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1
Obilor, M.C.I, S.A Ngah, and T. J. K. Ideriah. "Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Boreholes Water from Some Communities in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria." Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Boreholes Water from Some Communities in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria 9, no. 1 (2024): 12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10560748.
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The study focused primarily on the assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Total Hydrocarbon content of groundwater in Obio-Akpor. Groundwater (boreholes) samples were randomly collected from 21 sampling locations in six different communities and Rivers State University in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State. Standard analytical techniques were employed in the investigation. The study showed that in all the 21 stations, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) had concentrations below the SON (0.007ppm) limit. The study recommended regular monitoring of the water from the area. Keywords:- Boreholes, Groundwater, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Total Hydrocarbon Contents, Obio-Akpor, Nigeria.
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Ikpe, E. E., U. U. Ubong, E. Uwanta, U. U. Oku, and E. O. Akpan. "Investigation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil from Auto-mobile Mechanic Workshops within Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin L.G.A Akwa Ibom State Nigeria." Chemical Science International Journal 32, no. 2 (2023): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/csji/2023/v32i2842.
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This study investigates the concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and total hydrocarbon content (THC) in soil samples from auto-mobile mechanic workshop in Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin. Soil samples were collected in triplicate at different points within the vicinity of auto-mobile mechanic workshop at Ikot Akpaden represented as site A and control samples were obtained within the frontage of Chemistry Department, AKSU represented as site C. Soxhlet extraction and shaking methods were used for the extraction of the total petroleum hydrocarbons and total hydrocarbon content respectively. Each of the sample extracts were purified using column chromatography to remove moisture, polar hydrocarbons, colour interferences and any impurities before GC analysis. Total petroleum hydrocarbons and THC were analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC-FID) and UV-VISIBLE spectrophotometer respectively. The results obtained from TPH analysis indicates that; 15,223.4 mg/kg was recorded from the auto-mobile mechanic workshop and 808.507 mg/kg was recorded from the control samples. The results from the two stations were higher than the department of petroleum resources (DPR) permissible limit of 50 mg/Kg for soils. There was significant difference in the concentration of total hydrocarbon content, the result obtained showed that, the three sampling point at the mechanic workshop has THC level in the order; A1>A3>A2. The concentration of THC obtained in the three points were greater than the 0.6 mg/Kg limit of total hydrocarbons content allowed by the DPR. The study revealed that the soils were polluted as a result of indiscriminate disposal of waste petroleum products (used engine oil, petrol, diesel and other lubricants) directly on the soil, as well as dumping and burning of waste at the auto-mobile mechanic workshops. Hence, there is need for a holistic and sustainable monitoring and remediation of the environment for a cleaner and healthier environment.
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Waś, Ewa, Teresa Szczęsna, and Helena Rybak-Chmielewska. "Hydrocarbon Composition of Beeswax (Apis Mellifera) Collected from Light and Dark Coloured Combs." Journal of Apicultural Science 58, no. 2 (2014): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2014-0026.
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Abstract The hydrocarbon composition of beeswax secreted by Apis mellifera was characterised. In the studies, analyses were made of virgin beeswax (obtained from light combs, socalled „wild-built combs“) that was collected at different dates, and beeswax obtained from dark combs („brood combs“). A qualitative analysis did not show any differences in the hydrocarbon composition of beeswax originating from light and dark coloured combs. The same hydrocarbons (n-alkanes, alkenes, and dienes) were identified in virgin beeswax and beeswax collected from brood combs. However, the studies showed differences in the content of n-alkanes in the beeswax obtained from light and dark coloured combs. In comparison to the virgin beeswax, the beeswax obtained from dark combs had higher content of the total n-alkanes, higher total contents of even-numbered alkanes and odd-numbered alkanes, and higher contents of certain alkanes. Furthermore, it has been found that the hydrocarbon composition of beeswax did not depend on the collection period.
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Olubunmi, E. Olufunmilayo Fagbote. "Hydrocarbon Profile of bitumen deposit-Impacted Sediment in Ondo State, Nigeria." International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS) 10, no. 2 (2024): 48–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10494984.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> Total hydrocarbon content concentrations were determined in sediments collected from River Oluwa at Agbabu, Western Nigeria, in the dry season and rainy season. Samples were analyzed using the UV-vis spectrophotometer (HACH 2400). The average concentrations of total hydrocarbon content in sediment in the stations in the in the two seasons ranged from 1.26 ppm to 15.05 ppm. These values are higher than the WHO permissible level of 0.001μg/g for seafood in inland waters. The average hydrocarbon content in sediment collected during the dry season were significantly higher than the average concentration of total hydrocarbon content during the rainy season. The statistical analysis of the correlation coefficients of the values of THC at the sampling points are significant at 0.01, implying the hydrocarbons originated from biogenic sources due to the bitumen deposit in the environment and anthropogenic sources. High concentrations of total hydrocarbon observed is dangerous to the health of the rural dwellers at Agbabu because the total hydrocarbon can bioaccumulate and biomagnify and enter into River Oluwa and affect the biota through food chain. Therefore, seafood products from River Oluwa at Agbabu are unsafe, and should be consumed with caution. <strong>Keywords:</strong> sediment, concentration, hydrocarbon, season, bitumen. <strong>Title:</strong> Hydrocarbon Profile of bitumen deposit-Impacted Sediment in Ondo State, Nigeria <strong>Author:</strong> Olubunmi E. Olufunmilayo Fagbote <strong>International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS)</strong> <strong>ISSN 2350-1030</strong> <strong>Vol. 10, Issue 2, October 2023 - March 2024</strong> <strong>Page No: 48-53</strong> <strong>Paper Publications</strong> <strong>Website: www.paperpublications.org</strong> <strong>Published Date: 12-January-2024</strong> <strong>DOI: </strong><strong>https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10494984</strong> <strong>Paper Download Link (Source)</strong> <strong>https://www.paperpublications.org/upload/book/Hydrocarbon%20Profile%20of%20bitumen%20deposit-12012024-2.pdf</strong>
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Rida, Siddique* Komal Siddiqui Noor-e.-Saba and Faria Aslam. "SCREENING OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER FOR BIODEGARADATION OF DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 09 (2018): 9084–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1433697.
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Today hydrocarbons/oil pollution causes serious damage to our environment. Chemical or physical methods are failed to degrade such contaminants hence biodegradation provides simple and cost effective process. In this study the biodegradation potential of Aspergillus niger for different hydrocarbons was analyzed. Two kinds of hydrocarbons i.e. edible (almond oil, mustard oil and cooking oil) and non-edible (engine oil, diesel and petrol) were used. For the initial screening, culture was inoculated in Bushnell-Haas (BH) plate assay each plate containing respective hydrocarbon. Aspergillus niger displayed highest growth on medium containing cooking oil. While least growth was noted on petrol and diesel. Furthermore to analyze the degradation ability of Aspergillus niger, dextrose media was used. The biodegradable efficiency of Aspergillus niger was noted on the basis of dry weight, total protein, total sugar and reducing sugar in presence of hydrocarbons. The highest growth of Aspergillus niger was noted on media containing 2% cooking oil after 6 days of incubation. Among the non-edible hydrocarbons highest growth was noted on 3% engine oil after 6 days of incubation. Total protein content on edible hydrocarbon was found to be higher than non-edible hydrocarbons. Total sugar content showed great variation among edible and non-edible hydrocarbons. Reducing sugar was found to be very low in both edible and non edible hydrocarbon containing media. 2, 6-dichlorophenol indophenols (DCPIP) dye assay was also used for detection. The highest reduction in absorbance was observed on edible hydrocarbons than non-edible hydrocarbons. Hence Aspergillus niger have ability to degrade hydrocarbons at different rate. Key words: Biodegradation, Aspergillus niger, edible hydrocarbons, non edible hydrocarbons.
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Olufunmilayo and Olubunmi E. "Total Hydrocarbon Content of the Bitumen Impacted Soil in Ondo State, Nigeria." Total Hydrocarbon Content of the Bitumen Impacted Soil in Ondo State, Nigeria 9, no. 1 (2024): 6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10522383.
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Total hydrocarbon content concentrations were determined in soil collected from Agbabu, Western Nigeria, in the dry season and rainy season for two years. Samples were analyzed using the UV-vis spectrophotometer (HACH 2400). The average concentration of 146.89 ppm recorded in Dry Season of Year-1 was higher than the 100 ppm recommended for a normal soil by Regulation on the assessment of environmental pollution by European Geosciences Union. 5.36 ppm in the Rainy Season of Year-1, 5.00 ppm in the Dry Season of Year-2 and 4.92 ppm in the Rainy Season of Year-2 were lower that value recommended for a normal soil. The average concentrations recorded were higher than the values recorded at the control sampling points. These indicate that the soil of Agbabu and Temidire has been impacted with total hydrocarbon due to the bitumen deposit and other anthropogenic activities. This is dangerous for the health of the rural dwellers at Agbabu and Temidire because the total hydrocarbon can bioaccumulate and biomagnify and and affect the biota through food chain. Compounds containing total hydrocarbon cause side effects on the blood, immune system, lungs, skin and eyes. The soils of Agbabu and Temidire will not require remediation because it may recover through a natural attenuation. However, a program should be put in place by the stake holders to periodically monitor the status of total hydrocarbon in the soil of Agbabu and Temidire in Ondo State, Nigeria. Keywords:- Soil, Total Hydrocarbon, Season, Bitumen, Environment.
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Sorokina, A. S., E. A. Burov, V. N. Koshelev, L. V. Ivanova, G. M. Shaydullina, and D. V. Rakov. "Chromatographic Methods for Analysis of Hydrocarbon Composition of Diesel Fuel." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 627, no. 5 (2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2021-627-5-32-38.
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A study of the hydrocarbon-type content of the base summer diesel fuels of various oil refineries in Russia was carried out using the methods of gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. It is shown that the experimental results obtained using these methods, namely the content of normal paraffinic, the total content of paraffin-naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons, do not provide sufficient information to predict the physicochemical and performance properties of diesel fuels. The method of two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied for a more detailed study of the hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuels, which made it possible to determine the ratio of normal and isoalkanes, the content of mono-, bi- and polycyclic naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and to explain the differences between fuels with similar performance characteristics.
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Chukwuma, C. C., J. C. Ikewuchi, and M. O. Monanu. "Removal of hydrocarbons from crude oil contaminated agricultural soil by phytoremediation using Mariscus alternifolius and Fimbristylis ferruginea." European Journal of Biological Research 9, no. 1 (2019): 34–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2603912.
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Crude oil extraction is one major route through which hydrocarbons are released into the environment and hydrocarbon contamination is highly hazardous to the ecosystem. This study investigated the removal of hydrocarbons from crude oil contaminated agricultural soils using <em>Mariscus alternifolius</em> Vahl. and <em>Fimbristylis ferruginea</em> plant species. Before planting, the polluted soil (negative control) had a total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration of 17962.11±1000.00 mg/kg and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration of 440.97±1.00 mg/kg. Likewise, the soil oil and organic carbon contents were 3.25±0.10 ppm and 3.06±0.02% respectively. Results, 90 days after planting, indicated a significant decrease in the total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations of <em>M. alternifolius </em>(100.82±46.31 mg/kg)<em> </em>and<em> F. ferruginea </em>(110.41±39.68 mg/kg) treated soils. Likewise, there was a significant decrease in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration of <em>M. alternifolius</em> treated soil (95.69±65.44 mg/kg). The oil content of the treated soils significantly decreased to 1.03±0.28 ppm and 0.84±0.33 ppm in <em>M. alternifolius </em>and <em>F. ferruginea</em> treated soils respectively, while the organic content of the treated soils significantly decreased to 2.16±0.09% and 2.20±0.20% in <em>M. alternifolius </em>and <em>F. ferruginea</em> treated soils respectively. Phytoremediation using <em>M. alternifolius </em>and <em>F. ferruginea</em> has proven to be potent in the remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil through enhancement and recovery of the polluted soil. These plant species which improved the cultivation and germination competence of the treated soils thus making the soil probable for agricultural and other related purposes are therefore recommended for used in the phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soils.
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Edori, O. S., K. E. Okpara, and E. I. Edeh. "Total Hydrocarbon Content in Water and Sediment at Effluent Discharge Points into the New Calabar River, Rivers State, Niger Delta, Nigeria." Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 8, no. 5 (2021): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10589633.
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<strong>Abstract</strong> The role of hydrocarbons and its occurrence in the wetlands of the riverine environments of the Niger Delta States is very important for both individuals and cooperate bodies. Samples of water and sediments were collected between January to June from areas where drainages are let out into the New Calabar River. The Samples were examined for Total hydrocarbon content (THC) within the period. The results obtained showed that in water, the order was Minipiti>Iwofe Jetty > Police Post. Monthly variations and concentrations showed that the order was April (62.11±4.18) > March (52.59±7.50) > June (49.76±1.28) > February (49.20±12.91) > May (48.33±8.09) > January (48.30±5.89). In the sediments, the monthly variations and concentrations were in the order; April (107.02±10.33) > June (94.27±2.33) > March (91.87±9.13) > May (90.09±7.82) > February (81.01±9.57) > January (87.78±7.57). The portioning of the hydrocarbons in both sediment and water matrices showed that the hydrocarbons prefer the sediment phase to the water phase. The observed results showed that the concentrations of total hydrocarbons in both water and sediments were above the legal limit set by DPR, Nigeria. Furthermore, it has revealed the sediment to be the natural sink for aquatic pollutants. The high values of THC and their nature of occurrence in the aquatic media examined in this study implicated anthropogenic influence. Therefore, legal, cooperate and individual efforts should be put together to remedy this problem and also forestall further input through effective monitoring.
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Samanta, Titil Datta, Tithi Ghosh, and Subrata Laskar. "Variation of hydrocarbon constituents of epicuticular wax of leaves of Litchi chinensis Sonn." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 31, no. 1 (2013): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp13008.
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Epicuticular wax of leaves of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) collected all through the year and n-alkane extract was analysed by thin layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and gas liquid chromatography, using standard hydrocarbons. Twenty long chain hydrocarbons (n-C16 to n-C35) were identified and quantified. Distinct variation of hydrocarbon content has been observed during different time of the year. Scanning electron microscopic views of total epicuticular wax, hydrocarbon and upper surface of Litchi chinensis Sonn. leaf during the fruiting stage of the tree has also been done.
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Kuráň, Pavel, Josef Trögl, Jana Nováková, et al. "Biodegradation of Spilled Diesel Fuel in Agricultural Soil: Effect of Humates, Zeolite, and Bioaugmentation." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/642427.
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Possible enhancement of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in agricultural soil after tank truck accident (~5000 mg/kg dry soil initial concentration) by bioaugmentation of diesel degradingPseudomonas fluorescensstrain and addition of abiotic additives (humates, zeolite) was studied in a 9-month pot experiment. The biodegradation process was followed by means of analytical parameters (hydrocarbon index expressed as content of C10–C40aliphatic hydrocarbons, ratio pristane/C17, and total organic carbon content) and characterization of soil microbial community (content of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) as an indicator of living microbial biomass, respiration, and dehydrogenase activity). The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons (C10–C40) was successfully reduced by~60% in all 15 experiment variants. The bioaugmentation resulted in faster hydrocarbon elimination. On the contrary, the addition of humates and zeolite caused only a negligible increase in the degradation rate. These factors, however, affected significantly the amount of PLFA. The humates caused significantly faster increase of the total PLFA suggesting improvement of the soil microenvironment. Zeolite caused significantly slower increase of the total PLFA; nevertheless it aided in homogenization of the soil. Comparison of microbial activities and total PLFA revealed that only a small fraction of autochthonous microbes took part in the biodegradation which confirms that bioaugmentation was the most important treatment.
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Edidiong, E. Ikpe* Ifiok O. Ekwere Etiowo G. Ukpong James O. Effiong Okon E. Okon. "ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS AND HYDROCARBONS IN RHIZOPHORA MANGLE CALLINECTES SAPIDUS, & SEDIMENT IN QUA-IBOE RIVER, AKWA IBOM STATE NIGERIA." GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES AND SCIENCES 7, no. 3 (2020): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3712795.
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The assessment of heavy metals and hydrocarbon contents in mangrove swamp flora and fauna in Qua-Iboe River was investigated. The sediment, <em>Callinectes Sapidus</em> and <em>Rhizophora mangle</em> in the study area were analysed for Pb, Cd, Hg, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and total hydrocarbon content (THC) in wet and dry season. Results showed that, among the metals investigated, Pb had the highest concentration in all the samples for both wet and dry seasons, ranging from 0.002 – 2.344mg/kg. THC showed a higher concentration than TPH in all the samples, ranging from 492.41 to 794,931.81 mg/kg while TPH ranged from 175.97 – 129204.54 mg/kg. Generally, pollutant concentrations were higher in the dry season than wet season and the bioaccumulative behavior of HM in the samples followed the order: sediment > <em>Rhizophora mangle </em>> <em>callinectes</em> <em>sapidus </em>while hydrocarbon bioaccumulation followed the order: <em>Rhizophora mangle </em>> <em>callinectes</em> <em>sapidus</em> > sediment. The concentration of Pb and hydrocarbon in the samples analysed were found to exceed the WHO and FEnv permissible limit, posing an environmental risk to aquatic flora and fauna.
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T.J.K., Ideriah, Abam T. K. S., Uzamaden G. I., and Okafor C. "Concentrations of Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Groundwater from Andoni Local Government Area of Rivers State Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science IX, no. VII (2024): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2024.907011.
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The concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Total Hydrocarbons contents (THCs) and heavy metals in groundwater from parts of Andoni Local Government Area in Rivers State were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy for PAHs, Spectrophotometer for THC and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer for heavy metals. The results showed maximum mean levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (0.642 ppm) and Total Hydrocarbons content (3.23±4.24 ppm), Manganese (0.705±0.125), Iron (0.217±0.300), Lead (0.355±0.488), Chromium (0.096±0.132) and Nickel (0.151±0.149) mg/L. The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon levels were above permissible limits and the Total Hydrocarbons content levels were above acceptable limits in some stations. Lead and nickel levels were above standard limits in some stations. The high levels of lead and nickel portend toxic and carcinogenic risks in some stations, especially to the environment and children in the study areas. The results showed that Groundwater in the study area is poor for drinking purposes in some areas and can pose health hazards in the area if consumed without proper treatment. Thus, adequate treatment of the groundwater in the affected areas is recommended.
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Alexandrova, Alina, Nika Aleksandrova, and Andrei Demeshkin. "Dynamics of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Content in the Surface Waters of Green Fjord (Greenland Sea)." Petroleum and Chemical Industry International 8, no. 1 (2025): 01–03. https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.08.01.02.
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Britto Côgo, Sannya Maria, Amanda Souza Amaral, Karla Pereira Rainha, et al. "ANÁLISE DOS IMPACTOS DO INTEMPERISMO POR EVAPORAÇÃO NA COMPOSIÇÃO DE SATURADOS EM CENÁRIOS DE DERRAMAMENTO DE PETRÓLEO NO MAR." Revista Ifes Ciência 10, no. 4 (2024): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36524/ric.v10i4.2630.
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In this study was conducted on the weathering of petroleum by evaporation with the aim of investigating the changes in the chemical changes in the chemical profile of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction in four chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The samples (AMB1, AMB2, AMB3, AMB5, AMB1Ev, AMB2Ev, AMB3Ev and AMB5Ev) were characterized with respect to density, kinematic and dynamic viscosity, pour point, sulfur content and asphaltenes point, sulfur content, asphaltene content, total acid number and total salinity index. The saturated compounds analyzed by GC-MS were obtained by fractionating the by fractionation of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and polar compounds (SAP). The fractionation results show mass losses after evaporation corresponding to 31.58% for AMB1 (heavy), 2.69% for AMB2 (heavy), 2.81% for AMB3 (medium), 4.91% for AMB5 (heavy). Regarding the GC-MS analysis it was observed that the volatilization of the compounds with the lowest molecular weights was evidenced by the reduction of the saturates in the evaporated samples. O This study highlights the contribution of evaporation to the changes in the chemical profile of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction.
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Okafor, C. E., O. P. Nwwabueze, C. P. Uzuegbu, S. C. Okeke, and R. C. Okarfor. "Bioremediation Efficacy and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Reduction in Crude Oil Contaminated Soil Using Cow Dung." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 29, no. 2 (2025): 555–61. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v29i2.26.
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Crude oil contamination poses significant ecological and agricultural challenges, particularly in oil-producing regions such as Nigeria's Niger Delta. The persistence of toxic petroleum hydrocarbons, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), adversely affects soil health, plant growth, and food security. Rich in essential nutrients, cow dung enhances the growth and activity of oil-degrading microorganisms such as Marinobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp., promoting the breakdown of these hydrocarbons. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the bioremediation efficacy and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) reduction in crude oil contaminated soil using cow dung using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained indicates a reduction range of between 54.48 - 60.19% of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content in the crude oil contaminated soil after bioremediating with the cow dung. This result is attributed to increased nutrient availability and improved oxygen diffusion associated with optimal amendment rate. In comparison, natural attenuation in untreated soil achieved only a 17.22% reduction. This approach aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 12 and SDG 15) which is to promote responsible waste utilization and ecosystem restoration. The findings underscore cow dung's viability as an eco-friendly and cost-effective strategy for mitigating the environmental impacts of crude oil pollution.
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Wu, Wei, Zhikai Liang, Liang Xu, et al. "The Effect of Thermal Maturity on the Pore Structure Heterogeneity of Xiamaling Shale by Multifractal Analysis Theory: A Case from Pyrolysis Simulation Experiments." Minerals 13, no. 10 (2023): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13101340.
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Shale oil and gas, as source-reservoir-type resources, result from organic matter hydrocarbon generation, diagenesis, and nanoscale pore during the evolution processes, which are essential aspects of shale gas enrichment and reservoir formation. To investigate the impact of diagenetic hydrocarbons on shale pore heterogeneity, a thermal simulation of hydrocarbon formation was conducted on immature shale from the Middle Proterozoic Xiamaling Formation in the Zhangjiakou area, covering stages from mature to overmature. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instruments analyzed the microstructure of the thermally simulated samples, and the multifractal model quantitatively assessed pore development and heterogeneity in the experimental samples. The results reveal that the quartz and clay mineral contents show alternating trends with increasing temperature. Organic matter dissolution intensifies while unstable mineral content decreases, promoting clay mineral content development. Pyrolysis intensity influences Total Organic Carbon (TOC), which reduces as hydrocarbons are generated and released during simulation. Porosity exhibits a decreasing–increasing–decreasing trend during thermal evolution, peaking at high maturity. At maturity, hydrocarbon generation obstructs pore space, resulting in higher levels of bound fluid porosity than those of movable fluid porosity. Conversely, high maturity leads to many organic matter micropores, elevating movable fluid porosity and facilitating seepage. Shale pore heterogeneity significantly increases before 450 °C due to the dissolution of pores and the generation of liquid and gas hydrocarbons. In the highly overmature stage, pore heterogeneity tends to increase slowly, correlated with the generation of numerous micro- and nano-organic matter pores.
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Yakupov, Marat M., Ratmir R. Akhmadiyarov, Marat N. Rakhimov, and Farhad Sh Vildanov. "HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION AND HEATING VALUE OF CATALYTIC CRACKING GASOLINES." Oil and Gas Business, no. 6 (December 17, 2024): 112–34. https://doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2024-6-112-134.
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The article presents the results of the study of the hydrocarbon composition and calorific value of typical gasoline fractions of fluid catalytic cracking units in a fluidized bed of a catalyst.The composition of catalytic cracking gasoline was found to contain 414 hydrocarbons, including a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with boiling points significantly exceeding the end boiling point of gasoline. As a result of hydrotreating the heavy part of gasoline, the total content of olefins calculated for the entire gasoline decreases by only 4.2% by weight, and their total content in gasoline still remains at a fairly high level. It is also shown that the hydrotreating process is accompanied by not only the hydrogenation of olefins, but also aromatic hydrocarbons. As a result of hydrotreating, there is an insignificant increase in the calorific value of catalytic cracking gasoline, a more significant effect on the calorific value of gasoline is exerted by its fractional composition.
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James, I. I., C. U. Etuk, M. G. Ben, et al. "Effects of processing on bacteriological, proximate, hydrocarbon content and organoleptic indices of Scomber scombrus." Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology 39, no. 2 (2023): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njb.v39i2.4.
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Effects of boiling, smoking and frying on the organoleptic quality, bacteriological count, proximate composition and total hydrocarbon contents of Scomber scombrus fish sold in Ikot Ekpene Metropolis were investigated. Fillets of fresh S. scombrus were made, and processed by smoking, boiling and frying methods. Portions of the fish sample were aliquoted, and used to carry out sensory evaluation, plating aliquots of diluents onto nutrient agar plates (for total viable count (TVC), and on Manitol Salt agar (for total staphylococcal count (TSC). Standard methods were used to determine moisture, ash, total lipids and crude protein contents. Total hydrocarbon content was determined by toluene extraction and measurement of absorbance of filtrate spectrophotometrically. Sensory quality obtained using smoke-drying and frying methods scored significantly higher than that of boiling and the control (p<0.05). TVC of samples were lower than in the control fish sample after processing, increasing over the 4-day period, although negligible when compared to the control. TVC were lowest in samples processed by frying. TSC decreased in all fish samples after processing, except in the control fish sample. Fried Scomber scombrus samples also showed no trace of S. aureus. Moisture, lipid, crude protein and ash contents of control S. scombrus were 68.78±1.02, 2.03±0.11, 20.14±0.06 and 0.09±0.32 respectively. The changes in moisture, lipid, crude protein and ash contents were statistically significant (P<0.05) in processed fish samples. Total hydrocarbon content also increased in processed fish; 2.914±0.005 for smoke-dried, 2.168±0.001 for fried and 1.538±0.009 for boiled, as against 1.412±0.011 in the control sample. Overall bacteriological quality indices, the proximate content and total hydrocarbon contents of samples demonstrated frying and smoking as preferable processing methods for Scomber scombrus.
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Meneghelli, B. J., R. E. Obregon, H. R. Ross, B. J. Hebert, J. P. Sass, and G. E. Dirschka. "Total hydrocarbon content (THC) testing in liquid oxygen (LOX) systems." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 101 (December 18, 2015): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/101/1/012083.
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Ikpe, Edidiong E., Usoro M. Etesin, Emmanuel E. Ubuo, and Ifiok O. Ekwere. "Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals and Hydrocarbons in Sediment, Shell and Flesh of the Faunas in Qua-Iboe River at Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences 13, no. 6 (2023): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2023/v13i6264.
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Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals and Hydrocarbons in Sediment, Shell and Flesh of the Faunas in Qua-Iboe River at Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria was undertaken. The faunas and sediment sample were collected from designated locations and a control location along Ikot-Ibok in dry and wet seasons using standard analytical sampling methods. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals and hydrocarbons content by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and gas chromatography respectively. pH of the samples was assessed. Transfer factor (TF) of the heavy metals between the sediment and the faunas were calculated. Regression models (linear and power equation) were developed to predict the numerical relationship between total petroleum hydrocarbon and total hydrocarbon content (TPH and THC) and heavy metals concentration in shell (predictor) of fauna in relation to their concentration in the flesh (dependent). Results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis such as coefficient of variation and mean. The concentration range of the heavy metals of both faunas and sediment was 0.001 – 86. 686 mg/kg. These value are above the World Health Organization and National Environmental Standard and Regulations Enforcement Agency (WHO/NESREA) standards (0.001 -5.0mg/kg). The coefficient of variation (C.V) had a range of 0.0152 – 193.333% which showed variation in stability of the heavy metals. Transfer factor (TF) showed that Tympanotomus fuscatus tissue bioaccumulated most heavy metals. Hydrocarbons (TPH and THC) and heavy metals concentration in the flesh of Ostreidea and Tympanomus fuscatus tissue were predicted from its shells at highly significant level (P - ≤ 0.05). This study has provided information on the levels of heavy metals and Hydrocarbons in faunas and sediment. In addition, the study has also developed models for predicting the levels of heavy metals and hydrocarbon content in the flesh from the shell of the faunas studied.
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Emmanuel, Jaja, Soba, Williams, Janet Olufunmilayo, and Nrior, Renner Renner. "Enhanced Phytoremediation of Crude Oil Polluted Soil Using Pseudomonas fluorescens." Microbiology Research Journal International 33, no. 6 (2023): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i61387.
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Environmental pollution in the Niger Delta has been a huge concern. Bacteria have proven to be of great benefit in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. This research is aimed at enhanced phytoremediation of crude oil polluted soil using Pseudomonas fluorescens. Soil was collected from oil spill polluted site at B-dere, Rivers State. Six (6) treatments consisting of contaminated soil (CS), uncontaminated soil (US), augmenting organisms Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pse), and phytoremediation grasses (Elbow buffalo grass (Panicum subalbidum) (PAN-G) and Sedge plant Schoenoplectus senegalensis (SCH-G)) were evaluated during a period of 28 days. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria (HUB) were monitored. Physicochemical parameters monitored were pH, Temperature, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC). Baseline results of physicochemical parameters carried out in the uncontaminated soil were pH, temperature (oC), Moisture content (%), Electrical conductivity (uS/cm), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Soil Organic Matter, Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC), Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (mg/kg). The amount of hydrocarbon remediated and percentage bioremediation in the soil after 28 days were: CS+PSE+SCH (3454mg/kg; 85.28%) > CS + BAC + SCH-G (3264mg/kg; 80.59%) > CS +PSE + BAC + SCH-G (3210mg/kg; 79.26%) and CS + SCH-G had the lowest (434mg/kg: 62%). This research revealed that Schoenoplectus senegalensis (sedge plant) is a suitable plant species for phytoremediation of crude oil polluted soil than Panicum subalbidum. Moreso, Schoenoplectus senegalensis (sedge plant) has a higher phytoremediation potential when augmented with Psuedomonas. it is therefore recommended that Schoenoplectus senegalensis (sedge plant) in combination with augmenting organism (Psuedomonas) is best option for remediation of crude oil polluted.
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Sen, Subhasis, and Meera Sen. "A Total Package in Utilisation of Low Rank Coals and Related Fossil Fuels." Journal Geological Society of India 47, no. 1 (1996): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1996/470103.
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Abstract Occurrence of petroleum and natural gas in intimate association with coal in various coalfields has led to the development of the concept that a large part of hydrocarbons are generated from coal and plant derived sources, especially from the exinite group of coal macerals. In certain part of North East India, it was observed that coals record, exceptiona1ly high volatile matter and hydrogen content. These coals have been found to yield very high amount of tar. The associated carbonaceous shales, shaly coal and durainous layers of these areas may contain appreciable amount of exinites and may virtually grade into hydrocarbon source rock. In the Gondwana basins inferior layers like shaly coal, durainous coals and carbonaceous shales are integral part of the coal seams which may sometimes contain considerable quantum of exinite - the principal hydrocarbon generating coal macera1. In case of beneficiation of the low rank coals, these materials are likely to be incorporated in the high ash fractions as rejects. The authors consider that to derive full benefit, high ash low rank coals should be subjected to low temperature carbonisation. The tar or hydrocarbon crude thus obtained from different sources could be brought to a central pool for further treatment for conversion to petroleum substitute fuels and chemicals. Ammonical liquor and gas are additional by-products of the process whereas the soft coke or char can be beneficiated and utilised for power generation and various other purposes. The high ash content of the coals would give rise to serious ecological threat and problems of waste disposal which can be profitably surmounted by converting fly ash to construction materials like bricks and road metal.
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Wang, Jianqiang, Yuxi Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jie Liang, Qingfang Zhao, and Heping Dong. "Geochemical Tracing of Seabed Hydrocarbon Seepage in the Yantai Depression, South Yellow Sea Basin." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 10 (2024): 1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12101805.
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Widespread submarine hydrocarbon seepage can form complex fluid seepage characteristics, with submarine sediment geochemistry effectively recording seepage activities and fluid component changes due to hydrocarbon seepage. This is crucial for offshore oil and gas exploration and understanding global climate change. Therefore, using the geochemical information of submarine sediments to trace hydrocarbon seepage activities is of great significance. In order to identify the geochemical anomaly characteristics and genetic types of acid-hydrolyzed hydrocarbons in submarine sediments in the Yantai Depression of the South Yellow Sea Basin, Eastern China, and to explore the relationship between these anomalies and deep oil and gas, geochemical columnar samples were taken at 100 stations in the study area. A total of 100 sets of acid-hydrolyzed hydrocarbon data and 26 sets of carbon isotope data were analyzed. The results show that the content of acid-hydrolyzed hydrocarbons at each station is in the following order: methane (AC1) > ethane (AC2) > propane (AC3) > butane (AC4) > pentane (AC5). The determination coefficient between the saturated hydrocarbon indicators exceeds 0.9, indicating that these components have the same source. Data analysis reveals that the genetic type of hydrocarbon gases in the study area is generally thermogenic, with limited microbial contribution to saturated hydrocarbons, indicating deep oil and gas characteristics. The coincidence between the anomalous areas and geological structures indicates that the distribution of these anomalies is closely related to fault distribution.
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Zhou, Guoxiao, Guoqi Wei, and Guoyi Hu. "The geochemical and organic petrological characteristics of coal measures of the Xujiahe formation in the Sichuan Basin, China." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 37, no. 3 (2019): 889–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598719842332.
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Upper Triassic coaly and lacustrine source rocks complicate efforts to determine the source of hydrocarbons in Sichuan Basin. Total organic carbon analyses, pyrolysis experiments, petrological examinations, and gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determinations were conducted on coals, carbonaceous mudstones and mudstones collected from two outcrop sections and cores of nine wells. Results revealed that the abundant organic carbon content will prolong the hydrocarbon generation cycle for coals and then the hydrocarbon generating capacity of coals will be enhanced by salinization, thereby contributing bacteria and algae microorganisms into humic coal of the Xujiahe Formation. Compared with mudstone, coal with the same maturity has a stronger adsorption effect on free hydrocarbons. When Ro is greater than 1.35, coal still has a strong hydrocarbon generation ability. The stable water column stratification and euxinic bottom water conditions are evidenced from the lower Pr/Ph and the higher gammacerane indices. The mixing of sea water has been proven by the existence of 4α,23,24,-trimethylcholestanes.
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S. O. Idakwo, N.G. Obaje, A. K. Aweda, A. Musa, and B. Jubrin. "Bioremediation of Heavily Contaminated Sandstone from Bida Basin: A pre-emptive model for hydrocarbon exploration in the basin using Bacillus Sustilis and Cereus spp." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology 11, no. 3 (2024): 689–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst24113243.
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Petroleum, often known as crude oil, is a complex organic mixture that naturally exists beneath the surface. There is often extreme pollution and other dangerous conditions associated with its exploration, production, refining, storage, and distribution activities. Thus, it is vital to carefully consider the best options after hydrocarbons are found in the Bida Basin, especially in regards to oil spills. In order to prevent this, this study created a preventive model by contaminating samples of sandstone from the Doko Member of the Bida Basin with spent engine oil, which is known to contain a higher percentage of nitrogen and sulfur compounds, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, and metals like manganese, calcium, zinc, and lead than fresh oils. Two (2) bacterial isolates with a high potential for engine oil biodegradability—Bacillus Subtilis and Cereus—were utilized to assess the effectiveness of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal, which is a crucial aspect of crude oil detection. A weekly monitoring program was used to track various physicochemical characteristics of the wasted engine oil, including pH, bacterial biodegradation rate, total petroleum hydrocarbon, nitrate, phosphate, and total organic carbon content. After fourteen and twenty-eight days of contamination, respectively, the test results showed ~50% to <70% biodegradation rate. So, when hydrocarbon development in the Bida Basin begins in earnest, NNPC will have access to first-hand technology for environmental cleanup at a very cheap cost, demonstrating the effectiveness of Bacillus Cereus and substilis as hydrocarbon biodegradation tools.
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Parinos, C., A. Gogou, I. Bouloubassi, et al. "Occurrence, sources and transport pathways of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in deep-sea sediments of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 12 (2012): 17999–8038. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-17999-2012.
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Abstract. Surface sediments collected from deep basins (22 stations, 1018–4087 m depth) of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS) were analyzed for aliphatic, triterpenoid and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as tracers of natural and anthropogenic inputs. Concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons (TAHC), n-alkanes (NA) and the Unresolved Complex Mixture (UCM) of aliphatic hydrocarbons ranged from 1.34 to 49.2 µg g−1, 145 to 4810 ng g−1 and 0.73 to 36.7 µg g−1, respectively, while total PAHs (TPAH25) concentrations ranged from 11.6 to 223 ng g−1. Molecular profiles of aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAHs reflect the contribution of both natural (epicuticular plant waxes) and anthropogenic (degraded petroleum products, unburned fossil fuels and combustion of petroleum, grass, wood and coal) compounds in deep EMS sediments, with hydrocarbon mixtures displaying significant regional variability. Hydrocarbon concentrations correlated significantly with the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content of sediments, indicating that organic carbon exerts an important control on their transport and fate in the study area, while strong sub-basin and mesoscale variability of water masses also impact their regional characteristics. Major findings of this study support that deep basins/canyons of the EMS could act as traps of both natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons.
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Pegu, Ajanta. "Hydrocarbon Source Rock Analysis of Barail & Disang group." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (2022): 2305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42814.
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Abstract: Petroleum source rocks are those which has sufficient amount of organic matter to generate and expel hydrocarbons to form a commercial accumulation of oil or gas. The objective of this project is to analyze the principal learning on the application of the formation of petroleum source rocks and hydrocarbon generation to exploration activities along with evaluation of petroleum source rocks and hydrocarbon generation. In this project, samples of Barail Group and Disang Group of rocks of Naga-Schuppen Belt were analyzed to determine their source rock characteristics and petroleum generative potentials Keywords: source rock, van Krevelen, Rock Eval pyrolysis, Hydrogen Index, Total organic Carbon content
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Margesin, R., D. Labb�, F. Schinner, C. W. Greer, and L. G. Whyte. "Characterization of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Microbial Populations in Contaminated and Pristine Alpine Soils." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 6 (2003): 3085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.6.3085-3092.2003.
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ABSTRACT Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in cold environments, including Alpine soils, is a result of indigenous cold-adapted microorganisms able to degrade these contaminants. In the present study, the prevalence of seven genotypes involved in the degradation of n-alkanes (Pseudomonas putida GPo1 alkB; Acinetobacter spp. alkM; Rhodococcus spp. alkB1, and Rhodococcus spp. alkB2), aromatic hydrocarbons (P. putida xylE), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (P. putida ndoB and Mycobacterium sp. strain PYR-1 nidA) was determined in 12 oil-contaminated (428 to 30,644 mg of total petroleum hydrocarbons [TPH]/kg of soil) and 8 pristine Alpine soils from Tyrol (Austria) by PCR hybridization analyses of total soil community DNA, using oligonucleotide primers and DNA probes specific for each genotype. The soils investigated were also analyzed for various physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters, and statistical correlations between all parameters were determined. Genotypes containing genes from gram-negative bacteria (P. putida alkB, xylE, and ndoB and Acinetobacter alkM) were detected to a significantly higher percentage in the contaminated (50 to 75%) than in the pristine (0 to 12.5%) soils, indicating that these organisms had been enriched in soils following contamination. There was a highly significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) between the level of contamination and the number of genotypes containing genes from P. putida and Acinetobacter sp. but no significant correlation between the TPH content and the number of genotypes containing genes from gram-positive bacteria (Rhodococcus alkB1 and alkB2 and Mycobacterium nidA). These genotypes were detected at a high frequency in both contaminated (41.7 to 75%) and pristine (37.5 to 50%) soils, indicating that they are already present in substantial numbers before a contamination event. No correlation was found between the prevalence of hydrocarbon-degradative genotypes and biological activities (respiration, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, lipase activity) or numbers of culturable hydrocarbon-degrading soil microorganisms; there also was no correlation between the numbers of hydrocarbon degraders and the contamination level. The measured biological activities showed significant positive correlation with each other, with the organic matter content, and partially with the TPH content and a significant negative correlation with the soil dry-mass content (P < 0.05 to 0.001).
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Pang, Xiongqi, Ian Lerche, Chen Fajin, and Chen Zhangming. "Hydrocarbon Expulsion Threshold: Significance and Applications to Oil and Gas Exploration." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 16, no. 6 (1998): 539–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879801600603.
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Hydrocarbon explusion threshold (HET) is the critical condition for hydrocarbon expulsion in separate phase from a source rock when the generated hydrocarbon amount has satisfied all needs for absorption by minerals, solution in water, and blocking of capillary pressure. Research results show that the HET varies mainly with three geological parameters: total organic carbon content (C%), kerogen type index (KTI) and thermal maturation degree (R0). Source rocks with low C% and KTI cross the HET at a high level of maturation degree (larger R0); source rocks with lower R0 and C% can also cross the HET if the kerogen has a larger KTI. Under general geological conditions, a source rock first crosses the methane expulsion threshold (HETgl), then the heavy hydrocarbon gas threshold (HETgn), and finally the liquid hydrocarbon expulsion threshold (HET0). In this paper the concept of HET, and its critical conditions, are applied to establish the scientific validity of the concept and grade the source rocks, to study the phases of hydrocarbons in migration and the mechanisms of hydrocarbon accumulation, and to divide the hydrocarbon expulsion into stages. Applications to different basins in China show that HET provides an accurate and efficient method to guide oil and gas prospecting.
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Madubuike, Mercy Ngozi, Toochukwu Ekwutosi Ogbulie, Chidinma Alvana Unegbu, Janet Damilola Johnson, and Chimela Emmanuel Ibe. "Evaluation of Total Hydrocarbon Contents in the Leaves of Selected Crops Grown on Crude Oil Polluted Agricultural Soil." Biotechnology Journal International 27, no. 4 (2023): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bji/2023/v27i4688.
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Aim: The Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) levels in the leaves of three edible plants (Allium cepa, Telfairia occidentalis and Zea mays) grown on soil polluted with 100 ml of crude oil were examined.
 Study Design: This experiment was conducted in two groups where the soil samples were polluted before planting (PB) and polluted 2 weeks after planting (PA).
 Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO), Imo State, Nigeria, within a period of 4 weeks based on each group’s pollution time.
 Methodology: The tests for total hydrocarbon content (THC) were analyzed at different wavelengths for polluted soil and leaf samples using UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. Soil THC tests were determined on days 0, 14 and 28 respectively while THC tests on leaves of study plants were assessed on day 14 and 28.
 Results: The total hydrocarbon content values of the unpolluted soil (UPS) and the non-planted polluted soil (PS) subjected to this analysis on day zero were (UPS = 96.38 mg/kg; PS = 1082.80 mg/kg). However, results obtained on day 14 and 28 showed significant difference (P < 0.05) between the unpolluted soil sample (UPS) and all the planted polluted soil for Telfairia occidentalis (TOPB, TOPA), Allium cepa (ACPB, ACPA), Zea mays (ZMPB, ZMPA) as well as, the non-planted polluted soil (PS). For the leaf samples, TOPB had the highest THC value of 14.47mg/kg and 36.73 mg/kg for day 14 and 28 respectively while ZMPB had the lowest value of 5.38mg/kg at day 14 and ZMPA, the least THC value of 7.76mg/kg at day 28.
 Conclusion: Based on the varying THC levels observed in the leaves of crops used for this study; it was connoted that, bioaccumulation of hydrocarbons depends on the plants phytoremediation capability and the mode of pollution as observed in TOPB.
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Owordi, Jude Chioma, Leo C. Osuji, and Mudiaga C. Onojake. "Evaluation of the Hydrocarbon Status at Ahoada Oil-spill-impacted Site in the Niger Delta." Journal of Applied Chemical Science International 16, no. 2 (2025): 32–42. https://doi.org/10.56557/jacsi/2025/v16i29315.
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The amount and distribution of total hydrocarbons (total petroleum hydrocarbons – TPH and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -PAHs) were evaluated following the oil spill at Olaikata-Edoha in Ahoada-East Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Both TPH and PAHs were estimated using Gas Chromatography (GC). TPH recorded a hydrocarbon distribution from n-C8-n-C40, consisting of total aliphatic hydrocarbon content and the acyclic isoprenoid hydrocarbons (pristane, phytane). TPH was 3.743m mg/kg at the oil-spill-impacted site against a control reference of 42 mg/kg. PAH also showed a higher concentration of 39.53mg/kg in the contaminated soils, and 4.31mg/kg in the reference control soils. High TPH levels adversely impact soil structure by clogging soil pores, reducing water retention, and disrupting root growth. Such soils become unfit for agriculture as the plants face restricted nutrient and water access, ultimately leading to reduced crop yields. The higher-than-normal concentration of PAHs obtained indicates significant health and ecological risks due to their carcinogenic potential and persistence in the environment. The findings of this work highlight the urgency of remediation efforts to address the elevated PAH and TPH levels to mitigate long-term environmental damage. Remediation techniques such as bioremediation, which employs microbial communities to break down hydrocarbons, could be effective in this context. Phytoremediation, using plants to absorb or degrade hydrocarbons, may also be explored as a means to restore soil health over time.
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Chen, Yang, Yaoqi Zhou, Tengfei Zhou, Hanjie Zhao, Hongyu Mu, and Chun Zhang. "Geochemical Characteristics and Evaluation Criteria of Overmature Source Rock of the Laiyang Formation in Well LK-1, Riqingwei Basin, Eastern China." Energies 16, no. 8 (2023): 3482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083482.
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Total organic carbon (TOC) and hydrocarbon generation potential (Pg) are essential parameters for the qualitative evaluation of source rock and the basis for evaluating hydrocarbon resources in petroliferous basins. However, there will be some deviations in evaluating hydrocarbon resources of overmature source rock by using TOC and Pg. The super-thick overmature source rock of the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Formation was found in well LK-1, the Riqingwei Basin. To accurately understand the oil and gas potential of the Riqingwei Basin, this paper conducted a systematic organic geochemical analysis of the overmature source rock of the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Formation found in well LK-1. Combined with the results of previous thermal simulation tests on hydrocarbon generation of low-maturity samples in the Jiaolai Basin, the original total organic carbon (TOC0) content of source rock in well LK-1 was recovered and the evaluation criteria of overmature source rock was established. Results: (1) The average TOC content of well LK-1 source-rock samples is 1.25 wt.%, and the average Pg content is 0.11 mg/g. The type of organic matter is mainly type II2, including a small amount of type II1 and type III. The average reflectance of vitrinite (Ro) is 4.35%, which belongs to overmature source rock of a poor–fair level and mixed kerogen. (2) After recovery calculation, these samples’ original hydrocarbon generation potential (Pg0) contents ranged from 0.63 to 108.1 mg/g, with an average value of 6.76 mg/g. Furthermore, the TOC0 contents of the analyzed source-rock samples ranged from 0.62 to 30.6 wt.%, with an average value of 2.01 wt.%. It belongs to fair–good source rock, showing better hydrocarbon generation potential. (3) According to the relationship between the Pg0, Pg and TOC content, the evaluation standard for overmature source rock in well LK-1 was established. Under the evaluation standard of overmature source rock, a source rock with a TOC content exceeding 0.6% and a Pg content greater than 0.1 mg/g can be identified as a good source rock. This paper provides a foundation for the fine classification and evaluation of the overmature source rock of the Riqingwei Basin.
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Hegazy, Ahmad K., Zahra S. Hussein, Nermen H. Mohamed, et al. "Assessment of Vinca rosea (Apocynaceae) Potentiality for Remediation of Crude Petroleum Oil Pollution of Soil." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (2023): 11046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411046.
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Petroleum oil pollution is a worldwide problem that results from the continuous exploration, production, and consumption of oil and its products. Petroleum hydrocarbons are produced as a result of natural or anthropogenic practices, and their common source is anthropogenic activities, which impose adverse effects on the ecosystem’s nonliving and living components including humans. Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-polluted soils is an evolving, low-cost, and effective alternative technology to most traditional remediation methods. The objective of this study is to evaluate the phytoremediation potentiality of Vinca rosea for crude oil-contaminated soil by understanding its properties and involvement in the enhanced degradation of crude oil. The remediation potentiality was determined by evaluating the total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation percentage (TPH%) and changes in the molecular type composition of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. TPH% was estimated gravimetrically, and changes in the molecular type composition of saturated and aromatic fractions were measured using gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Sulfur concentration was measured using X-ray fluorescence. Cadmium and lead quantification was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results revealed that V. rosea enhanced total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation and altered the molecular composition of the crude oil. The saturated hydrocarbons increased and the aromatic hydrocarbons decreased. The saturated hydrocarbon fraction in the crude oil showed a wider spectrum of n-paraffin peaks than the oil extracted from unplanted and V. rosea-planted soils. Polyaromatic hydrocarbon degradation was enhanced in the presence of V. rosea, which was reflected in the increase of monoaromatic and diaromatic constituents. This was parallel to the increased sulfur levels in planted soil. The determination of sulfur and heavy metal content in plant organs indicated that V. rosea can extract and accumulate high amounts from polluted soils. The ability of V. rosea to degrade TPH and alter the composition of crude petroleum oil by decreasing the toxicity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soil, as well as its capability to absorb and accumulate sulfur and heavy metals, supports the use of plant species for the phytoremediation of crude oil-polluted sites.
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Shoieb, Monera Adam, Haylay Tsegab Gebretsadik, Syed Muhammad Ibad, and Omeid Rahmani. "Depositional Environment and Hydrocarbon Distribution in the Silurian–Devonian Black Shales of Western Peninsular Malaysia Using Spectroscopic Characterization." Minerals 12, no. 12 (2022): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121501.
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The present study aimed to evaluate the hydrocarbon functional groups, aromaticity degree, and depositional environment in the Silurian–Devonian Kroh black shales of western peninsular Malaysia. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was applied to measure the hydrocarbon functional groups in the sedimentary succession and associated organic matter of the black shale samples. The results showed that aromatic C=C stretching, aromatic C-H out-of-plane, aromatic C-H in-plane, and aliphatic =C–H bending are the major hydrocarbon functional groups in the Kroh shales. Also, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) was used to evaluate the type of humic substance and analyze the sample extract ratios of E4/E6. It was revealed that the methanol-treated Kroh shale samples ranged from 0.00048 to 0.12 for E4 and 0.0040 to 0.99 for E6. The lower E4/E6 ratio (> 5) indicates the dominance of humic acid over fulvic acid in the Kroh shales. The Kroh shale samples' total organic carbon content (TOC) ranges from 0.33 to 8.5 wt.%, analyzed by a multi-N/C 3100 TOC/TNb analyzer. The comparison study revealed that the TOC content of the Kroh shale has close obtainable values for the Montney shales of Canada. Furthermore, both hydrocarbon functional groups from FTIR, and the E4/E6 ratio from UV-Vis show no correlation with TOC content. It is revealed that humic acid, aromatic, and aliphatic hydrocarbons are not the controlling factors of the enrichment of organic matter in the Kroh shales. Conversely, a positive correlation between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in the Kroh shales indicated that organic matter is thermally overmatured. The presence of humic acid and enrichment of aromatic hydrocarbons in the Kroh shales demonstrated that the organic matter in these shales contains plant-derived hydrophilic minerals, i.e., terrestrial in origin. These findings may provide clues on the depositional and thermal maturation of organic matter for the exploration efforts into the pre-Tertiary sedimentary successions of the peninsular.
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Cvetković, Marko, Ivona Emanović, Andrej Stopar, and Petra Slavinić. "Petroleum system modeling and assessment of the remaining hydrocarbon potential in the eastern part of Drava Depression." Interpretation 6, no. 1 (2018): SB11—SB21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2017-0078.1.
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The eastern part of the Drava Depression presents a relatively small part within the Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin. A confined part within the eastern part of the Drava Depression with a working petroleum system but few hydrocarbon accumulations was selected for the evaluation of the remaining hydrocarbon potential. Four subsurface models were built with different levels of detail on which determination of source rock maturity, assessment of potential, and finally, volumes of the potentially accumulated hydrocarbons were estimated. In addition, several case scenarios, regarding source rock properties and boundary conditions were addressed to present the risk points in the model. Results proved that the amounts of hydrocarbons generated ([Formula: see text] of oil and [Formula: see text] of gas) and accumulated ([Formula: see text] of oil and [Formula: see text] of gas) in the subsurface strongly support further exploration efforts even for the conservative modeling parameters (low heat flow [HF] and moderate total organic carbon values). A set of scenarios was also modeled including different HF, total organic content, and kinetic values each with significant impact for the final model result.
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Liu, Jinshui, Shilong Kang, Wenchao Shen, et al. "Petrology and hydrocarbon significance of the coaly source rocks from the Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 5 (2020): 1295–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598720912344.
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The Xihu Sag in the East China Sea Shelf Basin contains abundant oil and gas reserves and is a focus for hydrocarbon exploration and development. Source rocks are mainly coals and coal-measures mudstones in the Paleogene Pinghu and Huagang formations. Samples from the Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Sag were collected for petrology, total organic carbon, and Rock-Eval analysis for the purpose of investigating macerals component and their contributions to hydrocarbon generation potential. The coaly source rocks from the Pinghu Formation are dominated by vitrinite (average 86.18%) but have an obviously elevated content of liptinite (average 12.59%) and a much lower amount of inertinite (average 1.23%). Liptinite of the samples is mainly composed of resinite, with a small amount of cutinite, sporinite and alginate in descending order. TOC values are 37.55%–65.58% (average 49.16%). Effective HI values are 167–281 mg HC/g TOC (average 223.5 mg HC/g TOC), suggesting the organic matter is type II kerogen. Relatively high HI values and macerals components suggest that the coaly source rocks can generate both oil and gas. Although the liptinite in the coaly source rocks has a content lower than vitrinite values, it makes a significant contribution to both total hydrocarbon and liquid hydrocarbon generation. The contributions of vitrinite, liptinite and inertinite to the total hydrocarbon generation approximately are 63.21%, 36.46% and 0.33%, respectively. The contributions of vitrinite and liptinite to the liquid hydrocarbon generation are approximately 40.95% and 59.05%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the coaly source rocks are dominated by vitrinite macerals with a relatively higher content of liptinite macerals, especially resinite, and these source rocks are more prone to both total hydrocarbon and liquid hydrocarbon generation. Paleogene coaly source rocks from other parts of the world should be considered for their oil-prone nature.
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Savenkova, Irina Vladimirovna, and Alexander Alexandrovich Nikulin. "Transformation of combined raw materials on zeolite-containing catalysts." Oil and gas technologies and environmental safety 2024, no. 1 (2024): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2024-1-7-14.
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The article discusses the ways of rational use of hydrocarbon raw materials in order to obtain isoparaffin and aromatic hydrocarbons. The possibilities of joint processing of the 75-100°C fraction have been studied from gas condensate and propane-butane fraction (PBF) in an anhydrous environment and in the presence of a modified zeolite-containing catalyst. The regularities of the yield of aromatic and isoparaffinic hydrocarbons of the anhydrous process of catalytic conversion of combined hydrocarbon raw materials on a zeolite-containing Pt/Beta catalyst modified by 0.5% wt have been established platinum. So, when converting a fraction of 75-100°C. With a temperature range of 300-350°C, the content of isoparaffins in liquid products increases by more than 20% by weight. A further increase in temperature is accompanied to a greater extent by the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons. The total content of benzene, toluene, xylenes is about 20% by weight. Similar trends are observed when testing the propane-butane fraction. The greatest increase in isoparaffin hydrocarbons is also observed at a temperature of 300°C. Their content in liquid and gaseous products increases by an average of 10%. The main share in this process is accounted for by iso-butane. Accordingly, an increase in the reaction temperature by 100°C increases the formation of benzene and toluene by 11% by weight. More significant results were obtained during the joint transformation of the 75-100°C fraction and the propane-butane fraction. At a reaction temperature of 300°C, a high content of iso-butane is observed in gaseous products, which allows them to be involved in petrochemical processes. The content of isoparaffins in liquid products increases by 50% by weight, which makes them valuable as a high-octane component of motor fuels. Favorable temperatures for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons are 400°C and above.
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Purwanti, Ipung Fitri, IDAA Warmadewanthi, Januarti Jaya Ekaputri, Hurun In, Mulyani Zahra Paramata, and Hafidya Norista Pramesti. "Bacteria Isolation of Kerosene Contaminated Asphalt Waste (Asbuton)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1307, no. 1 (2024): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1307/1/012010.
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Abstract Kerosene is a type of hydrocarbon commonly known as paraffin oil which is usually used as a home heating fuel, lamp and asphalt solvent. The presence of kerosene in the asphalt production can potentially cause environmental pollution, one of which affects soil conditions. Some bacteria that have specific ability to degrade hydrocarbon content in soil are called hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. This study aims to determine the proportion of the presence of bacteria that have the potential to degrade hydrocarbons, in this case kerosene, in polluted soil at the location of one of the largest asphalt manufacturing companies in Indonesia and to determine the morphological characters of bacterial isolates. Based on the results of the study, Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria isolated from asbuton had 5 dominant isolates and were identified by PCR analysis. The results of this study were that the five bacterial isolates were Bacillus sp. with 3 of them being Bacillus subtilis and 2 others being Bacillus cereus. This result has an Entiren stiffness of 99.62% - 100%. The type of bacteria Bacillus sp. are capable of reducing the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and still able to survive and potentially degrade the TPH content in it.
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Luo, Yan, Xuan Zhou, Hui Pu, et al. "Single stage catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of pretreated bio-oil." BioResources 16, no. 2 (2021): 2747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.2747-2755.
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Raw bio-oil was pretreated and tested for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) using three types of the commercial catalysts (HT-36, HT2300, and HT951T) to improve physio-chemical properties and enhance hydrocarbon yields. The three catalysts prompted different levels of hydrodeoxygenation, and the organic phase products (OLPs) yields were 25.30, 27.83, and 13.05 wt%, respectively. Moreover, OLPs had lower water content, total acid numbers (TAN), and O content as well as higher heating value (HHV), C, and H contents. For the three catalysts, HT-36 had the best HDO effects, resulting in 34.8% hydrocarbon production with improved HHV, water content value and TAN as well as element contents. The different level of HDO depended on the catalyst components, structure, and morphology. This research is beneficial for the selection and preparation of effective catalysts for bio-oil upgrading.
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Lu, Yangbo, Feng Yang, Ting’an Bai, Bing Han, Yongchao Lu, and Han Gao. "Shale Oil Occurrence Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review of the Occurrence State, Occurrence Space, and Movability of Shale Oil." Energies 15, no. 24 (2022): 9485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249485.
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Shale oil resources are important supplements for the gradually decreasing oil production from conventional reservoirs. Although the exploitation and development of shale oil have achieved considerable progress in the last decade, the commercial extraction of hydrocarbons from shales is still difficult, especially in the lacustrine sedimentary basins of China. One of the key points controlling the successful extraction of hydrocarbons from shale systems is the understanding of the occurrence mechanism of shale oil. This study comprehensively summarizes the theories and techniques to characterize oil occurrence state, occurrence space, oil content, and oil movability in shale systems. Sophisticated instruments, such as high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and high-energy ray imaging, were utilized to qualitatively analyze the pore networks of shales. Advanced physical experiments and numerical simulation techniques, including step-by-step rock pyrolysis, solvent extraction, and NMR, were introduced to characterize shale oil adsorption and movability. By the comparative analysis of the occurrence space, it is found that the image observation technique especially focuses on concentrated pores, such as organic matter-hosted pores. The fluid injection technology yields particular pore size information, which should be calibrated using other information. The 3D digital core, demonstrating the spatial distribution of minerals and pores, is an effective input for shale oil flow simulation. Geological controls analysis about oil retention in organic-rich shales has found that the inorganic matter pores and fractures are probably the “sweet spot” of shale oil, due to the low oil adsorption and high light hydrocarbons content. Many physical experiments measure the total free oil content but neglect the hydrocarbon–rock interaction and the sequential migration of hydrocarbon compounds. Thus, micro-scaled experiments measuring the hydrocarbon adhesion forces are needed to uncover the occurrence mechanism of shale oil in the future.
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O'Brien, Geoffrey, Chris Boreham, Hywel Thomas, and Peter Tingate. "Understanding the critical success factors determining prospectivity—Otway Basin, Victoria." APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08009.
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The critical success factors that control hydrocarbon prospectivity in the Otway Basin have been investigated using petroleum systems approaches. It have revealed that greater than 99% of the discovered hydrocarbons in the Victorian Otway Basin have been sourced from Austral 2 (Albian-Aptian) source rocks and that these Austral 2-sourced hydrocarbon accumulations either directly overlieâor are located within 3,000 mâof actively generating Austral 2 source rock kitchens. Importantly, the zones of greatest prospectivity are located where these source rocks have been actively generating and expelling hydrocarbons throughout the Late Paleogene, primarily as a result of sediment loading associated with progradation of the Heytesbury shelfal carbonates. This peak generation window occurs at an average depth of approximately 2,500â3,500 m sub-mud across much of the basin, which has allowed prospective hydrocarbon fairways to be mapped out, thereby highlighting areas of greatest prospectivity. The close spatial proximity of the actively generating source rocks to the accumulations is due to several factors, which include overall poor fault seal in the basin (success cases occur where charge rate exceeds leakage rate) and relatively complex and tortuous migration fairways (which means that large volumes of hydrocarbons are only focussed and migrate for relatively short distances). In areas within which the Austral 2 system comprises the sole hydrocarbon chargeâsuch as across the inner Mussel Platformâthe reservoired gas compositions are typically very dry. In contrast, the gas compositions in accumulations sited along or immediately inboard of the Mussel-Tartwaup Fault Zone (La Bella, Geographe and Thylacine) are significantly wetter and also have higher CO2 contents. Throughout this area, the wetter components of the reservoired hydrocarbon inventory may have a source contribution from within the basal (Turonian) part of the younger Austral 3 system, in sequences that have been confirmed by δTLogR analysis to be significantly enriched in total organic carbon content. This observation has significantly upgraded the potential of the upper shelf areas, where a relatively more liquids-rich hydrocarbon inventory might be expected. The CO2 in accumulations located along the Mussel-Tartwaup Fault Zone is interpreted, based upon new helium isotope data, to be of mixed deep crustal-magmatic origin. This CO2 is believed to have migrated from great depth up the crustal-scale fault arrays into the shallower Late Cretaceous reservoirs. Here, the CO2 mixed with crustal gases, typified by helium with a mixed magmatic-crustal isotopic signature. Throughout this area, the traps tend to be large and henceâeven though their CO2 contents are only 8â12%âthe total CO2 volumes contained in these accumulations are much greater than those in the very CO2-richâbut volumetrically small trapsâlocated onshore (e.g. Boggy Creek). Hydrocarbon accumulations located on the inner shelf, such as Minerva and Casino, have distinctly lower CO2 contents, perhaps because large displacement, through-going faults are lacking in this area. These observations collectively provide a predictive regional framework for understanding the likely distribution of commercial hydrocarbon accumulations in the offshore Otway Basin, as well as for forecasting the gas wetnesses and CO2 contents of undrilled exploration targets in both well-explored and frontier parts of the basin.
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Iheanacho, Chinedu Christian, Ikenna Light Nkwocha, Timothy Mgbede, et al. "Physicochemical and Fungal Analysis of a Hydrocarbon-Polluted Soil at Amadi-Ama Creek of Bonny River Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art 2, no. 5 (2024): 664–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.58578/ajstea.v2i5.3775.
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Numerous hydrocarbon-utilizing fungal species have been implicated with the ability to utilize/degrade hydrocarbon as carbon source, which indicate their potential for environmental cleanup in hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. In this study, five (5) indigenous fungal species were isolated from a petroleum-hydrocarbon polluted soil at Amadi-ama Creek, Bonny river shoreline, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. These fungal species may have high potential to biodegrade petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants. Samples were collected randomly from the hydrocarbon impacted soil at Amadi-ama Creek, Bonny river shoreline. Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Czapek Agar were used as growth media. Samples were examined to assess the physical and chemical characteristics such as conductivity, pH, temperature, nitrate, iron, copper, zinc, chromium, phosphate, sulphate, total hydrocarbon content, total petroleum hydrocarbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. These parameters are known to influence the occurrence, diversity and distribution of microorganisms in an ecological niche. Soil pH showed to be acidic (6.21), result also showed that Total hydrocarbon content, Total petroleum hydrocarbon and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon values were at 306.55mg/kg, 112.134mg/kg, 44.227mg/kg respectively establishing the incidence of hydrocarbon pollution. Electrical conductivity and Temperature were at 1250 Us/cm, and 29.580C respectively while Nitrate, Phosphate, Sulphate, Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Chromium values were at 1.228mg/kg, 0.751mg/kg, 20.214mg/kg, 18.431mg/kg, 0.113mg/kg, 0.121mg/kg, and 0.042mg/kg respectively. Monitoring of the soil quality established the incidence of hydrocarbon pollution as well the incidence of anthropogenic influence on the soil putting into cognizance human activities at the shoreline. Morphological identification of obtained fungal species led to their assignment into four (4) genera and five (5) species; Aspergillus niger (28%), Aspergillus flavus (22%), Cladosporium herbarum (20%), Penicillium notatum (17%), Fusarium spp (11%). The predominance of Aspergillus isolates (28% and 22%) in this study could be a pointer to their potential to utilize hydrocarbon as their sole source of nutrient. The isolation of these indigenous fungal species could serve as a baseline study on which further analysis such as hydrocarbon degradation screening test could determine their individual hydrocarbon degradation potentials and subsequent consideration as hydrocarbon degrading microbes in subsequent bioremediation study.
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Panwar, D. S., Ram Chandra Chaurasia, V. K. Saxena, A. K. Singh, and Akanksha. "Geochemical investigation of hydrocarbon generation potential of coal from Raniganj Basin, India." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 10 (2021): 3627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01281-4.
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AbstractMethane content in a coal seam is a necessary parameter for evaluating coal bed gas, and it poses an environmental risk to underground coal mining activities. Keeping in pace with comprehensive studies of coal bed gas, 12 coal samples were selected from the Sitarampur block of Raniganj Coalfield for analysis. The Petrographic examination illustrated that significant values of reactive macerals present in samples demonstrate that organic matter is dominated by the prominent source of aromatic hydrocarbons with a minor proportion of aliphatic hydrocarbon, which falls in the region of (Type III) kerogen, confirms the suitability for the potential of hydrocarbon generation. “A” factor (aliphatic/aromatic bands) and “C” factor (carbonyl/carboxyl bands) value concluded that the sample has the lowest aromaticity and the highest hydrocarbon-generating potential, which was also validated by the Van Krevelen diagram. The Van Krevelen diagram plots between the H/C and O/C ratio indicate that coal samples lie in the type III kerogen, and bituminous coal (gas prone zone) is present in the block, which is confirmed by the cross-plot between desorbed and total gas (cc/g). The in situ gas content values are high enough to produce methane from coal beds. The overall study concludes that the Sitarampur block from Raniganj Coalfield is suitable for hydrocarbon generation and extraction.
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Dekmouche, Riad, Mehdi Kadri, and Yasser Benferdia. "Organic Matter Characterization of Frasnian Hot Shales in Ahnet Basin, Southern Algeria." Iraqi Geological Journal 58, no. 1A (2025): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.58.1a.1ms-2025-1-11.
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This study provides a comprehensive geochemical assessment of Frasnian shale from two wells, located in the Ahnet Basin, southwestern Algeria. Through Rock-Eval analysis and palynofacies examination, the research explores the thermal maturity, organic richness, and hydrocarbon potential of the shale, while also shedding light on the depositional environment, sources of organic matter, and preservation conditions. The findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the organic matter within the Frasnian shale, which could significantly boost the exploration and exploitation of unconventional resources in the region. In the first well, most samples revealed medium to excellent total organic carbon content, but with limited potential hydrocarbons, indicating varying stages of gas-phase maturation. Conversely, the second well showed good to excellent TOC content with low potential hydrocarbons, suggesting a more advanced stage of maturation, particularly within the dry gas phase. Microscopic analysis further confirmed the maturity levels in both wells, with the organic material primarily originating from mixed marine Type II sources. These insights are critical for evaluating the hydrocarbon potential and maturation stages in the Ahnet Basin, making them essential for effective resource assessment and exploitation.
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Liang, Xiaofei, Qinhong Hu, Xiugang Pu, et al. "Multifractal Methods in Characterizing Pore Structure Heterogeneity During Hydrous Pyrolysis of Lacustrine Shale." Fractal and Fractional 8, no. 11 (2024): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8110657.
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By using gas physisorption and multifractal theory, this study analyzes pore structure heterogeneity and influencing factors during thermal maturation of naturally immature but artificially matured shale from the Kongdian Formation after being subjected to hydrous pyrolysis from 250 °C to 425 °C. As thermal maturity increases, the transformation of organic matter, generation, retention, and expulsion of hydrocarbons, and formation of various pore types, lead to changes in pore structure heterogeneity. The entire process is divided into three stages: bitumen generation stage (250–300 °C), oil generation stage (325–375 °C), and oil cracking stage (400–425 °C). During the bitumen generation stage, retained hydrocarbons decrease total-pore and mesopore volumes. Fractal parameters ΔD indicative of pore connectivity shows little change, while Hurst exponent H values for pore structure heterogeneity drop significantly, indicating reduced pore connectivity due to bitumen clogging. During the peak oil generation stage, both ΔD and H values increase, indicating enhanced pore heterogeneity and connectivity due to the expulsion of retained hydrocarbons. In the oil cracking stage, ΔD increases significantly, and H value rises slowly, attributed to the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons further consuming retained hydrocarbons and organic matter, forming more small-diameter pores and increased pore heterogeneity. A strongly negative correlation between ΔD and retained hydrocarbon content, and a strongly positive correlation with gaseous hydrocarbon yield, highlight the dynamic interaction between hydrocarbon phases and pore structure evolution. This study overall provides valuable insights for petroleum generation, storage, and production.
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Gold, Ezinne Agu. "Bioremediation of a crude oil contaminated soil using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 18, no. 3 (2023): 880–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434725.
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Crude oil contamination is a growing environmental concern in most oil processing regions of the world. This study assessed the efficacy of powdered <em>Eichhornia crassipes</em> (water hyacinth) as potential bio stimulant in the remediation of crude oil contaminated soil using three test treatments (20ml, 60ml and 100ml) and a control. The remediation process was monitored by assaying the total hydrocarbon content (THC) and soil pH of the soil on 16 cells for 90 days. However, there was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in soil pH and THC with the introduction of powdered <em>E. crassipes</em> at different concentrations. Contaminated soil amended with 40g of <em>Eichhornia crassipes</em> had the highest THC loss of (41%), following this was contaminated soil amended with 60g of <em>Eichhornia crassipes</em> (31%) on the final day of remediation. The total culturable hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in <em>Eichhornia crassipes </em>treated polluted soil increased from 1.4×10<sup>6</sup> Cfu/g to 8.2×10<sup>5</sup> Cfu/g while the total culturable hydrocarbon utilizing fungal counts in the <em>Eichhornia crassipes </em>treatment increased from 1.2 ×10<sup>4 </sup>to 4.5 ×10<sup>4 </sup>Cfu/g from the zero hour to the 90th day of the study. The time effect of the remediation process had P-value less than 0.05 for 20, 60 and 100ml crude oil contamination signifying that the time factor played important role in the remediation process. The use of organic nutrient sources such as <em>Eichhornia crassipes </em>nutrient powder is of good use as source of limiting nutrient needed for bioremediation of crude oil impacted medium.
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A. O., Nengi-Benwari,, Iboroma, E., Fidelia, E., and Robinson, V.K. "Impact of Soybean Waste and Pigeon Dropping in the Total Hydrocarbon Content of Crude-oil Polluted Soil." South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology 19, no. 3 (2025): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2025/v19i3421.
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The impact of soybean waste (SBW) and pigeon dropping (PD) in the bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil was investigated. Uncontaminated soil sample was collected from the Rivers State University Research FarmLand. Furthermore, soil sample was contaminated with 5% bonny-light crude oil. SBW and PD were used as the organic supplements. The experimental set-up consisted of 500g of contaminated soil supplemented with SBW and PD separately and in consortium with a control. Bacterial and fungal isolates were determined using standard microbiological methods while the physicochemical parameters were determined using the standard method. The total heterotrophic bacterial load of the soil ranged from 9.5×104 to 1.2×107 CFU/g. The hydrocarbon utilising bacterial load ranged from 7.1×104 to 2.5×105 CFU/g. Fungal load ranged from 7.5×103 to 1.4×105 SFU/g while the hydrocarbon utilising fungal load ranged from 1.3×104 to 5.6×104 SFU/g. Bacillus, Serratia, Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium sp were the hydrocarbon utilising bacteria while Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium sp and Saccharomyces sp represented the hydrocarbon utilising fungi. The physicochemical properties of the soil samples before bioremediation showed that the pH ranged from 6.14 to 7.75. The nitrate ranged from 0.813 to 1.216mg/kg; the phosphate ranged from 0.196 to 0.857mg/kg; the total organic carbon (TOC) ranged from 0.88 to 4.89mg/kg and the total hydrocarbon content (THC) ranged from 1419 to 5320mg/kg. The ranges of the physicochemical properties after bioremediation showed that the pH was 6.11 to 7.10, nitrate content 1.903 to 3.016mg/kg, phosphate 0.011 to 0.03 mg/kg, TOC 1.38 to 2.56mg/kg and THC 920 to 4631 mg/kg. The percentage reduction of the THC showed that the highest percentage reduction 52.26% was observed in the crude oil polluted soil amended with SBW followed by the crude oil polluted soil amended with the consortium (50.56%) and PD amended soil had 50.38%, respectively. The % reduction of THC of the unamended crude oil polluted soil was 12.95%). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the reduction of THC amongst the treatment. Thus, the use of soybean waste and pigeon droppings for bioremediation is recommended.
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Parinos, C., A. Gogou, I. Bouloubassi, et al. "Occurrence, sources and transport pathways of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in deep-sea sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea." Biogeosciences 10, no. 9 (2013): 6069–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6069-2013.
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Abstract. Surface sediments collected from deep basins (1018–4087 m depth) of the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Ionian Sea, southern Aegean Sea and northwestern Levantine Sea) were analyzed for aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as tracers of natural and anthropogenic inputs. Concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes and the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of aliphatic hydrocarbons varied significantly, ranging from 1.34 to 49.2 μg g−1, 145 to 4810 ng g−1 and 0.73 to 36.7 μg g−1, respectively, while concentrations of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranged between 11.6 and 223 ng g−1. Molecular profiles of determined hydrocarbons reflect a mixed contribution from both natural and anthropogenic sources in deep-sea sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, i.e., terrestrial plant waxes, degraded petroleum products, unburned fossil fuels and combustion of grass, wood and coal. Hydrocarbon mixtures display significant variability amongst sub-regions, reflecting differences in the relative importance of inputs from various sources and phase associations/transport pathways of individual hydrocarbons that impact on their overall distribution and fate. Hydrocarbon concentrations correlated significantly with the organic carbon content of sediments, indicating that the latter exerts an important control on their transport and ultimate accumulation in deep basins. Additionally, water masses' circulation characteristics also seem to influence the regional features and distribution patterns of hydrocarbons. Our findings highlight the role of deep basins/canyons as repositories of both natural and anthropogenic chemical species.
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Akinnibosun, Faith Iguodala, and Abigail Ashegbare. "Isolation and characterization of hydrocarbon-degrading fungi from Ogbe-Ijoh oil creek, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria." Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 29, no. 2 (2018): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2018-0010.
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Abstract This study was aimed at isolating and characterizing hydrocarbon-degrading fungi from hydrocarbon-contaminated soil in Ogbe-Ijoh oil creek in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Isolation and characterization were carried out using standard methods. Biodegradation assay was carried out over 25 days and monitored using the following parameters; pH, total organic carbon, and total hydrocarbon content. The fungi isolated were: Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger and Fusarium sp., and these were used for the biodegradation study. Physico-chemical analysis of the crude oil contaminated soil during degradation showed that there was significant decrease in pH during degradation from day 10 - 25 (p ≥ 0.05). This showed the ability of the fungal isolates to utilize crude oil as carbon source, producing acid during its metabolism. The highest pH value during degradation by the fungal isolates was recorded in Fusarium sp. and the lowest was recorded in Aspergillus sp. The fungal isolates were able to reduce the total carbon and hydrocarbon content during degradation. This was probably due to the utilization of the nutrients in the soil sample as energy source. The results from this study indicate the potential of the isolated fungi for hydrocarbon bioremediation activity.