimization of total weighted resource tardiness penalty cost (RCPSP-TWRTPC). In this problem, the project is subject to renewable resources, each renewable resource is available for limited time periods during the project life cycle, and keeping the resource for each extra period results in some tardiness penalty cost. We introduce a branch and bound algorithm to solve the problem exactly and use several bounding, fathoming, and dominance rules in our algorithm to shorten

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Mercier, C., C. Brunet, C. Yang, et al. "Pharmacoeconomic study in head and neck cancer patients: Impact of prospective DPD deficiency screening with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) dose tailoring on toxicities-related costs." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (2009): 6515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.6515.

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6515 Background: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) plays a pivotal role in the detoxification of 5-FU. We studied the impact of screening DPD impairment in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients, both on reduction of drug-related toxicities and as a pharmacoeconomic endpoint. Methods: A total of 148 consecutive patients with HNC treated with 5-FU+platinum were monitored. Seventy-four patients (Arm A - before 2006) were treated with standard dosage, whereas 74 other patients (Arm B - after 2006) had their DPD status phenotypically evaluated prior to receiving 5-FU, with subsequent dose reducti

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Lee, Bruce Y., Patrick T. Wedlock, Elizabeth A. Mitgang, et al. "How coping can hide larger systems problems: the routine immunisation supply chain in Bihar, India." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 5 (2019): e001609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001609.

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IntroductionCoping occurs when health system personnel must make additional, often undocumented efforts to compensate for existing system and management deficiencies. While such efforts may be done with good intentions, few studies evaluate the broader impact of coping.MethodsWe developed a computational simulation model of Bihar, India’s routine immunisation supply chain where coping (ie, making additional vaccine shipments above stated policy) occurs. We simulated the impact of coping by allowing extra trips to occur as needed up to one time per day and then limiting coping to two times per

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Neeamy, Aows Khalid, and Nada Sabah Selman. "Building 1D Mechanical Earth Model for Zubair Oilfield in Iraq." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 5 (2020): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.05.04.

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Many problems were encountered during the drilling operations in Zubair oilfield. Stuckpipe, wellbore instability, breakouts and washouts, which increased the critical limits problems, were observed in many wells in this field, therefore an extra non-productive time added to the total drilling time, which will lead to an extra cost spent. A 1D Mechanical Earth Model (1D MEM) was built to suggest many solutions to such types of problems. An overpressured zone is noticed and an alternative mud weigh window is predicted depending on the results of the 1D MEM. Results of this study are diagnosed a

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NIA, AMIR MOOSAVIE, R. MIRZAJANI, and M. ESFALANI. "SUBTRACTIVE COMPOSITE SIMPSON METHOD FOR LOW COST INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 20, no. 04 (2011): 667–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126611007530.

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This paper presents a new method to decrease the error of real time numerical integration in an Inertial Navigation System (INS), which is widely used in aircrafts, spacecrafts, and field robotics. The well-known Runge–Kutta method is often used for real time numerical integration in INS algorithms. Here a combination of the composite Simpson's 1/3 and 3/8 rules is developed to effectively reduce the total integration error, named Subtractive Composite Simpson Method (SCSM). Also we propose a new method that efficiently reduces the error of the integrator block using the combination of a fourt

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Gawa, Stanzin, Nalini Ranjan Kumar, Swadesh Prakash, Vinod Kumar Yadav, Vinay Maruti Hatte, and Navghan Mahida. "Economic analysis of trout feed production in Jammu and Kashmir, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 4 (2017): 2385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1542.

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The Present study is an attempt to understand the economics of trout feed production in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Trout feed production is capital intensive business which requires high initial capital investment. The results revealed that major fixed investment required in trout feed production was feed mill itself which accounted about 71.44 percent of the total investment. The cost and return analysis showed that the variable cost accounts 59.16 percent whereas fixed cost accounted 40.84 percent of the total cost respectively. Among the variable cost raw material was found out to be s

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Tandriajeng, Tsabita Chaerunisa, and Wiwik Handayani. "Analysis of Engine Maintenance Techniques in Double-Cabin Vehicle Units Using Modularity Design Method at PT Wahyu Putra Mandiri Perkasa." Return : Study of Management, Economic and Bussines 2, no. 9 (2023): 989–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.57096/return.v2i9.151.

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Companies that providing motorised vehicle rental services specialising in coal mining areas have to go the extra mile in carrying out maintenance due to unexpected damage by the maintenance schedule. This research aims to discover problems related to constraints on the maintenance system carried out so that it is less efficient and effective in its implementation. Preventive maintenance with a modularity design method collects data with documentation, interviews, and observations. The analysis technique determines the company’s total cost (Initial TC). It continues determining the total cost

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Márquez-Gómez, Miguel, Carlos Manuel Castaño-Zapatero, Lydia Mediavilla-Santos, Rubén Pérez-Mañanes, and Javier Vaquero-Martín. "Femoral Extra-articular Deformity in the Context of Prosthetic Knee Surgery and Application of Customized Treatment Using 3D Planning and Printing Techniques." Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports 14, no. 12 (2024): 78–82. https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2024.v14.i12.5026.

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Introduction: Extra-articular deformity is that located proximal to the femoral epicondyles or distal to the neck of the fibula. In patients with gonarthrosis associated with extra-articular deformity, a different evaluation and approach will be necessary at the time of planning the arthroplasty. 3D planning and printing techniques have had a major impact on pre-operative planning, allowing the production of custom guides at low cost and in an accessible way. To our knowledge, this is the first report of combined 3D-guided extra-articular femoral osteotomy and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for

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Reed, Deborah K., Kevin M. Cook, and Ariel M. Aloe. "A Cost–Benefit Analysis of Summer Reading Programs Implemented Under State Guidelines." Educational Policy 34, no. 4 (2018): 594–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904818802112.

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This study investigated the costs of different summer reading programs and compared costs to the benefits of summer school as a way to avoid retaining students not reading proficiently at the end of third grade. Per pupil costs ranged from US$1,665 to US$2,194. The average cost was US$1,887 (range: US$266-US$5,552) with 82% of overall expenses attributable to personnel. Results indicate that offering summer reading programs could save schools across the state a total of between US$70.6 million and US$75.5 million in expenses related to providing an extra year of school had all eligible student

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Sarikonda, Advith, Eric Tecce, Adam T. Leibold, et al. "1136 What is the Marginal Cost of Using Robot-Assistance or Navigation for Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion? A Time-Driven Activity-Based Cost Analysis." Neurosurgery 71, Supplement_1 (2025): 174. https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000003360_1136.

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INTRODUCTION: Neurosurgeons are often unaware of the true costs of spine procedures. METHODS: Total cost was divided into direct and indirect costs. We identified all instances of RA-TLIF (n=20), ION-TLIF (n=59), and freehand TLIF (n=233) from 2020 to 2022 at our institution. Software was developed to automate the extraction of all intraoperatively utilized personnel and material resources from the electronic medical record (EMR). Total costs were determined through a combination of direct observation, EMR extraction, and inter-departmental collaboration (business operations, sterile processin

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Jiang, Wen-Hui, Ling Xu, Zhen-Song Chen, Witold Pedrycz, and Kwai-Sang Chin. "PARTIAL BACKORDERING INVENTORY MODEL WITH LIMITED STORAGE CAPACITY UNDER ORDER-SIZE DEPENDENT TRADE CREDIT." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 28, no. 1 (2021): 131–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2021.15704.

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This study formulates an inventory model with limited storage capacity under the condition of order-size dependent trade credit. Shortages are allowed and partially backlogged. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal replenishment cycle length, the optimal fraction of no shortage, and whether retailers should choose to rent an extra warehouse to store more items, such that retailers’ total annual profit is maximized. We prove the global optimally of objective functions and derive the closed-form optimal solution. Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the applicabi

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Vandenplas, Y., and S. De Hert. "Cost/benefit of synbiotics in acute infectious gastroenteritis: spend to save." Beneficial Microbes 3, no. 3 (2012): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2012.0007.

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The cost/benefit ratio of probiotics in the ambulatory treatment of acute infectious gastro-enteritis with or without a synbiotic food supplement (containing fructo-oligosaccharides and probiotic strains of Streptoccoccus thermophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis and Bifidobacterium infantis) has been studied. 111 children (median age 37 and 43 months for the synbiotic and placebo group, respectively) with acute infectious gastroenteritis were included in a randomised, prospective placebo-controlled trial performed in primary health care. All chil

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Rim, Suk-Chul, and Hang T. T. Vu. "Transshipment Vehicle Routing with Pickup and Delivery for Cross-Filling." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (January 16, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6667765.

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Distribution centers (DCs) typically receive orders from the customers (mostly retail stores) located in their vicinity and deliver the ordered goods the next day morning. To maintain high item fill rate, DCs have to hold a high level of inventory, which will increase inventory cost. As an alternative, cross-filling is that, after closing the daily order receipt, DCs exchange surplus items during the night to reduce the shortage. The economic justification of such cross-filling will depend on the tradeoff between extra transshipment and handling cost versus saved shortage cost. In this paper,

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Woolley, S. D., L. Walsh, and A. W. Lambert. "An audit of the cost effectiveness of protocol-driven versus surgeon-directed pre-operative assessment of NHS patients referred to a General Surgeon." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 99, no. 3 (2013): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-99-163.

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AbstractAimsPre-operative assessment (POA) is now commonplace and follows established protocols. This audit compares the costeffectiveness of surgeon-directed (SD) POA compared to the standard practice of protocol-driven (PD) POA.MethodsOne hundred and fifty-six NHS patients who were referred to a single surgeon during 2009 were allocated to one of three groups. Group 1: SDPOA required no investigations, whereas the PDPOA would have mandated only Methycillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screening and urinalysis; Group 2: SDPOA required no pre-operative investigations, whereas the PDP

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Lihachev, V. N. "COST EVALUATION OF EXISTING PRODUCTION." Social’no-ekonomiceskoe upravlenie: teoria i praktika 20, no. 4 (2024): 25–32. https://doi.org/10.22213/2618-9763-2024-4-25-32.

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The issues of cost evaluation of existing production have been in the focal point while in transit to market economy. The article analyses the notion of “the cost of existing enterprise” (CEE) defined in scientific literature and official documentation such research publications, thesauruses, textbooks, documents issued by RF Ministry of Finance. The publications of those engaged in accounting are also in the focal point of this submission. The analysis made is intended to help to remedy the disadvantages of existing cost evaluation methodology. The author provides comparative analysis of inte

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Fauziah, Windi, Yeni Sari Wulandari, and I. Ketut Manu Mahatmayana. "Analisis Pendapatan dan Nilai Tambah Produk Olahan Ketan di UMKM Desa Cililin Bandung Barat." Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 13, no. 1 (2025): 44–54. https://doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v13i1.781.

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Sticky rice is generally used as a material for the manufacture of various types of food typical of the region, one of them being in the village of Cililin Bandung West. The purpose of this research is to analyze the size of the income generated from the processing of ketan rice into the product and the added value of the business based on sticky rice in the UMKM Village of Cililin Bandung West. The data collection technique used is purposive sampling. The researchers used two respondents who were the owners of each of the cane-based. Such selection is based on the consideration that the owner

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Kaladevi R. "Health Insurance Recommendation System using Optimized Grid Search and Regression Models." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management 10, no. 2 (2025): 432–43. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i2.2147.

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Introduction: Health insurance schemes help cover medical expenses by distributing financial risk among many individuals. With various insurance options available, choosing the right provider and predicting costs can be challenging. Predictive modeling and machine learning techniques play a important role in analyzing past data, identifying patterns in customer behavior, and supporting informed decision-making for new insurance plans. Objectives: The main aim of this research is to assist individuals in selecting appropriate medical insurance providers and estimating associated costs using pre

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Huang, Zhengwei, Xuefeng Shi, Stephen Nicholas, et al. "Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Its Impact on Medical Cost among Urban Ischemic Stroke Inpatients in China: A National Cross-Sectional Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (October 29, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8554829.

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Background. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has long been widely adopted by the Chinese people and has been covered by China’s basic medical insurance schemes to treat ischemic stroke. Previous research has mainly highlighted the therapy effect of TCM on ischemic stroke patients. Some studies have demonstrated that employing TCM can reduce the medical burden on other diseases. But no research has explored whether using TCM could reduce inpatient medical cost for ischemic stroke in mainland China. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the use of TCM on the total inpatient

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Dong, Hengjin, and Martin Buxton. "Early assessment of the likely cost-effectiveness of a new technology: A Markov model with probabilistic sensitivity analysis of computer-assisted total knee replacement." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 22, no. 2 (2006): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462306051014.

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Objectives:The objective of this study is to apply a Markov model to compare cost-effectiveness of total knee replacement (TKR) using computer-assisted surgery (CAS) with that of TKR using a conventional manual method in the absence of formal clinical trial evidence.Methods:A structured search was carried out to identify evidence relating to the clinical outcome, cost, and effectiveness of TKR. Nine Markov states were identified based on the progress of the disease after TKR. Effectiveness was expressed by quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The simulation was carried out initially for 120 cy

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Zocoler, João L., Francisco C. Baggio Filho, Luís A. F. Oliveira, and Fernando B. T. Hernandez. "Model for determining flow diameter and economic velocity in water elevating systems." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2006 (2006): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/mpe/2006/17263.

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The purpose of this paper was to develop a model for calculating the economical flow diameter and velocity, by obtaining the economical diameter, using Swamee's friction factor equation, by minimizing the total annual cost. The application of the model to a regular supply condition showed that the diameter of the actual condition, 250 mm, compared with the diameter calculated by the mode, at the same tariff as that applied to the property (ground), 284.1 mm, involved the necessity to generate, transmit, and distribute extra electrical energy, due to the higher load loss caused by the original

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Chang, Young-Hui, and Rodger Kram. "Metabolic cost of generating horizontal forces during human running." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 5 (1999): 1657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.5.1657.

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Previous studies have suggested that generating vertical force on the ground to support body weight (BWt) is the major determinant of the metabolic cost of running. Because horizontal forces exerted on the ground are often an order of magnitude smaller than vertical forces, some have reasoned that they have negligible cost. Using applied horizontal forces (AHF; negative is impeding, positive is aiding) equal to −6, −3, 0, +3, +6, +9, +12, and +15% of BWt, we estimated the cost of generating horizontal forces while subjects were running at 3.3 m/s. We measured rates of oxygen consumption (V˙o 2

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Fabricius, Mika, Daniel Øland Tarp, Thomas Wehl Rasmussen, and Ahmad Arabkoohsar. "Utilization of Excess Production of Waste-Fired CHP Plants for District Cooling Supply, an Effective Solution for a Serious Challenge." Energies 13, no. 13 (2020): 3319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133319.

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District heating-connected waste incineration plants face a serious operating challenge during the warmer months of the year when the heating load is quite low. The challenge is the difficulty of managing the extra municipal solid waste to be disposed of, exposing great pressure and cost on the plant. Conventionally, the solution is either burning the surplus waste and providing the extra cooling required for the condenser with a summer chiller and paying the tax of the total heat generation of the plant, or paying other industries to burn the waste for their specific applications. Both of the

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Haghighi, Mohammad Hossein, Seyed Meysam Mousavi, Jurgita Antuchevičienė, and Vahid Mohagheghi. "A NEW ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY TO HANDLE TIME-COST TRADE-OFF PROBLEM WITH CONSIDERING QUALITY LOSS COST UNDER INTERVAL-VALUED FUZZY UNCERTAINTY." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 25, no. 2 (2019): 277–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.8422.

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This paper proposes a new framework in addressing time-cost trade-off problem (TCTP) under uncertainty. First critical path analysis is carried out based on developing a new interval-valued fuzzy (IVF)-program evaluation and review technique (PERT) approach. Then, non-conformance risks that influence on execution quality of activities are identified and evaluated based on a new approach that considers probability of risk along with impacts on time, cost, and performance. Then, a new mathematical model under IVF uncertainty is presented to decrease project total time while considering time, cos

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Sardell, Rebecca J., Peter Arcese, Lukas F. Keller, and Jane M. Reid. "Sex-specific differential survival of extra-pair and within-pair offspring in song sparrows, Melospiza melodia." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1722 (2011): 3251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0173.

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It is widely hypothesized that the evolution of female extra-pair reproduction in socially monogamous species reflects indirect genetic benefits to females. However, a critical prediction of this hypothesis, that extra-pair young (EPY) are fitter than within-pair young (WPY), has rarely been rigorously tested. We used 18 years of data from free-living song sparrows, Melospiza melodia , to test whether survival through major life-history stages differed between EPY and WPY maternal half-siblings. On average, survival of hatched chicks to independence from parental care and recruitment, and thei

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