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Hägglund, Eriksson Malin. "Accuracy and Precision Analysis of Total Station Measurements." Thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147005.
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The main objective of this bachelor thesis was to gain awareness of accuracy and precision in total station measurements. Experiments were designed, executed and analyzed. The approach to the subject was to examine measurements made with various prism set-ups. Prisms are supposed to be directed to the total station with the front face in the line of sight. In the experiment the prisms were directed in various angles in order to measure in non-perfect measuring arrangement and the behavior of the precision and accuracy were noted. The mean values and standard uncertainties were calculated from the material as well as RMS Error in the cases where reference values could be used as true values. The reference values for comparison were available due to the possibility to use a test field – a network of concrete pillars with well-defined coordinates. To see whether the precision (the standard uncertainty) changed between a measurement sample made with correctly positioned prisms and a measurement sample towards the angled prisms, a statistical test method was used. (The test method is recommended in the international standard ISO 17123-1; Optics and optical instruments, Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments, Part 1: Theory). The results from the experiments showed that there were larger standard uncertainties in the slope distance measurements towards extreme angled prisms than to correctly directed prisms. Surprisingly it was also larger standard uncertainty in vertical angle measurements toward correctly directed prisms than slightly angled prisms. The mean values of the horizontal angle measurement drifted sideways in the measurements made towards one extreme angle to the opposite extreme so that a total shift of around one centimeter was detected at short distances as well as up to 100 m distance. When aiming in between the separate prisms of 360-degree targets the standard uncertainty were larger in horizontal angle measurements at a few occasions where it seemed like the autolock function had chosen two different prisms to lock on to, at separate occasions. The standard uncertainties were also larger in all vertical angle measurements when aiming in between the prisms. The results showed clearly that even when the standard uncertainties of the measurements were of equal size, the mean values – when measuring in the different test positions – could vary substantially.Huvudsyftet med detta kandidatarbete var att öka medvetenheten angående noggrannhet och precision i mätningar utförda av en totalstation. Ett antal experiment planerades, genomfördes och analyserades. De områden som undersöktes i projektet var hur mätningarna påverkades av olika sätt att vinkla prismor mot totalstationen. Det rekommenderas att rikta ett prismas framsida mot totalstationens siktlinje. I experimentet vinklades prismorna i olika lägen för att mätningar skulle utföras i icke-perfekta förhållanden. Medelvärden och standardosäkerheter beräknades ur mätdatan samt RMSE i de fall där det fanns referensvärden att jämföra med. Dessa referensvärden var tillgängliga tack vare möjligheten att få utnyttja ett testfält med betongpelare med kända koordinater. För att utröna om precisionen (standardosäkerheten) ändrades mellan mätningar på korrekt inriktade prismor och de mätningar som gjordes mot vinklade prismor, utfördes ett statistiskt test. (Testmetoden rekommenderas i den internationella standarden ISO 17123-1, Optics and optical instruments - Field procedures for testing geodetic and surveying instruments - Part 1: Theory). Resultaten av undersökningarna visade att där var större standardosäkerheter i mätningar av den lutande längden när prismorna var extremt vinklade än när de var korrekt orienterade. Standardosäkerheten var något överraskande också större med korrekt riktade prismor i vertikalvinkel-mätningarna med autolockfunktionen än om prismorna var något utåtvinklade. Medelvärdena på horisontalvinklarna drev sidleds i mätningar gjorda i en extrem vinkelposition till den motsatta extremen så att en total förflyttning på runt en centimeter konstaterades på korta avstånd likväl som på avstånd upp till 100 m. Vid inriktning av siktet mot områdena mellan de separata prismorna i 360-gradsmålen så ökade standardosäkerheten i horisontalvinkel vid ett par positioner då det verkade som att autolockfunktionen valde båda prismorna på var sida, vid olika tillfällen. Standardosäkerheten var också större vid samtliga vertikalvinkelmätningar mot områdena mellan prismorna. Resultaten visade tydligt att även om standardosäkerheterna i mätningarna var i samma storleks-ordning så kunde medelvärdena av mätstorheten mellan de olika testpositionerna variera substantiellt.
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Bergkvist, Joel. "Optimal Design of Network for Control of Total Station Instruments." Thesis, KTH, Geodesi och satellitpositionering, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172426.
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This thesis uses the Minimum Norm Quadratic Unbiased Estimation (MINQUE) to estimatestandard deviation of observations of a total station. Different setups are created byaltering the number of stations and targets and their relative position in the network tostudy the effect that different setups have to the estimation and define what are importantto minimize the effect of the setup to the estimation.A lot of research has been done around methods for estimation of variance and covariancecomponents, since it is useful in many fields. Various approaches exists to solve theproblem of variance components estimation. Geodesy is a special case, were their often isa apriori knowledge of how well an instrument is able to record measurements. There isan ISO-standard for testing and verification of geodetic instrument but also an alternativeapproach the KTH-Total Station Check.For the estimation three main types of setups were defined and used in the simulation.These main types were then altered to see how different changes to the setup effect theoverall estimation. The alterations were changes in distance between station and targets,changes in vertical distance between stations and targets and the amount of observationscarried out by adding more stations and targets to the setups.The result of the simulations shows that the tested changes in the setups do effectthe estimation. It was not possible to determine by how much for each change, becausea change in vertical displacement also meant a change in angles and distance betweenthe station and the target. Increasing the amount of stations and targets or one of themshows that standard deviation of the estimation becomes smaller. The effect can be seenindependent of which type of setup that is used. The most important factor to how goodthe estimation will be is the amount of observations.
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Chekole, Solomon Dargie. "Surveying with GPS, total station and terresterial laser scaner: a comparative study." Thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145034.
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Pflipsen, Bettina. "Volume computation : a comparison of total station versus laser scanner and different software." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-90.
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The Laser scanner belongs to the new devices on the market of surveying instruments. Tests and measurements gave and still give information where a laser scanner can be used efficiently – partly better than a total station. The results of each measurement are calculated with the corresponding software of the producer or with the corresponding CAD or other surveying programs depending on the scanner. The user cannot recognize which basis is used for the computation at most of the products. A conventional surveying program is not fit for a calculation with big amounts of data, which are the result of a laser scanner measurement. Programs shut down or becomes very slow, thus a processing of the data is impossible. Consequently, the data – the number of points – have to be reduced.
These aspects results in three questions, which where investigated in this thesis:
• Laser scanner versus total station: What is more accurate and what is more efficient?
• Do different software products result in equal outcomes?
• How far can a point cloud be reduced until there are changes in the result?
To answer these questions a pile of sand ( size around 400 m³ ) were surveyed twice: once with a laser scanner – Leica HDS 3000 – and once with a total station – Leica TPS1200. The data of the measurement were computed with three different software products: Geo, Geograf and Cyclone. Additional to this the point cloud was reduced stepwise and in each case, the volume was calculated. Thus, the effect of the reduction could be observed.
Between the different methods, no differences result in the accuracy and - in this investigation – hardly in the time for the measurement. The results of the computations showed that there is no difference between the programs Geo and Geograf. Just the result of Cyclone diverged from the other. The point cloud can be reduced without influences on the result with the order “Unify” until a point-to-point distance of 0,30 m.
Der Laser scanner gehört zu den neuen Geräten auf dem Markt der Vermessungsinstrumente. Tests und Beispielmessungen gaben und geben immer noch Aufschluß darüber, wo dieses Gerät effizient eingesetzt werden kann – teilweise auch besser als ein Tachymeter. Die Ergebnisse einer jeden Messung werden je nach Scanner mit der entsprechenden Software des Herstellers berechnet oder mit entsprechenden CAD oder anderen vermessungstechnischen Programmen. Bei den meisten Produkten kann man nicht erkennen auf welcher Grundlage die Software rechnet. Ein herkömmliches Vermessungsprogramm ist nicht in der Lage, die großen Mengen an Daten, die sich aus einer Laser scanner ergeben, zu verarbeiten. Die Programme stürzen ab oder werden so langsam, daß eine Bearbeitung nicht möglich ist. Also müssen die Daten – die Anzahl der Punkte – reduziert werden.
Aus diesen Punkten ergeben sich drei Fragestellungen, die vertieft in dieser Arbeit untersucht worden sind.
• Laser scanner versus Tachymeter: was ist genauer und was ist effizienter?
• Ergeben verschiedene Softwareprodukte gleiche Ergebnisse?
• Wie weit kann eine Punktwolke reduziert werden, bevor Auswirkungen auf das Ergebnis ergeben?
Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, wurde ein Sandhaufen ( mit eine Größe von ca. 400 m³ ) in zwei unabhängigen Messungen jeweils mit einem Laser scanner - Leica HDS 3000 - und einem Tachymeter – Leica TPS1200 - vermessen. Die Messungsdaten wurden mit drei unterschiedlichen softwareprodukten berechnet: Geo, Geograf und Cyclone. Desweiteren wurde die Punktwolke schrittweise reduziert und jeweils das Volumen berechnet. So konnten die Auswirkungen der Reduktion beobachtet werden.
Es ergaben sich keine Genauigkeitsunterschiede und – in dieser Untersuchung - kaum Zeitunterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Methoden. Die Ergebnisse der Berechnung zeigten, daß zwischen den Programmen Geo und Geograf kein Unterschied ist. Lediglich das Ergebnis von Cyclone weicht von den anderen ab. Die Punktwolke kann auch ohne Einflüsse auf das Ergebnis mit dem Befehl „Unify“ auf einen Punkt-zu-Punkt Abstand von 0,30 m reduziert werden.
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Reda, Adinew Amezene, and Damtie Bekele Bedada. "Accuracy analysis and Calibration of Total Station based on the Reflectorless Distance Measurement." Thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145749.
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Abstract Reflectorless EDM technology uses phase measuring or pulsed lasers to measure targets of a reflective and non-reflective nature. Reflectorless distance measurement provides rapid measurement by saving time and labour for surveyors. However, the accuracy of these types of measurements is under question because of the variety of constraints that affect the measurement. This paper attempts to show the techniques of total station calibration and to investigate the possible sources of error in reflectorless distance measurement. As a result, the effects of different color targets and angle incidence on distance measurement were checked. The precision of reflectorless distance measurement also investigated. In addition, comparison was made for manual and automatic target recognition measurement. Further experiment was performed on how to calibrate the total station instrument and the performance of the instrument was checked by KTH-TSC software. The experiments were evaluated by taking the reflector reading as ‘true value’ to check the accuracy of reflectorless measurement. The effects of colour surfaces on distance measurement have no significant difference. Besides, the result shows that the error in distance increased as the angle of incidence in the target increases. The result also indicates that automatic target recognition mode is the most advisable technique for precise measurement. Finally, an optimal number of seven target points was found for the calculation of prism constant.Sammandrag Reflektorlös EDM-tekniken använder fas mätning eller pulsade lasrar för att mäta mål en reflekterande och icke-reflekterande karaktär. Reflektorlös avståndsmätning ger snabb mätning genom att spara tid och arbete för inspektörer. Emellertid är noggrannheten hos dessa typer av mätningar under fråga på grund av olika begränsningar som påverkar mätningen. Denna uppsats försöker visa de metoder för totalstation kalibrering och att undersöka eventuella felkällor i reflektorlös avståndsmätning. Som ett resultat var effekterna av olika färger mål och vinkel inverkan på avståndsmätning kontrolleras. Noggrannheten i reflektorlös avståndsmätning undersökt också. Dessutom gjordes jämförelse för manuell och automatisk måligenkännande mätning. Ytterligare experiment utfördes på hur man kalibrerar totalstationen instrumentet och prestanda instrumentet kontrollerades av KTH-TSC programvara. Experimenten utvärderades genom att reflektorn läsning som "sanna värdet" för att kontrollera riktigheten i reflektorlös mätning. Effekterna av färgytor på avståndsmätning har ingen signifikant skillnad. Dessutom visar resultatet felet i avståndet ökade infallsvinkeln i målet ökar. Resultatet visar också automatiskt måligenkännande läget är det mest lämpligt tekniken för exakt mätning. Slutligen ett optimalt antal av sju målpunkter hittades för beräkning av prismakonstanten.
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Broberg, Erik, and Robin Johansson. "Analys av fri stationsuppställning med totalstation med avseende på mätta längder och riktningar." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för naturvetenskap, lantmäteri- och maskinteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-6310.
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Stationsetablering innebär bestämning av ett mätinstruments fysiska läge och orienterad riktning. I dagens bygg- och anläggningsbransch används nästan uteslutande fri station för att etablera en stationspunkt för mätningar. På en byggplats är tillgången till referensobjekt ofta begränsad. Instrumentets placering blir därför en kompromiss mellan tillgång till referensobjekt och tillgång till den plats där inmätning respektive utsättning skall ske. Denna kompromiss ger upphov till skiftande geometriska konfigurationer hos referensobjekten, vilka påverkar mätresultatet. Studiens syfte är att undersöka om simuleringar av fria stationsuppställningar i Svensk Byggnadsgeodesis (SBG:s) programvara Geo verifieras av fältmätningar och efterföljande beräkningar av osäkerhetsparametrar orsakade av konfiguration och mätta längder och riktningar. Delmål var att etablera ett testnät för att sedan genomföra simulering och fältmätning av fri stationsetablering mot. Analysen av fri stationsuppställning innefattade endast simulering och fältmätning i plan, med parametrarna X, Y och riktning. I samtliga konfigurationer verifieras simuleringarna av fältmätningarna genom att redovisade osäkerhetsellipser, till form och utbredning, överensstämmer. Detta innebär att genom simulering i SBG Geo kan svagheter i konfigurationer upptäckas och undvikas vid fältmätning, vilket är både tids- och resurssparande. Studiens slutsats är; Simulera mera. Simulering i SBG Geo visar god överensstämmelse med fältmätning och är där med ett effektivt planeringsverktyg för mätning samt att vid etablering av fri station bör referensobjekten placeras så att stationspunkten interpoleras för lägst osäkerhet. Faktorer att beakta vid fri station är, enligt studien: konfigurationen, mätningarnas kvalitet och att tillräcklig kontrollerbarhet (k-tal) föreliggerStation setup involves determination of the measuring instruments physical location and orientation. In today's construction industry free station is almost exclusively used to establish a station point for measurements. On a construction site, access to reference objects is often limited. The instruments placement therefore becomes a compromise between access to the reference objects and access to the site where surveying will take place. This compromise results in varying geometric configurations of the reference objects, which affect the results of the survey. This study aims to investigate whether the simulations of free station setups in Svensk Byggnadsgeodesis ( SBG's ) software Geo is verified by field measurements and subsequent calculations of uncertainty parameters caused by configuration and surveyed distances and directions. One objective of this study was to establish a test network of reference objects, which simulation and field measurement of free station were established against. The analysis of free station setup included only simulation and field measurement of plane surveying, with the parameters X, Y and direction. In all configurations, the simulations were verified by the field measurements by consistent corresponding of the shape of the error ellipses. This means that by simulation of SBG Geo, weaknesses in configurations can be detected and avoided during field survey, which saves both time and resources. Factors to consider when establishing free station is, according to the study: configuration, quality of the measurements and sufficient controllability (K-tal). The study concludes; simulate more. Simulation in SBG Geo show good representation of field measurements and is therefore an effective planning tool for field surveying. When establishing free station reference objects should be positioned so that the station point is interpolated for the lowest uncertainty
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Sandström, Lars, and Magnus Svensson. "Terrester fotogrammetri med multistation för detaljmätning." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25123.
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Idag används GNSS eller totalstation till nästan all detaljmätning.Fotogrammetri har länge använts inom lantmäteri men då främst somflygburen fotogrammetri. En inte lika vanlig metod är att mäta i bilderterrestert, det vill säga markbunden fotogrammetri. Inom arkitektur användstekniken för visualisering och dokumentation. Syftet med denna studie är attundersöka om terrester fotogrammetri med multistation är en pålitlig metodför detaljmätning. Den huvudsakliga utrustning som använts för studien är:Leica Nova MS50, Leica Nova MS60 och programvaran Leica Infinity. Testergenomfördes i kontrollerad miljö för att se hur låg avvikelse metoden fick,samt ute i fält för att kunna redogöra avvikelser på långa avstånd och för attavgöra hur användarvänlig metoden är. Multistationen etablerades med fristationsetablering mot befintliga stompunkter i den kontrollerade miljön ochgenom integrerad stationsetablering med GNSS ute i fält. Sedan mättes LeicaHDS signaler samt ett antal synbara detaljer in reflektorlöst och fotograferadesmed multistationens teleskopkamera. Efterberäkningarna gjordes i LeicaInfinity där gemensamma detaljer i bilderna mättes in för att kunna beräknakoordinater för signalerna och objekten. De bildberäknade inmätningarnajämfördes mot de reflektorlöst inmätta för att kunna se hur stor avvikelsemetoderna hade mot varandra. I den kontrollerade miljön var avvikelserna påmillimeternivå och ute i fält på centimeternivå.Som alternativ metod till traditionell detaljmätning eller som komplementfungerar metoden bra. Vinklarna mellan stationerna och detaljen som skallmätas verkar vara viktigare än avstånd till detaljen när det kommer tillkvaliteten på koordinaterna.
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Zhuo, Yue. "Measuring inaccessible points in land surveying and analysis of their uncertainty." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-12750.
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Amorighoye, Lucky Eyituoyo. "Developing an assessment tool for measuring total quality management in SASOL's Steam Station Plant / L.E. Amorighoye." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4304.
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Mutloane, Oufa Ernest. "Maintenance management for effective operations management at Matimba Power Station / Oufa Ernest Mutloane." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4797.
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Effective and efficient operations management is the cornerstone of any company's success. Presently, because of cost-cutting pressures, all investors look out for companies' operations before making any investment commitment. The South African Government (through the Department of Public Enterprises), as an owner and investor in Eskom, is looking at optimising operational excellence within state-owned enterprises like Eskom.
Eskom is presently experiencing problems with increased electricity consumption which it cannot meet due to the limited plant capacity it presently has. These challenges are forcing Eskom to be more efficient and effective in management of the present plant assets (like Matimba Power Station) it presently operates. Matimba Power Station has consistently shown improvement in the areas of plant, financial and operations performance over the last three years. It is presently the standard bearer for the whole Eskom in terms of plant and operational performance. Asset management (through maintenance and management thereof), especially preventative management with in a power utility like Eskom, is a critical factor because supply (generation of electricity) has to meet demand (consumption of electricity) instantaneously as electricity cannot be saved. The planning, scheduling and execution of maintenance (through a work management process) to ensure success of business operations are very critical. An Eskom document titled Routine Work Management
Manual emphasised the criticality of preventative management and included a six-step process of work management within the power generation business. The Japanese success in ensuring that operations costs are limited by implementing total productive maintenance (which includes work management) is suggested in the study as a way to go for operational success at Matimba Power Station. Many of the research studies done at Eskom in regard to maintenance were based on and confined to a sampling population of senior staff members like managers, engineers and supervisors. Experience has shown that progress of implementing change (whether in systems or structures) is slow if there was no proactive involvement of all participants and stakeholders, especially employees at lower levels involved in operations. A work management process, which is one of the pillars of total productive maintenance, was recently implemented at Matimba and is currently experiencing teething problems which are being attended to. Employee involvement in making sure of the success of work management is critical. The study investigates the implementation of work management from the employees' perspective in order to address problems for possible full implementation of total productive maintenance.Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.
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Nilsson, Mimmi. "Mätosäkerheter vid trigonometrisk höjdmätning : En jämförelse mellan ett avvägningsinstrument och en multistation." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22072.
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Avvägning är den traditionella metoden för höjdmätning, medan trigonometrisk höjdmätningunderlättar vid höjdmätning på längre avstånd och vid kuperad terräng. Syftet med studien varatt undersöka mätosäkerheten vid trigonometrisk höjdmätning. Detta genom en jämförelsemed traditionell höjdmätning som utförts med ett finavvägningsinstrument samt hur mångahelsatser som krävs för att erhålla resultat med låg mätosäkerhet för trigonometriskhöjdmätning. Kravet som ställdes var 2 mm√L, där L är avvägningstågets längd i km.Mätningarna har genomförts i två tunnlar varav i den ena var markytan plan och i den andralutade marken 1 m på 10 m (1/10). Höjdfixarna monterades i bergväggen ungefär var tiondemeter och höjdbestämdes med avvägningsinstrument, DNA03, för att erhålla sanna höjder förhöjdfixarna. Därefter mättes höjdfixarna in genom trigonometrisk höjdmätning i helsatsermed multistationen MS50. Höjder erhållna med trigonometrisk höjdmätning beräknades ochnätutjämnades i Svensk byggnadsgeodesi (SBG) Geo 15 för att sedan kunna jämföra medhöjd som erhållits med avvägningsinstrument. Signifikanstest beräknades för varje mätningför att avgöra om mätningarna var av samma population.Slutningsfelet för samtliga avvägningståg ligger inom toleransen och tillförlitligheten förhöjdbestämningen är hög. Vid höjdbestämning med trigonometrisk höjdmätning kan intesamma låga mätosäkerhet som med avvägningsinstrument förväntas, men inte långt ifrån.Med trigonometrisk höjdmätning, utfört med MS50, för distanser mellan 10-100 m kan enmätosäkerhet runt 0,5-1,5 mm förväntas vid mätning i två helsatser. Signifikanstestet visadeatt fler mätningar var inom konfidensintervallet 95 % när två kända höjder användes iberäkningarna i stället för en känd höjd. Vid mätning med totalstation kan lägremätosäkerheter för trigonometrisk höjdmätning förväntas än 0,5-1,5 mm på 10-100 m.The aim of the thesis was to determine the uncertainty of trigonometric height measurementin comparison by traditional height measurement performed with a digital level. Levelling isthe traditional method of height measurement while the trigonometric height measurementfacilitates height measurement at longer distances and in terrain. The uncertainty of thetrigonometric height measurement has been investigated as well as how many rounds ofmeasurements are sufficient for measurements between 10-100 m.The measurements were carried out in two tunnels where in one the ground was plane and inthe other it is grade was 1/10. Height fixes were mounted about every 10 meters in the rockwall and height determined with a levelling instrument, DNA03, to obtain true elevations onheight fixes. Thereafter, the height of the fixes were measured through trigonometric heightmeasurement in one, two, three and four rounds of measurements with a multi station, MS50.Elevation data was calculated and levelling net adjusted in Svensk byggnadsgeodesi (SBG)Geo to then compare the height data from the trigonometric height measurement with thelevelled height obtained by levelling instruments. Significance tests were calculated for themeasurement to determine if the measurements are of the same population.Connection error of all leveling was within tolerance which shows that the reliability of theheight determination is high. The height determination by trigonometric height measurementcan not be of the same low uncertainty that is expected with levelling, but not far from it.With trigonometric height measurement, carried out with MS50, for distances between 10-100m can an uncertainty of 0.5-1.5 mm be expected when two rounds of measurements are used.Significance test shows that more measurements are within the confidence interval 95% whentwo known heights are used in the calculations, instead of one known height.
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Moreira, Antonio Sérgio Bento. "Nivelamento trigonométrico e nivelamento geométrico classe IIN da NBR 13.133 : limites e condições de compatibilidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-10062005-184700/.
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O nivelamento trigonométrico com estação total é uma técnica que tem sua aplicação revigorada em situações que até pouco tempo atrás, por razões de precisão, somente podiam ser atendidas com uso de nivelamento geométrico. A NBR 13.133 inclui este tipo de nivelamento em uma única classe e estabelece tolerâncias muito altas, e por essa razão limita a sua especificação por empresas contratantes. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a precisão do nivelamento trigonométrico usando estações totais de baixa e média precisão, comparando as diferenças de níveis obtidos por nivelamento geométrico. Na avaliação foram consideradas as influências de alguns fatores na propagação dos erros: a obtenção da altura do instrumento, os efeitos atmosférico, o posicionamento e altura dos alvos, a precisão dos equipamentos e as distâncias de visadas. Os resultados possibilitaram definir as distâncias máximas de visada nas condições avaliadas, em que alcança a tolerância do nivelamento geométrico IINThe trigonometrical leveling with total station is a technique that has been increased in situations in that even some time, for reasons of precision, the use of the leveling was demanded. The NBR 13.133 includes this trigonometrical leveling in a single class and it establishes very high tolerances, and for that reason it limits its specification for contracting companies. The precision of the trigonometrical leveling was evaluated using total stations of low and intermediate precision, comparing the differences of levels obtained by leveling. In the evaluation the influences of some factors were considered in the propagation of the errors: the instrument height determination, the atmospheric effects, the positioning and staff height determination, the precision of the equipments and the distances of staff. The results made possible to define the sight maximum distances in the evaluated conditions, in that it reaches the IIN tolerance leveling
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Vargas, Rosane Maciel de Araújo. "Análise da aplicação do Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS) em levantamento topográfico de vias urbanas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-13062017-092045/.
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Os levantamentos topográficos para implantação de vias urbanas são usualmente realizados utilizando instrumentos e processos clássicos da topografia. A presença de obstáculos (casas, prédios) ao longo do percurso, reduz a produtividade do trabalho além de contribuir para a imprecisão dos resultados. Este trabalho analisa a metodologia de utilização de receptores do sistema GPS (Global Positioning System) para o georeferenciamento, implantação de bases de apoio e complementação ao levantamento convencional com Estação Total. No desenvolvimento do projeto de uma via, é de esperar que desvios centimétricos na determinação das coordenadas dos pontos das bases de referência pouco afetam os resultados finais. Procurando verificar a contribuição destes desvios, foram realizados vários levantamentos convencionais e com o GPS ao longo do eixo de uma via projetada na cidade de São Carlos. No final do trabalho são analisados aspectos referentes a execução destes levantamentos, concluindo sobre as vantagens e desvantagens de cada método e da integração GPS e Estação Total.The surveying for development of urban roads are usually accomplished by using instruments and processes of classic Topography. The presence of obstacles (houses, buildings) along the course it reduces the productivity of the work besides contributing for the imprecision of the results. This work analyzes the methodology of use of receivers of the GPS (Global Positioning System) for georeferring, implant of support bases and complementation to the surveying with Total Station. In the development of the project of a road, it is expected that centimetric deviations in the determination of the points coordinates of the reference bases cause small effects in the final results. Trying to verify the contribution of these deviations, several surveys were accomplished with the Total Station and GPS along the axis of a road projected in the city of São Carlos. In the end of the work several aspects are analyzed about the execution of these surveys, concluding on the advantages and disadvantages of each method and of the integration GPS and Total Station.
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Hulumtaye, Kefyalew Yederulh Hulumtaye. "Investigation of the use of Laser Scanning for Deformation Monitoring." Thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123800.
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The ability of fast and accurate acquiring of large 3D spatial data is the main benefit for consideration of a terrestrial laser scanner in deformation monitoring. The objective of this paper is to discuss this technique with support of practical experiments performed inside a laboratory. It also includes measuring changes from millimetre to sub millimetre level and a comparison of measurements from a terrestrial laser scanner with measurements of other instruments. Various areas of applications are reviewed. The report discusses a surface modeling method to estimate deformation parameters of objects, such as planar, spherical and cylindrical surface representations. Illustrative numerical examples are performed by simulating randomly generated sample point coordinates for estimation of changes of modeled planar and cylindrical surfaces. The practical experiments were performed using a scan of a carton box, a ball and a rounded paper holder, which correspond to the planar, spherical and cylindrical surfaces, respectively. Independent measurements were performed using a total station and a measuring tape to make a comparison with the scanner measurements. A statistical test was performed independently for the changes obtained from each type of modeled surface in order to check whether the movement is real or due to measurement noises. A significant change of the normal of a plane was detected between epochs, and similar results were obtained from both scanner and total station measurements. The normal of the plane was rotated by between scan epochs. A translation of 3.2 and 3.7 millimetres were detected between scan epochs for the center of the sphere and axis of the cylinder, respectively. Only the scanner data was used in this case. From the scanner measurement changes in radii of the sphere and the cylinder were obtained as 1.6 and 3.1 millimetres, respectively between scan epochs. The measurement of the scanner was verified by performing independent measurements using measuring tape. And hence the change in radii of the sphere and the cylinder were obtained as 2.5 and 4 millimetres, respectively.
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Rozehnalová, Magda. "Design totální stanice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229357.
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This diploma thesis presents a design solution of a total station. The proposal is processed especially with regard to technical, ergonomic and aesthetic requirements. The main inovation of the proposal lies in a complex ergonomic and aesthetic solution that better reflects modern trends in the field of surveying technology. In comparison to current designs of the device, new proposal of the total station perfectly integrates certain parts of the device, such as a control panel. Since it is a relatively small device, it is important to design all details properly, especially the form and arrangement of controls. The thesis also suggests a number of alternative solutions to particular problems. The proposal of a total station is suitable for various types of work and methods of surveying.
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Castaneda, Brandown Leon, Edwin Huanachin Cordova, Victor Torres Diaz, and Nique Jose Reyes. "Reduction of non-contributory work of personnel using UAV methodology (Phantom 4 Pro RTK) and conventional Topography with Total Station (Leica TS 06), in road projects." Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656564.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.At present, topographic surveys in road projects are very important, since it allows us to know the conditions and variable characteristics of the area to be executed. Commonly these surveys are carried out using a total station, high precision equipment, which in turn generates a lot of demand for time in the field and a greater number of personnel for a wide study area. For this reason, another alternative for obtaining terrain data is the use of the photogrammetric technique with UAV, since the objective is to increase productivity in the topographic survey. In this article, the productive development generated in the crews was analyzed using the total station survey methodology and the UAV photogrammetric technique using balance charts with the aim of obtaining the productive, contributory and non-contributory works, since the latter two they do not add value to the development of the project. This research was carried out in a rural area with a study area of 3 Ha and its classification by orography is of type 2 soil (undulated terrain), located in the Cuculí town center, Chongoyape district, Chiclayo province in the department of Lambayeque, Peru. In order to demonstrate that the UAV survey reduces non-contributory work by 47.2%, among the most outstanding activities obtained in this research are the leisure time that the staff presents in different situations of the project development, care of topographic equipment and another of the most outstanding was the use of cell phones in the field, which do not provide efficiency in the development of data collection and therefore would increase in time and cost of linear works, sanitation and projects in open places in the stage of design engineering.
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Persson, Mattias. "Terrester laserskanning eller totalstation : – en jämförelse vid inmätning i stadsmiljö." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1819.
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Den nya mätningstekniken på marknaden kallas terrester laserskanning. Tekniken bygger på att ett instrument, monterat på ett stativ, sänder ut en laserstråle vilken avlänkas i vertikalled av en spegel samtidigt som det roterar. Laserstrålen reflekteras mot de objekt som befinner sig inom laserskannerns synfält och resulterar i ett punktmoln. Punktmolnet innehåller ofta flera miljoner punkter vilka alla erhåller xyz-koordinater. Tekniken har visat sig lämplig vid dokumentation av byggnader och vid modellering samt kartläggning av industrier och tunnelbyggen.
Denna studie har genomförts på Sweco VBB i Karlstad i syfte att ta reda på hur lämplig terrester laserskanning är vid vardaglig inmätning och kartering av objekt i stadsmiljö. Metoden har jämförts med traditionell inmätning med totalstation utifrån ett antal frågeställningar. I studien laserskannades två korsningar i Vasastaden, Stockholm. Instrumentet som användes var en IMAGER 5006 av märket Zoller+Fröhlich. De totalt sex stycken skanningarna resulterade i punktmoln vilka georefererades genom att måltavlor mättes in med totalstation. Efterbearbetningen bestod av registrering, redigering och reducering av punktmolnen. Genom manuell tolkning av punktmolnen och med hjälp av verktyget Virtual Surveyor i Leica Geosystems programvara Cyclone, kunde olika objekt mätas in och kartläggning av de båda korsningarna ske.
En generell jämförelse mellan terrester laserskanning och totalstation visar att laserskanning är en snabb metod som ger stora mängder data med hög detaljrikedom, medger en större säkerhet i fält och ger enorma möjligheter för visualisering, modellering och skapande av terrängmodeller. Laserskanning är dock en dyr metod som ger en något sämre noggrannhet och som ännu inte klarar att mäta sträckor över hundra meter. Metoden kräver också totalstation (eller GPS) för georeferering. Studien har också visat att tidsvinsten som uppkommer i fält förloras genom tidsödande efterbearbetning och manuell tolkning av punktmolnet. Trots detta använder idag ett flertal företag denna metod vid inmätning. Slutsatserna pekar främst på att laserskanning som inmätningsmetod lämpar sig bäst över små områden där antalet objekt är högt och där säkerheten i fält är viktig. Dock ses metoden mer som ett komplement till totalstationen genom de möjligheter som erbjuds via visualisering och modellering och därmed inte en ersättare för den senare.
A new technique for surveying is the terrestrial laser scanning. The technique is based on an instrument, mounted on a tripod, emitting a laser pulse which is vertically deflected by a mirror while rotating. The laser pulse is reflected by the objects within the field of view of the laser scanner. The laser scan results in a point cloud most often containing several millions of points which all have XYZ-coordinates. The technique has proven its benefits when documenting buildings, modelling and surveying of industries and tunnels.
This study has been carried out at Sweco VBB in Karlstad in purpose of finding out how suitable terrestrial laser scanning is for everyday surveying in urban environment. The method has been compared with traditional surveying with total station from a number of questions. In the study two crossings in Vasastaden, Stockholm, were scanned. The instrument used was an IMAGER 5006 from Zoller+Fröhlich. The 6 scannings resulted in point clouds which were georeferenced by using targets and a total station. The post processing consisted of registering, editing and reducing the point clouds. Through manual interpretation of the point clouds and by using the tool Virtual Surveyor in the program Cyclone by Leica Geosystems it was possible to survey different objects at the crossings.
A general comparison between terrestrial laser scanning and total station shows that laser scanning is a rapid method producing large amounts of data with a high level of details, allows higher security in field and gives enormous possibilities for visualisation, modelling and creating of terrain models. However, laser scanning is an expensive method which gives a slightly lower accuracy and yet cannot be used for longer distances. The method also demands total station (or GPS) for georeferencing. The study has also shown that the saving of time in field is lost by time consuming post processing and manual interpretation of the point cloud. Nonetheless this method is used by several companies for everyday surveying. The conclusions advert mostly that laser scanning is best suitable for small areas where the number of objects is high and where security in field is important. Nevertheless, the method should be seen more as a compliment to the total station because of the possibilities offered by visualisation and modelling and therefore not as a replacement for the latter.
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Olhans, Linnéa. "Leksandsbrons deformationsövervakning med geodetiska metoder." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26940.
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Av olika orsaker sker rörelser i strukturer, vilket leder till att deformationer uppstår. För att upptäcka deformationer krävs att förändringarna övervakas regelbundet. Övervakning kan ske på olika sätt. När detta utförs bör ett stomnät, upprättat av referenspunkter av god kvalitet, finnas tillgängligt. Stomnätet ger en grund för deformationsmätningen och gör att instrumentet som används, kan erhålla en lokalisering av var referenspunkterna placeras innan mätningen av strukturen utförs. 2014 utförde konsultföretaget Sweco, med uppdrag från Leksands kommun, en deformationsmätning av Leksandsbron, som är en gammal bågvalvsbro från 1925 i Leksands kommun, Dalarnas län. Syftet var att undersöka brons hållbarhet, men några slutsatser kunde inte dras utifrån den mätningen. I denna studie är syftet att ge förslag på hur Swecos stomnät skulle kunna utvecklas. Kompletteringen av stomnätet utfördes genom en simulering i programvaran SBG Geo där ett antal av Swecos kända stompunkter valdes och nya stompunkter placerades ut grafiskt med avseende på kvalitet, tillförlitlighet, geometri och ekonomiska aspekter i tre scenarier. Ett stomnät kan se ut på många olika sätt i teorin, men i praktiken är omgivningen begränsad vid bromätningar. Nätutjämning av förslagen fick senare klargöra vilket nät som var det bästa för att använda som referens till inmätningen av bron. Kompletteringen resulterade i att det förslag som var det mest lämpade också var det som var bäst anpassat till brons omgivning, natur och sikt. Det bästa förslaget har därefter användes därefter till inmätning av Leksandsbron, där Swecos deformationsmätning utgjorde referens. Inmätningen av stomnätet och bron utfördes med totalstationen Trimble S7. Genom nätutjämning beräknades nätets koordinater och osäkerheter från observationerna och differenserna jämfördes mot Swecos punkter för att se om någon deformation uppstått. Resultatet visar att två av Swecos punkter och några av brons punkter har utsatts för deformation. Deformationen för punkternas avvikelser analyserades också genom att använda t-student signifikanstest på ett konfidensintervall av 95%. Är avvikelsen inom intervallet har punkten inte rört sig och är avvikelsen utanför konfidensintervallet har punkten rört sig. Signifikanstestet visade att de punkter som utsatts för deformation i nätutjämningen även är signifikanta i t-student testet och bekräftade att punkterna har rört sig.For different reasons there are movements in structures, which leads to deformations. To monitor deformations, the changes have to be monitored on a regular basis. Monitoring can take place in different ways. When doing this, a core network based on good quality reference points, should be available. The core network provides a basis for deformation measurements and allows the instrument to predict a suitable location before measuring of the structure. In 2014, the consultancy company Sweco, commissioned by Leksands municipality, made deformation measurements of Leksandsbron, an old arch bridge from 1925, situated in Leksand, Dalecarlia. The intention was to investigate the sustainability of the bridge, but it was not possible to draw any conclusions from the measurements from 2014. The purpose of this study is to give suggestions on how the core network from Sweco could be developed. The completion was performed by a simulation in SBG Geo Software where some known points from Sweco were chosen as a reference and new points were graphically placed in terms of quality, reliability, geometry and economic aspects in three scenarios. A core network can look in many different ways theoretically, but practically, and especially at bridge measurements, there are limitations. By network adjustment of the proposals it could be clarified, which network was the best one to use for the survey of the bridge. The result of the completion was that the best suited proposal also was the one best suited to the surroundings, nature and visibility of the bridge The best suggestion was used for the bridge measurement with Sweco´s deformation measurement as a reference. The survey of the core network and the points of the bridge was performed by the Trimble S7 total station. With network adjustment the coordinates and assurances were calculated and the differences were compared to Sweco points to see if any deformation had occurred. The result showed that two of Sweco´s points and some of the bridge points have been exposed to deformation. The deformation has also been analyzed for the deviations of the core network points and the bridge points by using t-student significance test of a confidence interval of 95%. If the deviation is within the range it´s considered that the point has not moved and if the deviation is outside the range it´s considered that the point has moved. The significance test showed that the same points that had been exposed to deformation in the network adjustment, also were significant in the t-student test, which confirms that the points have moved.
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Sama, Michael P. "PRECISE EVALUATION OF GNSS POSITION AND LATENCY ERRORS IN DYNAMIC AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/14.
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A method for precisely synchronizing an external serial data stream to the pulse-per-second (PPS) output signal from a global navigation satellite-based system (GNSS) receiver was investigated. A signal timing device was designed that used a digital signal processor (DSP) with serial inputs and input captures to generate time stamps for asynchronous serial data based on an 58593.75 Hz internal timer. All temporal measurements were made directly in hardware to eliminate software latency. The resolution of the system was 17.1 µs, which translated to less than one millimeter of horizontal position error at travel speeds typical of most agricultural operations.
The dynamic error of a TTS was determined using a rotary test fixture. Tests were performed at angular velocities ranging from 0 to 3.72 rad/s and a radius of 0.635 m. Average latency from the TTS was shown to be consistently near 0.252 s for all angular velocities and less variable when using a reflector based machine target versus a prism target. Sight distance from the target to the TTS was shown to have very little effect on accuracy between 4 and 30 m. The TTS was determined to be a limited as a position reference for dynamic GNSS and vehicle auto-guidance testing based on angular velocity.
The dynamic error of a GNSS receiver was determined using the rotary test fixture and modeled as discrete probability density functions for varying angular velocities and filter levels. GNSS position and fixture data were recorded for angular velocities of 0.824, 1.423, 2.018, 2.618, and 3.222 rad/s at a 1 m radius. Filter levels were adjusted to four available settings including; no filter, normal filter, high filter, and max filter. Each data set contained 4 hours of continuous operation and was replicated three times. Results showed that higher angular velocities increased the variability of the distribution of error while not having a significant effect on average error. The distribution of error tended to change from normal distributions at lower angular velocities to uniform distributions at higher angular velocities. Internal filtering was shown to consistently increase dynamic error for all angular velocities.
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Sládková, Veronika. "Vypracování metodik pro tvorbu informačního modelu budovy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227108.
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The subject of thesis was creation of methodic for building information modeling methods specified. The buildings were surveyed at first or projects drawing were provided. Processing of survey data and building information modeling was done in software Revit 2014 with program extensions. Subsequently chosen methods of creation were described and they were compared with each other. The result can use for selection the most appropriate method on the basis function and targeted funds.
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Horeličan, Tomáš. "Měření pozice pohybujících se objektů pomocí robotické totální stanice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442533.
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Práca sa zaoberá objavujúcim sa nekonvenčným využitím moderných teodolitov, tiež známych ako Robotické Totálne Stanice (RTS), ako sledovací a navádzací systém, určením presnej pozície dynamicky sa pohybujúceho objektu. To sa týka najmä situácií, kde nie je možné využiť konvenčné polohovacie systémy akým je napríklad GNSS. Kinematicky určená poloha objektu kontinuálne sledujúcou RTS môže byť následne v reálnom čase využitá pre autonómnu navigáciu malých bezpilotných leteckých prostriedkov (UAV) poskytnutím referenčného súradnicového systému a okamžitej polohy v ňom. Podstatná časť práce je venovaná návrhu a realizácii vhodných experimentov, ktoré overia spoľahlivosť určovania presnej polohy objektu v presnom časovom okamžiku. Boli preverené stanice série S7 a S9 od spoločnosti Trimble a stanica S9 HP, ktorá disponuje frekvenciou kontinuálneho merania až do 10 Hz bola napokon využitá pre experimenty. Lokálny čas ovládacieho panelu TSC7, ktorý zabezpečuje komunikáciu so stanicou bol pomocou protokolu PTP synchronizovaný s lokálnym časom mini-počítača Raspberry Pi, ktorý následne poskytoval referenčné meranie skutočnej polohy objektu v čase. V závere sú zhrnuté výsledky experimentov.
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Steggall, Stephen William. "Evolution of digital reinstatement methods within private cadastral organisations." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15845/1/Stephen_Steggall_Thesis.pdf.
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Cadastral reinstatement methods within Queensland involve the use of modern digital surveying techniques in combination with traditional non-digital methods of recording and reporting information. This leads to the need to manually enter and re-enter data into a digital format at different stages of a survey. The requirement to lodge survey information with government organisations in a non-digital survey plan format also forces a break in digital data flow throughout the cadastral surveying system, which can only be updated by changes in the lodgement regulations.
The private cadastral organisations are predominantly responsible for carrying out the cadastral surveys and the government agencies are primarily responsible for the examination, verification and administration of the cadastral data. These organisations will have no communication link for digital cadastral data until the introduction of digital data lodgement. The digital system within the private cadastral surveying organisations can therefore be considered to be an independent system with consideration needed to be given to the future introduction of a digital lodgement system at some undefined time in the future.
Cadastral surveyors hold large amounts of digital information that is suitable for digital reinstatement systems. This information, if appropriately archived and distributed, has the capacity to meet the needs of reinstatement systems including as an alternative source of digital information that will eventually be obtained from digital lodgement systems. The existing technology and the private organisation structures are capable of supporting continuous digital data flow and automated systems.
This research proposes a process of development for private cadastral organisations to advance from traditional systems to continuous digital data flow and automated processes within their cadastral reinstatement systems. The development process is linked to existing legislation and technology taking into consideration likely future directions. The current legislative and technological environments within Queensland allow for development towards automated digital systems that will enhance most current cadastral reinstatement systems.
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Steggall, Stephen William. "Evolution of Digital Reinstatement Methods Within Private Cadastral Organisations." Queensland University of Technology, 2001. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15845/.
Full textAbstract:
Cadastral reinstatement methods within Queensland involve the use of modern digital surveying techniques in combination with traditional non-digital methods of recording and reporting information. This leads to the need to manually enter and re-enter data into a digital format at different stages of a survey. The requirement to lodge survey information with government organisations in a non-digital survey plan format also forces a break in digital data flow throughout the cadastral surveying system, which can only be updated by changes in the lodgement regulations. The private cadastral organisations are predominantly responsible for carrying out the cadastral surveys and the government agencies are primarily responsible for the examination, verification and administration of the cadastral data. These organisations will have no communication link for digital cadastral data until the introduction of digital data lodgement. The digital system within the private cadastral surveying organisations can therefore be considered to be an independent system with consideration needed to be given to the future introduction of a digital lodgement system at some undefined time in the future. Cadastral surveyors hold large amounts of digital information that is suitable for digital reinstatement systems. This information, if appropriately archived and distributed, has the capacity to meet the needs of reinstatement systems including as an alternative source of digital information that will eventually be obtained from digital lodgement systems. The existing technology and the private organisation structures are capable of supporting continuous digital data flow and automated systems. This research proposes a process of development for private cadastral organisations to advance from traditional systems to continuous digital data flow and automated processes within their cadastral reinstatement systems. The development process is linked to existing legislation and technology taking into consideration likely future directions. The current legislative and technological environments within Queensland allow for development towards automated digital systems that will enhance most current cadastral reinstatement systems.
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Persson, Erik, and Fredric Sjöwall. "Utvärdering av metoder för framställning och kontroll av digitala terrängmodeller." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-11985.
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Today there are many applications of digital terrain models (DTM) and the requirements of low uncertainty increases. Most of the DTM are produced with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), airborne laser scanning (ALS) and total stations. Guidelines for the preparation and verification of DTM are found in Swedish Standards Institute – Technical Specifications (SIS-TS) 21144:2007 and SIS-TS 21145:2007. These were defined in collaboration between Swedish National Rail Administration, Banverket, and Swedish Road Administration, Vägverket, to satisfy the needs of requirement formulations in the production of DTM planning, design and construction. The purpose of this paper is to produce and control DTM over Åkermans kulle, located west of the University of Gävle, according to SIS TS 21144:2007 using GNSS with network-RTK, TLS and ALS. Control of these was then performed by profile surveying with total station in accordance with SIS-TS 21145:2007 and by comparing the models against each other. Based on these results the control methods were evaluated. The area is approximately 2 ha and consists of very rough grassland with some vegetation. The post processing of the data was done in software SBG Geo Professional School, Cyclone 7.3 and Microsoft Excel. The profile-based verification showed that GNSS gives the smallest deviation from reality for this type of area, with a mean deviation of 0.048 m, while the TLS and ALS deviated 0.162 m and 0.255 m. For the surface based control the largest deviation was between ALS and GNSS with an average deviation of 0.270 m and the smallest between ALS-TLS with an average deviation of 0.099 m. In the production of DTM aim, uncertainty requirements, area and type of terrain should be taken into account and carefully analyzed. Based on this analysis, the most suitable method should be selected. Profile measurement is the most suited method for control since it generates a veracious depiction of the reality. Our results show that for hilly vegetated areas GNSS are preferable while TLS and ALS are more suited to plane areas without vegetation. A single national standard for the production and control of the DTM should be developed as only technical specifications exist today.Användningsområden för digitala terrängmodeller (DTM) är idag många och kraven på låg osäkerhet ökar. DTM kan framställas med Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), terrester laserskanning (TLS), flygburen laserskanning (FLS) eller totalstation. Riktlinjer för framställning och kontroll av DTM finns i Swedish Standards Institute - Tekniska specifikationer (SIS-TS) 21144:2007 och SIS 21145:2007. Dessa framtogs i ett samarbete mellan Banverket och Vägverket, idag Trafikverket, för att tillfredsställa behoven av kravformuleringar vid framställning av DTM för planering, projektering och byggande. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att framställa DTM över Åkermans kulle, beläget väster om Högskolan i Gävle enligt SIS-TS 21144:2007. Detta med hjälp av GNSS med nätverks-RTK, TLS och FLS, samt kontroll genom profilinmätning med totalstation enligt SIS-TS 21145:2007 och ytbaserad kontroll av modellerna mot varandra. Utgående från dessa resultat utvärderades kontrollmetoderna. Området är ca 2 ha stort och består av mycket kuperad ängsmark med viss vegetation. Efterbearbetningen av inmätta data skedde i programvarorna SBG Geo Professional School 2012, Cyclone 7.3 samt Microsoft Excel. Den profilbaserade kontrollen visade att GNSS är den metod som ger lägst osäkerhet för denna typ av område, med en medelavvikelse på 0,048 m, medan TLS och FLS avvek 0,162 m respektive 0,255 m. För den ytbaserade kontrollen var de största avvikelserna mellan FLS och GNSS, med en medelavvikelse på 0,270 m och den lägsta medelavvikelsen på 0,099 m mellan FLS och TLS. Vid framställning av terrängmodeller bör syfte, osäkerhetskrav, areal och typ av terräng tas i beaktande och analyseras noggrant. Utifrån denna analys bör den mest sanningsenliga metoden väljas. För kontroll är profilmätning med totalstation mest lämpat då det ger en sanningsenlig bild av verkligheten. Våra resultat visar att för kuperade vegetationsrika områden är GNSS att föredra medan TLS och FLS passar bättre för plana områden utan vegetation. En gemensam nationell standard för framställning och kontroll av DTM bör tas fram då det i dagsläget endast finns specifikationer.
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Feng, Quanhong. "Novel methods for 3-D semi-automatic mapping of fracture geometry at exposed rock faces." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3181.
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Persson, Patrik, and Dennis Sjölén. "Lägesosäkerhet vid mätning av dold punkt med totalstation och GNSS." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27609.
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En dold punkt är en punkt som inte kan mätas direkt utan måste mätas indirekt med hjälp av t.ex. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) eller totalstation. Det finns ett flertal olika metoder med GNSS och totalstation som passar till olika inmätningssituationer för att mäta en dold punkt. Mätning av dolda punkter med totalstation inträffar ofta i industrimiljöer där rör och liknande hänger i vägen för totalstationens siktlinje till mätobjektet. GNSS med nätverks-realtids kinematisk (nätverks-RTK) mätning, en metod som ökar inom mätningsjobb, är en bra metod för att indirekt mäta dolda punkter utomhus där det antingen är dålig mottagning av satellitsignaler eller inte är möjligt att ställa upp en antenn över punkten. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur bra lägesosäkerhet det går att uppnå för mätning av dold punkt med GNSS och totalstation och även jämföra de olika metoderna som testas. Fem olika metoder beskrivs för att kunna bestämma en dold punkts koordinater med totalstation. Bl.a. en med stång och prismor för mätning i plan och höjd, som även kommer användas i denna studie. Lägesosäkerheten 0,1 mm i både plan och höjd bör kunna uppnås med den metoden. Metoder som kan användas med GNSS och nätverks-RTK är t.ex. en rak linje och dess bäring, skärningen av två raka linjer och skärningen av två längdmätningar. Med nätverks-RTK kan mätningar uppnå en lägesosäkerhet på millimeter-nivå baserat på SWEPOS nätverks-RTK-tjänst. Det är även viktigt med tidskorrelation mellan mätningar om de ska göras oberoende av varandra. Resultaten av lägesosäkerheten i denna studie kan sedan jämföras med de från tidigare studier, om liknande värden kan erhållas vid mätning av dold punkt och hur mycket de skiljer sig. Metoden med totalstation som testats i denna studie är en stång med två prismor på som hålls mot den dolda punkten. Prismorna på stången mättes in med totalstationen och med hjälp av punkternas koordinater kan bäringen mellan dem räknas ut, vektorn förlängs till den dolda punkten, och sedan kan den dolda punktens koordinater räknas ut. De metoder som testats med GNSS är beräkning med en rak linje och dess bäring och beräkning med dubbla längdmätningar. För både GNSS och totalstationsmätningarna har minsta kvadratmetoden använts för att beräkna den dolda punkten och dess lägesosäkerhet. Fyra olika varianter av totalstationsmätningarna utfördes. 0,7 m fast anlagd prismastång med manuell inriktning, 1,0 m fast anlagd prismastång med manuell inriktning, 1,0 m fast anlagd prismastång med automatisk inriktning och 1,0 m handhållen prismastång med manuell inriktning. Alla varianter utfördes i två mätningsomgångar. Lägesosäkerheten vid mätningar för en dold punkt med totalstation var i denna studie 1-2 mm i plan och runt 1 mm i höjd, lägst lägesosäkerhet gav manuell inriktning (0,7 m mellan prismorna) med 0,93 mm i plan och 0,79 mm i höjd. Vilken mätningsvariant som var bäst med totalstationsmätningarna varierade mellan mätningsomgångarna, men skillnaden dem emellan var inte så stor. Det är därför svårt att säga säkert vilken variant som ger bäst lägesosäkerhet med det antalet mätningar som utfördes i denna studie. Med GNSS erhölls osäkerheter på som lägst 7,3 mm där dubbla längdmätningar med stativ gav bäst resultat. Om GNSS-mottagaren placerades på ett stativ eller hölls upp med eller utan stödpinnar förändrade inte slutresultatet så mycket, men som väntat gav stativet lägst lägesosäkerhet.A hidden point is a point that can´t be measured directly but must be measured indirectly using, for example, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) or total station. There are several different methods with GNSS and total station that fit into different survey situations to survey a hidden point. Measurement of hidden points with total stations often occurs in industrial environments where pipes and the like hang in the way of the total station's line of sight to the measuring object. GNSS with network-Real-Time Kinematic positioning (network-RTK), a method that increases in measurement jobs, is a great way to indirectly measure hidden points outdoors where either poor reception of satellite signals or the ability to set an antenna over the point is not possible. The purpose of this study is to investigate how good measurement uncertainty it is possible to obtain when measuring hidden points with GNSS and total station and also compare the different methods tested. Five different methods are described to determine the coordinates of a hidden point with a total station. Among other things, one with a bar and prisms for measurements horizontally and in height, which will also be used in this study. Position uncertainty 0.1 mm both horizontally and in height should be achievable with that method. Methods that can be used with GNSS and network RTK are for example straight line and its bearing, the intersection of two straight lines and the intersection of two length measurements. With network RTK, measurements can achieve a position uncertainty in millimeters based on SWEPOS network RTK service. It is also important for time correlation between measurements to be made independently. The results of position uncertainty in this study can then be compared to those of previous studies, if similar values can be obtained when measuring hidden points and how much they differ. The method used for total station in this study is a bar with two prisms on it held against the hidden point. The prisms on the bar were measured with the total station and the bearing between them can be calculated with the help of the coordinates of the points, the vector is extended to the hidden point and then the coordinates of the hidden point can be calculated. The methods tested with GNSS are the calculation of a straight line and its bearing and calculation with double length measurements. For both GNSS and total station measurements, the least squares method has been used to calculate the hidden point and its measurement uncertainty. Four different alternatives of the total station measurements were performed. 0.7 m fixed prism bar with manual alignment, 1.0 m fixed prism bar with manual alignment, 1.0 m fixed prism bar with automatic alignment and 1.0 m hand-held prism bar with manual alignment. All alternatives were performed in two measuring rounds. Measurement uncertainty for measurements for a hidden point with total station in this study was 1-2 mm horizontally and around 1 mm in height, the lowest measurement uncertainty gave manual alignment (0.7 m between the prisms) with 0.93 mm horizontally and 0.79 mm in height. The measuring alternative which was the best with total station measurements varied between the two measuring rounds, but the difference between them was not that large. It is therefore difficult to say which method gives the best measurement uncertainty with the number of measurements performed in this study. GNSS received uncertainties of at lowest 7.3 mm where double length measurements with tripod yielded the best results. If the GNSS receiver was placed on a tripod or held up with or without support did not change the final result that much, but as expected, the tripod provided the lowest measurement uncertainty.
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Ullrich, Robin. "Verfahren zur Punktidentifizierung bei der Qualitätskontrolle im Maschinenbau unter Verwendung von Polarmesssystemen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-229911.
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In der heutigen Zeit wird die Qualitätssicherung von großen Produktionsgütern des Maschinen und Anlagenbaus vornehmlich durch flexibel einsetzbare Industrietachymeter oder Lasertracker vollzogen. Die vermessungstechnische Erfassung der qualitätsrelevanten Daten ist dabei in enge Prozessketten der Produktion eingebettet. Aufgrund dessen sind die Messabläufe meist softwareseitig gesteuert und gewährleisten eine vollständige und zeiteffiziente Erfassung aller Messpunkte. Damit die korrekte Überführung der Instrumentendaten in das Bezugssystem des Produkts sichergestellt werden kann, muss bei den Messungen ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die fehlerfreie Erfassung der Bezugs- und Verknüpfungspunkte gelegt werden. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden daher Identifizierungsverfahren erarbeitet, welche insbesondere für regelmäßige Bezugs- oder Verknüpfungspunktverteilungen zur sicheren Koordinatentransformation beitragen. Inhaltlich wird zwischen direkten und indirekten Identifizierungsstrategien unterschieden. Während die direkten Verfahren in erster Linie durch die Auswertung von Signalintensitäten eines Tachymeters gekennzeichnet sind, machen sich indirekte Verfahren zusätzliche Distanzdaten eines Funksystems zunutze. Speziell für die Anforderung der Verknüpfungspunktmessung vervollständigen punktidentifizierende Reflektorhalterungen das Anwendungsspektrum. Bei der direkten Identifizierungsvariante wurde das Konzept photogrammetrischer Zielzeichencodierungen aufgegriffen. Die Codierung der Zielmarke wird für tachymetrische Messungen durch verschieden stark reflektierende Zielmarkenbereiche erreicht, welche anhand der gemessenen Signalintensitäten voneinander trennbar sind. Mithilfe der empirisch ermittelten Instrumentenparameter zur Laserspotgröße und Intensitätsmessrate sowie Betrachtungen hinsichtlich minimaler Winkelgeschwindigkeiten wurde die Codeerfassung und -auswertung softwareseitig automatisiert. Die Validierung der Verfahren wurde mit einem Industrietachymeter Leica TDRA6000 für ring und sektorförmig codierte Zielmarken durchgeführt. Die Basis des indirekten Identifizierungsverfahrens ist die Kombination von Tachymeter- und Funkdaten. Der mobile Knoten eines Funksystems wurde dazu direkt am Tragegriff des Tachymeters angebracht und durch Bogenschnittverfahren im Bezugssystem positioniert. Angesichts der Vorinformation zur Mobilknotenposition wird die Identifizierung von tachymetrisch erfassten Bezugspunkten ermöglicht. Die Auswahl des Bezugspunkts wird aufgrund einer Kandidatenliste vollzogen, die in mehreren Filterstufen bis zum Verbleib eines einzigen Kandidaten reduziert wird. Neben definierten Distanzkriterien führen vor allem die Ergebnisse kandidatenbezogener Ausgleichungen mit Restriktionen zwischen den Unbekannten zur Identifizierung des Bezugspunkts. Das Konzept der funkgestützten Identifizierung wurde anhand einer Versuchsfeldanwendung verifiziert, wobei die Robustheit der Datenanalyse besonders durch die örtlichen Gegebenheiten des Maschinenbaus gefordert wird. Am Beispiel der Qualitätssicherung schienengebundener Fahrzeuge wurde zudem veranschaulicht, wie die Anwendung der direkten und indirekten Identifizierungsverfahren innerhalb eines strukturierten Messablaufes zur zeiteffizienten und sicheren Qualitätskontrolle beitragen kann.
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Kriechbaumer, Thomas. "Field-based measurement of hydrodynamics associated with engineered in-channel structures : the example of fish pass assessment." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11315.
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The construction of fish passes has been a longstanding measure to improve river ecosystem status by ensuring the passability of weirs, dams and other in- channel structures for migratory fish. Many fish passes have a low biological effectiveness because of unsuitable hydrodynamic conditions hindering fish to rapidly detect the pass entrance. There has been a need for techniques to quantify the hydrodynamics surrounding fish pass entrances in order to identify those passes that require enhancement and to improve the design of new passes. This PhD thesis presents the development of a methodology for the rapid, spatially continuous quantification of near-pass hydrodynamics in the field. The methodology involves moving-vessel Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements in order to quantify the 3-dimensional water velocity distribution around fish pass entrances. The approach presented in this thesis is novel because it integrates a set of techniques to make ADCP data robust against errors associated with the environmental conditions near engineered in-channel structures. These techniques provide solutions to (i) ADCP compass errors from magnetic interference, (ii) bias in water velocity data caused by spatial flow heterogeneity, (iii) the accurate ADCP positioning in locales with constrained line of sight to navigation satellites, and (iv) the accurate and cost-effective sensor deployment following pre-defined sampling strategies. The effectiveness and transferability of the methodology were evaluated at three fish pass sites covering conditions of low, medium and high discharge. The methodology outputs enabled a detailed quantitative characterisation of the fish pass attraction flow and its interaction with other hydrodynamic features. The outputs are suitable to formulate novel indicators of hydrodynamic fish pass attractiveness and they revealed the need to refine traditional fish pass design guidelines.
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Girlando, Matteo. "Geomatica in ambito forense." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
Find full textAbstract:
La geomatica è la disciplina che si occupa di acquisire, modellizzare, interpretare, elaborare, archiviare e divulgare informazioni georeferenziate, ovvero informazioni caratterizzate da una posizione in un prescelto sistema di riferimento.
La geomatica ha i suoi fondamenti metodologici nelle discipline che si sono occupate di risolvere i problemi di posizionamento sulla superficie terrestre e nelle sue immediate vicinanze (geodesia, astronomia, matematica, statistica).
Alla geomatica afferiscono pertanto le tecniche di posizionamento terrestri (storicamente ricomprese nella topografia) e spaziali (GPS), la fotogrammetria digitale, le tecniche di scansione laser da terra e da velivolo, il telerilevamento da aereo e da satellite, la cartografia numerica, la geostatica.
Applicare la geomatica in ambito forense significa descrivere le metodologie e le tecniche che vengono utilizzate in presenza di indagini giudiziarie, quali ricostruzioni di scene del crimine o ricostruzioni di incidenti stradali a partire proprio da rilievi geomatici.
Le argomentazioni della tesi si suddividono in tre parti. La prima in cui descrivo le principali tecniche di misura e strumenti utilizzati dalla geomatica in ambito forense; la seconda e la terza parte descrivono in particolare le metodologie e le tecniche che un perito forense può applicare in presenza di due contesti abbastanza frequenti: la ricostruzione di scene del crimine e la ricostruzione di incidenti stradali.
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Ali, Rebaz, and Ahmed Alshami. "Sättningar i torvmaterialet : En fallstudie om användning av förstärkningsmetoden "förbelastning i form av överlast" på jordmaterial av torv." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41543.
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Purpose: The aim of this degree project is to control the set-up for a longer period by means of the workplace at the use of the total station for then comparing calculated outcomes with real outcomes. Method: A combination of both quantitative and qualitative studies have been used in this degree project, consisting of literature studies and a case study including interviews, document analyzes, site visits and measurements. The case study is based on an ongoing project in the municipality of Nassjo, where a skate park is constructed and whose soil consists of peat. Preload in the form of overload has been applied. Findings: The result indicates the occurrence of a difference between calculated outcome and actual outcome regarding set rate and time course when using preload in the form of overload. The deviation is about 20 cm. Preload in the form of overload is a good method for peat land, but it is unlikely to be remarkably improved by vertical drainage. Implications: In view of the measurements produced by the authors, this shows that the method of loading in the form of overload on peat field works, however, gives the calculation model which has been used to be uncertain. The result described in more detail regarding vertical drainage on peat fields will not accelerate the process because the peat is already well drained. This means that it will cost extra without benefiting from the method. Limitations: The work has limited to two reinforcement methods on peat fields. A case study has been limited to only one area. There was preload in the form of overload, whose soil material consists of peat. Keywords: Peat, Permeability, Preloading in the form of overload, settlements, total station, vertical drainage, water quota.Syfte: Syftet med detta examensarbete är att kontrollera sättningen under en längre period genom mätningar som skett på arbetsplatsen vid användning av totalstation för sedan kunna jämföra beräknat utfall med verkligt utfall. Metod: En kombination av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa studier har använts i detta examensarbete, bestående av litteraturstudier och en fallstudie inbegripande intervjuer, dokumentanalyser samt platsbesök och mätningar. Fallstudien grundar sig i ett pågående projekt i Nässjö kommun där det byggs en skatepark vars jordmaterial består av torv och där förbelastning i form av överlast har tillämpats. Resultat: Resultatet indikerar på förekomsten av en skillnad mellan beräknat utfall och verkligt utfall gällande sättningshastighet och tidsförlopp vid användning av förbelastning i form av överlast. Avvikelsen ligger på ungefär 20 cm. Förbelastning i form av överlast är en bra metod för torvmark men att det sannolikt inte anmärkningsvärt går att förbättra genom vertikaldränering. Konsekvenser: Med hänsyn till de mätresultat som rapportförfattarna har bringat fram visar detta att metoden förbelastning i form av överlast på torvmark fungerar, dock ger beräkningsmodellen som har använts osäkra resultat. Resultatet som beskrivs mer detaljerat gällande vertikaldränering på torvmark kommer inte påskynda processen eftersom torven redan är väl dränerad d.v.s. porerna är genomträngliga och vattnet kan lätt rinna ut vid användning av förbelastning i form av överlast. Detta innebär att det kommer medföra extra kostnader utan att få nytta av metoden. Begränsningar: Arbetet har begränsats till två förstärkningsmetoder på torvmark. En fallstudie har begränsats till endast ett område, där förbelastning i form av överlast utförs på jordmaterial som består av torv. Nyckelord: Förbelastning i form av överlast, permeabilitet, sättningar, Torv, totalstation, vertikaldränering, vattenkvot.
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Czíria, Kornél. "Měření posunů a přetvoření mostu Gagarin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390178.
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The work deals with a complex analysis of displacements and deformations of one bridge span of the railway bridge "Gagarin". The bridge structure was since 2009 annually measured. In addition to long-term monitoring of the bridge a 24-hour automatized monitoring was conducted in 2015 using robotic total station. The results of monitoring enables the analysis of displacements and deformations, analysis of measurement accuracy and also environmental influences on the structure - determination of the temperature dependence of deformations. Another part of the work is evaluating the long-term stability of the height reference frame that was used for geodetic epoch measuring of the bridge columns. The results of the work are the values of detected displacements and deformations, their graphical illustration, geometric interpretation and relevant characteristics of accuracy.
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Smith, Richard Angus. "Measuring quality management system performance using quantitative analyses." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1234.
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Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Quality
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013Many top performing businesses, which achieve superior levels of success and sustainability, have a sound, implemented, and well maintained, Quality Management System (QMS). The correlation between business success and an implemented management system has been shown in numerous papers. This research, which culminates in a quantitative measure of QMS performance, was conducted at Eskom’s Koeberg Nuclear Power Station (KNPS). The power station is the operating leg of the Koeberg Operating Unit (KOU). The researcher is a QMS lead auditor in the KNPS Quality Assurance Department. A program of audits is planned based on the KOU quality and safety manual and the national regulatory licencing requirements. The audit monitoring program is then implemented over a three year period and considers all the management system processes which impact on nuclear safety and business performance. The individual audits each consider ISO 9001 criteria in context of the business area audited. Each major business area (e.g. design, maintenance, etc.) within the power station adheres to all generic ISO 9001 QMS clauses and considerations, such as documentation management, records management, etc. Each process or business area audit is thus effectively a QMS audit. The audit results, when combined are therefore a representative measure of the overall organisational QMS performance. The potential value to be gained from the audit results and data accrued over the monitoring period has not been optimised to maximise the return on investment to Eskom. The research problem statement thus proposes that the performance measurement capability of the quality management system at Eskom's Koeberg Power Station is insufficient. This diminishes management's ability to identify business risk resulting from management system deficiencies, which impacts negatively on business performance. The research question seeks to determine how the performance measurement capability of the QMS can be improved to assist management in identifying business risk resulting from quality management system deficiencies in order to improve business performance. The research objectives are supported by the literature study, which identifies the quality management methods currently used in order to measure and subsequently improve business performance. It also shows how QMS performance measurement, when deconstructed and analysed can provide the required insight for supporting management decision making. The research approach is considered inductive in that a theory is developed based on the collection and the analysis of that data. Applied research, will thus serve as the basis of the research methodology as it is considered the most appropriate research approach, based on the need to answer practical questions around the measurement of QMS performance philosophy. The research shows that by introducing additional theming and severity data into the secondary audit findings data, it is possible over time to extract high level strategic direction information when analysing the additional metadata. The dimensions and value of the QMS Performance measuring instrument are: Ø A cause and effect theming philosophy of audit findings providing an additional context to business improvement advice to management. Ø The provision of a QMS process deficiency locator / identifier which targets management action areas for improvement. Ø The provision of a quantitative measure of the management system performance, providing a reference from which to improve. By providing a quantifiable measure of an organisations QMS performance, a reference point is provided to gauge QMS performance and also render a definitive measure to enable performance improvement of the business.
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Ehrhart, Matthias [Verfasser]. "Applications of image-assisted total stations: Concepts, experiments, results and calibration / Matthias Ehrhart." Aachen : Shaker, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1159836973/34.
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Slabotinský, Filip. "Využití fotogrametrie v oboru znalectví ve stavebnictví a oceňování nemovitostí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233118.
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The task of this diploma thesis is to design and test the optimal procedures for taking photos to build a 3D model of a civic building using the programme PHOTOMODELER. Then to determine the specific dimensions of the civic building and compare them with the dimensions received with the help of the basic method of measurement in common building practice, i.e. the method of cross directions (using a tape or a telescopic measuring rod) and the geodetic method of measurement. After that to evaluate these measurements and make the conclusion concerning the accuracy or inaccuracy of measurements received with the help of the 3D model of the compiled programme PHOTOMODELER.
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Sanchini, Elisabetta. "Tecniche geomatiche 3D per un approccio integrato alla conoscenza di un bene storico: la Pieve di San Michele in Acerboli in Santarcangelo di Romagna." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
Find full textAbstract:
L’accurata documentazione del patrimonio culturale ed artistico, finalizzata alla comunicazione e alla salvaguardia dello stesso, è un’esigenza espressa dall’intera comunità culturale e scientifica.
Le moderne tecniche geomatiche offrono validi strumenti di rilievo tridimensionale di dettaglio: i modelli 3D costituiscono la base di partenza per la divulgazione culturale e didattica del patrimonio storico e per lo svolgimento di analisi settoriali e temporali sugli oggetti rilevati.
La presente tesi di laurea è finalizzata alla restituzione tridimensionale di un edificio storico, operata integrando dati acquisiti mediante tre diverse tecniche di rilievo geomatico: rilievo topografico con total station, laser a scansione terrestre e rilievo fotogrammetrico per la modellazione tridimensionale image-based.
La struttura presa in esame è la Pieve di San Michele in Acerboli in Santarcangelo di Romagna, risalente alla metà del VI secolo e costituente uno dei più significativi e rappresentativi esempi di architettura ecclesiastica alto medievale del territorio romagnolo.
La procedura di elaborazione seguita per l’ottenimento del modello tridimensionale del bene storico mette in risalto le potenzialità e le criticità inerenti l’integrazione di dati acquisiti con diverse tecniche geomatiche, ed il modello tridimensionale ottenuto suggerisce ulteriori applicazioni, dalla realtà virtuale ed aumentata ad implementazioni in ambiente HBIM.
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Tiraferri, Matteo. "Georeferenziazione e rilievo tridimensionale di beni culturali in sotterraneo: gli Ipogei di Santarcangelo di Romagna." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
Find full textAbstract:
All’interno del patrimonio nazionale dei Beni Culturali, si inserisce la categoria delle strutture ipogee, numerosissime nel territorio italiano: ne sono un esempio i percorsi ipogei presenti a Santarcangelo di Romagna, oggetto della presente tesi.
Le moderne tecniche geomatiche di rilievo tridimensionale, specialmente se integrate tra loro, offrono valide e molteplici soluzioni per la documentazione dello stato di fatto di tali ambienti sotterranei.
La sperimentazione condotta nell’ambito della presente tesi di laurea ha previsto l’esecuzione di una rete topografica di precisione e l’impiego della tecnica laser a scansione terrestre, per il rilievo 3D e la georeferenziazione di una porzione del complesso ipogeo della città di Santarcangelo di Romagna.
I dati di rilievo acquisiti (misure topografiche e modello 3D a nuvola di punti) e gli elaborati grafici a valenza metrica ottenuti sono funzionali ad eventuali attività di monitoraggio e restauro delle cavità ipogee.
Nella conclusione della tesi vengono prospettate possibili soluzioni per estendere in futuro l’implementazione del rilievo all’intero complesso ipogeo, adottando le più moderne tecnologie di mobile mapping.
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Frihi, Aymen. "Évolution de la colonne totale d'ozone à deux stations tropicales : observations et modélisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS240.
Full textAbstract:
Alors que les tropiques couvrent une grande partie du globe, peu de données d’observations d’ozone sur le long terme existent dans cette région. En outre, les tropiques sont les régions où la majeure partie de l'ozone stratosphérique est formée. En effet, la région tropicale est le principal point d'entrée des espèces chimiques troposphériques et de la vapeur d'eau dans la stratosphère, redistribuées par la suite aux moyennes latitudes par la circulation de Brewer-Dobson. Le suivi de l'évolution de la couche d'ozone dans ces régions est basé sur des observations (satellitaires, au sol et instruments embarqués sur ballons). Ce suivi permet la quantification de la variabilité et les tendances de l'ozone stratosphérique dans le but de comprendre les changements passés et valider les modèles utilisés pour prédire l'évolution de l'ozone dans ces régions. Dans cette optique, le travail de cette thèse se divise en deux parties : tout d’abord, l’analyse et la comparaison entre les données du spectromètre UV-Visible SAOZ et celles de 10 instruments satellitaires aux tropiques au-dessus des stations de Bauru (22.18S, 49.06O) au Brésil et de La Réunion (21.11S, 55.53E) dans l’Océan Indien. Les colonnes d’ozone montrent un biais moyen négatif (-0.84%) entre les colonnes satellites et SAOZ (SAT-SAOZ) à Bauru contrairement à La Réunion (0.75%), où le biais est positif. De plus on observe une augmentation de ce biais à partir de 2004 à Bauru de -1.78%/décennie, moins importante à la Réunion (-0.8%/ décennie). L’étude de cette dérive a montré que cette dernière est corrélée à un soulèvement du profil vertical d’ozone aux latitudes équatoriales caractérisé par une dérive de latitude équivalente de la station de Bauru, non prise en compte dans le calcul de facteur de masse d’air (AMF) utilisé pour convertir les colonnes obliques mesurées par SAOZ en colonnes verticales (TOC). Par la suite, la capacité de 9 modèles de chimie-climat issus du projet CCMI à reproduire les colonnes observées, ses variations et les forçages externes sur la variabilité a été évaluée en comparant les simulations à celles de SAOZ et de la moyenne des satellites aux deux stations. Les modèles montrent une bonne restitution de la variabilité de la colonne d’ozone avec cependant une surestimation de 3% aux deux stations par rapport aux observations. L’analyse des forçages montre une contribution dominée par la QBO (~40%), suivie de l’ENSO (~20%), de l’activité solaire (~20%), de la dérive de latitude équivalente >10% à Bauru et <10% à La Réunion et plus faible pour les aérosols (<10%) en cohérence avec les observationsWhile the tropics cover a large part of the globe, few long-term ozone observations data exist in this region. In addition, the tropics are the regions where most of the stratospheric ozone is formed. Indeed, the tropical region is the main entry point for tropospheric chemical species and water vapor in the stratosphere, subsequently redistributed at mid-latitudes by the Brewer-Dobson circulation. Monitoring the evolution of the ozone layer in these regions is based on observations (satellite, ground-based and aircraft instruments). This monitoring allows the quantification of stratospheric ozone variability and trends to understand past changes and validate the models used to predict the ozone evolution in these regions. In this perspective, the work of this thesis is divided into two parts: firstly, the analysis and comparison between the UV-Visible SAOZ spectrometer data and those of 10 satellite instruments in the tropics above the Bauru stations (22.18S, 49.06W) in Brazil and Reunion Island (21.11S, 55.53E) in the Indian Ocean. The ozone columns show a negative average bias (-0.84%) between the satellite columns and SAOZ (SAT-SAOZ) in Bauru unlike Réunion (0.75%), where the bias is positive. Moreover, we observe an increase in this bias from 2004 in Bauru of -1.78% / decade, less important in Reunion (-0.8% / decade). The study of this drift has shown that the latter is correlated with an uplift of the vertical ozone profile at equatorial latitudes characterized by an equivalent latitude drift of the Bauru station, which is not considered in the calculation of the Air Mass Factor (AMF) used to convert the slant column measured by SAOZ into vertical column (TOC). Subsequently, the capacity of 9 CCMI-derived climate-chemistry models to reproduce the observed columns, its variations and external forcing on variability was evaluated by comparing the simulations with those of SAOZ and the monthly mean satellites at both stations. The models show a good restitution of the variability of the ozone column with however an overestimation of 3% at both stations compared to the observations. The analysis of the forcings shows a contribution dominated by QBO (~ 40%), followed by ENSO (~ 20%), solar activity (~ 20%), equivalent latitude drift > 10% at Bauru and < 10% at Reunion and lower for aerosols (<10%) consistently with observations
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Maganares, Leonidas M. "Implementation of Total Quality Leadership (TQL) at Long Beach Naval Shipyard and future perspectives for implementation by the Hellenic naval stations." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA277356.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1993.Thesis advisor(s): Evered, Roger ; Wargo, Linda Ellen. "December 1993." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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Hallenbeck, Kyle. "LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER WATER FLOW CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH RECTANGULAR MICRO DIFFUSERS/NOZZLES WITH A PRIMARY FOCUS ON MAJOR/MINOR P." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3406.
Full textAbstract:
The field of microfluidics has recently been gathering a lot of attention due to the enormous demand for devices that work in the micro scale. The problem facing many researchers and designers is the uncertainty in using macro scaled theory, as it seems in some situations they are incorrect. The general idea of this work was to decide whether or not the flow through micro diffusers and nozzles follow the same trends seen in macro scale theory. Four testing wafers were fabricated using PDMS soft lithography including 38 diffuser/nozzle channels a piece. Each nozzle and diffuser consisted of a throat dimension of 100μm x 50μm, leg lengths of 142μm, and half angles varying from 0o – 90o in increments of 5o. The flow speeds tested included throat Reynolds numbers of 8.9 – 89 in increments of 8.9 using distilled water as the fluid. The static pressure difference was measured from the entrance to the exit of both the diffusers and the nozzles and the collected data was plotted against a fully attached macro theory as well as Idelchik's approximations. Data for diffusers and nozzles up to HA = 50o hints at the idea that the flow is neither separating nor creating a vena contracta. In this region, static pressure recovery within diffuser flow is observed as less than macro theory would predict and the losses that occur within a nozzle are also less than macro theory would predict. Approaching a 50o HA and beyond shows evidence of unstable separation and vena contracta formation. In general, it appears that there is a micro scaled phenomenon happening in which flow gains available energy when the flow area is increased and looses available energy when the flow area decreases. These new micro scaled phenomenon observations seem to lead to a larger and smaller magnitude of pressure loss respectively.M.S.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering MSME
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alojaiman, shahad N. M. A. A. "Tropospheric Delay Modeling using GNSS Observations from Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574536144031026.
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Macijauskaitė, Simona. "Lipidų apykaitos sutrikimo gydymui ir profilaktikai vartojamų vaistų ir maisto papildų įvertinimas Lietuvos vaistinėse." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130618_134053-61682.
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Darbo tikslas: nustatyti, vaistinėse besilankančių pacientų, lipidų apykaitos sutrikimo profilaktikai ir gydymui rekomenduojamų vaistinių preparatų ir maisto papildų suvartojimo tendencijas. Uždaviniai: 1) išanalizuoti statinų grupės preparatų suvartojimą Lietuvoje 2005-2012 metais, naudojant tarptautinę, PSO patvirtintą, vaistų suvartojimo ATC/DDD metodiką ir gautus rezultatus palyginti su kitomis ES šalimis, 2) įvertinti, vaistinėse besilankančių pacientų, lipidogramos rodiklius ir jų dinamiką, vartojant antilipideminius vaistus ir maisto papildus, 3) įvertinti lipidų apykaitos sutrikimo profilaktikai ir gydymui rekomenduojamų vaistų ir maisto papildų atitikimą tarptautinėms rekomendacijoms (NCEP ATP III). Metodika: vaistų, kurie priklauso C10AA (HMG KoA reduktazės inhibitorių) ir C10BX (HMG KoA reduktazės inhibitorių, kitų derinių) pogrupiams, suvartojimas buvo analizuojamas ATC/DDD metodika, išreiškiant duomenis DDD/1000 gyventojų per dieną (DDD/1000 gyv/d). Vaistinėje besilankančių pacientų lipidogramos rodikliai ir vartojami vaistai/maisto papildai buvo vertinami atliekant anketinę apklausą. Surinktų duomenų statistinė analizė atlikta naudojant SPSS programinį paketą, 17,0 versiją. Rezultatai: statinų suvartojimas Lietuvoje padidėjo nuo 3,873 DDD/1000 gyv/d 2005 m. iki 12,787 DDD/1000 gyv/d 2012 m., o išlaidos išaugo nuo 6,19 mln Lt 2005 m. iki 9,12 mln Lt 2012 m. Anketinėje apklausoje dalyvavo 358 pacientai, kurie vaistinėje įsigijo vaistus ir/ar maisto papildus lipidų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Objective of the work: to determine the usage tendencies of the medicinal products and food supplements recommended for prevention and treatment of the disorder of lipid metabolism to the patients coming to the pharmacies. Tasks: 1) to analyze the usage of the products of statin group in Lithuania in 2005-2012 using the international, WHO approved methodology of the medicine usage ATC/DDD, and to compare the results with other EU States, 2) to assess the indexes of lipidogram and their dynamics of the patients coming to the pharmacies, who use antilipidemic medicine and food supplements, 3) to assess the conformity of the medicinal products and food supplements recommended for prevention and treatment of the disorder of lipid metabolism to the international guidelines (NCEP ATP III). Methodology: the usage of the medicine that belongs to the sub-groups of C10AA (HMG CoA reductase inhibitors) and C10BX (Other combinations) was analyzed by the ATC/DDD methodology expressing the data as DDD/1000 inhabitants per day (DDD/1000 inhabitants/d). The indexes of lipidogram and the medicine/food supplements used by the patients coming to the pharmacies were assessed using the survey by questionnaires. The statistical analysis of the collected data was done using the SPSS program package, version 17.0. Results: the usage of statins in Lithuania increased from 3,873 DDD/1000 inhabitants/d in 2005 until 12,787 DDD/1000 inhabitants/d in 2012, while the expenses for statins increased from 6... [to full text]
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Wagner, Andreas A. [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Wunderlich, Alexander [Gutachter] Reiterer, and Werner [Gutachter] Lienhart. "New Geodetic Monitoring Approaches using Image Assisted Total Stations / Andreas A. Wagner ; Gutachter: Alexander Reiterer, Werner Lienhart, Thomas Wunderlich ; Betreuer: Thomas Wunderlich." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1129874605/34.
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Madruga, Reuthemann Esequias Teixeira Tenório Albuquerque. "Avaliação somatossensorial e funcional em pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do joelho." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2017. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3645.
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Introduction: Osteoarthrosis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative and chronic disease that promotes
intense pain and often compromises the elderly population. With the severity of OA and the lack of
success of conventional methods, Total Knee Arthroplasty (KTA) has been the most frequently used
treatment, however, in some patients pain persists. Therefore, to better understand the pain, it is
necessary to use somatosensory and functional tests. Objective: To evaluate the Pressure Pain
Threshold (LDP) of patients with OA and submitted to TKA, as well as to analyze the association of
pain intensity with functional factors. Methods: A case-control study was carried out on 40 subjects,
selected for convenience at the Specialized Center for Orthopedics and Trauma (CEOT), divided into
two groups: TKA group consisting of 20 patients operated on, being evaluated in three phases:
preoperative , six and 12 months; and the control group comprised of 20 healthy, asymptomatic,
paired subjects by sex and age, evaluated in a single moment. The LDP was performed through the
digital pressure algometer. The intensity of pain was measured on the numerical scale from 0 to 10,
the muscular strength assessed by the digital manual dynamometer. Range of motion obtained by the
fleximeter. Static balance measured by the baropodometer and the speed test used to measure gait
speed. Results: It presented statistical difference between the control group and TKA in all
peripatellar and tibial points (P) (p <0.002). P4, P5, P5, P6, P8 and P9 (p <0.05), and six and 12
months were significant at P4, P5, P6, P8 and P9 (p <0.05) and Preoperative period and 12 months in
P9 (p <0.05). In the comparison between the P at each stage of the evaluation, only significant
changes were observed between P3 and P6 (p <0.05), P4 and P6 (p <0.005). Correlations of
moderate to strong and inversely proportional between pain in movement and flexor strength (r = -
0.46), knee extensors (r = -0.49), hip abductors (r = -0.59) And gait velocity (r = -0.6), in the
preoperative phase. Conclusion: In the preoperative phase there was lower LDP, due to central and
peripheral sensitization due to OA chronicity. At six months post-operatively, he found a decrease in
pain, which could be related to the efficacy of TKA and rehabilitation. Similar to the pre-surgical phase,
at 12 months, LDP decreased, which may be linked to the central pain sensitization mechanism,
contributing negatively to the decline in muscle strength and gait velocity.Introdução: A osteoartrose (OA) do joelho é uma doença degenerativa, crônica que promove dor intensa e frequentemente compromete a população idosa. Com a gravidade da OA e a falta de sucesso dos métodos convencionais, a Artroplastia Total do Joelho (ATJ) tem sido o tratamento cirúrgico mais utilizado, para melhora da função biomecânica e da qualidade de vida. No entanto, alguns pacientes, apresentam a persistência de dor. Portanto, para melhor compreensão do quadro álgico torna-se necessário a utilização de testes somatossensoriais e funcionais. Objetivo: Avaliar o Limiar de Dor por Pressão (LDP) dos pacientes com OA e submetidos à ATJ, bem como analisar a associação da intensidade de dor com os fatores funcionais. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle, participaram 40 sujeitos, selecionados por conveniência no Centro de Especialidade em Ortopedia e Trauma (CEOT), divididos em dois grupos: grupo ATJ formado por 20 pacientes operados, sendo avaliados em três fases: pré-operatória, seis e 12 meses; e o grupo controle formado por 20 sujeitos saudáveis, assintomáticos, pareados por sexo e idade, avaliados em um único momento. O LDP foi realizado pelo algômetro de pressão digital e aplicado perpendicularmente a pele em seis pontos peripatelares (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 e P6) e três pontos tibiais (P7, P8 e P9). A intensidade de dor foi mensurada na escala numérica de zero a 10. A força muscular avaliada pelo dinamômetro manual digital. A amplitude de movimento obtida pelo flexímetro. Equilíbrio estático mensurado pelo baropodômetro e utilizado o speed test para medir a velocidade da marcha. Resultados: O grupo controle apresentou maior LDP, com diferença estatística, comparado ao grupo ATJ em todos os pontos (P) peripatelares e tibiais (p< 0,002). Na fase pré-operatória houve menor LDP em relação a fase de seis meses nos P3, P4, P5, P6, P8 e P9 (p<0,05). Aos 12 meses ocorreu uma redução do LDP nos P4, P5, P6, P8 e P9 (p<0,05) quando relacionado a fase de seis meses. Na comparação entre os P em cada fase da avaliação, observou que somente na fase pré-operatória, o LDP foi menor no P6 em relação aos P3 e P4 (p<0,005). Foram encontradas correlações de moderada a forte, e inversamente proporcional, entre dor em movimento e força dos flexores (r = -0,46), extensores do joelho (r = -0,49), abdutores do quadril (r = -0,59) e velocidade da marcha (r = -0,6), na fase pré-operatória. Conclusão: Na fase pré-operatória houve menor LDP, provavelmente, em virtude da cronicidade da OA e consequentemente da sensibilização central e periférica. Aos seis meses de pós-operatório, encontrou redução do quadro álgico, podendo relacionar à eficácia da ATJ e da reabilitação. Semelhante à fase pré-cirúrgica, aos 12 meses, o LDP diminuiu, possivelmente estando atrelado ao mecanismo de sensibilização central de dor, contribuindo negativamente para o declínio da força muscular e da velocidade média da marcha.
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Bouley, Simon. "Modélisations analytiques du bruit tonal d'interaction rotor/ stator par la technique de raccordement modal." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC007/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le bruit tonal d’interaction rotor-stator, généré par l’impact des sillages issus des pales d’un rotorsur la grille d’aubes d’un stator redresseur, contribue de manière déterminante au bruit d’origineaérodynamique des turbomachines axiales carénées, qui équipent une large part des systèmes de propulsionaéronautique et de conditionnement d’air. La prédiction du bruit par l’utilisation de simulationsnumériques demeure onéreuse, notamment dans les premières phases de conception lorsque de nombreusesconfigurations doivent être testées. Dans cette optique, l’approche analytique choisie dans cettethèse apporte une alternative tout à fait appropriée. Les modèles analytiques basés sur une fonctionde réponse aéroacoustique de profil isolé ne permettent pas de reproduire l’effet de grille engendrépar le nombre important d’aubes de stator. Inversement, de fortes approximations sont nécessairespour décliner les fonctions de réponse de grilles d’aubes existantes dans des configurations tridimensionnelles.Le formalisme proposé, basé sur la méthode de raccordement modal, permet d’introduiresimplement l’effet de grille dans une géométrie annulaire d’étage rotor-stator. Un modèle de réponse degrille rectilinéaire bidimensionnel est tout d’abord présenté pour la transmission d’ondes acoustiques àtravers le stator ainsi que pour la génération de bruit par l’impact de rafales hydrodynamiques. Dansce cadre, une analyse linéaire et non visqueuse est considérée, pour laquelle les modes acoustique ettourbillonnaire d’un gaz sont couplés par le biais des frontières rigides. Les perturbations de vitessesliées aux sillages sont modélisées comme des rafales convectées. Leur impact sur la grille de statorgénère des ondes acoustiques se propageant en amont, en aval ainsi que dans les espaces inter-aubesdu stator, vu comme un réseau périodique de guides d’ondes. Les sections de bords d’attaque et defuite des aubes sont considérées comme des interfaces sur lesquelles la continuité des fluctuations depression, de vitesse axiale et de vorticité est vérifiée. Un système d’équations est ainsi obtenu, puisrésolu par des projections sur les bases modales du conduit et des inversions matricielles. Le champacoustique rayonné est ainsi déterminé uniformément dans tout le domaine. Les résultats issus de cesmodélisations sont comparés à ceux des fonctions de réponse de grilles d’aubes rectilinéaires issues dela littérature, montrant un très bon accord avec les modèles basés sur la technique de Wiener-Hopf. Leformalisme est par la suite étendu aux grilles annulaires par l’ajout de fonctions de Bessel comme fonctionsde forme radiale exprimant les effets tridimensionnels. Finalement, une procédure est présentéepour rendre compte de l’hétérogénéité des aubes de stator, caractéristique des nouvelles architecturesde turbomachines. Cette méthodologie est basée sur l’emploi conjoint du principe du dipôle de bordd’attaque et de la fonction de réponse aéracoustique de la grille de stator à l’aide de la technique deraccordement modal. Le principe de dipôle de bord identifie le chargement instationnaire des aubesinduit par l’impact de rafales hydrodynamiques, calculé par le formalisme d’Amiet, avec la trace duchamp de pression acoustique produit par un dipôle placé au voisinage du bord de l’aube. Les prédictionsissues de ce modèle, appliqué dans un cadre bidimensionnel, sont ensuite comparées à des mesuresobtenues pendant la campagne d’essais du projet SEMAFORThe rotor-stator wake-interaction tonal noise, generated by the impingement of rotor wakes onoutlet guide vanes, plays a crucial role in the aerodynamic noise of axial-flow ducted fan stages. Thelatter are widely used in most aeronautic propulsion and air-conditioning systems. The noise predictionby means of numerical simulations remains expensive, especially at the preliminary design stage whennumerous configurations must be tested. In this respect, the analytical approach chosen in this thesisprovides a well suited alternative. The analytical modeling based on an isolated-airfoil response functioncan not reproduce the cascade effect introduced by the large number of stator vanes. Conversely, drasticapproximations are required to extend the current cascade response functions to three-dimensionalconfigurations. The proposed modeling based on the mode-matching technique simply introduces thecascade effect in an annular rotor-stator stage. A rectilinear cascade response function is firstly presentedto account for the acoustic transmission through the stator along with the wake-interaction noise.In this context, a linearized and non-viscous analysis is carried out, in which the acoustic and vorticalmodes of a gas are coupled at rigid physical boundaries. The velocity perturbations issued from thewakes are written as a sum of convected gusts. Their impingement on the cascade of vanes generatesacoustic waves propagating upstream, downstream of the cascade, as well as inside the inter-vane channelsof the stator, seen as a periodic array of bifurcated waveguides. The duct cross sections at theleading-edge and the trailing-edge of the vanes are seen as interfaces on which the continuity of thefluctuating pressure, axial velocity and vorticity is fulfilled. A system of linear equations is obtained,then solved by means of modal projections and matrix inversions. The acoustic field is then uniformlycalculated in the whole domain. Comparisons with rectilinear cascade response functions show a verygood agreement with predictions based on the Wiener-Hopf technique. The configuration of an annularcascade is addressed by introducing the Bessel functions as radial shape functions, expressing threedimensionaleffects. Finally, a procedure is presented to account for the heterogeneity of the statorvanes, typical of modern fan architectures. This approach is based on the combinaison of the leadingedgedipole principle and the cascade response function derived from the mode-matching technique.The edge-dipole principle identifies Amiet’s solution for the unsteady loading and the radiation of adipole approached very close to the edge of a half plane. The predictions provided by this modeling,applied in a two-dimensional configuration, are finaly compared to measurements performed in the testcampaign of the SEMAFOR project
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De, Laborderie Jérôme. "Approches analytiques et numériques pour la prédiction du bruit tonal et large bande de soufflantes de turboréacteurs." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6121.
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Résumé: Dans un turboréacteur civil à haut taux de dilution, l'étage de soufflante contribue significativement au rayonnement acoustique d'un avion en phase d'approche. La problématique de ce projet de recherche s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'amélioration des méthodes de prédiction du bruit tonal et large bande créé par l'interaction rotor-stator d'un étage de soufflante, afin de fournir des outils pour une conception silencieuse des avions. Une étude bibliographique conduit à choisir deux approches pour la prédiction du bruit de soufflante. D'une part, les modèles analytiques prenant en compte l'effet de grille sont adaptés à des études paramétriques dans un contexte industriel, mais font appel à plusieurs hypothèses simplificatrices. D'autre part, les méthodes numériques permettent de considérer des configurations réalistes au prix d'efforts de calculs importants. Les objectifs originaux consistent donc à évaluer des modèles avec effets de grille, à proposer des améliorations afin de les rendre plus fiables et à développer une nouvelle méthode numérique pour le bruit de turbomachine. Celle-ci repose sur des simulations aérodynamiques compressibles instationnaires dans lesquelles les sources acoustiques sont directement calculées puis rayonnées à l'aide d'une analogie acoustique. Dans le cadre du bruit tonal, des simulations instationnaires d'écoulement par la méthode des équations de Navier-Stokes moyennées (UftANS) sont réalisées sur des configurations simplifiées d'étages rotor-stator et sur un compresseur axial réaliste. Les sources acous-tiques déterministes créées par l'interaction des sillages moyens du rotor avec les aubes du stator sont correctement résolues, permettant l'application de la méthode numérique. Un modèle de grille est amélioré afin de prendre en compte une décomposition plus fine de l'excitation ainsi que les effets de cambrure de l'aube dans la prédiction des sources. Ces améliorations sont validées par comparaisons avec les résultats de la méthode numérique. Cette dernière s'avère très efficace pour la prédiction du bruit tonal lorsque les sources sont réparties sur la cambrure réelle des aubes puisque les effets pleinement 3D de la réponse du stator et de la géométrie des aubes sont inclus. Concernant le bruit à large bande, trois modèles avec effets de grilles sont évalués sur deux cas tests réalistes. L'effet de grille est significatif pour des stators avec recouvrement, à la fois sur les sources et sur la puissance rayonnée sur toute la bande de fréquences. De plus, un modèle avec une réponse de grille tridimensionnelle et une analogie acoustique en conduit fournit les meilleurs résultats relativement aux mesures. Par ailleurs, une simulation aux grandes échelles (LES) est effectuée sur le compresseur axial. L'interaction des sillages turbulents du rotor avec les aubes est correctement résolue et crée les sources acoustiques à large bande. La LES permet une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes physiques en vue d'une amélioration des modèles analytiques. Enfin, l'application de la méthode numérique fournit les spectres de puissances acoustiques et s'avère prometteuse.||Abstract: In a modern high bypass ratio turbofan engine, the fan stage significantly contributes to the acoustic energy radiated by an aircraft at approach conditions. This research project takes place in the framework of improving prediction methods for tonal and broadband noise created by the rotor-stator interaction in a fan stage in order to provide tools for quieter designs of aircrafts. A literature review leads to the choice of two approaches for the fan noise prediction. On the one hand, analytical models taking into account cascade effects are designed for parametrical studies in an industrial context although they use several simplifying hypotheses. On the other hand, numerical methods allow considering realistic configurations but are computationally demanding. Thus the original objectives of this work consist in evaluating cascade based acoustic models, in proposing modifications to improve their reliability, and in developing a new numerical method for turbomachinery noise. The latter is based on unsteady compressible aerodynamic simulations to directly compute acoustic sources that are then radiated with an acoustic analogy. For tonal noise studies, unsteady flow simulations using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (URANS) are performed on simplified rotor-stator configurations as well as on a realistic axial compressor stage. The deterministic acoustic sources created by the rotor wake interaction with the downstream stator vanes are correctly resolved, allowing the application of the numerical method. A cascade analytical model is improved in order to introduce a better decomposition of the excitation as well as vane camber effects in the acoustic sources prediction. These improvements are validated by comparisons with the results of the numerical method. The vane thickness is also seen to have a second order effect. Finally the developed numerical method is shown to be very efficient for tonal noise prediction with a distribution of sources following the mean vane camber line since the fully 3D effects of the stator response and of the vane geometry are included. In the broadband noise context, three cascade based analytical models are evaluated and compared to an isolated airfoil model on two realistic test cases. Cascade effects are found to play a major role both on the acoustic sources and on the acoustic power over the frquency band for overlapping vanes. A model including a tri-dimensional cascade response as well as an acoustic analogy within an annular duct provides the best results compared to measurements. Moreover a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) is performed on the axial compressor. The turbulent rotor wakes interaction with the downstream stator vanes is correctly resolved and creates broadband acoustic sources. The LES allows a better understanding of physical phenomena in order to improve analytical models. Finally the application of the numerical method provides the acoustic power spectra radiated within the duct and appears to be promising.
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Coelho, Eduardo Philipp Medeiros. "Avalia??o da correla??o entre os par?metros, carbono org?nico total e elementos t?xicos, em solo de um posto de servi?o e revenda de combust?veis." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12976.
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Previous issue date: 2011-01-31Today a major responsibility for the contamination of soil and groundwater and surface water are establishments known as gas stations of fuel which has attracted increasing attention from both the general population as the state agencies of environmental control due to leaks in storage tanks and mainly to disruption of pipe corrosion of tanks and pumping. Other services, like oil changes and car wash are also causes for concern in this type of establishment. These leaks can cause or waste produced, and the contamination of aquifers, serious health problems and public safety, since most of these stations located in urban areas. Based on this, the work was to evaluate soil contamination of a particular service station and fuel sales in the city of Natal, through the quantification of heavy metals like Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn of total organic carbon (TOC) and organic matter using different techniques such as optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source (ICP OES), Total Organic Carbon analyzer and gravimetric analysis respectively. And also to characterize the soil through particle size analysis. Samples were taken in 21 georeferenced points and collected in the same period. The soils sampled in sampling stations P3, P5, P6, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15, P17, P18 and P20 showed the smallest size fractions ranging from fine sand to medium sand. The other study sites ranged from fine sand to medium sand, except the point P8 showed that only the type size medium sand and P19, indicating a particle size of the coarse type. The small correlation of organic matter with the elements studied in this work suggests that these are not of anthropogenic origin but geochemical support
Hoje um dos grandes respons?veis pela contamina??o do solo e ?guas subterr?neas e superficiais s?o os estabelecimentos conhecidos como postos de revenda de combust?veis que vem merecendo cada vez mais aten??o tanto da popula??o em geral como dos ?rg?os estaduais de controle ambiental devido a vazamentos em tanques de armazenamento, e principalmente ao rompimento da tubula??o de bombeamento e corros?o dos tanques. Outros servi?os como, troca de ?leo e lavagem de autom?veis tamb?m s?o motivos de preocupa??o neste tipo de estabelecimento. Estes vazamentos ou residuais produzidos podem causar, al?m da contamina??o de aq??feros, graves problemas de sa?de e de seguran?a p?blica, visto que a maioria destes postos localiza-se em ?reas urbanas. Baseado nisto, o trabalho realizado teve como objetivo avaliar a contamina??o do solo de um determinado posto de servi?os e revenda de combust?veis na Cidade de Natal, RN, por meio da quantifica??o de metais pesados como Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, do teor de carbono org?nico total (COT) e da mat?ria org?nica utilizando t?cnicas distintas como espectrometria de emiss?o ?ptica com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES), analisador de Carbono Org?nico Total e an?lise gravim?trica respectivamente. E ainda caracterizar o solo por meio de an?lise granulom?trica. As amostragens foram realizadas em 21 pontos georeferenciados e coletadas no mesmo per?odo. Os solos amostrados nas esta??es de coleta P3, P5, P6, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15, P17, P18 e P20 apresentaram as menores fra??es granulom?tricas variando de areia muito fina a areia m?dia. As demais esta??es de coleta variaram de areia fina a areia m?dia, exceto o ponto P8 que apresentou somente granulometria do tipo areia m?dia e P19, indicando granulometria do tipo grossa. A pequena correla??o da mat?ria org?nica com os elementos estudados neste trabalho sugere que estes n?o sejam de origem antr?pica e sim de suporte geoqu?mico
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Šabacká, Pavla. "Analýza nadzvukového proudění v experimentální komoře při vložení tlakových a teplotních sond." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413029.
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For the supersonic flow mode, which occurs in the internal flow behind the aperture separating two spaces with a large pressure drop, the critical flow is a characteristic phenomenon. In the case of critical flow behind the aperture, a supersonic flow area with reduced pressure ending with a shock wave with a step change in state variables is created. When diagnosing velocities, which are obtained from the values of static and total pressure, due to the changes caused by the shock wave passage, correction of the diagnostic quantities obtained by measuring by means of mathematical relations taking into account the physical phenomena is necessary.
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Mardanova, Elvira. "Srovnávací analýza proudění plynu clonou v nízkých tlacích pomocí mechaniky kontinua s metodou Monte Carlo." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442557.
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This thesis is based on the series of scholarly article dedicated to the issue ofpumping in the differential scanning chamber of an environmental scanning microscope. The thesis is based on Danilatos’s study where the pumping of the differential pumped chamber is solved by means of the Monte Carlo statistical method. The thesis performs analysis of gas flow at low pressures through orifice separating the spaces with a large pressure drop Dr. Danilate. The analyses will be used for the design of the experimental chamber which will serve for the experimental evaluation of the flow results in the chamber using the continuum mechanics.
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Adon, Marcellin. "Etude des concentrations de gaz atmosphériques et estimation des flux de dépôt sec à l'échelle des principaux écosystèmes africains." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00650079.
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Ce travail de recherche, réalisé dans le cadre du programme IDAF, est une contribution à l'étude des dépôts des constituants majeurs atmosphériques à la surface de la terre, en Afrique tropicale. Il concerne l'étude des concentrations atmosphériques des gaz azotés (ammoniac, dioxyde d'azote, acide nitrique), du dioxyde de soufre (SO2) et de l'ozone (O3) et leur dépôt sec en Afrique de l'Ouest et Centrale. Les gaz ont été mesurés sur une base mensuelle par la technique des capteurs passifs sur une période de dix ans (1998-2007) dans sept sites IDAF représentatifs d'un transect d'écosystèmes : savanes sèches - savanes humides - forêts. La validation et l'analyse de la base de données décennales des " gaz IDAF " a permis d'établir les niveaux de concentrations caractéristiques de chaque écosystème et d'étudier leurs évolutions moyennes mensuelles, saisonnières, annuelles et interannuelles sur le transect d'écosystèmes. Les flux de dépôt sec ont été estimés par la méthode inférentielle à partir des vitesses de dépôt sec calculées en utilisant le modèle " big-leaf " de Zhang et al. (2003b). Dans le modèle de dépôt, les conditions de surface et météorologiques spécifiques aux sites IDAF ont été adaptées puis validées pour être représentatives de ces sites et ont ainsi permis de simuler les vitesses de dépôt sec représentatives des grands écosystèmes. Les variations moyennes mensuelles, saisonnières et annuelles des flux de dépôt sec des gaz (NO2, HNO3, NH3, O3, et SO2) sont analysées dans l'objectif de réaliser un bilan de dépôt atmosphérique total (sec + humide) d'azote à l'échelle des écosystèmes africains. Le dépôt total d'azote est estimé respectivement à 6-9 kgN.ha-1.an-1, 7-10 kgN.ha-1.an-1 et 13 kgN.ha-1.an-1 en savanes sèches, en savane humides et en forêts, avec une contribution relative du dépôt sec sous forme gazeuse au dépôt total d'azote comprise entre 46 et 71% sur l'ensemble des écosystèmes. Un bilan émission-dépôt des composés azotés oxydés et réduits à l'échelle de chaque écosystème a été réalisé et a montré un flux d'émission totale de même ordre de grandeur que le dépôt moyen annuel d'azote pour les écosystèmes de savanes mais plus faible dans l'écosystème forestier. Enfin une analyse comparative entre les mesures IDAF de dépôt d'azote et, d'une part, le dépôt d'azote simulé par une analyse multi-modèle à l'échelle globale et d'autre part, avec les charges critiques d'eutrophisation existantes dans la littérature a permis une première évaluation de l'impact potentiel du dépôt total d'azote sur les écosystèmes tropicaux africains.
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Adon, Attoh Marcellin. "Étude des concentrations de gaz atmosphériques et estimation des flux de dépôt sec à l'échelle des principaux écosystèmes africains." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1356/.
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"Ce travail de recherche, réalisé dans le cadre du programme IDAF, est une contribution à l'étude des dépôts des constituants majeurs atmosphériques à la surface de la terre, en Afrique tropicale. Il concerne l'étude des concentrations atmosphériques des gaz azotés (ammoniac, dioxyde d'azote, acide nitrique), du dioxyde de soufre (SO2) et de l'ozone (O3) et leur dépôt sec en Afrique de l'Ouest et Centrale. Les gaz ont été mesurés sur une base mensuelle par la technique des capteurs passifs sur une période de dix ans (1998-2007) dans sept sites IDAF représentatifs d'un transect d'écosystèmes : savanes sèches - savanes humides - forêts. La validation et l'analyse de la base de données décennales des " gaz IDAF " a permis d'établir les niveaux de concentrations caractéristiques de chaque écosystème et d'étudier leurs évolutions moyennes mensuelles, saisonnières, annuelles et interannuelles sur le transect d'écosystèmes. Les flux de dépôt sec ont été estimés par la méthode inférentielle à partir des vitesses de dépôt sec calculées en utilisant le modèle " big-leaf " de Zhang et al. (2003b). Dans le modèle de dépôt, les conditions de surface et météorologiques spécifiques aux sites IDAF ont été adaptées puis validées pour être représentatives de ces sites et ont ainsi permis de simuler les vitesses de dépôt sec représentatives des grands écosystèmes. Les variations moyennes mensuelles, saisonnières et annuelles des flux de dépôt sec des gaz (NO2, HNO3, NH3, O3, et SO2) sont analysées dans l'objectif de réaliser un bilan de dépôt atmosphérique total (sec + humide) d'azote à l'échelle des écosystèmes africains. Le dépôt total d'azote est estimé respectivement à 6-9 kgN. Ha-1. An-1, 7-10 kgN. Ha-1. An-1 et 13 kgN. Ha-1. An-1 en savanes sèches, en savane humides et en forêts, avec une contribution relative du dépôt sec sous forme gazeuse au dépôt total d'azote comprise entre 46 et 71% sur l'ensemble des écosystèmes. Un bilan émission-dépôt des composés azotés oxydés et réduits à l'échelle de chaque écosystème a été réalisé et a montré un flux d'émission totale de même ordre de grandeur que le dépôt moyen annuel d'azote pour les écosystèmes de savanes mais plus faible dans l'écosystème forestier. Enfin une analyse comparative entre les mesures IDAF de dépôt d'azote et, d'une part, le dépôt d'azote simulé par une analyse multi-modèle à l'échelle globale et d'autre part, avec les charges critiques d'eutrophisation existantes dans la littérature a permis une première évaluation de l'impact potentiel du dépôt total d'azote sur les écosystèmes tropicaux africains. "This research, conducted as part of IDAF (IGAC/DEBITS/AFrica*) program, is a contribution to the study of atmospheric constituent deposition on the surface of the earth, in tropical Africa. It concerns the study of atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen gases (ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid), sulfur dioxide and ozone, and their dry deposition in West and Central Africa. The gases were measured on a monthly basis by the technique of passive samplers over a ten year period (1998-2007) at seven remote sites within the framework of the IDAF network. The sites are located to represent a transect of African ecosystems, i. E. , dry savanna-wet savanna - forest. The validation and the analysis of the decadal IDAF database of " IDAF gases " allowed to establish (1) the levels of surface gaseous concentration characteristic of each major ecosystem and (2) to study their monthly, seasonal, annual and interannual mean variations on the transect of ecosystems. Dry deposition fluxes were estimated by the inferential method based on dry deposition velocities (Vd) calculated using the "big leaf" model of Zhang et al. (2003b). In the model of deposition, surface and meteorological conditions specific to IDAF sites have been adapted and validated in order to simulate Vd representative of major African ecosystems. The monthly, seasonal and annual mean variations of gaseous dry deposition fluxes (NO2, HNO3, NH3, O3, and SO2) are analyzed. A budget of total nitrogen atmospheric deposition (dry + wet) is proposed at the African ecosystem scale. The total nitrogen deposition estimated is around 6-9 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1, 7-10 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1 and 13 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1 respectively in dry savannas, wet savannas and forests, with a relative contribution of dry deposition in the gaseous form to the total nitrogen deposition between 46 and 71% for all ecosystems. We have also established an emission-deposition budget of oxidized and reduced nitrogen compounds for each IDAF station. This budget shows that the total emission flux have the same order of magnitude of annual mean nitrogen deposition for the savannas ecosystems but is lower in the forested ecosystem. Finally, a comparative analysis between IDAF measurements of nitrogen deposition and (1) a global multi-model exercise and (2) critical loads of eutrophication is presented over the African tropical ecosystems