To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Total solid and volatile solid.
Journal articles on the topic 'Total solid and volatile solid'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Total solid and volatile solid.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Peces, M., S. Astals, and J. Mata-Alvarez. "Assessing total and volatile solids in municipal solid waste samples." Environmental Technology 35, no. 24 (2014): 3041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.929182.
Full text
2
Le Pera, Adolfo, Miriam Sellaro, Massimo Migliori, Micaela Bianco, and Giuseppe Zanardi. "Dry Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Separately Collected Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: Two-Year Experience in an Industrial-Scale Plant." Processes 9, no. 2 (2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020213.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, performance analysis over two years’ operation of an industrial anaerobic digestion (AD) plant of a separately collected organic fraction of municipal solid waste is presented. The continuous plug-flow AD plant is still regularly operating and it has been fully operational since September 2018. Since then, it has been supplied with 40,000 t/y of pretreated separately collected organic fraction of municipal solid waste from municipalities of the Calabria region in Southern Italy. The AD process is carried out in a mesophilic regime at 40 ± 0.5 °C, using a constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 22 days and a substrate with average total solids and average total volatile solids of 30.0% and 22.2%, respectively. In the last two years, the plant produced an average of 191 m3 and 860 m3 of biogas per tonne (t) of organic input material and of total volatile solids, respectively, with an average methane specific production of 508 m3/t (total volatile solids). The average CH4 percentage in the biogas was of 59.09%. The obtained results came out from the combination of high organic content of separately collected organic fraction of municipal solid waste, optimized pretreatment system and operating conditions adopted.
3
Basak, SR, MA Rouf, MD Hossain, MS Islam, and T. Rabeya. "Anaerobic digestion of tannery solid waste by mixing with different substrates." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 49, no. 2 (2015): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i2.22006.
Full textAbstract:
The tannery solid waste (fleshing) was collected from Hazaribagh, Dhaka. It has been found that fleshing contains 82.57% volatile matter. Further characterization of fleshing showed that it contains low C/N ratio of 2.64 and high pH of 10.99. These characteristics were not suitable for using fleshing as a substrate for anaerobic digestion. The study has been carried out in different ratio of waste fleshing, domestic sewage and cow dung at total solid 6% concentration. In all the reactors fleshing and domestic sewage were mixed at 1:1 ratio. On the basis of the performance of the reactors it was evident that the reactor which contains 75% fleshing with domestic sewage and 25% cow dung showed optimum result. Under optimum condition volatile solids destruction 52%, specific gas production 0.476 L/g volatile solids feed and methane yield 73% were achieved. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i2.22006 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 49(2), 119-124, 2014
4
Vítová, E., B. Loupancová, J. Zemanová, H. Štoudkova, P. Březina, and L. Babák. "Solid-phase microextraction for analysis of mould cheese aroma." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 24, No. 6 (2011): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3324-cjfs.
Full textAbstract:
Solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography was used for the analysis of volatile aroma compounds in Niva cheese. The extraction conditions were very mild, which minimises thermal, mechanical, or chemical modification of the sample; the method is rapid, simple, and cheap. In total, 54 compounds were identified in Niva cheese using this method: 3 hydrocarbons, 5 aldehydes, 11 ketones, 18 alcohols, 3 esters, 10 fatty acids, and 4 sulphur compounds. These aroma compounds were quantified and subsequently the changes in the concentrations of them were studied throughout the ripening period. Most of the volatile compounds identified were present at all stages of the cheese ripening, their amounts changing significantly, however, in most cases the final concentration in the ripe cheeses was similar to the initial concentration in the unripe cheese.  
5
Fagundes, Daisa Stéfano, Marco Antonio Previdelli Orrico Junior, Ana Carolina Amorim Orrico, and Leonardo Oliveira Seno. "Mathematical models of anaerobic digestion for the treatment of swine effluents." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 45, no. 2 (2015): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632015v4531052.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Pig breeding results in the production of large amounts of waste, which can cause serious environmental problems, when handled incorrectly. This study aimed at testing mathematical models to estimate the parameters of anaerobic biodigestion in biodigesters as a function of the composition of swine effluents with and without separation of the solid fraction and hydraulic retention times (HRT). Semi-continuous biodigesters fed with swine effluents with and without separation of the solid fraction and managed for 15, 22, 29 and 36 days of hydraulic retention were used. The potential of biogas and methane production, as well as the reduction of total solids, volatile solids and chemical oxygen demand, were assessed as a function of the effluents composition. HRT was the variable that most influenced the variation of the models, followed by the contents of total and volatile solids. Uni and multivariate models presented high confidence indices, being classified as “great” at predicting the potentials of biogas and methane production and “good” at predicting the reductions of total solids, volatile solids and chemical oxygen demand. The models obtained in this study can be used to reliably predict the parameters of the anaerobic biodigestion process of swine effluents in semi-continuous tubular biodigesters.
6
Wojnowska-Baryła, Irena, Dorota Kulikowska, Katarzyna Bernat, Sławomir Kasiński, Magdalena Zaborowska, and Teodor Kielak. "Stabilisation of municipal solid waste after autoclaving in a passively aerated bioreactor." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 5 (2019): 542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19833161.
Full textAbstract:
Autoclaving of unsorted municipal solid waste is one of the solutions in waste management that maximises the amount of waste for recycling. After autoclaving, however, a large part of the waste is composed of unstabilised biodegradable fractions (organic remaining fraction, ORF), which may comprise up to 30% of autoclaved waste and cannot be landfilled without further stabilisation. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of aerobic stabilisation in a passively aerated reactor of organic remaining fraction after full-scale autoclaving of unsorted municipal solid waste. The organic remaining fraction had a volatile solids content of ca. 70%, a 4-day respiration activity test (AT4) of ca. 26 g O2 kg–1 total solids and a 21-day gas formation test (GP21) of ca. 235 dm3 kg–1 total solids. Stabilisation was conducted in a 550 L reactor with passive aeration (Stage I) and a periodically turned windrow (Stage II). The feedstocks consisted entirely of organic remaining fraction, or of organic remaining fraction with 10% inoculum (ORF + I). Inoculum constituted product of stabilisation of organic remaining fraction. During stabilisation of organic remaining fraction and ORF + I, thermophilic conditions were achieved, and the decreases of volatile solids, AT4 and GP21 could be described by 1 order kinetic models. The rate constants of volatile solids removal (kVS) were 0.033 and 0.068 d–1 for organic remaining fraction and ORF + I, respectively, and the thermophilic phase was shorter with ORF + I (25 days vs. 45 days). The decrease in GP21 corresponded to volatile solids decrease, but AT4 decreased sharply during the first 10 days of waste stabilisation in the reactor, indicating that the content of highly biodegradable organic matter decreased during this time.
7
Kelly Orhorhoro, Ejiroghene. "Experimental Determination of Effect of Total Solid (TS) and Volatile Solid (VS) on Biogas Yield." American Journal of Modern Energy 3, no. 6 (2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajme.20170306.13.
Full text
8
Na, Risu, Keisuke Kushima, and Naoto Shimizu. "Effects of Pyrolysis on Biogas Production during Anaerobic Codigestion of Corn Stover." MATEC Web of Conferences 333 (2021): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133307011.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of pyrolysis pretreatment on biogas production during anaerobic co-digestion of corn stover were studied. The corn stover characteristics were investigated by performing thermogravimetric analysis using a heating rate of 10.0°C/min and an air atmosphere at atmospheric pressure. Corn stover aliquots pretreated in an electric furnace at 100°C for 360 min, 200°C for 15 min, and 300°C for 5 min were used. Untreated and pretreated corn stover samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and other methods, and the bulk densities and component ratios were compared to identify changes caused by the pretreatments. The amounts of total solids, volatile solids, volatile fatty acids, and total ammonia nitrogen produced when the stover samples were anaerobically digested were measured. The biogas production rate and the methane concentration in the biogas were determined. The substrate-specific methane yields were determined, and the relationships between the yields and pretreatment conditions were assessed. The sample pretreated at 300°C for 5 min produced the most biogas. The corn stover total solid bulk density was directly related to the substrate-specific methane yield, the substratespecific methane yield decreasing as the total solid bulk density increased.
9
Na, Risu, Keisuke Kushima, and Naoto Shimizu. "Effects of Pyrolysis on Biogas Production during Anaerobic Co-digestion of Corn Stover." MATEC Web of Conferences 333 (2021): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133307011.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of pyrolysis pretreatment on biogas production during anaerobic co-digestion of corn stover were studied. The corn stover characteristics were investigated by performing thermogravimetric analysis using a heating rate of 10.0°C/min and an air atmosphere at atmospheric pressure. Corn stover aliquots pretreated in an electric furnace at 100°C for 360 min, 200°C for 15 min, and 300°C for 5 min were used. Untreated and pretreated corn stover samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and other methods, and the bulk densities and component ratios were compared to identify changes caused by the pretreatments. The amounts of total solids, volatile solids, volatile fatty acids, and total ammonia nitrogen produced when the stover samples were anaerobically digested were measured. The biogas production rate and the methane concentration in the biogas were determined. The substrate-specific methane yields were determined, and the relationships between the yields and pretreatment conditions were assessed. The sample pretreated at 300°C for 5 min produced the most biogas. The corn stover total solid bulk density was directly related to the substrate-specific methane yield, the substratespecific methane yield decreasing as the total solid bulk density increased.
10
Atauzzaman, M., and Q. H. Bari. "Effect of passive and forced aeration on composting of market solid waste." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 9, no. 1 (2020): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i1.30301.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to determine the effect of passive and forced aeration on composting of market wastes. Suitable vegetable waste, waste paper and sawdust as bulking agent were mixed with the proportion 75:10:15. Temperature inside composting reactors was measured daily time to time. Total sample and volatile solids were determined before and after composting of waste mixture with both passive and forced aeration. Temperature increased to maximum 52 ºC for passive aeration and 54 ºC for forced aeration. The percentage reduction in total sample was found to be greater for forced aeration than passive aeration. The volatile solids decreased with time at the end of both processes. The extent of volatile solids degradation of waste mixture with time was determined through forced aeration for a series of composting process. Total sample and volatile solids were determined at 2, 3 or 4 days interval. The percentage reductions in total sample and volatile solids were found to be varied from 3 to 68 % and 4 to 55% respectively. The percentage reduction in volatile solids increased with time. There is a possibility of recycling the waste mixture in the form of composting.
11
RodrÃguez-Pimentel, R., F. RamÃrez-Vives, A. De Jesús-Rojas, F. J. MartÃnez-Valdez, S. RodrÃguez-Pérez, and O. Monroy-Hermosillo. "Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Organic Solid Wastes." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 3, no. 2 (2013): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v3i2.1681.
Full textAbstract:
Two stages anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) is proposed using a batch anaerobic trickling bed (BATB) reactor in the first hydrolysis and acidogenesis stage. At total solids loading of 135 g/L and reaction times around 30 days, total solids (ηTS) and chemical oxygen demand (ηCOD) removal efficiencies above 46% were obtained independently of pH (between 4.1 and 6.4). Dependent on pH were methane production, four times more at pH 6.4 than at 4.8 and four times more volatile fatty acids (VFA) production at 6.4 than at 4.1 and twice than at 4.8. Leachates generated in the BATB reactor were diluted with municipal wastewater and fed to an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor at volumetric organic loading rates from 11 to 28 g/L.d where 90% COD removal efficiencies (ηCOD) and 11.4 g CODCH4./L.d were obtained. Two stages anaerobic digestion results in high rates of solids removal and methane production (0.63 kWhr/kg TS fed).
12
Chowdhury, Bappi, Sarmad Bilal Magsi, Hok Nam Joey Ting, and Bipro Ranjan Dhar. "High-Solids Anaerobic Digestion Followed by Ultrasonication of Digestate and Wet-Type Anaerobic Digestion for Enhancing Methane Yield from OFMSW." Processes 8, no. 5 (2020): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8050555.
Full textAbstract:
High-solids anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste often shows inefficient biomethane recovery due to mass transfer limitations. Consequently, this study presents a two-stage anaerobic digestion process combining high-solids anaerobic digestion followed by ultrasonication of digestate and wet-type anaerobic digestion for effective biomethane recovery from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The high-solids anaerobic digestion yielded methane production of 210 L CH4/kg volatile solids (VS). The digestate from the high-solids anaerobic digestion process was ultrasonicated at three different specific energy inputs (1000, 2500, and 5000 kJ/kg total solids (TS)). The increases in the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentrations (8%–32%) and volatile solids (VS) removal efficiencies (3.5%–10%) at different specific energy inputs were linearly correlated (R2 = 0.9356). Thus, ultrasonication led to the solubilization of particulate organics and released soluble organic matters. All ultrasonicated digestate samples showed significantly higher biomethane yields than that observed for the untreated digestate samples. The highest methane yield of 132 L CH4/kg VS was observed for a specific energy input of 5000 kJ/kg TS, which was 1.94 times higher than the control (68 L CH4/kg VS). Although specific energy inputs of 1000 kJ/kg TS and 2500 kJ/kg TS showed comparable methane yields (113–114 L CH4/kg VS), they were ~1.67 times higher than the control. Overall, our results suggest that an integrated system of high-solids and wet-type anaerobic digestion with pre-ultrasonication of digestate has the potential to provide a technically viable solution to enhance biomethane recovery from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste.
13
Yilmaztekin, Murat. "Analysis of Volatile Components of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruvianaL.) Grown in Turkey by HS-SPME and GC-MS." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/796097.
Full textAbstract:
Volatile components in cape gooseberry fruit at ripe stage were collected using headspace-solid phase microextraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three solid phase microextraction fiber coatings (DVB/CAR/PDMS, CAR/PDMS, and PDMS/DVB) were tested for evaluation of volatile compounds. DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber showed a strong extraction capacity for volatile compounds and produced the best result in case of total peak areas. A total of 133 volatile compounds were identified in fruit pulp; among them 1-hexanol (6.86%), eucalyptol (6.66%), ethyl butanoate (6.47%), ethyl octanoate (4.01%), ethyl decanoate (3.39%), 4-terpineol (3.27%), and 2-methyl-1-butanol (3.10%) were the major components in the sample extracts.
14
Yu, Shi Jun, Ying Zhang, and Mei Zhen Fan. "Analysis of Volatile Compounds of Mycelia of Hirsutella sinensis, the Anamorph of Ophiocordyceps sinensis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 140 (November 2011): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.140.253.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, the volatile compound profiles of mycelia of H. sinensis cultured by solid-state media and submerged fermentation were extracted and determined for the first time. Fifty-one volatile compounds were identified in both mycelia. Phenols and acids and alkanes were found as the major classes of compounds. And butylated hydroxytoluene is the most abundant volatile compound in the both mycelia and accounts for 47.38% and 46.12% of the total volatile compounds in the mycelia cultured by solid-state media and submerged fermentation, respectively.
15
Laohakunjit, Natta, Orapin Kerdchoechuen, Frank B. Matta, Juan L. Silva, and William E. Holmes. "Postharvest Survey of Volatile Compounds in Five Tropical Fruits Using Headspace-solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME)." HortScience 42, no. 2 (2007): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.2.309.
Full textAbstract:
The volatiles of longon (Lansium domesticum Corr. var Dongon), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L. var Native), durian (Durio zibethinus L. var Monthong), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L. var Rong-rien), and sapodilla (Manilkara zapota van Royer var Kai) were identified by headspace-solid phase microextraction with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. The headspace volatiles of fresh, unheated, salted out with NaCl, and NaCl + heated samples were determined. Salting out gave the highest number of volatile components with the longon headspace. High temperature did not have much affect on the amount of volatiles in the headspace. Major volatiles of the total 43 volatiles in longon were 1,3,5 trioxane, (E)-2-hexenal, 3-carene, α-cubebene, isoledene, δ-selinene, and α-calacorene. Major volatiles of mangosteen were 2, 2-dimethyl-4-octanal, E-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, hexyl–n-valerate, 1,4-pentadiene, and 2-methyl-1, 3-buten-2-ol. Volatile compounds in durian consisted of a large number of sulfur-containing compounds, which included diethyltrisulfide, diethyldisulfide, dithiolane, dimetyl sulfide, and 3-methyl-thiozolidine. Nonsulfur compounds 2-methyl butanoate, butanedioic acid, and propyl-2-ethylbutanoate were also abundant. Isocitonellol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, pentanal, and 4-tridecyl valerate were most abundant in ‘Rong-rien’ rambutan. A total of 23 components were characterized in sapodilla with ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, and 2-butenyl benzene being the major volatiles.
16
Karnchanawong, Somjai, Takashi Ikeguchi, Seni Karnchanawong, and Suporn Koottatep. "Characteristics of leachate produced from simulation of landfill in a tropical country." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 9 (1995): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0351.
Full textAbstract:
Four different heights of lysimeter were prepared to investigate the leachate characteristics produced from waste beds. The solid wastes from Chiang Mai municipal area were filled into the lysimeters with an inplace density of about 0.85 ton/m3. The experiment had been started for 853 days from May, 1990 to October, 1992. The leachates were collected every week to every month depending on the age of the waste and analysed for pH, conductivity, total solids, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total volatile solids, alkalinity, acidity, total volatile acid, Cl−, SO=4, BOD, COD, TOC, TKN and NH3−N. The results showed that conductivity, volatile acid, total solids, total volatile solids, COD, BOD and TOC were very high in the first rainy season or in the first dry season, after that, they decrease abruptly, and then gradually decrease until the end of the experiment. Acidity, alkalinity, suspended solids, TKN and NH3−N were high in the first rainy season and gradually decreased until the end of the experiment. High percentage reduction of acidity, volatile acid, COD, BOD and TOC concentrations in the leachate produced from lysimeters after one year of waste filling showed that the acidogenic phase of the biodegradation process had terminated and that the major portion of carbonaceous organic matter in the waste bed had been utilised within the first year of the experiment. For the deeper waste layer, nitrogenous compounds in the leachate produced after two years of waste filling were still high due to the low activity of nitrification in the waste bed. It was found that the shallower waste layer produced lower concentrations of pollutants in the leachate. Higher amounts of leachate volume and extracted substances per dry weight of wastes were produced from the shallower waste layer.
17
Owen, James E. "Snow lines can be thermally unstable." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 495, no. 3 (2020): 3160–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1309.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Volatile species in protoplanetary discs can undergo a phase change from vapour to solid. These ‘snow lines’ can play vital roles in planet formation at all scales, from dust coagulation to planetary migration. In the outer regions of protoplanetary discs, the temperature profile is set by the absorption of reprocessed stellar light by the solids. Further, the temperature profile sets the distribution of solids through sublimation and condensation at various snow lines. Hence, the snow line position depends on the temperature profile and vice versa. We show that this coupling can be thermally unstable, such that a patch of the disc at a snow line will produce either runaway sublimation or condensation. This thermal instability arises at moderate optical depths, where heating by absorption of reprocessed stellar light from the disc’s atmosphere is optically thick, yet cooling is optically thin. Since volatiles in the solid phase drift much faster than volatiles in the vapour phase, this thermal instability results in a limit cycle. The snow line progressively moves in, condensing volatiles, before receding, as the volatiles sublimate. Using numerical simulations, we study the evolution of the carbon monoxide (CO) snow line. We find the CO snow line is thermally unstable under typical disc conditions and evolves inwards from ∼50 to ∼30 au on time-scales from 1000 to 10 000 yr. The CO snow line spends between ${\sim}10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}\,\mathrm{ and}\,50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of its time at smaller separations, where the exact value is sensitive to the total opacity and turbulent viscosity. The evolving snow line also creates ring-like structures in the solid distribution interior to the snow line. Multiple ring-like structures created by moving snow lines could potentially explain the substructures seen in many ALMA images.
18
Djaafri, Mohammed, Slimane Kalloum, Ahmed Elamine Soulimani, and Mostefa Khelafi. "Bioconversion of Dried Leaves from Algerian Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) to Biogas by Anaerobic Digestion." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 41 (February 2019): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.41.131.
Full textAbstract:
This work aimed to study anaerobic digestion of a new substrate made from the waste of Algerian date palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL.) in order to evaluate its biogas production capacity. The lignocellulosic component biodegradability and the process stability were also tested. Two reactors were launched with the same concentration of 20g total solid (TS)/L. A physical pre-treatment (grinding) of dried leaves lowered the substrate size below 2 mm. The theoretical methane yield (499 - 538 mL CH4/g of Volatile Solids (VS)) indicated a high substrate methanogen potential. The tested methane and biogas yield reached 130±6 mL CH4/gVS and 197±6 mL/g VS respectively. The biodegradability through the volatiles solid reduction was 29%. The total alkalinity (TA) value increased from the beginning to the end, due to the substrate nature which gave a high buffering capacity of the medium. During the stable process, a higher Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal was reached with a value of 77.58%. The majority of the biogas yield was generated during the same period, which confirmed that the anaerobic digestion process stability is indispensable. Finally, this study was an opportunity to better exploit local by-products for the bioenergy production.
19
Duffy, Emer, Gwendoline Albero, and Aoife Morrin. "Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Scent Profiles from Human Skin." Cosmetics 5, no. 4 (2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics5040062.
Full textAbstract:
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from human skin contribute to an individual’s body odour. Understanding the modulation of human odour by a fragrance is of significant importance to the cosmetic sector in the design, development and evaluation of new products. The present research describes an in vivo approach for passive headspace sampling of skin volatile emissions in human participants. A wearable headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method has been employed to investigate baseline endogenous skin volatiles and the subsequent modulation of skin volatile profiles after application of a fragrance to skin. Coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) this method enables characterisation of scent profiles and fragrance longevity in vivo. A total of 51 compounds were identified in participants’ skin, including 19 endogenous and 32 fragrance-derived compounds. The temporal variation in volatile profiles at different times after fragrance application was investigated. Fragrance diffusion from skin varied between participants resulting in diversified scent profiles over time. This non-invasive approach could be employed during cosmetic product development for in vivo evaluation of fragrance profiles and for assessment of the retention of fragrance components in skin to reduce reliance on expert panels during product development.
20
Wellinger, A., K. Wyder, and A. E. Metzler. "Kompogas - A New System for the Anaerobic Treatment of Source Separated Waste." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 2 (1993): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0095.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit, yard and vegetable wastes from source-separated collection may vary in their total solid contents as a function of the season and of the sources of waste, e.g. high amounts of vegetables reduce the dry matter content significantly. A new digester system was developed to treat solid wastes from 15% to 40% total solids. It consisted of a horizontal CSTR-type of reactor with an intermittently operated, hydraulically driven stirrer taking up strong shear forces. Experiments in a pilot plant of 15 m3 net volume demonstrated a good performance at 55° C. With dry wastes of around 40% total solids specific gas production rates of 2.7 m3/m3*d at 40 days retention time up to 3.7 m3/m3*d at 13 days retention time were achieved. Pure vegetable waste gave a specific gas production of 3.5 m3/m3*d at 21 days retention time with a gas yield of 460 Liters per kg volatile solids. First experiments on the hygienizing effect of anaerobic digestion demonstrated that within two days of thermal treatment at 50° to 55°C the test organism Bacteriophage f2 was completely destroyed.
21
Xu, H. L., J. Y. Wang, H. Zhang, and J. H. Tay. "A comparative study of anaerobic digestion of food waste in a single pass, a leachate recycle and coupled solid/liquid reactors." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 1 (2003): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0073.
Full textAbstract:
A single pass reactor (R1), a leachate recycle reactor (R2) and a coupled solid/liquid bioreactor (R3-Rm) for anaerobic digestion of food waste were comparatively investigated in terms of digestion process and treatment efficiency. The coupled solid/liquid bioreactor is an enhanced two-phase system and distinctive from a traditional two-phase process with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor as the methanogenic phase and a circulation of treated leachate between the acidification and methanogenic phases. In comparison with R1 and R2, R3-Rm enhanced the digestion process and increased the methane content of biogas. 100% of the R3-Rm methane yield was from the methanogenic phase with average methane content of 71%. The significant enhancement was also confirmed by the removal of 79% of total organic carbon (TOC), 60% of volatile solids (VS) and 80% of total COD in 12 days running of R3-Rm. However, no active methane fermentation was detected in R1 and R2 during 60 days operation. The results in this laboratory-scale study show that the rapid accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) due to the rapid acidification of food waste inhibits the development of effective methane fermentation in single pass and leachate recycle reactors. The coupled solid/liquid bioreactor is more efficient in converting food waste into methane and carbon dioxide.
22
Mathissen, Marcel, Theodoros Grigoratos, Tero Lahde, and Rainer Vogt. "Brake Wear Particle Emissions of a Passenger Car Measured on a Chassis Dynamometer." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (2019): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090556.
Full textAbstract:
Brake wear emissions with a special focus on particle number (PN) concentrations were investigated during a chassis dynamometer measurement campaign. A recently developed, well-characterized, measurement approach was applied to measure brake particles in a semi-closed vehicle setup. Implementation of multiple particle measurement devices allowed for simultaneous measurement of volatile and solid particles. Estimated PN emission factors for volatile and solid particles differed by up to three orders of magnitude with an estimated average solid particle emission factor of 3∙109 # km−1 brake−1 over a representative on-road brake cycle. Unrealistic high brake temperatures may occur and need to be ruled out by comparison with on-road temperature measurements. PN emissions are strongly temperature dependent and this may lead to its overestimation. A high variability for PN emissions was found when volatile particles were not removed. Volatiles were observed under high temperature conditions only which are not representative of normal driving conditions. The coefficient of variation for PN emissions was 1.3 without catalytic stripper and 0.11 with catalytic stripper. Investigation of non-braking sections confirmed that particles may be generated at the brake even if no brakes are applied. These “off-brake-event” emissions contribute up to about 30% to the total brake PM10 emission.
23
Jahn, L., T. Baumgartner, K. Svardal, and J. Krampe. "The influence of temperature and SRT on high-solid digestion of municipal sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 4 (2016): 836–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.264.
Full textAbstract:
The influence of temperature and solids retention time (SRT) on high-solid digestion of municipal sewage sludge was investigated in laboratory-scale reactors. Digestion with high-solid concentration reduces the required digestion volume and is advantageous for urban areas. The experimental conditions comprised total suspended solids (TSS) in digested sludge between 4.0 and 4.6%, temperatures in a range of 33 to 41 °C and the SRT between 10 and 25 d. High-solid digestion operates with increased NH4-N concentrations released from organic compounds. The anaerobic process can be limited by high NH4-N concentration and toxic NH3. In this study a stable digestion was observed up to 2,000 mg L−1 NH4-N and 75 mg L−1 NH3. Volatile suspended solids (VSS) and chemical oxygen demand removal was 53% and 57% respectively. However, digestion with 10 d SRT led to a declined VSS removal of 49%. The removal at 41 and 37 °C showed minor differences, while reduced NH4-N release and reduced methane production were observed at 33 °C. For economic reasons, high-solid digestion at 41 °C is not recommended, but will not impair VSS removal. The outcomes of this study confirm that digestion with up to 7.8% TSS in the feed is feasible for the tested temperatures and SRT down to 15 d.
24
Battistoni, P., G. Fava, C. Stanzini, F. Cecchi, and A. Bassetti. "Feed Characteristics and Digester Operative Conditions as Parameters Affecting the Rheology of Digested Municipal Solid Wastes." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 2 (1993): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0073.
Full textAbstract:
The rheology of pre-composted and fresh organic fractions of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) anaerobically digested in thermophilic range of temperature and different operative conditions is presented. Rheological properties are strongly influenced by feed characteristics and the biodEgradation achieved. The metabolization of complex substrates has been invoked to explain different behaviours. A semiempirical model of plastic viscosity with total volatile solids, organic loading rate removed and specific gas production before feeding is proposed. The fluid behaviour of OFMSW sludges where complex substrates exert a determinant role, is outlined by thixotropy and temperature effect.
25
Mozūraitis, Raimondas, Vincas Būda, and Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson. "Optimization of Solid-Phase Microextraction Sampling for Analysis of Volatile Compounds Emitted from Oestrous Urine of Mares." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65, no. 1-2 (2010): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2010-1-220.
Full textAbstract:
The solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique was applied and optimized for collection of volatile compounds emitted from oestrous urine of mares Equs cabalus L. (Perissodactyla, Equidae) for GC-MS analyses. Variables such as type of SPME fi bre, collection time of volatiles, and addition of salt were optimized to improve the sampling effi ciency in two aspects: extent and selectivity of absorption/adsorption of urine volatiles onto SPME fi bres. The data revealed that the number of volatiles and the total amount represented as quantitative peak areas of the compounds trapped on fi bres coated either with polydimethylsiloxane- divinylbenzene or with divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane were signifi cantly higher compared to those coated with polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylate, and carbowax-divinylbenzene. The polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene-type of fi bre coating was chosen for optimization of sampling time and effect of salt addition. Sampling periods lasted for 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min. The optimal collection time of volatiles from urine maintained at about 36 °C was 60 min, as the number of compounds detected with amounts suffi cient for quantifi cation did not differ signifi cantly from those trapped during longer collection periods. No signifi cant increase in total amount of volatiles trapped was registered after 120 min of sampling. Addition of 0.3 g NaCl to the 2-ml of samples shortened the collection period from 60 to 15 min during which almost all compounds were trapped. Addition of salt has a signifi cant effect at all sampling periods taking into consideration the total amounts of volatiles trapped. The total intensities increased about 8, 5, 3, 3, and 2 times at collection periods of 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min, respectively, when compare with the ones obtained from the urine samples with no salt addition. In oestrous mare’s urine, 139 ± 4 (average number ± standard deviation) volatile compounds suitable for quantitative analyses were detected compared to 45 compounds collected by the gas-tight syringe method.
26
D'Addario, E., R. Pappa, B. Pietrangeli, and M. Valdiserri. "The Acidogenic Digestion of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste for the Production of Liquid Fuels." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 2 (1993): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0101.
Full textAbstract:
Several reactors were tested for the anaerobic conversion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste into volatile fatty acids. The reactors examined included Batch, Semi-Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor and Multistage-Counter Flow Reactor. After reasonable retention times (12 days), Batch systems operating at 15% w/v of dry matter and under pH controlled at 6.5, gave better performances both in terms of total Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) concentration (23-24 g/l) and conversion yield (215 g VFA/kg volatile solids). However, these conditions of reaction caused a high level of liquefaction of the feedstock which resulted in a difficult down-stream processing. On the contrary, the acidogenesis under uncontrolled pH, allowed the production of leachates directly processable for acids recovery. Based on this reason, the Multistage-Counter Flow Reactor, operating under uncontrolled pH, appeared to be the most promising system. The leachate obtained from such a system was processed to obtain mixtures of C2-C7 methyl esters, potentially usable as octane enhancers. The digested solid was intended to be dried and refined to obtain soil amendment. A process for the treatment of municipal solid waste based on the previous steps and including conventional sorting facilities and units for the incineration of all residual solids, was evaluated to be economically comparable with landfilling. The revenues from the sales of esters and fertilizers were highly sensitive to the yield of the acidogenic step and to the value and the amount of the derived fertilizer. Further research is still in progress to improve the economics of the process. The activities are addressed to study proper procedures for the improvement of the down-stream processing of the mixtures originating from acidogenesis under almost neutral pH.
27
Fristyana Sosanty Lubis, Irvan, Dedy Anwar, Basril Amirza Harahap, and Bambang Trisakti. "KAJIAN AWAL PEMBUATAN PUPUK CAIR ORGANIK DARI EFFLUENT PENGOLAHAN LANJUT LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT (LCPKS) SKALA PILOT." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 3, no. 1 (2014): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v3i1.1499.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study is to design an organic liquid fertilizer manufacturing process from palm oil mill effluent (POME) at pilot scale. Materials used were effluent from further processing of biogas fermentation from POME and starter (mixture of molasses, yeast and effective microorganism). Variables measured were total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), total suspended solid (TSS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), in addition, analysis content of liquid fertilizers was performed. The research consisted of production of starters and fermentation process. Loading rate was started from hydraulic retention time (HRT) 2,500 days and bioreactor performance was observed at HRT 100, 90 and 80 days. The results showed that COD concentration of bioreactor effluent decreased from 8,600 to 1,580 mg/l and from analysis content, liquid fertilizers are composed of nitrogen 0.14%, P2O5 0.05%, K2O 0.07%, MgO 0.01%, CaO 0.001mg/l, C-Organic 0,12%, and C/N Ratio 0.86.
28
Fang, Wei, Panyue Zhang, Xiying Gou, et al. "Volatile fatty acid production from spent mushroom compost: Effect of total solid content." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 113 (September 2016): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.03.025.
Full text
29
Cheng, Jie Hong, Yan Yan Zhang, Nan Wen Zhu, and Shu Gen Liu. "The Study of Sludge Characteristics for One-Stage Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion Process." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.437.
Full textAbstract:
One-stage Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion was autonomously designed to treat municipal sludges. By the way of batch operation experiment, the influence of removal rates of volatile suspended solids(VSS), total suspended solids(TSS), auto-rise temperature, and COD concentration, volatile fatty acid concentration of sludge, were investigated respectively. The results showed that a large part of reactor temperature was in thermophilic statues at 56°C-60°C during sludge digestion period; Municipal sludges treated have achieved stabilization standard of 503 articles of EPA while removal rates of VSS and TSS at 38.9% and 31% respectively for 360h retention time. Resulting from micro-organisms hydrolysis reaction, total COD concentration of sludge supernatant (SCOD) was increased firstly and then dropped afterward during the process of digestion while total COD concentration of solid phase of sludge(TCOD) still fall down with removal rate of TCOD at 35.6% for 360h retention time. A sum of concentration of volatile fatty acid(VFA) was accumulated gradually in the sludge supernatant at 2745mg/L for 360h retention time because of micro-aerobic situation in the beginning of digestion process, and can be use as the carbon sources for wastewater treatment process.
30
Bajer, Tomáš, Petra Bajerová, and Karel Ventura. "Effect of Harvest and Drying on Composition of Volatile Profile of Elderflowers (Sambucus nigra) from Wild." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 12 (2017): 1934578X1701201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701201231.
Full textAbstract:
Volatile compounds emitted by elderflowers ( Sambucus nigra L.) at various stages (blooming on the bush, and at different stages after harvesting) were analyzed to investigate changes in the composition of volatile profiles induced by two drying procedures. Solid-phase microextraction and simultaneous distillation-solvent extraction were used for concentration of volatiles. Analyses of extracts were performed using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer or a flame ionization detector. On-site field sampling of volatiles followed-up by chromatographic analysis provided interesting information, including insect pheromones from 55 % to 79 % of the total peak area in the GC/MS chromatograms. Composition of aroma compounds of harvested elderflowers was strongly influenced by the type of drying procedure, where the content of some volatiles decreased and some substances even occur due to ongoing physicochemical processes. Changes in volatile profile caused by harvesting were also observed.
31
Tasdemir, Deniz, Betül Demirci, Fatih Demirci, Ali A. Dönmez, K. Hüsnü Can Baser, and Peter Rüedia. "Analysis of the Volatile Components of Five Turkish Rhododendron Species by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and GC-MS (HS-SPME-GC-MS)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 58, no. 11-12 (2003): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2003-11-1208.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Volatile constituents of various solvent extracts (n-hexane, CH2Cl2, H2O) of 15 different organs (leaves, flowers, fruits) of five Rhododendron species (Ericaceae) growing in Turkey were trapped with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique and analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 200 compounds were detected and identified from organic extracts, while the water extracts contained only traces of few volatiles. The CH2Cl2 extract of the R. luteum flowers was found to exhibit the most diverse composition: 34 compounds were identified, with benzyl alcohol (16.6%), limonene (14.6%) and p-cymene (8.4%) being the major compounds. The CH2Cl2-solubles of R. x sochadzeae leaves contained only phenyl ethyl alcohol. This study indicated appreciable intra-specific variations in volatile compositions within the genus. Different anatomical parts also showed altered volatile profiles. This is the first application of HS-SPME-GC-MS on the volatiles of Rhododendron species.
32
Yesil, H., A. E. Tugtas, A. Bayrakdar, and B. Calli. "Anaerobic fermentation of organic solid wastes: volatile fatty acid production and separation." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 10 (2014): 2132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.132.
Full textAbstract:
Anaerobic fermentation of organic municipal solid waste was investigated using a leach-bed reactor (LBR) to assess the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production efficiency. The leachate recycle rate in the LBR affected the VFA composition of the leachate. A six-fold increase in the recycle rate resulted in an increase of the acetic acid fraction of leachate from 24.7 to 43.0%. The separation of VFAs via leachate replacement resulted in higher total VFA production. VFA separation from synthetic VFA mix and leachate of a fermented organic waste was assessed via a counter-current flow polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane contactor. Acetic and propionic acid permeation fluxes of 13.12 and 14.21 g/m2.h were obtained at low feed pH values when a synthetic VFA mix was used as a feed solution. The highest selectivity was obtained for caproic acid compared to that of other VFAs when synthetic VFA mix or leachate was used as a feed solution. High pH values and the presence of suspended solids in the leachate adversely affected the permeation rate.
33
Wang, Kai, Bowen Ma, Tao Feng, et al. "Quantitative analysis of volatile compounds of four Chinese traditional liquors by SPME-GC-MS and determination of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities." Open Chemistry 19, no. 1 (2021): 518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0039.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this work was to investigate the volatile compositions of four Chinese functional liquors. For this purpose, volatile compounds of four liquors were extracted with head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) along with the determination of odor activity value (OAV) and relative odor contribution (ROC). Sixty volatiles were tentatively identified and categorized into the following seven groups: alcohols, esters, fatty acids, carbonyl compound, hydrocarbons, phenols, and other components. The differences in chemical composition of volatile compounds were visualized with heat maps. Odorants were compared with different samples using a statistical analysis of Venn diagrams and a multivariate principal component analysis, and ethyl hexanoate, ethyl acetate, and ethyl octanoate were found to be the key odorants. Besides, abundant phenolic contents and high antioxidant ability of four Chinese functional liquors could potentially bring better health-boosting effects.
34
Irvan, Irma Suraya, Hari Tiarasti, Bambang Trisakti, Rosdanelli Hasibuan, and Yoshimasa Tomiuchi. "PEMBUATAN BIOGAS DARI BERBAGAI LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 1, no. 1 (2012): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v1i1.1405.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of Fe level as trace metal on the quantity of biogas produced from the fermentation of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Materials used in this study included POME from one of the palm oil factories belong to PTPN IV, hydrochloric acid, sodium bicarbonate, and trace metal. Observed variables were volume of biogas, concentration of Fe in fermentor, rate of degradation total solid (TS) and volatile solid (VS), and CO2at Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 6 days. Before HRT of 6 days reached, initial trace metal composition of Fe added were 25.2 mg / L, Co 0.42 mg / L and Ni 0.49 mg/ L. After that, composition of trace metal were consisted only Co and Ni. The results of this study showed that Fe as a trace metal did not affect the production or quantity of biogas and concentration Fe on level > 330 mg/L decreased the value of CH4, total solid (TS) and volatil solid (VS). Thus, Fe in the trace metal is no longer required if there is a high content of Fe in POME because it can be toxic for microorganism in the fermentation of biogas.
35
Raharjo, Slamet, Puti S. Komala, and Adjar Pratoto. "Biogas production from household solid waste-an alternative solid waste treatment for a communal scale." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 06016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927606016.
Full textAbstract:
Current practice in Indonesia shows that Household Solid Waste (HSW) is handled by transferring to landfill site. Meanwhile, around 68% of HSW is composed of biodegradable components, which has potential for biogas production. The current study compares some commercial activators including Green Phosko (GP7) and Effective microorganisms 4 (EM4) with homemade activator in 200 L anaerobic digester equipped with manual mixing for processing kitchen waste (KW). pH and ratio of solid waste to water were set at 8 and 1:2, respectively. Batch experiments show that digester #3 with homemade activator shows superior performance compared to commercial activators. Meanwhile, the digesters with commercial activators show better performance compared to digester control (without activator). Digester #3 produces 1.35 L CH4/kg total solid (TS) and 1.14 L CH4/kg volatile solid (VS). Current work suggests that the homemade activator has the most suitable methanogen bacterium compared to the commercial activators.
36
Chen, Jian Yan, Zheng Mei Ye, Tian Yi Huang, Xiao Dan Chen, Yong Yu Li, and Shao Hua Wu. "Identification of Volatiles in Leaves of Alpinia zerumbet ‘Variegata’ Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 7 (2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900729.
Full textAbstract:
Alpinia zerumbet ‘Variegata’ is an aromatic medicinal plant, its foliage producing an intense, unique fragrant odor. This study identified 46 volatile compounds in the leaf tissue of this plant using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The major compounds included 1, 8-cineole (43.5%), p-cymene (14.7%), humulene (5.5%), camphor (5.3%), linalool (4.7%), ( E)-methyl cinnamate (3.8%), γ-cadinene (3.3%), humulene oxide II (2.1%) and α-terpineol (1.5%). The majority of the volatiles were terpenoids of which oxygenated monoterpenes were the most abundant, accounting for 57.2% of the total volatiles. Alcohols made up the largest (52.8%) and aldehydes the smallest (0.2%) portions of the volatiles. Many bioactive compounds were present in the volatiles.
37
Song, Yong, Na Qiao, Chong Wei Li, Ting Ting Wen, and Fang Yu Liu. "SPME-GC/MS Analysis of Volatile Components from Air-Dried Sausage during Processing." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 1614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.1614.
Full textAbstract:
Air-dried sausage (ADS) is a kind of Chinese traditional spontaneous fermented sausages, and is popular to consumers. In order to investigate the changes of volatile components from ADS during processing, solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) was employed to extract volatiles from samples of different processing stages. And then, volatile compounds were separated and identified by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In this work, 19, 25 and 29 kinds of volatile compounds were identified from samples periodically taken at 0 d, 2 d and 7 d. 32 volatile compounds were identified in total during the entire process. The main volatile compounds during the processing of ADS were ethyl alcohol, hexanal, D-limonene, 2-pentanone and hexanoic acid ethyl ester. Branched-chain aldehydes: 3-methylbutanal and 2-methylbutanal were also detected and identified. The formation of these volatile compounds may be attributed to the added alcohol, spices, fat oxidation, amino acid metabolism, microbial activity and the interaction between these factors.
38
Sarkar, Atreyi, and Uma Ghosh. "Classical Single Factor Optimisation of Parameters for Phenolic Antioxidant Extraction from Tamarind Seed (Tamarindus indica)." Plant Science Today 3, no. 3 (2016): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2016.3.3.242.
Full textAbstract:
Presently the work deals with outreaching and exhaustive investigations involving single factor optimisation method, to optimise the parameters for phenolic antioxidant extraction from the seeds of Tamarindus indica. At first the characterization of the seeds has been performed by estimating the total calorie value, carbohydrate, protein, fat, Total Polyphenol Content (TPC), moisture (%), total ash (%), total solid (%), volatile solid (%), fixed carbon (%), bulk density (%), pH and solubility. The effects of solid to solvent ratio (1:10 - 1:30 w/v), ethanol concentration (25 - 100% v/v), extraction time (1 - 24 hours) and extraction temperature (25 - 60°C) have been investigated to optimise the extraction of Total Polyphenol Content (TPC) and Antioxidant capacity determined by Folin - Ciocalteu and FRAP analyses respectively. The solvent extraction conditions have been optimised at solid to solvent ratio of 1:20 w/v, 50% ethanol as solvent and 3 hours of shaking at 40°C.
39
Boyano, Iker, Aroa R. Mainar, J. Alberto Blázquez, et al. "Reduction of Grain Boundary Resistance of La0.5Li0.5TiO3 by the Addition of Organic Polymers." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010061.
Full textAbstract:
The organic solvents that are widely used as electrolytes in lithium ion batteries present safety challenges due to their volatile and flammable nature. The replacement of liquid organic electrolytes by non-volatile and intrinsically safe ceramic solid electrolytes is an effective approach to address the safety issue. However, the high total resistance (bulk and grain boundary) of such compounds, especially at low temperatures, makes those solid electrolyte systems unpractical for many applications where high power and low temperature performance are required. The addition of small quantities of a polymer is an efficient and low cost approach to reduce the grain boundary resistance of inorganic solid electrolytes. Therefore, in this work, we study the ionic conductivity of different composites based on non-sintered lithium lanthanum titanium oxide (La0.5Li0.5TiO3) as inorganic ceramic material and organic polymers with different characteristics, added in low percentage (<15 wt.%). The proposed cheap composite solid electrolytes double the ionic conductivity of the less cost-effective sintered La0.5Li0.5TiO3.
40
Basnayake, B. F. A. "Simulation of Lab-scale Leachate Treatment Bioreactor with Application of Logistic Growth Equation for Determining Design and Operational Parameters." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 8, no. 1 (2017): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2017.01.021.
Full textAbstract:
A laboratory scale Leachate Treatment Bioreactor (LTB) was needed to determine the optimum design and operational parameters because of poor performance of a full scale unit. In order to increase the lifespan of LTB, coconut comb and rubber tyres were included in the partially decomposed Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as biofilter material inside the reactor. A composite liner of clay and waste polythene was used to mineralize excess inorganic compounds. The parameter reductions were from 26,000 mg/L to 6,832 mg/L of Total Solids (TS), 6,230 mg/L to 2,930 mg/L of Total Disolved Solids (TDS), 12,000 mg/L to 1182.6 mg/L of Volatile Solids (VS), 14,000 mg/L to 4,410 mg/L of Total Fixed Solids (TFS) and 29,700 mg/L to 3,000 mg/L of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The kinetic analysis using the logistic growth equation showed cyclic events and the application of separating the growth and decay of microbes based on the Total Fixed Solids (TFS) gave a mineralization rate of 1.83 x 102 kg /m3 of leachate/m height of LTB /day for up scaling.
41
Wang, J. Y., H. Zhang, O. Stabnikova, S. S. Ang, and J. H. Tay. "A hybrid anaerobic solid–liquid system for food waste digestion." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 1-2 (2005): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0521.
Full textAbstract:
A hybrid anaerobic solid – liquid (HASL) system was developed to enhance food waste bioconversion in comparison with the conventional two-phase anaerobic digester. The advantages of the HASL system were the higher efficiency of methane production and smaller volume of effluent from the system. The biogas, which was generated from the methanogenic phase, had an average methane content of 71–72%. Total removal of volatile solids consisted of 78–80%. The HASL system can be operated in both batch and semi-continuous modes with satisfactory performance. The addition of a submerged biofilter for ammonia removal to the HASL system further enhanced the performance of anaerobic digestion. Methane production in the enhanced HASL system was increased by 26% in comparison with the HASL system without submerged filter. This paper describes the development of the enhanced HASL system for anaerobic treatment of food waste.
42
K., Singh Ashok. "Fate of Conjugated and Free Estrogens in Swine Manure Collected from areas Housing Piglets, Pregnant Sows and Finisher Pigs." Journal of Agricultural Studies 4, no. 2 (2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v4i2.9298.
Full textAbstract:
Occurrence and fate of estrogens and their metabolites were studied in pig manure collected during winter and summer seasons from sites housing piglets (Nursery (Nur)-manure), pregnant and nursing sows (PS manure) and finisher pigs (FPig manure). The liquid and solid fractions of manure were analyzed for (1) total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS) and total organic carbon (TOC), (2) E coli and M fujisawaense enumeration, (3) total and individual estrogens and (4) estrogenic activity. This study showed that VS and OC values, E coli and M fujisawaense enumerations, estrogen concentrations and estrogenic activity exhibited the following pattern: Nur-manure << FPig-manure < PS-manure. The values for summer and winter Nur-manure did not differ significantly, while the values in summer PS-manure or FPig manure samples were significantly higher than values in corresponding winter samples. Although, estrogens distributed between liquid and solid fractions of manure, concentrations of free, but not conjugated, estrogens depended on manures’ TOC values: an increase in TOC associated with an increase in free estrogen concentrations in liquid manure. However, an increase in TOC decreased the bacterial population in manure liquid by increasing their translocation from liquid into the in solids and ensuing bacterial stabilization. This may increase estrogens’ deconjugation and/or degradation. Estrone (E1) sulfate (sE1), free E1 (fE1), E1 glucuronide (gE1) and E1 metabolites were major steroids present in Nur- and PS-manure, while fE2 and gE2 were predominant estrogens in FPig-manure. In total, the winter estrogen load in liquid was 5.1 mg/L and the load in solid was 4.93 mg/kg. Assuming that 2.3 x 108 kg of manure is produced in the USA per day, approximate hormone load will be 2.3 tons/day. However, manure contains microorganisms that hydrolyze estrogens, thus actual hormone load will be considerably lower.
43
Zeng, Zhi, Chunyan Meng, Xuening Ye, and Zhuo Zeng. "Analysis of Volatile Components ofAdenosma indianum(Lour.) Merr. by Steam Distillation and Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/545760.
Full textAbstract:
The essential oil ofAdenosma indianum(Lour.) Merr. plays an important role in its antibacterial and antiphlogistic activities. In this work, the volatile components were extracted by steam distillation (SD) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 49 volatile components were identified by GC-MS, and the major volatile components wereα-limonene (20.59–35.07%), fenchone (15.79–31.81%),α-caryophyllene (6.98–10.32%),β-caryophyllene (6.98–10.19%), and piperitenone oxide (1.96–11.63%). The comparison of the volatile components fromA. indianum(Lour.) Merr. grown in two regions of China was reported. Also, the comparison of the volatile components by SD and HS-SPME was discussed. The results showed that the major volatile components ofA. indianum(Lour.) Merr. from two regions of China were similar but varied with different extraction methods. These results were indicative of the suitability of HS-SPME method for simple, rapid, and solvent-free analysis of the volatile components of the medicinal plants.
44
Kawaroe, Mujizat, Hefni Effendi, Zidni Ilma Palupi, Neneng Sri Hendra, and Dea Fauzia Lestari. "Utilization of Aquatic Weed Salvinia molesta as a Raw Material for Biogas Production." Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia 22, no. 2 (2019): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v22i2.27891.
Full textAbstract:
Salvinia molesta is an aquatic weed having very high growth rate. The high abundance of this species biomass could be utilized as a source of alternative energy. This research was aimed to utilize S. molesta as a substrate for biogas production using batch system in order to reduce euthrofication effect in a lake. Cow manure was used as starter for anaerobic process because containing bacteria. Proximate test was conducted to analyze the chemical characteristics of the aquatic weed. Chemical oxygen demand, total solid, and total volatile suspended solid of weed and manure were analyzed according to the APHA 2012 method. Biogas composition was analyzed with gas chromatography. The results showed that the S. molesta contained high lignin content and low C:N ratio. Hydrolisis and acidification process occured very rapid, resulting in an increase of the weed and manure mixture COD. In the other hand, the decreased of COD removal was caused by the massal death of methanogenesis bacteria. The total solid and total volatile suspended solid content were not significantly decreased. Potential biogas production from S. molesta was 58.16 L.kg-1 with 318.29 mL.gram VS-1day-1 of methane production. This production value was still low or compared to that of cow manure which have been established as biogass materials and need modification to improve the biogas production.
45
Kung, Chen, Chao, Wu, Lin, and Chen. "Analysis of Volatile Constituents in Platostoma palustre (Blume) Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Simultaneous Distillation-Extraction." Foods 8, no. 9 (2019): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8090415.
Full textAbstract:
Hsian-tsao (Platostoma palustre Blume) is a traditional Taiwanese food. It is admired by many consumers, especially in summer, because of its aroma and taste. This study reports the analysis of the volatile components present in eight varieties of Hsian-tsao using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) coupled with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). HS-SPME is a non-heating method, and the results show relatively true values of the samples during flavor isolation. However, it is a kind of headspace analysis that has the disadvantage of a lower detection ability to relatively higher molecular weight compounds; also, the data are not quantitative, but instead are used for comparison. The SDE method uses distillation 2 h for flavor isolation; therefore, it quantitatively identifies more volatile compounds in the samples while the samples withstand heating. Both methods were used in this study to investigate information about the samples. The results showed that Nongshi No. 1 had the highest total quantity of volatile components using HS-SPME, whereas SDE indicated that Taoyuan Mesona 1301 (TYM1301) had the highest volatile concentration. Using the two extraction methods, 120 volatile components were identified. Fifty-six volatile components were identified using HS-SPME, and the main volatile compounds were α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene. A total of 108 volatile components were identified using SDE, and the main volatile compounds were α-bisabolol, β-caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide. Compared with SDE, HS-SPME sampling extracted a significantly higher amount of monoterpenes and had a poorer detection of less volatile compounds, such as sesquiterpenes, terpene alcohols, and terpene oxide.
46
Nandi, Rajesh, Chayan Kumer Saha, Shiplu Sarker, Md Sanaul Huda, and Md Monjurul Alam. "Optimization of Reactor Temperature for Continuous Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Manure: Bangladesh Perspective." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (2020): 8772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218772.
Full textAbstract:
Converting organic waste into energy through anaerobic digestion is gaining popularity day by day. The reactor temperature is considered as one of the most vital factors for the digestion process. An experiment was conducted in the Biogas Laboratory of Green Energy Knowledge Hub at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) to examine the influence of temperature on anaerobic digestion of cow-dung. Laboratory-scale continuous stirred tank reactors with a working volume of 15 L were operated for a 30-day retention time. The reactors were set at 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C and 45 °C, respectively to determine the effect of temperature on anaerobic digestion performance. Different parameters like total solids, volatile solids, pH, volatile fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, biogas production rate and methane concentration were examined. Among all the reactors, the reactor at 40 °C temperature produced maximum biogas (312.43 L/kg VS) and methane yields (209.70 L/kg VS), followed by the reactors at 35 °C and 30 °C, respectively. Statistical analysis of the obtained experimental results using Minitab® showed that the optimum process performance in terms of methane yield and volatile solid degradation is achieved at a reactor temperature of 35.82 °C.
47
Cai, Jian, Xiwei Mo, Guojun Cheng, and Dongyun Du. "Pretreatment of piggery wastewater by a stable constructed microbial consortium for improving the methane production." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 5 (2015): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.017.
Full textAbstract:
A stable aerobic microbial consortium, established by successive subcultivation, was employed to solubilize the solid organic fraction in swine wastewater. In the 30 days' successive biological pretreatments, 30–38% of volatile solids and 19–28% total solids in raw slurry were solubilized after 10 hours at 37 °C. Meanwhile, soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile fatty acid increased by 48%–56% and 600%–750%, respectively. Furthermore, the molecular microbial profile of the consortium in successive pretreatment was conducted by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results indicated that bacterial species of the consortium rapidly overgrew the indigenous microbial community of raw water, and showed a stable predominance at the long-term treatment. As a consequence of biological pretreatment, pretreatment shortened digestion time by 50% and increased biogas production by 45% compared to raw water in the anaerobic process. The microbial consortium constructed herein is a potential candidate consortium for biological pretreatment of swine wastewater to enhance biogas production.
48
Zhang, Li, Chuang Zhou, Yuan Yuan, Xiao Gong, Yuhao Hu, and Jihua Li. "Characterisation of volatile compounds of pineapple peel wine." E3S Web of Conferences 185 (2020): 04065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018504065.
Full textAbstract:
An analytical program based on the headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed to extract and analysis profiling of volatiles from pineapple peel wine. In total, 57 volatile compounds were detected on the basis of the MS information and RI, including 25 esters, 9 alcohols, 8 acids, 7 phenolic compounds, 6 aldehydes and ketones,1 terpene and 1 lactone, respectively. The types of esters are the most in various aroma substances, and the content of alcohols is the largest. Phenethyl alcohol, 3-methyl-1-butano, 2-methyl-1- butano, 2,3-Butanediol and 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol were the major constituents.
49
Ahadi, Nastaran, Marzieh Torabbeigi, Zahra Aghaiee Meibodei, and Fatemeh Safatian. "Volatile Components of Haplophyllum canaliculatum Boiss. by Different Extraction Procedures." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2020 (May 30, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4202871.
Full textAbstract:
Volatile components of Haplophyllum canaliculatum Boiss. grown in Iran were extracted by hydrodistillation (HD), solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME), and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The components were analyzed by means of GC and GC-MS. The extraction time and temperature for HS-SPME, microwave, power, and exposure time of extraction for SFME were optimized. Twenty-five compounds that represent 99.88% of total compounds in the oil were obtained by the HD method, and the major components for this method were identified as β-pinene (18.90%), 1,8-cineole (13.94%), and piperitone (12.22%). However, piperitone (34.50%), caryophyllene oxide (9.94%), and a-eudesmol were the main compounds among twenty-one constituents, representing 99.89% of the total composition that were characterized in volatiles extracted by the SFME method. Moreover, thirteen compounds, representing 99.95% of the total constituents, were characterized in volatile fraction extracted by the HS-SPME method, which were dominated by β-pinene (21.13%), a-pinene (13.07%), limonene (11.65%), and δ-2-carene (10.23%) as major constituents.
50
Goliáš, J., J. Létal, and O. Veselý. "Effect of low oxygen and high carbon dioxide atmospheres on the formation of volatiles during storage of two sweet cherry cultivars." Horticultural Science 39, No. 4 (2012): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/165/2011-hortsci.
Full textAbstract:
The aroma profiles of two sweet cherry cultivars Kordia and Vanda were investigated during storage at different oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and at a low temperature using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The most abundant aroma volatiles observed in both sweet cherry cultivars were alcohols, esters, terpenoids and aldehydes. Fifteen alcohols (but principally ethan-1-ol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and phenethyl alcohol) provided approximately 39% of the total volatile production and eight esters (principally (E)-2-hexenyl acetate and pentyl butyrate) were responsible for another 39% of the volatile production. Four terpenoids (principally limonene and &alpha;-linalool) were responsible for a further 15% of volatile production, and 10 aldehydes (principally (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octen-1-al) were responsible for the remaining 7% of total volatile production. However, out of all the volatile compounds detected, a total of just 6 compounds (phenethyl alcohol, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octen-1-al, pentyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate and limonene) made up 80% of the total volatile production. Fruit stems remained green during all 54 days of the storage period, although one tenth of the stems slowly dessicated in each of the three controlled atmospheres. This is in marked contrast to the stems of fruit held in a regular atmosphere, which turned completely brown. &nbsp;