Relevant bibliographies by topics / Total station

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Total station'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Total station"

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Sun, Heng. "Precision Analysis of Free-Station Positioning in Total Station." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 1281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.1281.

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This paper examines the precision analysis model provided according to the principle of indirect adjustment, to simulate the positioning accuracy at all different conditions including the location of station in total station, the accuracy of angular and side surveying, and compares the accuracy of free-station positioning for only two back-sight points. The results shown that the accuracy of side surveying for instrument has significant influence on positioning accuracy greater than that of angular survey, and the location of stationing points near to the connection line between two back-sight points was benefit for improving the accuracy of positioning.
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Al-Helli, Ammar M. S., Amjad K. Resen, and Atheer H. Ali. "Fish Assemblage in the Euphrates River at Al-Samawa City, Southern Iraq." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 (September 4, 2019): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.138.

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The study was conducted in the Euphrates river in Al-Samawa city at two stations during the period from October 2016 till September 2017. The first station (north station) was Al-Majd township (45°12'49.2"E, 31°22'14.9"N), and the second station (south station) was Al-Zaier region (45°20'21.4"E, 31°18'54.4"N). Some ecological factors were monthly recorded at the stations of the current study, including water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, transparency, the speed of water flow, BOD5 and total hardness. All factors except total hardness have not significant differences between two stations, The hardness in the north station showed higher (844-1475) mg.l-1 than south station (655-1250) mg.l-1. Fishes were collected by gill nets, cast net, hook and line, hand net and electro-fishing. A total of 4260 fish specimens were collected which belong to 24 species and 10 families, 17 species of them were native species whereas seven of them were alien species. The most abundant species was blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus constituted 26.84% of the total caught of a north station, The value of the dominance index (D3) in north station was 62.57%, while the most abundant species in south station was Prussian carp Carassius auratus constituted 27.14% of the total caught, The value of the dominance index (D3) in the south station was 56.42%.
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Alsalman, Abdullah S., Abdullah Elsadig Ali, Fahad A. Abanmy, and Emad Eddin Abdou Ibrahim. "Appraising Reflectorless Total Station Instruments." Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences 22, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1018-3639(18)30504-x.

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Horemuž, Milan, and Patric Jansson. "Optimum Establishment of Total Station." Journal of Surveying Engineering 143, no. 2 (May 2017): 06016004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)su.1943-5428.0000207.

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Lichti, D. D., and J. Lampard. "Reflectorless total station self-calibration." Survey Review 40, no. 309 (July 2008): 244–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/003962608x291031.

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Ariani, Afrita, Usman Malik, and Asnawi Husin. "ANALISIS EFEK GERHANA MATAHARI TOTAL 9 MARET 2016 TERHADAP KANDUNGAN TOTAL ELEKTRON IONOSFER." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.17.1.50-54.

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Total elektron contant in ionosphere is affected by several fastors, local time, solar aktivities, geomagnetic disturbance, geographical latitude and longitude. This researh aims to observase level variation of total electron contant during solar eclipse over Indonesia on 9 March 2016. We analyzed GPS data from two GPS stations in different locations with different sun observation geographical latitude and longitude, the locations were Sulawesi station (CAMP) and Maluku station (CAMB). The method used in this research, was data interpretation method computationally, the whole data analyzed using matlab software R2008a. The values of daily TEC range from 20 TECU till 30 TECU. Although the value of TEC when solar total eclipse range from 10n TECU untill 20 TECU. The percentage of decreasing value of TEC when total solar eclipse than the daily value of TEC. Decreasing of TEC value between 20%-40%.
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Annan, Richard Fiifi, Yao Yevenyo Ziggah, John Ayer, and Christian Amans Odutola. "ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF HEIGHTS OBTAINED FROM TOTAL STATION AND LEVEL INSTRUMENT USING TOTAL LEAST SQUARES AND ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES METHODS." Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning 3, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.3.2.87-92.

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Spirit levelling has been the traditional means of determining Reduced Levels (RL’s) of points by most surveyors. The assertion that the level instrument is the best instrument for determining elevations of points needs to be reviewed; this is because technological advancement is making the total station a very reliable tool for determining reduced levels of points. In order to achieve the objective of this research, reduced levels of stations were determined by a spirit level and a total station instrument. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Total Least Squares (TLS) techniques were then applied to adjust the level network. Unlike OLS which considers errors only in the observation matrix, and adjusts observations in order to make the sum of its residuals minimum, TLS considers errors in both the observation matrix and the data matrix, thereby minimising the errors in both matrices. This was evident from the results obtained in this study such that OLS approximated the adjusted reduced levels, which compromises accuracy, whereas the opposite happened in the TLS adjustment results. Therefore, TLS was preferred to OLS and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed on the preferred TLS solution and the RL’s from the total station in order to ascertain how accurate the total station can be relative to the spirit level.
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KAPARAPU, Jyothi, and Mohan Narasimha Rao GEDDADA. "Seasonal Distribution of Phytoplankton in Riwada Reservoir, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb539082.

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The present study deals with seasonal variations, correlation coefficient and biodiversity indices of phytoplankton during April 2011 to March 2012 in the Riwada reservoir, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Sampling was performed at five stations during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon. There were a total of 57 genera belonging to four major groups i.e., Chlorophyceae (27 genera), Bacillariophyceae (14 genera), Cyanophyceae (13 genera) and Euglenophyceae (three genera). Maximum and minimum total phytoplankton population and percentages were recorded at station three in pre monsoon and at station two during monsoon. The maximum and minimum species richness (Menhinick index R2) were found to be 1.29 at station one and 1.10 at station three respectively. Maximum and minimum species diversity (H1) were found at station four (3.98) and station two (3.71). Maximum species evenness was recorded at stations one, being four and five; minimum species evenness was recorded at station two. Correlation coefficient matrix indicated significant positive relationship with water temperature, pH, transparency, biological oxygen demand and chlorides, negative relationship with electric conductivity, total solids, total dissolved solids, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, sulphates and phosphates of water. The diversity indices showed that the reservoir have a well balanced phytoplankton community.
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Al-Taai, Osama, and Zainab Abbood. "Analysis of the convective available potential energy by precipitation over Iraq using ECMWF data for the period of 1989–2018." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 29, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2020.29.2.17.

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The Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) represents the amount of energy for a sample of air. The sample departs vertically within the atmosphere and through these values the potential energy to predict the extreme weather conditions such as storms, hurricanes, lightning and thunder. Data are taken by CAPE, convective precipitation (Cp) and total precipitation (Tp) from satellites recorded by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The choice of 30 years (1989– –2018) over Iraq station between two latitudes (29.5°–37.22° N) and two longitudes (48.45°–38.45° E). Otherwise, we have studied total yearly mean of CAPE, Cp and Tp over Iraq, the total monthly mean of CAPE, Cp and Tp for the selected station, as well as the relationship between of CAPE, Cp and Tp for the selected station. The results showed that the highest total yearly mean of CAPE, Cp and Tp over Iraq was included northern stations and lowest was included central and southern stations. The highest total monthly mean of CAPE, Cp and Tp for Zakho station. The relationship between the CAPE and Cp is positive and the relationship between CAPE and Tp is positive too at five stations but Mosul station represents very high correlation while Zakho station represents the low correlation.
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Audu, H. A. P., and M. Y. Tijjani. "Comparative Assessment of the Accuracy of the Elevation differences obtained from different Geomatics Techniques and Instruments." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 1, no. 1 (March 2017): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2017.01.0021.

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This study carried out the comparative evaluation of the accuracy of elevation differences determined from two Geomatics instruments and techniques in part of University of Benin, Ugbowo Campus. Reconnaissance survey was carried out and the two Geomatics instruments (Total station instrument and the Automatic level instrument) used for this study were tested and found to be in good working conditions. In line with the survey regulation, the position of the control stations (UB GPS101and UB GPS102) where the survey commenced were checked for disturbance and the obtained angular and linear measurements proved that the control stations were in situ. The perimeter traversing, using the total station instrument, with closed traverse technique and the perimeter levelling using the trigonometric levelling method and the level instrument with flying level both commenced from the GPS control stations and terminated at the same control stations. The known coordinates of UB GPS102, when compared with those determined with the total station instrument, have some millimetres differences. The difference in the elevation of the GPS control station and the elevation determined for the same control station with the total station instrument was in millimetre. These values were within the specified and acceptable accuracy limits. The accuracy of the tertiary traverse survey, which has satisfied the allowable accuracy limits for tertiary traverse survey, was 1: 41,428.043. The allowable accuracy for third order levelling for the study area was 26mm. Their computed accuracies using the total station and level instruments were 21mm and 13mm respectively. Although the elevations determined from the two Geomatics instruments met the standard accuracy limits for tertiary levelling, the accuracy of the elevations obtained with the level instrument is higher than those obtained with the total station instrument. These results are in conformity with the findings of some researchers on the related subject matter.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Total station"

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Hägglund, Eriksson Malin. "Accuracy and Precision Analysis of Total Station Measurements." Thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147005.

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The main objective of this bachelor thesis was to gain awareness of accuracy and precision in total station measurements. Experiments were designed, executed and analyzed.   The approach to the subject was to examine measurements made with various prism set-ups. Prisms are supposed to be directed to the total station with the front face in the line of sight. In the experiment the prisms were directed in various angles in order to measure in non-perfect measuring arrangement and the behavior of the precision and accuracy were noted.   The mean values and standard uncertainties were calculated from the material as well as RMS Error in the cases where reference values could be used as true values. The reference values for comparison were available due to the possibility to use a test field – a network of concrete pillars with well-defined coordinates.   To see whether the precision (the standard uncertainty) changed between a measurement sample made with correctly positioned prisms and a measurement sample towards the angled prisms, a statistical test method was used. (The test method is recommended in the international standard ISO 17123-1; Optics and optical instruments, Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments, Part 1: Theory).   The results from the experiments showed that there were larger standard uncertainties in the slope distance measurements towards extreme angled prisms than to correctly directed prisms. Surprisingly it was also larger standard uncertainty in vertical angle measurements toward correctly directed prisms than slightly angled prisms. The mean values of the horizontal angle measurement drifted sideways in the measurements made towards one extreme angle to the opposite extreme so that a total shift of around one centimeter was detected at short distances as well as up to 100 m distance.    When aiming in between the separate prisms of 360-degree targets the standard uncertainty were larger in horizontal angle measurements at a few occasions where it seemed like the autolock function had chosen two different prisms to lock on to, at separate occasions. The standard uncertainties were also larger in all vertical angle measurements when aiming in between the prisms.   The results showed clearly that even when the standard uncertainties of the measurements were of equal size, the mean values – when measuring in the different test positions – could vary substantially.
Huvudsyftet med detta kandidatarbete var att öka medvetenheten angående noggrannhet och precision i mätningar utförda av en totalstation. Ett antal experiment planerades, genomfördes och analyserades.   De områden som undersöktes i projektet var hur mätningarna påverkades av olika sätt att vinkla prismor mot totalstationen. Det rekommenderas att rikta ett prismas framsida mot totalstationens siktlinje. I experimentet vinklades prismorna i olika lägen för att mätningar skulle utföras i icke-perfekta förhållanden.   Medelvärden och standardosäkerheter beräknades ur mätdatan samt RMSE i de fall där det fanns referensvärden att jämföra med. Dessa referensvärden var tillgängliga tack vare möjligheten att få utnyttja ett testfält med betongpelare med kända koordinater.   För att utröna om precisionen (standardosäkerheten) ändrades mellan mätningar på korrekt inriktade prismor och de mätningar som gjordes mot vinklade prismor, utfördes ett statistiskt test. (Testmetoden rekommenderas i den internationella standarden ISO 17123-1, Optics and optical instruments - Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments - Part 1: Theory).   Resultaten av undersökningarna visade att där var större standardosäkerheter i mätningar av den lutande längden när prismorna var extremt vinklade än när de var korrekt orienterade. Standardosäkerheten var något överraskande också större med korrekt riktade prismor i vertikalvinkel-mätningarna med autolockfunktionen än om prismorna var något utåtvinklade. Medelvärdena på horisontalvinklarna drev sidleds i mätningar gjorda i en extrem vinkelposition till den motsatta extremen så att en total förflyttning på runt en centimeter konstaterades på korta avstånd likväl som på avstånd upp till 100 m.   Vid inriktning av siktet mot områdena mellan de separata prismorna i 360-gradsmålen så ökade standardosäkerheten i horisontalvinkel vid ett par positioner då det verkade som att autolockfunktionen valde båda prismorna på var sida, vid olika tillfällen. Standardosäkerheten var också större vid samtliga vertikalvinkelmätningar mot områdena mellan prismorna.   Resultaten visade tydligt att även om standardosäkerheterna i mätningarna var i samma storleks-ordning så kunde medelvärdena av mätstorheten mellan de olika testpositionerna variera substantiellt.
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Bergkvist, Joel. "Optimal Design of Network for Control of Total Station Instruments." Thesis, KTH, Geodesi och satellitpositionering, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172426.

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This thesis uses the Minimum Norm Quadratic Unbiased Estimation (MINQUE) to estimatestandard deviation of observations of a total station. Different setups are created byaltering the number of stations and targets and their relative position in the network tostudy the effect that different setups have to the estimation and define what are importantto minimize the effect of the setup to the estimation.A lot of research has been done around methods for estimation of variance and covariancecomponents, since it is useful in many fields. Various approaches exists to solve theproblem of variance components estimation. Geodesy is a special case, were their often isa apriori knowledge of how well an instrument is able to record measurements. There isan ISO-standard for testing and verification of geodetic instrument but also an alternativeapproach the KTH-Total Station Check.For the estimation three main types of setups were defined and used in the simulation.These main types were then altered to see how different changes to the setup effect theoverall estimation. The alterations were changes in distance between station and targets,changes in vertical distance between stations and targets and the amount of observationscarried out by adding more stations and targets to the setups.The result of the simulations shows that the tested changes in the setups do effectthe estimation. It was not possible to determine by how much for each change, becausea change in vertical displacement also meant a change in angles and distance betweenthe station and the target. Increasing the amount of stations and targets or one of themshows that standard deviation of the estimation becomes smaller. The effect can be seenindependent of which type of setup that is used. The most important factor to how goodthe estimation will be is the amount of observations.
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Chekole, Solomon Dargie. "Surveying with GPS, total station and terresterial laser scaner: a comparative study." Thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145034.

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Pflipsen, Bettina. "Volume computation : a comparison of total station versus laser scanner and different software." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-90.

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The Laser scanner belongs to the new devices on the market of surveying instruments. Tests and measurements gave and still give information where a laser scanner can be used efficiently – partly better than a total station. The results of each measurement are calculated with the corresponding software of the producer or with the corresponding CAD or other surveying programs depending on the scanner. The user cannot recognize which basis is used for the computation at most of the products. A conventional surveying program is not fit for a calculation with big amounts of data, which are the result of a laser scanner measurement. Programs shut down or becomes very slow, thus a processing of the data is impossible. Consequently, the data – the number of points – have to be reduced.

These aspects results in three questions, which where investigated in this thesis:

• Laser scanner versus total station: What is more accurate and what is more efficient?

• Do different software products result in equal outcomes?

• How far can a point cloud be reduced until there are changes in the result?

To answer these questions a pile of sand ( size around 400 m³ ) were surveyed twice: once with a laser scanner – Leica HDS 3000 – and once with a total station – Leica TPS1200. The data of the measurement were computed with three different software products: Geo, Geograf and Cyclone. Additional to this the point cloud was reduced stepwise and in each case, the volume was calculated. Thus, the effect of the reduction could be observed.

Between the different methods, no differences result in the accuracy and - in this investigation – hardly in the time for the measurement. The results of the computations showed that there is no difference between the programs Geo and Geograf. Just the result of Cyclone diverged from the other. The point cloud can be reduced without influences on the result with the order “Unify” until a point-to-point distance of 0,30 m.


Der Laser scanner gehört zu den neuen Geräten auf dem Markt der Vermessungsinstrumente. Tests und Beispielmessungen gaben und geben immer noch Aufschluß darüber, wo dieses Gerät effizient eingesetzt werden kann – teilweise auch besser als ein Tachymeter. Die Ergebnisse einer jeden Messung werden je nach Scanner mit der entsprechenden Software des Herstellers berechnet oder mit entsprechenden CAD oder anderen vermessungstechnischen Programmen. Bei den meisten Produkten kann man nicht erkennen auf welcher Grundlage die Software rechnet. Ein herkömmliches Vermessungsprogramm ist nicht in der Lage, die großen Mengen an Daten, die sich aus einer Laser scanner ergeben, zu verarbeiten. Die Programme stürzen ab oder werden so langsam, daß eine Bearbeitung nicht möglich ist. Also müssen die Daten – die Anzahl der Punkte – reduziert werden.

Aus diesen Punkten ergeben sich drei Fragestellungen, die vertieft in dieser Arbeit untersucht worden sind.

• Laser scanner versus Tachymeter: was ist genauer und was ist effizienter?

• Ergeben verschiedene Softwareprodukte gleiche Ergebnisse?

• Wie weit kann eine Punktwolke reduziert werden, bevor Auswirkungen auf das Ergebnis ergeben?

Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, wurde ein Sandhaufen ( mit eine Größe von ca. 400 m³ ) in zwei unabhängigen Messungen jeweils mit einem Laser scanner - Leica HDS 3000 - und einem Tachymeter – Leica TPS1200 - vermessen. Die Messungsdaten wurden mit drei unterschiedlichen softwareprodukten berechnet: Geo, Geograf und Cyclone. Desweiteren wurde die Punktwolke schrittweise reduziert und jeweils das Volumen berechnet. So konnten die Auswirkungen der Reduktion beobachtet werden.

Es ergaben sich keine Genauigkeitsunterschiede und – in dieser Untersuchung - kaum Zeitunterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Methoden. Die Ergebnisse der Berechnung zeigten, daß zwischen den Programmen Geo und Geograf kein Unterschied ist. Lediglich das Ergebnis von Cyclone weicht von den anderen ab. Die Punktwolke kann auch ohne Einflüsse auf das Ergebnis mit dem Befehl „Unify“ auf einen Punkt-zu-Punkt Abstand von 0,30 m reduziert werden.

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Reda, Adinew Amezene, and Damtie Bekele Bedada. "Accuracy analysis and Calibration of Total Station based on the Reflectorless Distance Measurement." Thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145749.

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Abstract Reflectorless EDM technology uses phase measuring or pulsed lasers to measure targets of a reflective and non-reflective nature. Reflectorless distance measurement provides rapid measurement by saving time and labour for surveyors. However, the accuracy of these types of measurements is under question because of the variety of constraints that affect the measurement. This paper attempts to show the techniques of total station calibration and to investigate the possible sources of error in reflectorless distance measurement. As a result, the effects of different color targets and angle incidence on distance measurement were checked. The precision of reflectorless distance measurement also investigated. In addition, comparison was made for manual and automatic target recognition measurement. Further experiment was performed on how to calibrate the total station instrument and the performance of the instrument was checked by KTH-TSC software. The experiments were evaluated by taking the reflector reading as ‘true value’ to check the accuracy of reflectorless measurement. The effects of colour surfaces on distance measurement have no significant difference. Besides, the result shows that the error in distance increased as the angle of incidence in the target increases. The result also indicates that automatic target recognition mode is the most advisable technique for precise measurement. Finally, an optimal number of seven target points was found for the calculation of prism constant.
Sammandrag Reflektorlös EDM-tekniken använder fas mätning eller pulsade lasrar för att mäta mål en reflekterande och icke-reflekterande karaktär. Reflektorlös avståndsmätning ger snabb mätning genom att spara tid och arbete för inspektörer. Emellertid är noggrannheten hos dessa typer av mätningar under fråga på grund av olika begränsningar som påverkar mätningen. Denna uppsats försöker visa de metoder för totalstation kalibrering och att undersöka eventuella felkällor i reflektorlös avståndsmätning. Som ett resultat var effekterna av olika färger mål och vinkel inverkan på avståndsmätning kontrolleras. Noggrannheten i reflektorlös avståndsmätning undersökt också. Dessutom gjordes jämförelse för manuell och automatisk måligenkännande mätning. Ytterligare experiment utfördes på hur man kalibrerar totalstationen instrumentet och prestanda instrumentet kontrollerades av KTH-TSC programvara. Experimenten utvärderades genom att reflektorn läsning som "sanna värdet" för att kontrollera riktigheten i reflektorlös mätning. Effekterna av färgytor på avståndsmätning har ingen signifikant skillnad. Dessutom visar resultatet felet i avståndet ökade infallsvinkeln i målet ökar. Resultatet visar också automatiskt måligenkännande läget är det mest lämpligt tekniken för exakt mätning. Slutligen ett optimalt antal av sju målpunkter hittades för beräkning av prismakonstanten.
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Broberg, Erik, and Robin Johansson. "Analys av fri stationsuppställning med totalstation med avseende på mätta längder och riktningar." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för naturvetenskap, lantmäteri- och maskinteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-6310.

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Stationsetablering innebär bestämning av ett mätinstruments fysiska läge och orienterad riktning. I dagens bygg- och anläggningsbransch används nästan uteslutande fri station för att etablera en stationspunkt för mätningar. På en byggplats är tillgången till referensobjekt ofta begränsad. Instrumentets placering blir därför en kompromiss mellan tillgång till referensobjekt och tillgång till den plats där inmätning respektive utsättning skall ske. Denna kompromiss ger upphov till skiftande geometriska konfigurationer hos referensobjekten, vilka påverkar mätresultatet. Studiens syfte är att undersöka om simuleringar av fria stationsuppställningar i Svensk Byggnadsgeodesis (SBG:s) programvara Geo verifieras av fältmätningar och efterföljande beräkningar av osäkerhetsparametrar orsakade av konfiguration och mätta längder och riktningar. Delmål var att etablera ett testnät för att sedan genomföra simulering och fältmätning av fri stationsetablering mot. Analysen av fri stationsuppställning innefattade endast simulering och fältmätning i plan, med parametrarna X, Y och riktning. I samtliga konfigurationer verifieras simuleringarna av fältmätningarna genom att redovisade osäkerhetsellipser, till form och utbredning, överensstämmer. Detta innebär att genom simulering i SBG Geo kan svagheter i konfigurationer upptäckas och undvikas vid fältmätning, vilket är både tids- och resurssparande. Studiens slutsats är; Simulera mera. Simulering i SBG Geo visar god överensstämmelse med fältmätning och är där med ett effektivt planeringsverktyg för mätning samt att vid etablering av fri station bör referensobjekten placeras så att stationspunkten interpoleras för lägst osäkerhet. Faktorer att beakta vid fri station är, enligt studien: konfigurationen, mätningarnas kvalitet och att tillräcklig kontrollerbarhet (k-tal) föreligger
Station setup involves determination of the measuring instruments physical location and orientation. In today's construction industry free station is almost exclusively used to establish a station point for measurements. On a construction site, access to reference objects is often limited. The instruments placement therefore becomes a compromise between access to the reference objects and access to the site where surveying will take place. This compromise results in varying geometric configurations of the reference objects, which affect the results of the survey. This study aims to investigate whether the simulations of free station setups in Svensk Byggnadsgeodesis ( SBG's ) software Geo is verified by field measurements and subsequent calculations of uncertainty parameters caused by configuration and surveyed distances and directions. One objective of this study was to establish a test network of reference objects, which simulation and field measurement of free station were established against. The analysis of free station setup included only simulation and field measurement of plane surveying, with the parameters X, Y and direction. In all configurations, the simulations were verified by the field measurements by consistent corresponding of the shape of the error ellipses. This means that by simulation of SBG Geo, weaknesses in configurations can be detected and avoided during field survey, which saves both time and resources. Factors to consider when establishing free station is, according to the study: configuration, quality of the measurements and sufficient controllability (K-tal). The study concludes; simulate more. Simulation in SBG Geo show good representation of field measurements and is therefore an effective planning tool for field surveying. When establishing free station reference objects should be positioned so that the station point is interpolated for the lowest uncertainty
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Sandström, Lars, and Magnus Svensson. "Terrester fotogrammetri med multistation för detaljmätning." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25123.

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Idag används GNSS eller totalstation till nästan all detaljmätning.Fotogrammetri har länge använts inom lantmäteri men då främst somflygburen fotogrammetri. En inte lika vanlig metod är att mäta i bilderterrestert, det vill säga markbunden fotogrammetri. Inom arkitektur användstekniken för visualisering och dokumentation. Syftet med denna studie är attundersöka om terrester fotogrammetri med multistation är en pålitlig metodför detaljmätning. Den huvudsakliga utrustning som använts för studien är:Leica Nova MS50, Leica Nova MS60 och programvaran Leica Infinity. Testergenomfördes i kontrollerad miljö för att se hur låg avvikelse metoden fick,samt ute i fält för att kunna redogöra avvikelser på långa avstånd och för attavgöra hur användarvänlig metoden är. Multistationen etablerades med fristationsetablering mot befintliga stompunkter i den kontrollerade miljön ochgenom integrerad stationsetablering med GNSS ute i fält. Sedan mättes LeicaHDS signaler samt ett antal synbara detaljer in reflektorlöst och fotograferadesmed multistationens teleskopkamera. Efterberäkningarna gjordes i LeicaInfinity där gemensamma detaljer i bilderna mättes in för att kunna beräknakoordinater för signalerna och objekten. De bildberäknade inmätningarnajämfördes mot de reflektorlöst inmätta för att kunna se hur stor avvikelsemetoderna hade mot varandra. I den kontrollerade miljön var avvikelserna påmillimeternivå och ute i fält på centimeternivå.Som alternativ metod till traditionell detaljmätning eller som komplementfungerar metoden bra. Vinklarna mellan stationerna och detaljen som skallmätas verkar vara viktigare än avstånd till detaljen när det kommer tillkvaliteten på koordinaterna.
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Zhuo, Yue. "Measuring inaccessible points in land surveying and analysis of their uncertainty." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-12750.

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Amorighoye, Lucky Eyituoyo. "Developing an assessment tool for measuring total quality management in SASOL's Steam Station Plant / L.E. Amorighoye." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4304.

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Mutloane, Oufa Ernest. "Maintenance management for effective operations management at Matimba Power Station / Oufa Ernest Mutloane." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4797.

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Effective and efficient operations management is the cornerstone of any company's success. Presently, because of cost-cutting pressures, all investors look out for companies' operations before making any investment commitment. The South African Government (through the Department of Public Enterprises), as an owner and investor in Eskom, is looking at optimising operational excellence within state-owned enterprises like Eskom. Eskom is presently experiencing problems with increased electricity consumption which it cannot meet due to the limited plant capacity it presently has. These challenges are forcing Eskom to be more efficient and effective in management of the present plant assets (like Matimba Power Station) it presently operates. Matimba Power Station has consistently shown improvement in the areas of plant, financial and operations performance over the last three years. It is presently the standard bearer for the whole Eskom in terms of plant and operational performance. Asset management (through maintenance and management thereof), especially preventative management with in a power utility like Eskom, is a critical factor because supply (generation of electricity) has to meet demand (consumption of electricity) instantaneously as electricity cannot be saved. The planning, scheduling and execution of maintenance (through a work management process) to ensure success of business operations are very critical. An Eskom document titled Routine Work Management Manual emphasised the criticality of preventative management and included a six-step process of work management within the power generation business. The Japanese success in ensuring that operations costs are limited by implementing total productive maintenance (which includes work management) is suggested in the study as a way to go for operational success at Matimba Power Station. Many of the research studies done at Eskom in regard to maintenance were based on and confined to a sampling population of senior staff members like managers, engineers and supervisors. Experience has shown that progress of implementing change (whether in systems or structures) is slow if there was no proactive involvement of all participants and stakeholders, especially employees at lower levels involved in operations. A work management process, which is one of the pillars of total productive maintenance, was recently implemented at Matimba and is currently experiencing teething problems which are being attended to. Employee involvement in making sure of the success of work management is critical. The study investigates the implementation of work management from the employees' perspective in order to address problems for possible full implementation of total productive maintenance.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.
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Books on the topic "Total station"

1

Brookes, Alan Thomas. The calibration of electronic total station surveying instruments. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1991.

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Office, General Accounting. Space Station: Estimated total U.S. funding requirements : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1995.

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Office, General Accounting. Space Station: Estimated total U.S. funding requirements : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.

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Christopher, Evans. Flow summary at three seasonal gaging stations on the Little Klickitat River. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 2001.

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Schneider, Mitch. The high performance shop. New York: Thomson, Delmar Learning, 2003.

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Great Britain. Colonial Office. Church establishment (colonies): Return to an address of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 3 April 1838 for, return of the number of persons on the ecclesiastical establishment of the Church of England, and of the Presbyterian Church, and other religious denominations, maintained by grant of public money, in each of the colonies, and in the territories of the East Indian Company; stating the rank of each, where stationed, the expenses of fixed salary, and of allowances of each, and the total expenses of each colony ... for such establishments ... [London: HMSO, 2001.

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3DO Games Secrets: Book Two. Maui, HI: Sandwich Islands Publishing, 1996.

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Guyer, J. Paul. An Introduction to Total Station Topographic Survey Procedures. Independently published, 2018.

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Space Station: Estimated total U.S. funding requirements : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 1995.

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Thomason, Bernard, Trevor Pearson, Historic England, and Jon Bedford. Traversing the Past: The Total Station Theodolite in Archaeological Landscape Survey. Historic England Publishing, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Total station"

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Galvin, Robert. "The Total Station." In Crime Scene Documentation, 33–46. First edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003128465-5.

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Walker, John, and Joseph Awange. "Total Station Differential Levelling." In Surveying for Civil and Mine Engineers, 120–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45803-4_6.

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Walker, John, and Joseph L. Awange. "Total Station Differential Levelling." In Surveying for Civil and Mine Engineers, 93–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53129-8_6.

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Walker, John, and Joseph Awange. "Total Station: Measurements and Computations." In Surveying for Civil and Mine Engineers, 77–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45803-4_4.

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Walker, John, and Joseph L. Awange. "Total Station: Measurements and Computations." In Surveying for Civil and Mine Engineers, 55–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53129-8_4.

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Li, Bolan, Xu Zhang, and Limin Zhu. "Station Point Optimization of Total Station in Shield Tunneling Method Based on Set-Covering." In Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 372–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16584-9_36.

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Gushchin, G. P., S. A. Sokolenko, and V. A. Kovalyov. "Total-Ozone Measuring Instruments Used at the USSR Station Network." In Atmospheric Ozone, 543–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5313-0_108.

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Yin, Xiaohu, and Mihuan Wang. "Design and Implementation of Total Station Wireless Data Transmission System." In Sensor Networks and Signal Processing, 241–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4917-5_19.

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Liu, Bangan, and Yongbin Wei. "Optimization of Location of Robotic Total Station in Tunnel Deformation Monitoring." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 707–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97112-4_158.

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Tucikešić, Sanja, Ankica Milinković, and Tanja Đukanović. "Total Station Validity Indicators and Determination of Compliance with Manufacturer’s Characteristics." In Advanced Technologies, Systems, and Applications VII, 551–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17697-5_42.

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Conference papers on the topic "Total station"

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Urban, Rudolf. "THE OPTICAL PLUMBING METHOD USING TOTAL STATION." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on INFORMATICS, GEOINFORMATICS AND REMOTE SENSING. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b22/s9.069.

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Ushiyama, Y. "Total digital studio system in broadcasting station." In International Broadcasting Convention - IBC '94. IEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19940748.

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Roziqin, Arif, Oktavianto Gustin, Ari Kurniawan Daulay, and Muhammad Syaifudin. "Topographic Mapping Using Electronic Total Station (ETS)." In 2019 2nd International Conference on Applied Engineering (ICAE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icae47758.2019.9221812.

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Qin, Chuan, Keliang Ding, Dean Luo, Haomin Chen, Pu Zhang, and Mingjian Xiao. "Application of quaternion in 3D splicing of total station free setting station." In International Conference on Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, and Data Processing (ICCAID 2021), edited by Feng Wu, Jinping Liu, and Yanping Chen. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2631012.

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Ericson, Mårten. "Total Network Base Station Energy Cost vs. Deployment." In 2011 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2011-Spring). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vetecs.2011.5956433.

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Zhu, Zhao-kun, Yun Yuan, and Xiao-hu Zhang. "Theodolite-camera videometrics system based on total station." In International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging 2011. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.900859.

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Hope, Colin, and Stephen Dawe. "Precision survey monitoring with a reflectorless total station." In Ninth International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1508_01_hope.

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Zhao, Li, Peixian Wang, and Guihao Zhang. "Shape measurement of parabolic antenna using total station TCRA1102." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Spatial Data Mining and Geographical Knowledge Services (ICSDM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsdm.2011.5969086.

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Klug, Christoph, Clemens Arth, Dieter Schmalstieg, and Thomas Gloor. "Measurement Uncertainty Analysis of a Robotic Total Station Simulation." In IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2018.8592768.

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Daliga, Tadeusz. "PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND TOTAL STATION�S MEASUREMENT OF COLUMN MODEL." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/22/s09.054.

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Reports on the topic "Total station"

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LeCocq, Catherine M. Analysis of Laser Tracker and Total Station Surveys. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/763823.

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Farahbod, A. M., and J. F. Cassidy. An overview of seismic attenuation in the Eastern Canadian Arctic and the Hudson Bay Complex, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nunavut, Ontario, and Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330396.

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In this study we investigated coda-wave attenuation (QC) from the eastern Canadian Arctic in Nunavut and the Hudson Bay complex including portions of northern Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Labrador. We used earthquake recordings from 15 broadband and 3 short period seismograph stations of the Canadian National Seismic Network (CNSN) and 29 broadband stations of the POLARIS network across the region. Our dataset is comprised of 637 earthquakes recorded between 1985 and 2021 with magnitudes ranging from 1.3 to 6.1, depths from 0 to 20 km and epicentral distances of 5 to 100 km. This gives a total of 246 high signal-to-noise (S/N) traces (S/N[lesser/equal]5.0) useful for QC calculation (with a maximum ellipse parameter, a2, of 100) across the region. Coda windows were selected to start at tc = 2tS (two times the travel time of the direct S wave), and were filtered at center frequencies of 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 Hz. Our study reveals a consistent pattern. We find that in the northern section of the study area, the highest Q0 values (e.g., Q0 of 110 and 112) are at station POIN and station RES, respectively, which are located in the older Archean province. The lowest Q0 values that we find (e.g., Q0 of 55 and 61) are at station AKVQ and IVKQ respectively, located in northern Quebec. Smaller Q0 values for stations in the south are explained by the younger age of the rocks and proximity to the main fault systems. An average for all the data results in a Q relationship of QC = 82f1.08 for the frequency band of 2 to 16 Hz for the entire region.
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Farahbod, A. M., and J. F. Cassidy. An overview of seismic attenuation in the Northern Appalachians Seismic Zone, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329702.

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In this study we investigated coda-wave attenuation (QC) from the northern Appalachian region of eastern Canada in the two provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. We used earthquake recordings from 8 broadband and 2 short period seismograph stations of the Canadian National Seismograph Network (CNSN) across the region. Our dataset is comprised of 476 earthquakes recorded between 1983 and 2021 with magnitudes ranging from 1.5 to 4.1, depths from 0 to 20 km (with the vast majority being <10 km) and epicentral distances of 5 to 100 km. This gives a total of 261 high signalto- noise (S/N) traces (S/N greater than or equal to 5.0) useful for QC calculation (with a maximum ellipse parameter, a2, of 100) across the region. Coda windows were selected to start at tc = 2tS (two times the travel time of the direct S wave), and were filtered at center frequencies of 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 Hz. Our study reveals a consistent pattern. We find that in the northern New Brunswick, the lowest Q0 values (e.g., Q0 of 61) are at station KLN which is the closest station to the epicenter of the 1982 Miramichi earthquake (M 5.8). The highest Q0 values that we find (e.g., Q0 of 178) are at station GGN, located in the southern New Brunswick. Smaller Q0 values for stations in the north (closer to the Charlevoix-Kamouraska seismic zone or Miramichi source area) is explained by Jin and Aki's (1988) finding that Q0 is lower in the vicinity of large earthquakes. An average for all the data results in a Q relationship of QC = 99f0.96 for the frequency band of 2 to 16 Hz for the entire region.
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Visser, R., H. Kao, R. M. H. Dokht, A. B. Mahani, and S. Venables. A comprehensive earthquake catalogue for northeastern British Columbia: the northern Montney trend from 2017 to 2020 and the Kiskatinaw Seismic Monitoring and Mitigation Area from 2019 to 2020. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329078.

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To increase our understanding of induced seismicity, we develop and implement methods to enhance seismic monitoring capabilities in northeastern British Columbia (NE BC). We deploy two different machine learning models to identify earthquake phases using waveform data from regional seismic stations and utilize an earthquake database management system to streamline the construction and maintenance of an up-to-date earthquake catalogue. The completion of this study allows for a comprehensive catalogue in NE BC from 2014 to 2020 by building upon our previous 2014-2016 and 2017-2018 catalogues. The bounds of the area where earthquakes were located were between 55.5°N-60.0°N and 119.8°W-123.5°W. The earthquakes in the catalogue were initially detected by machine learning models, then reviewed by an analyst to confirm correct identification, and finally located using the Non-Linear Location (NonLinLoc) algorithm. Two distinct sub-areas within the bounds consider different periods to supplement what was not covered in previously published reports - the Northern Montney Trend (NMT) is covered from 2017 to 2020 while the Kiskatinaw Seismic Monitoring and Mitigation Area (KSMMA) is covered from 2019 to 2020. The two sub-areas are distinguished by the BC Oil & Gas Commission (BCOGC) due to differences in their geographic location and geology. The catalogue was produced by picking arrival phases on continuous seismic waveforms from 51 stations operated by various organizations in the region. A total of 17,908 events passed our quality control criteria and are included in the final catalogue. Comparably, the routine Canadian National Seismograph Network (CNSN) catalogue reports 207 seismic events - all events in the CNSN catalogue are present in our catalogue. Our catalogue benefits from the use of enhanced station coverage and improved methodology. The total number of events in our catalogue in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 62, 47, 9579 and 8220, respectively. The first two years correspond to seismicity in the NMT where poor station coverage makes it difficult to detect small magnitude events. The magnitude of completeness within the KSMMA (ML = ~0.7) is significantly smaller than that obtained for the NMT (ML = ~1.4). The new catalogue is released with separate files for origins, arrivals, and magnitudes which can be joined using the unique ID assigned to each event.
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Beal, Samuel, Ashley Mossell, and Jay Clausen. Hydrocarbon treatability study of Antarctica soil with Fenton’s reagent. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41260.

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The study objectives were to determine the effectiveness of Fenton’s Reagent and Modified Fenton’s Reagent in reducing Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations in petroleum-contaminated soil from McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Comparisons of the contaminated soils were made, and a treatability study was completed and documented. This material was presented at the Association for Environmental Health and Sciences Foundation (AEHS) 30th Annual International Conference on Soil, Water, Energy, and Air (Virtual) on March 25, 2021.
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Margenau, Eric, and Lenza Paul. A 23-year summary of a Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) bird banding site in New River Gorge National River, West Virginia. National Park Service, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287051.

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Long-term bird banding data were collected from 1996–2019 (except in 2008) to assess the New River riparian zone avian community in one location in New River Gorge National River (NERI). The NERI banding station has banded over 4,500 individuals over 10,700 net hours in the twenty-three years it has been in operation and has captured 80 different species. Total captures, capture rate, and total species have been declining annually over the study period. Species associated with early-successional/shrubland habitat also declined over the study period, which is consistent with regional trends during the same time frame. Species richness of habitat guilds did not change over the study period within specific major habitat types. Capture metrics of Louisiana Waterthrush, an obligate riparian species, did increase over the study period. Continued banding will further provide information to assist in local management and contribute to regional data.
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Big Bend National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294267.

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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, streamflow, and water quality is central to assessing the condition of park resources. This report combines data collected on climate, groundwater, and springs at Big Bend National Park (NP) to provide an integrated look at climate and water conditions during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). However, this report does not address the Rio Grande or its tributaries. Annual precipitation was higher than normal (1981–2010) for Big Bend NP at four of the five National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Observer Program weather stations: 111% of normal for Chisos Basin, 122% of normal for Panther Junction, 155% of normal for Persimmon Gap, and 124% of normal for Rio Grande Village. Castolon had 88% of normal annual precipitation. All five stations had higher than normal rainfall in October and December, while rainfall totals were substantially below normal at all stations in November, February, and March. Monthly precipitation totals for April through September were more variable from station to station. Mean monthly maximum air temperatures were below normal in the fall months, with Panther Junction as much as 7.5°F below normal in October. Monthly temperatures from January through July were more variable. Temperatures in August and September were warmer than normal at every station, up to +9.4°F at Rio Grande Village and +8.7°F at Chisos Basin in July. The reconnaissance drought index values indicate generally wetter conditions (based on precipitation and evaporative demand) at Chisos Basin since WY2016 and at Panther Junction and Persimmon Gap since WY2015, except for WY2017. This report presents the manual and automatic groundwater monitoring results at nine wells. Five wells had their highest water level in or just before WY2019: Panther Junction #10 peaked at 99.94 ft below ground surface (bgs) in September 2018, Contractor’s Well peaked at 31.43 ft bgs in November 2018, T-3 peaked at 65.39 ft bgs in December 2018, K-Bar #6 Observation Well peaked at 77.78 ft bgs in February 2019, and K-Bar #7 Observation Well peaked at 43.18 ft bgs in February 2019. This was likely in response to above normal rainfall in the later summer and fall 2018. The other monitoring wells did not directly track within-season precipitation. The last measurement at Gallery Well in WY2019 was 18.60 ft bgs. Gallery Well is located 120 feet from the river and closely tracked the Rio Grande stage, generally increasing in late summer or early fall following higher flow events. Water levels in Gambusia Well were consistently very shallow, though the manual well measurement collected in April was 4.25 ft bgs—relatively high for the monitoring record—and occurred outside the normal peak period of later summer and early fall. The last manual measurement taken at TH-10 in WY2019 was 34.80 ft bgs, only 0.45 ft higher than the earliest measurement in 1967, consistent with the lack of directional change in groundwater at this location, and apparently decoupled from within-season precipitation patterns. The last water level reading in WY2019 at Oak Springs #1 was 59.91 ft bgs, indicating an overall decrease of 26.08 ft since the well was dug in 1989. The Southwest Network Collaboration (SWNC) collects data on sentinel springs annually in the late winter and early spring following the network springs monitoring protocol. In WY2019, 18 sentinel site springs were visited at Big Bend NP (February 21, 2019–March 09, 2019). Most springs had relatively few indications of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Natural disturbances included recent flooding, drying, and wildlife use. Anthropogenic disturbances included flow modifications (e.g., springboxes), hiking trails, and contemporary human use. Crews observed one to seven facultative/obligate wetland plant...
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8

Kyllönen, Katriina, Karri Saarnio, Ulla Makkonen, and Heidi Hellén. Verification of the validity of air quality measurements related to the Directive 2004/107/EC in 2019-2020 (DIRME2019). Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361256.

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This project summarizes the results from 2000–2020and evaluates the trueness andthequality control (QC) procedures of the ongoing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)and trace element measurements in Finlandrelating to Air Quality (AQ) Directive 2004/107/EC. The evaluation was focused on benzo(a)pyrene and other PAH compounds as well as arsenic, cadmium and nickel in PM10and deposition. Additionally, it included lead and other metals in PM10and deposition, gaseous mercury and mercury deposition, andbriefly other specificAQ measurements such as volatile organic compounds (VOC)and PM2.5chemical composition. This project was conducted by the National Reference Laboratory on air quality and thiswas the first time these measurements were assessed. A major part of the project was field and laboratory audits of the ongoing PAH and metal measurements. Other measurements were briefly evaluated through interviews and available literature. In addition, the national AQ database, the expertise of local measurement networks and related publications were utilised. In total, all theseven measurement networks performing PAH and metal measurements in 2019–2020took part in the audits. Eleven stations were audited while these measurements are performed at 22 AQ stations in Finland. For the large networks, one station was chosen to represent the performance of the network. The audits included also six laboratories performing the analysis of the collected samples. The audits revealed the compliance of the measurements with the AQ Decree 113/2017, Directive 2004/107/EC and Standards of the European Committee for Standardization(CEN). In addition, general information of the measurements, instruments and quality control procedures were gained. The results of the laboratory audits were confidential,but this report includes general findings, and the measurement networks were informed on the audit results with the permission of the participating laboratories. As a conclusion, the measurementmethodsusedwere mainly reference methods. Currently, all sampling methods were reference methods; however, before 2018 three networks used other methods that may have underestimated concentrations. Regarding these measurements, it should be noted the results are notcomparable with the reference method. Laboratory methods were reference methods excluding two cases, where the first was considered an acceptable equivalent method. For the other, a change to a reference method was strongly recommended and this realized in 2020. For some new measurements, the ongoing QC procedures were not yet fully established, and advice were given. Some networks used consultant for calibration and maintenance, and thus theywere not fully aware of the QC procedures. EN Standards were mostly followed. Main concerns were related to the checks of flow and calculation of measurement uncertainty, and suggestions for improvement were given. When the measurement networks implement the recommendations given inthe audits, it can be concluded that the EN Standards are adequately followed in the networks. In the ongoing sampling, clear factors risking the trueness of the result were not found. This applies also for the laboratory analyses in 2020. One network had concentrations above the target value, and theindicative measurementsshould be updated to fixed measurements.
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9

Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.

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Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.
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10

Abdulrahim, R. B., J. O. Adeniyi, and B. W. Joshua. Total Electron Content response to Geomagnetic Activity over Five African Equatorial and Low Latitude Stations. Balkan, Black sea and Caspian sea Regional Network for Space Weather Studies, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31401/sungeo.2019.02.09.

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