Relevant bibliographies by topics / Total solid and volatile solid

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Total solid and volatile solid'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Total solid and volatile solid"

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Peces, M., S. Astals, and J. Mata-Alvarez. "Assessing total and volatile solids in municipal solid waste samples." Environmental Technology 35, no. 24 (2014): 3041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.929182.

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Le Pera, Adolfo, Miriam Sellaro, Massimo Migliori, Micaela Bianco, and Giuseppe Zanardi. "Dry Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Separately Collected Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: Two-Year Experience in an Industrial-Scale Plant." Processes 9, no. 2 (2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020213.

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In this paper, performance analysis over two years’ operation of an industrial anaerobic digestion (AD) plant of a separately collected organic fraction of municipal solid waste is presented. The continuous plug-flow AD plant is still regularly operating and it has been fully operational since September 2018. Since then, it has been supplied with 40,000 t/y of pretreated separately collected organic fraction of municipal solid waste from municipalities of the Calabria region in Southern Italy. The AD process is carried out in a mesophilic regime at 40 ± 0.5 °C, using a constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 22 days and a substrate with average total solids and average total volatile solids of 30.0% and 22.2%, respectively. In the last two years, the plant produced an average of 191 m3 and 860 m3 of biogas per tonne (t) of organic input material and of total volatile solids, respectively, with an average methane specific production of 508 m3/t (total volatile solids). The average CH4 percentage in the biogas was of 59.09%. The obtained results came out from the combination of high organic content of separately collected organic fraction of municipal solid waste, optimized pretreatment system and operating conditions adopted.
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Basak, SR, MA Rouf, MD Hossain, MS Islam, and T. Rabeya. "Anaerobic digestion of tannery solid waste by mixing with different substrates." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 49, no. 2 (2015): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i2.22006.

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The tannery solid waste (fleshing) was collected from Hazaribagh, Dhaka. It has been found that fleshing contains 82.57% volatile matter. Further characterization of fleshing showed that it contains low C/N ratio of 2.64 and high pH of 10.99. These characteristics were not suitable for using fleshing as a substrate for anaerobic digestion. The study has been carried out in different ratio of waste fleshing, domestic sewage and cow dung at total solid 6% concentration. In all the reactors fleshing and domestic sewage were mixed at 1:1 ratio. On the basis of the performance of the reactors it was evident that the reactor which contains 75% fleshing with domestic sewage and 25% cow dung showed optimum result. Under optimum condition volatile solids destruction 52%, specific gas production 0.476 L/g volatile solids feed and methane yield 73% were achieved. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i2.22006 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 49(2), 119-124, 2014
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Vítová, E., B. Loupancová, J. Zemanová, H. Štoudkova, P. Březina, and L. Babák. "Solid-phase microextraction for analysis of mould cheese aroma." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 24, No. 6 (2011): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3324-cjfs.

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Solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography was used for the analysis of volatile aroma compounds in Niva cheese. The extraction conditions were very mild, which minimises thermal, mechanical, or chemical modification of the sample; the method is rapid, simple, and cheap. In total, 54 compounds were identified in Niva cheese using this method: 3 hydrocarbons, 5 aldehydes, 11 ketones, 18 alcohols, 3 esters, 10 fatty acids, and 4 sulphur compounds. These aroma compounds were quantified and subsequently the changes in the concentrations of them were studied throughout the ripening period. Most of the volatile compounds identified were present at all stages of the cheese ripening, their amounts changing significantly, however, in most cases the final concentration in the ripe cheeses was similar to the initial concentration in the unripe cheese.  
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Fagundes, Daisa Stéfano, Marco Antonio Previdelli Orrico Junior, Ana Carolina Amorim Orrico, and Leonardo Oliveira Seno. "Mathematical models of anaerobic digestion for the treatment of swine effluents." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 45, no. 2 (2015): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632015v4531052.

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ABSTRACT Pig breeding results in the production of large amounts of waste, which can cause serious environmental problems, when handled incorrectly. This study aimed at testing mathematical models to estimate the parameters of anaerobic biodigestion in biodigesters as a function of the composition of swine effluents with and without separation of the solid fraction and hydraulic retention times (HRT). Semi-continuous biodigesters fed with swine effluents with and without separation of the solid fraction and managed for 15, 22, 29 and 36 days of hydraulic retention were used. The potential of biogas and methane production, as well as the reduction of total solids, volatile solids and chemical oxygen demand, were assessed as a function of the effluents composition. HRT was the variable that most influenced the variation of the models, followed by the contents of total and volatile solids. Uni and multivariate models presented high confidence indices, being classified as “great” at predicting the potentials of biogas and methane production and “good” at predicting the reductions of total solids, volatile solids and chemical oxygen demand. The models obtained in this study can be used to reliably predict the parameters of the anaerobic biodigestion process of swine effluents in semi-continuous tubular biodigesters.
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Wojnowska-Baryła, Irena, Dorota Kulikowska, Katarzyna Bernat, Sławomir Kasiński, Magdalena Zaborowska, and Teodor Kielak. "Stabilisation of municipal solid waste after autoclaving in a passively aerated bioreactor." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 5 (2019): 542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19833161.

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Autoclaving of unsorted municipal solid waste is one of the solutions in waste management that maximises the amount of waste for recycling. After autoclaving, however, a large part of the waste is composed of unstabilised biodegradable fractions (organic remaining fraction, ORF), which may comprise up to 30% of autoclaved waste and cannot be landfilled without further stabilisation. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of aerobic stabilisation in a passively aerated reactor of organic remaining fraction after full-scale autoclaving of unsorted municipal solid waste. The organic remaining fraction had a volatile solids content of ca. 70%, a 4-day respiration activity test (AT4) of ca. 26 g O2 kg–1 total solids and a 21-day gas formation test (GP21) of ca. 235 dm3 kg–1 total solids. Stabilisation was conducted in a 550 L reactor with passive aeration (Stage I) and a periodically turned windrow (Stage II). The feedstocks consisted entirely of organic remaining fraction, or of organic remaining fraction with 10% inoculum (ORF + I). Inoculum constituted product of stabilisation of organic remaining fraction. During stabilisation of organic remaining fraction and ORF + I, thermophilic conditions were achieved, and the decreases of volatile solids, AT4 and GP21 could be described by 1 order kinetic models. The rate constants of volatile solids removal (kVS) were 0.033 and 0.068 d–1 for organic remaining fraction and ORF + I, respectively, and the thermophilic phase was shorter with ORF + I (25 days vs. 45 days). The decrease in GP21 corresponded to volatile solids decrease, but AT4 decreased sharply during the first 10 days of waste stabilisation in the reactor, indicating that the content of highly biodegradable organic matter decreased during this time.
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Kelly Orhorhoro, Ejiroghene. "Experimental Determination of Effect of Total Solid (TS) and Volatile Solid (VS) on Biogas Yield." American Journal of Modern Energy 3, no. 6 (2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajme.20170306.13.

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Na, Risu, Keisuke Kushima, and Naoto Shimizu. "Effects of Pyrolysis on Biogas Production during Anaerobic Codigestion of Corn Stover." MATEC Web of Conferences 333 (2021): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133307011.

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The effects of pyrolysis pretreatment on biogas production during anaerobic co-digestion of corn stover were studied. The corn stover characteristics were investigated by performing thermogravimetric analysis using a heating rate of 10.0°C/min and an air atmosphere at atmospheric pressure. Corn stover aliquots pretreated in an electric furnace at 100°C for 360 min, 200°C for 15 min, and 300°C for 5 min were used. Untreated and pretreated corn stover samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and other methods, and the bulk densities and component ratios were compared to identify changes caused by the pretreatments. The amounts of total solids, volatile solids, volatile fatty acids, and total ammonia nitrogen produced when the stover samples were anaerobically digested were measured. The biogas production rate and the methane concentration in the biogas were determined. The substrate-specific methane yields were determined, and the relationships between the yields and pretreatment conditions were assessed. The sample pretreated at 300°C for 5 min produced the most biogas. The corn stover total solid bulk density was directly related to the substrate-specific methane yield, the substratespecific methane yield decreasing as the total solid bulk density increased.
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Na, Risu, Keisuke Kushima, and Naoto Shimizu. "Effects of Pyrolysis on Biogas Production during Anaerobic Co-digestion of Corn Stover." MATEC Web of Conferences 333 (2021): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133307011.

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The effects of pyrolysis pretreatment on biogas production during anaerobic co-digestion of corn stover were studied. The corn stover characteristics were investigated by performing thermogravimetric analysis using a heating rate of 10.0°C/min and an air atmosphere at atmospheric pressure. Corn stover aliquots pretreated in an electric furnace at 100°C for 360 min, 200°C for 15 min, and 300°C for 5 min were used. Untreated and pretreated corn stover samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and other methods, and the bulk densities and component ratios were compared to identify changes caused by the pretreatments. The amounts of total solids, volatile solids, volatile fatty acids, and total ammonia nitrogen produced when the stover samples were anaerobically digested were measured. The biogas production rate and the methane concentration in the biogas were determined. The substrate-specific methane yields were determined, and the relationships between the yields and pretreatment conditions were assessed. The sample pretreated at 300°C for 5 min produced the most biogas. The corn stover total solid bulk density was directly related to the substrate-specific methane yield, the substratespecific methane yield decreasing as the total solid bulk density increased.
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Atauzzaman, M., and Q. H. Bari. "Effect of passive and forced aeration on composting of market solid waste." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 9, no. 1 (2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i1.30301.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of passive and forced aeration on composting of market wastes. Suitable vegetable waste, waste paper and sawdust as bulking agent were mixed with the proportion 75:10:15. Temperature inside composting reactors was measured daily time to time. Total sample and volatile solids were determined before and after composting of waste mixture with both passive and forced aeration. Temperature increased to maximum 52 ºC for passive aeration and 54 ºC for forced aeration. The percentage reduction in total sample was found to be greater for forced aeration than passive aeration. The volatile solids decreased with time at the end of both processes. The extent of volatile solids degradation of waste mixture with time was determined through forced aeration for a series of composting process. Total sample and volatile solids were determined at 2, 3 or 4 days interval. The percentage reductions in total sample and volatile solids were found to be varied from 3 to 68 % and 4 to 55% respectively. The percentage reduction in volatile solids increased with time. There is a possibility of recycling the waste mixture in the form of composting.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Total solid and volatile solid"

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Huang, Zhanzhao. "Enhanced biogas production by increasing organic load rate in mesophilic anaerobic digestion with sludge recirculation." Thesis, KTH, VA-teknik, Vatten, Avlopp och Avfall, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99354.

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For enhancing anaerobic sludge digestion and biogas recovery, an increase in organic load rate (OLR) from 1.0 to 3.0kgVS/(m3·day) was imposed upon a new anaerobic digestion process combined with a sludge recirculation. The new setup requires a traditional mesophilic anaerobic digester coupled with a centrifuge for maintaining relatively high solid content within the digester. The hypothesis of this study was that increasing continuously OLR from 1.0 to 3.0kgVS/(m3·day) in a pilot-scale anaerobic digester with recycled sludge would not badly influence the digester stability, based on which biogas production would be enhanced. To test this hypothesis, a continuous 73-day study with laboratory experiment was conducted. Due to scarcity of original feeding sludge and its deteriorating quality, OLR had to be increased relied on introduction of extra sludge followed by measurement of total solid (TS) and volatile solid (VS) contents in both feeding sludge and digester sludge, for calculating OLR and examining its variations. To assess the relationship between biogas production and OLR, a measurement of gas yield and methane content was a necessity, performed by applying a biogas flow meter and MSA AUER EX-METER II (P). Moreover, temperature, pH value, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and alkalinity must be tested frequently, for the purpose of preventing system failure. The results demonstrate that the digester succeeded in withstanding an OLR up to 3.15kgVS/(m3·day). Furthermore, an enhancement in biogas yield and methane content were observed after increasing the OLR by introducing extra sludge. Biogas production measurement performed during this study indicated that biogas yield was enhanced by 73%, with a maximum production of 14.5m3/day, when OLR was increased from 2.05 to 3.15kgVS/(m3·day). However, methane content was merely promoted by 10.5%, to the highest value of 63%, with the same increase in OLR. Specific gas production (SGP), as another means of evaluating the relationship between biogas production and OLR, was observed to be 0.65Nm3/kg VSin averagely.
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Dogan, Evrim. "Organic Acid Production From The Organic Fraction Of Municipal Solid Waste In Leaching Bed Reactors." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608043/index.pdf.

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This study was carried out to evaluate the potential of high-rate anaerobic digestion of high-solids organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) for the production of organic acids and alcohols in leaching bed reactors (LBRs). For this purpose, two different experimental set-ups, namely Set-1 and Set-2, were operated. In the Set-1, only OFMSW without paper was studied in two identical LBRs, whereas, four identical LBRs, fed with OFMSW with paper and cow manure in different proportions, were operated in the Set-2. In this study, 50-60% of hydrolysis efficiency was achieved in the LBRs of Set-1, whereas this value was decreased to 20-25% in the LBRs of Set-2<br>which was resulted from OFMSW containing cellulose and less volume of water addition in the Set-2. The mass of total volatile fatty acids (tVFA) production was found as 7000-9000 mg at the end of 80 days in the LBRs of Set-1, fed with OFMSW without paper, whereas it was 3000 mg at the end of 40 days in the LBR of Set-2, containing only OFMSW with paper. It was also observed that cow manure addition increased the amount of tVFA production in the LBR of Set-2. In conclusion, LBRs were found as alternative reactors for the degradation of OFMSW compared to completely stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) in terms of rapid hydrolysis and acidification, which can result in high hydrolysis yield and tVFA production.
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Rendall, Charles. "Total energy pseudopotential studies." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321530.

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Kemp, Christopher Gary. "Total solid-phase sysnthesis of the mixrins : antitumour cyclic lipopeptides." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540430.

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Boff, Jeffrey M. "Study of volatile compound formation in oxidized lipids and volatile compound retention in processed orange juice." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1054660479.

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Henry, Dara Jude. "Studies towards the total synthesis of (-)mitragynine using solid-supported reagents." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284029.

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Chapter one introduces the natural product mitragynine, illustrating its historical and present day use, and describing the biological properties that have aroused interest in this molecule. Chapter two introduces the natural product mitragynine, illustrating its historical and present day use, and describing the biological properties that have aroused interest in this molecule. Chapter three presents an overview of the previous total synthesis of mitragynine. Chapter four describes the results and discussion studies toward the synthesis of mitragynine using solid-supported reagents. Chapter five provides a formal report of the experimental procedures for chapter four.
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Muro, Maria L. "Platinum (II) terpyridyls excited state engineering and solid-state vapochromic/vapoluminescent materials /." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1242057662.

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Ojala, Marja. "Novel membrane inlet mass spectrometric methods for analysis of organic compounds in aqueous and solid samples /." Espoo [Finland] : Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2001. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2001/P451.pdf.

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Davidson, Colin Alexander Bennett. "A biotechnological approach to the total utilisation of crustacean shell waste." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342031.

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Philp, R. N. "The theory of exiton polaritons in thin-film systems and their detection by attenuated-total-reflection spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234169.

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Books on the topic "Total solid and volatile solid"

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India. Central Pollution Control Board. Characterisation of VOCs at the Municipal solid waste disposal location, Dhapa, Kolkata. Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, 2010.

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Riggin, Ralph M. Comparison of solid adsorbent sampling techniques for volatile organic compounds in ambient air. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1986.

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Riggin, Ralph M. Comparison of solid adsorbent sampling techniques for volatile organic compounds in ambient air. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1986.

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Al-Dabbas, M. A. F. Municipal solid waste in Jordon and its contribution to the total energy budget. UMIST, 1996.

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Ojala, Marja. Novel membrane inlet mass spectrometric methods for analysis of organic compounds in aqueous and solid samples. Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2001.

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Zaugg, Steven D. Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory: Determination of wastewater compounds by polystyrene-divinylbenzene solid-phase extraction and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Spectroscopy of solid state laser materials: Final report. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Spectroscopy of solid state laser materials: Final report. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Volatile organic compounds in air: Laboratory method using pumped solid sorbent tubes, thermal desorption and gas chromatography. Health and Safety Executive, 1992.

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Great Britain. Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Laboratory., ed. Volatile organic compounds in air: Laboratory method using diffusive solid sorbent tubes, thermal description and gas chromatography. Health and Safety Executive, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Total solid and volatile solid"

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Fontaine, Hervé, Marc Veillerot, and Adrien Danel. "Deposition Behavior of Volatile Acidic Contaminants on Metallic Interconnect Surfaces." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-06-x.365.

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Fontaine, Hervé, and Marc Veillerot. "Plastic Containers Contamination by Volatile Acids : Accumulation, Release and Transfer to Cu-Surfaces during Wafers Storage." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-46-9.251.

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Ko, Eun Yong, Eun Duck Park, Hyun Chul Lee, Doo Hwan Lee, and Soon Ho Kim. "Nano-Sized Au/CeO2 Catalysts for Total and Selective CO Oxidation." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-31-0.1749.

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Shkrebtii, A., and M. Rohlfing. "Determination of the total energy of a many-particle system." In Physics of Solid Surfaces. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53908-8_5.

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Catherine, J. K., and R. Rajesh. "Total Electron Content in Seismo-Ionospheric Studies." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10475-7_278-1.

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Catherine, J. K., and R. Rajesh. "Total Electron Content in Seismo-ionospheric Studies." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58631-7_278.

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Lee, Chang Kyu, Jong Sung Kwon, In Chul Na, Byung Il Han, Young Min Kim, and Jea Gun Park. "Dependency of Electrical Characteristics on Au Nano-Crystal Size for Non-Volatile Memory Fabricated with Au Nano-Crystal Embedded in PVK(Poly(N-Vinylcarbazole)) Layer." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-31-0.33.

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Campardo, Giovanni. "Historical Overview of Solid-State Non-Volatile Memories." In In Search of the Next Memory. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47724-4_2.

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Hellin, David, Nick Valckx, Jens Rip, Stefan De Gendt, and Chris Vinckier. "Investigation of Metallic Contamination Analysis Using Vapor Phase Decomposition – Droplet Collection – Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (VPD-DC-TXRF) for Pt-Group Elements on Silicon Wafers." In Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-46-9.273.

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Oshiyama, A., O. Sugino, and M. Saito. "Conjugate-Gradient Total-Energy Minimization: Defects in Silicon." In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84968-8_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Total solid and volatile solid"

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Hasan, Mahmudul, and Yousef Haseli. "Modeling Woody Biomass Torrefaction Process." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87974.

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Torrefaction is a thermal pretreatment process which usually takes place at temperatures between 200–300°C. Torrefied biomass has been proven in numerous studies to have superior combustion properties compared to raw biomass. The objective of this study is to develop a model to estimate solid energy yield, elemental compositions and enthalpy of solid and volatile yield. Formation enthalpy of raw and torrefied biomass is calculated using the correlations developed for elemental compositions and HHV of torrefied biomass. Solid yield is determined by anhydrous weight loss model for torrefied wood. Specific heat correlations for raw biomass and char are used to calculate the sensible heat required for torrefaction process. Sensible heat and formation enthalpy give the total enthalpy for raw and torrefied biomass. During torrefaction, a mixture of volatile compositions is released. Experimental mass fractions of the volatiles components are taken from published literature, which allowed us to determine the enthalpy of formation and specific heat of the volatiles. Finally, the model results associated with the torrefaction process are compared with experimental data.
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"Effects of Total Solid, Volatile Solid, Ammonia and Ratio of Carbon to Nitrogen on Methane Production in Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Poultry Litter and Wheat Straw." In 2015 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20152187836.

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Rostami, Ali A., Susan E. Wrenn, and Mohammad R. Hajaligol. "A Modeling Analysis of Non-Melting Solid Fuel Particle Heating." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55197.

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The heating of fuel particles is generally the first step in the process of gasification or combustion of solid fuels such as coal and biomass. The particle heating that is achieved via combined convection and radiation effects requires a rigorous analysis of heat transfer within as well as outside of the particle, which makes the lumped capacity approximation unsuitable. A more adequate representation of the heating-up process requires the inclusion of the internal convection within the solid particle, the blowing effects on the particle surface, the spatial and temporal variations of the solid thermal conductivity as well as the heat of pyrolysis reactions. The internal convection tends to equalize the temperature distribution within the solid, while the blowing effect contributes to the boundary layer thickening and eventually to a reduction in the convection heat transfer to the particle. To include the above-mentioned effects, a kinetic model for the total weight loss of the solid material was coupled with the heating model. A simple first-order reaction model for the total weight loss was utilized in this study. For materials with high moisture contents, the heat of pyrolysis reactions is an important factor in the heating rate and non-uniform heating of the solid particle. Thermal equilibrium between the solid and evolved gases was assumed within the particle and the equations for the conservation of mass and energy were solved numerically. Results show that surface blowing which is due to the devolatilization of the particle tends to reduce the convection heat transfer from the hot gases to the particle. Internal convection contributes to thermal uniformity in the particle. Heat of pyrolysis reactions plays an important role in the heating profile of the particle. It delays the temperature rise of the particle until most of the volatile materials is released.
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Khalek, Imad A. "Characterization of Particle Size, Number, and Mass Emissions From a Diesel Powered Generator." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2006-1533.

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Total (volatile plus solid) and solid particle size, number, and mass emitted from a 3.8 kW diesel powered generator were characterized using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) that measures the size distribution of particles, and a catalytic stripper that facilitates the measurement of solid particles. The engine was operated at a constant speed for six steady-state engine operations ranging from idle to rated power. The solid particle size distributions were mainly monomodal lognormal distributions in nature reflecting a typical soot agglomerate size distribution with a number mean diameter in the size range from 98 nm to 37 nm as the load decreases from high to low. At idle, M6, however, the solid particle distribution was bimodal in nature with a high number of solid nanoparticles in the sub-20 nm size range. It is likely that these solid particles nucleated later in the combustion process from metallic ash typically present in the lube oil. The total particle size distributions exhibited a bimodal structure only at light load, M5, engine operation, where a high number of volatile nanoparticles were observed. The rest of the operating conditions exhibited monomodal distributions although the nature of the particles was vastly different. For the medium load modes, M2, M3, and M4, the particles were mainly solid particles. For the rated power, M1, and idle, M6, modes of engine operation, significant number of volatile particles grew to a size nearing that of soot particles making the distribution monomodal, similar to that of a solid particle distribution. This shows that monomodal distributions are not necessarily solid particle but they can be strongly dominated with volatile particles if significant particle growth takes place like the case at M1, and M6. The total number and mass concentration were extremely high at engine rated power. The number concentration exceeded 1.2 billion particles per cubic centimeter and the mass exceeded 750 milligrams per cubic meter. The number concentration is more than five orders of magnitude higher than a typical ambient level concentration, and the mass concentration is more than four orders of magnitude higher. It is important to indicate, however, that if the engine power rating is lowered by 35 percent from its designated level, both particle mass and number emissions will be reduced by two orders of magnitude. By measuring total and solid particle size and number concentration of particles, one can calculate other metrics such as surface area and mass to provide detail information about particle emissions. Such information can serve as an important database where all metrics of particle emissions are captured.
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Northrop, William F., Darrick Zarling, and Xuesong Li. "Considerations in Using Photometer Instruments for Measuring Total Particulate Matter Mass Concentration in Diesel Engine Exhaust." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3640.

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In this work, engine-out particulate matter (PM) mass emissions from an off-highway diesel engine measured using a low-cost photometer, scanning mobility particle sizer, elemental versus organic carbon analysis, and a photo-acoustic analyzer are compared. Tested engine operating modes spanned the range of those known to result in high semi-volatile particle concentration and those that emit primarily solid particles. Photometer measurements were taken following a primary dilution stage and a sample conditioner to control relative humidity prior to the instrument. Results of the study show that the photometer could qualitatively track total particle mass trends over the tested engine conditions though it was not accurate in measuring total carbon mass concentration. Further, the required photometric calibration factor (PCF) required to accurately measure total PM mass changes with the organic carbon (OC) fraction of the particles. Variables that influence PCF include particle effective density, which changes both as a function of particle diameter and OC fraction. Differences in refractive index between semi-volatile and solid particles are also significant and contribute to high error associated with measurement of total PM using the photometer. This work illustrates that it may be too difficult to accurately measure total engine PM mass with a photometer without knowing additional information about the sampled particles. However, removing semi-volatile organic materials prior to the instrument may allow the accurate estimation of elemental carbon mass concentration alone.
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Floriani, Silvia L., Elaine Virmond, Christine Albrecht Althoff, Regina F. P. M. Moreira, and Humberto J. Jose´. "Potential of Industrial Solid Wastes as an Energy Source and Gaseous Emissions Evaluation in a Pilot Scale Burner." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54355.

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Biomass is currently used as an alternative energy source in some industries. Due to problems with disposal of wastes, using biomass as an energy source is economically and environmentally attractive. In this work seven wastes from textile and food industry were characterized and their gaseous emissions resulting from their combustion in a pilot unit were measured. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the usage of industrial wastes as an energy source taking into account their composition and gaseous emissions when submitted to combustion tests. Gaseous emissions were compared to limits imposed by Brazilian and international current legislations. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) were analyzed by GC-MS and their content values were expressed as total organic carbon (TOC). Four combustion tests were carried out in a cyclone combustor and all TOC emissions were below regulations limits. CO, CO2, NOx, CxHy and SO2 were also measured. Chemical properties showed that the volatile matter values of all biomass were high what indicate that the solids burn rapidly and some biomass presented high levels of sulphur and consequently high levels of emission of SO2 when burned. The lower heating values ranged from 14.22 to 22.93 MJ.kg−1. Moisture content and particulate matter (PM) were measured during the combustion tests and showed effective combustion conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis of the biomasses showed ignition temperatures and maximum burning rate which were compared to other papers data. The usage of these biomasses as an energy source is possible however gas treatment would be required specially if the solid presents high levels of sulphur and chlorine.
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Buehler, Blake, Pablo Moreno, Gustavious P. Williams, et al. "Correlations between Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Total Volatile Suspended Solids, and Phosphate at Deer Creek Reservoir." In World Environmental And Water Resources Congress 2012. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412312.341.

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Fang, Wei, David B. Kittelson, and William F. Northrop. "Dilution Sensitivity of Particulate Matter Emissions From Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1092.

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Dual-fuel reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion can yield high thermal efficiency and simultaneously low NOx and soot emissions. Although soot emissions from RCCI is very low, hydrocarbon emissions are high, potentially resulting in higher than desired total particulate matter (PM) mass and number caused by semi-volatile species converting the particle phase upon primary dilution in the exhaust plume. Such high organic fraction PM is known to be highly sensitive to the dilution conditions used when collecting samples on a filter or when measuring particle number using particle sizing instruments. In this study, PM emissions from a modified single-cylinder diesel engine operating in RCCI and conventional diesel combustion modes were investigated under different dilution conditions. To investigate the effect of the fumigated fuel on the PM emissions, 150 proof hydrous ethanol and gasoline were used as low reactivity fuels to study the relative contribution of fumigant versus directly injected fuel on the PM emissions. Our study found that PM from RCCI combustion is more sensitive to the variation of dilution conditions than PM from single fuel conventional diesel combustion. RCCI PM primarily consisted of semi-volatile organic compounds and a smaller amount of solid carbonaceous particles. The fumigated fuel had a significant effect on the PM emissions characteristics for RCCI combustion. Hydrous ethanol fueled RCCI PM contained a larger fraction of volatile materials and were more sensitive to the variation of dilution conditions compared to the gasoline fueled RCCI mode.
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Casagrande, Giulio, and Shine Chung. "Non-Volatile Memory." In 2008 International Solid-State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2008.4523235.

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Sreenivasa, R., and K. Aung. "Numerical Simulations of Biomass Co-Firing in a Fluidized Bed Combustor." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59787.

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Fluidized bed technology is an established technology for energy generation due to low operating temperatures, high system efficiency, fuel flexibility, and easier control of pollutants such as NOx and SO. Co-firing of biomass is an attractive option for power generation as it increases use of renewable and waste materials, thereby replacing the conventional coal. This paper investigated biomass co-firing in a fluidized bed using two models. The first model is based on the recent study on the high-volatile solid fuels in a fluidized bed. The first model considered the fluidized bed combustor as three distinct zones: bed zone, splashing zone, and freeboard zone, and took into account material balances in each zone. In addition, sub-models for estimating the pollutants such as NOx and SO were also included in the model. The second model was based on the coal combustion in a fluidized bed. The second model only considered bed and freeboard zones in a fluidized bed. The model for pollutant emissions was also included in the second model. The predictions of both models included char loading in the bed, combustion efficiency, and pollutant emissions. Predictions of both models were compared with the available experimental data to validate the models. The results of the study suggest that current coal models may be appropriate to apply for biomass co-firing in fluidized coal combustors as long as the biomass co-firing is limited to not more than 30% of the total fuel.
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Reports on the topic "Total solid and volatile solid"

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Foropoulos, J. Jr. Gas-solid alkali destruction of volatile chlorocarbons. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/171271.

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Marbach, Tim, B. R. Wright, and Cynthia F. Palacios. Low Volatile and Ozone-Depleting Compound Free Solid Film Lubricant. Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada395551.

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McGarvey, David J., and William R. Creasy. Headspace Gas Chromatography Method for Studies of Reaction and Permeation of Volatile Agents with Solid Materials. Defense Technical Information Center, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada614546.

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Cai, Lingshuang, Jacek A. Koziel, Yin-Cheung Lo, and Steven J. Hoff. Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds and Odorants Associated with Swine Barn Particulate Matter Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry. Iowa State University, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-275.

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Cai, Lingshuang, Jacek A. Koziel, Jeremiah Davis, Yin-Cheung Lo, and Hongwei Xin. Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds and Odors by in vivo Sampling of Beef Cattle Rumen Gas Using Solid Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry. Iowa State University, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-58.

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Brooks, Amy, Jenna Jambeck, and Eliana Mozo-Reyes. Plastic Waste Management and Leakage in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002873.

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As of 2017, 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic had been produced worldwide. Since about 40% is used in things that are thrown away relatively quickly (packaging and single use items), 6.4 billion metric tons had already become discarded materials needing to be managed. Only 9% of these discarded materials were recycled globally. The annual estimate of plastic entering our oceans globally is 5 to 13 million metric tons (MMT) per year. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has an extensive populated coast, 119,000 km of coastline and over 205 million people living within 50 km of that coastline. Waste management infrastructure is still under development in many countries. Economic growth without fully developed infrastructure can lead to increased plastic leakage. This report focuses on municipal solid waste as a source of plastic input into the environment in LAC. The reports estimates that total plastic waste available to enter the ocean in LAC in 2020 was 3.7 MMT . Under business-as-usual projections, the report anticipates that the regional quantity available to enter the oceans in 2030 will be 4.1 MMT and 4.4 MMT in 2050.
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Kramer, Robert. LED Street Lighting Implementation Research, Support, and Testing. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317274.

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This report describes the results of technical analysis, field tests, and laboratory tests that were performed for LED highway lighting options by the Energy Efficiency and Reliability Center (EERC) at Purdue University Northwest for the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT). This effort was conducted over the past 3 years to evaluate and test the technology and viability of using modern highway lighting technology to enhance energy efficiency, safety, security, and economic development of communities and roadways. During the testing period there was a continuous discussion between INDOT and EERC regarding the laboratory and field testing of INDOT approved luminaires submitted by vendors. There were multiple discussions with INDOT and vendors regarding the individual details and issues for the 29 luminaires that were tested. A comparison study was conducted by EERC of the various alternatives and comparison to currently installed luminaires. Data was collected for field tests of the luminaires by EERC and INDOT personnel for the luminaires. Field data was evaluated and compared to lighting models using vendor supplied ies data files. Multiple presentations were made at 3 separate Purdue Road Schools regarding the results and procedures of the testing program by EERC in conjunction with INDOT. A total of 22 final reports, considered confidential by INDOT, for individual vendor luminaires have been prepared as part of this effort. These reports were submitted sequentially to INDOT as testing was completed during the course of this effort. A total of 29 luminaires were tested. Some luminaire testing was terminated during testing due to design issues or vendor requests. All testing was summarized in the INDOT specification sheet attached to each report. Observations regarding the consistency of the supplied test luminaire with the requirements of Section 7.2 of the INDOT test procedure “Procedure for evaluation and approval list requirements for solid state ballasted luminaires ITM 957-17P” is provided in the Appendix to the report for each luminaire. Details regarding how these tests were performed and the respective associated evaluation of performance and reliability are provided in the report. This effort included: consideration of published and vendor information; appraisal of products consistent with national industry standards; review of physical design, thermal performance; laboratory testing of photopic performance, reliability, life cycle data and characteristics, and power characteristics; technical and probabilistic risk studies; and field testing and analysis of LED light sources including comparison to currently installed conventional light sources. Assistance in preparing INDOT standards for highway lighting was provided on multiple occasions.
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