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1
Chester, Michael Andrew. "The relationship between the biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids concentration in the tidal River Ouse." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322871.
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Rintsch, Eileen Tabata. "Effects of a forested state park on stream dissolved organic carbon and total suspended solid concentrations in an agriculturally dominated watershed in SW Ohio." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1626962623587062.
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Jones, Amber Spackman. "Estimating Total Phosphorus and Total Suspended Solids Loads from High Frequency Data." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/205.
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Frequently measured turbidity was examined as a surrogate for total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) loads at two locations in the Little Bear River, Utah, USA. Using regression techniques, equations were developed for TP and TSS as functions of turbidity. The equations accounted for censored data, and additional explanatory variables to represent hydrological conditions were considered for inclusion in the equations. By using the resulting surrogate relationships with high frequency turbidity measurements, high frequency estimates of TP and TSS concentrations were calculated. To examine the effect of sampling frequency, reference loads were determined from the concentration records for two water years. The concentration records were artificially decimated to represent various frequencies of manual grab sampling from which annual loads were calculated and compared to the reference loads.
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Zhang, Weilan. "Modeling Total Suspended Solids in Combined Sewer Systems." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/803.
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The untreated overflow of combined sewer system contains a variety of pollutants that can contaminate the receiving water body. Total suspended solids (TSS) transported in the sewer networks can adsorb these pollutants and become the main contaminant source. Existing models contain a numerous formulas that make the calculation process complex and time consuming. A simplified model was presented in this thesis to simulate the process of TSS transport in combined sewer pipes. The combined sewer system evaluated was a combination of an existing sewer system in Le Marais and an example system provided with the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). SWMM was used in this research to simulate the rainfall event, pollutant build-up and wash-off process, and to provide hydraulic calculations for the combined sewer system. A spreadsheet model was created to calculate the TSS concentration profile and flow velocity profile. The total TSS transport rate was computed using a numerical estimation of the integral of the concentration in the cross-section area multiplied by the velocity. The flow depth, velocity, and Froude number of each pipe was calculated to show that the combined sewer system was under proper working conditions. The first flush phenomenon was observed by plotting the TSS concentration pollutograph of the combined sewer system. From the TSS transport pollutograph, the maximum transport rate was found (0.2609 kg/s at 6:45). The study of TSS profile showed that the concentration distribution was based on the solid density. The TSS particle also affected the transport rate. A sensitivity analysis of particle size was conducted in this thesis. A second order polynomial was used to describe the relationship between median particle size d50¬ ¬and TSS transport rate.
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Johnson, Daniel Keith. "Field Indicators for the Prediction of Appalachian Soil and Bedrock Geochemistry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71896.
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Surface mining for coal in the Central Appalachians contributes total dissolved solids (TDS) to headwater streams, especially below larger mines and associated valley fills. My objective was to characterize the geochemical properties of a range of surface soils and associated geologic strata from the Central Appalachian coalfields and to relate those properties to simple field indicators, such as color or rock type. I hypothesized that these indicators can accurately predict certain geochemical properties. Thirty-three vertical weathering sequences were sampled from eight surface mines throughout the Central Appalachian coalfields, for a total of 204 individual samples. No differences were found among sites in overall saturated paste specific conductance (SC; used as a proxy for TDS) levels, but significant geochemical differences existed among samples. Sulfate release dominated SC levels, followed closely by Ca and Mg. Surficial soils and sandstones were yellowish-brown in color, high in citrate dithionite (CD) - extractable Al, Fe, and Mn, and low in SC, compared to underlying sandstones, shales, and mudstones, which were grayish to black, low in CD-extractable Al, Fe, and Mn, and significantly higher in SC. Saturated paste As and P were higher in A horizons, whereas Se was significantly higher in unweathered bedrock than in soil or weathered bedrock. Samples generating exothermic reactions with 30% H2O2 produced higher SC levels, sulfate, Mg, and Se. In conclusion, the mine spoils studied varied widely in geochemical properties. The simple field indicators presented here, such as color, weathering status, rock type, and H2O2 reaction can provide valuable guidance for identifying TDS risk which would greatly improve operator's ability to actively minimize TDS release. I recommend using soil and weathered, yellowish-brown sandstone layers as a source of low TDS spoil material whenever possible. The H2O2 field test is useful for identification of TDS and Se risk. Underlying unweathered bedrock layers should be treated as "potentially high TDS spoils". Particularly high risk spoils include gray to black mudstones and shales, coals, and coal associated shales, mudstones, and clays directly associated with coal seams. I recommend hydrologically isolating these spoils using techniques similar to those used historically for acid-forming materials.<br>Ph. D.
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Parker, John Martin. "Effect of Various Saturation Levels, Leaching Solution pH, and Leaching Cycle on Electrical Conductivity from Coal Mine Spoil Leachate." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51807.
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Historically, environmental research associated with Appalachian coal surface mines focused on acid mine drainage and reclamation. Recent studies suggest that electrical conductivity (EC) levels above 500 ?S cm-1 can impair Appalachian streams, shifting the focus towards limiting release of total dissolved solids (TDS) and associated elements of concern. Previous column studies utilized an unsaturated bi-weekly leaching design to evaluate the behavior of overburden with respect to TDS, pH, and trace metals. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of column saturation, leaching solution chemistry, and leaching cycle on the release of TDS and associated elements from an unweathered sandstone. Treatments evaluating potential saturation, leaching solution pH, and leaching cycle included saturated, standard method, vacuum, and standpipe fitted columns; simulated acid rain, de-ionized water, and CaCO3 leaching solutions; and 2x week-1, 1x week-1, 2x month-1, and 1x day-1 leaching cycles. Saturation level in the column significantly impacted leachate pH, EC level, and the release of sulfate, bicarbonate, and associated cations by potentially affecting trace sulfide oxidation and carbonate dissolution reactions. Little evidence of saturation was noted with the standard method. Leaching solution bulk chemistry did not alter leachate chemistry. Longer times between dosing cycles corresponded to higher EC, bicarbonate, and associated cation levels, especially over time. Sulfate, Ca, and Se exhibited the greatest percent release based on total mass losses during peak elution. For managing TDS, time between precipitation events and saturation level can strongly affect short and long-term EC level, its major contributors, and elements of concern.<br>Master of Science
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Xu, Kejun. "Total suspended solids, discharge, conductivity, and nutrients in three watersheds of the Upper White River, IN." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1307378.
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Three watersheds of Upper White River were chosen for this study. Stream samples were tested for total suspended solids and conductivity. Fourteen percent of the total suspended solids samples were above 80 mg L-1 which can cause negative effects to aquatic life. Total suspended solids results were tested with a general linear model and in linear regressions with discharge and nutrients. Conductivity results were tested with a general linear model. Concentrations of the total suspended solids were significantly related to watershed, Julian date, the interaction of watershed and Julian date, and discharge. Increasing total suspended solids concentrations were significantly related to increasing concentrations of orthophosphate, nitrate, and ammonia. Conductivity levels were significantly related to watershed, location within watershed, and Julian date. Total suspended solids, discharge, and nutrient concentrations were high in the spring, but decreased in the following seasons.<br>Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
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Alvarez-Dalama, Alina 1960. "CALCIUM-SULFITE HEMIHYDRATE CRYSTALLIZATION IN LIQUORS WITH HIGH TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (GROWTH, SIZE DISTRIBUTION, NUCLEATION, HABIT)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275528.
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Ross, Lucas Clay. "Effect of Leaching Scale on Prediction of Total Dissolved Solids Release from Coal Mine Spoils and Refuse." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75044.
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Coal surface mining in the Appalachian USA coalfields can lead to significant environmental impacts including elevated total dissolved solids (TDS) levels in receiving streams. Column leaching procedures are recommended by many studies for TDS prediction, but many question their applicability to field conditions. The objective of this study was to assess results from a simple column leaching method relative to larger scale leaching vessels (scales) using one coal mine spoil and two coarse coal refuse materials. A non-acidic mine spoil sample from SW Virginia (crushed to ≤ 1.25 cm) was placed into PVC columns (~10 cm x 40 cm) in the laboratory and leached unsaturated with simulated acidic rainfall. The same spoil was also placed into larger 'mesocosms' (~1.5 m³) with run-of-mine material and into barrels (~0.1 m³; screened to ≤ 15 cm) under natural field environmental and leaching conditions. Similarly, two coarse coal refuse samples were placed into lab columns and field barrels. Comparative results suggest the column method was a reasonable predictor of TDS release from the coal mine spoil relative to the two larger scales studied. However, there were significant differences at times during the study, including during initial peak TDS elution (1,750 µS cm⁻¹ in columns vs. 2,250 µS cm⁻¹ in mesocosms). Field leaching also produced a distinct seasonal time-lagged EC pattern that was not observed in the columns. On the other hand, significantly different and dissimilar leaching results were noted for the refuse column vs. barrel leachates, calling into question their prediction ability for refuse.<br>Master of Science
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Clark, Elyse Virginia. "Hydrologic and hydrochemical processes on mine spoil fills." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77528.
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Appalachian surface coal mining operations fracture rocks (termed mine spoils), resulting in the weathering of minerals and release of water-soluble ions to streams. Collectively, the concentration of water-soluble ions in streams is called total dissolved solids (TDS) and streams with elevated TDS often have altered biota. The surficial, subsurface, and discharge properties of mine spoils influence TDS discharge concentrations. This study aimed to improve understanding of how hydrologic and hydrochemical processes occur and function in coal mining areas. These processes were characterized by infiltration and dye staining tests, mine spoil leaching experiments and modeling, and mining-influenced stream discharge monitoring. Results indicate that many factors influence hydrologic and hydrochemical processes in Appalachian coal mining areas, but these processes evolve over time as subsurface flow paths develop, mine rocks weather, and TDS is released from mine spoils. Fourteen years after placement, mean infiltration rates of mine soils reclaimed with trees were statistically greater than areas reclaimed with grasses, and different subsurface flow types were evident, indicating vegetation type influenced hydrologic processes. Specific conductance (SC) leaching patterns from mine spoils conformed to an exponential decay and linear segmented regression model. Maximum SC values (1108 ± 161 µS cm⁻¹) occurred initially during leaching, exponentially decayed, then exhibited linear SC releases (276 ± 25 µS cm⁻¹) that were elevated relative to natural background levels at the end of leaching. Major element (S, Ca, Mg, K, Na) leaching patterns resembled those of SC, whereas trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se) transitioned to linear release earlier in the leaching period. Mining-influenced stream SC discharge patterns varied by season and by precipitation amounts during storm events. Storm responses were characterized by either infiltration-excess overland flow or delayed SC releases due to internal flow through the VF. Given these results, mining companies wishing to control TDS discharges may be selective and pre-test mine spoils for total S and paste SC to determine TDS-generation potential. Isolation of spoils with high-TDS release potentials (i.e. unweathered sandstones and mudstones) from water-rock contact may help improve TDS discharges.<br>Ph. D.
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Kennedy, Alan James. "An Ecotoxicological Assessment of a Treated Coal-mining Effluent in the Leading Creek Watershed, Meigs County, Ohio." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36291.
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The majority of research studying the ecological impacts of the coal mining industry on freshwater systems has focused on abandoned-mined land, and the associated acid drainage and metals toxicity. Treated discharges from active mining and preparation facilities, however, can also impair lotic ecosystems through total dissolved solids (TDS) toxicity, caused primarily by the reagents used for pH modifications and the oxidation of reduced sulfur. Such impairment was best detected through application of (1) benthic macroinvertebrate surveys using metrics of biotic impairment such as relative Ephemeroptera abundance and Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT) minus the tolerant caddisfly family Hydropsychidae (2) in situ growth of Corbicula fluminea during 96-d exposure and (3) laboratory testing using Ceriodaphnia dubia. Traditional metrics such as total taxa richness, EPT, diversity and biotic indices were not sensitive to elevated TDS levels.
<p>Further study using strength of evidence, regression analysis and manipulation of laboratory formulated media, indicated that the mine effluent was the primary causal agent of the observed biotic impairment, and its toxicity could be attributed to sodium/sulfate-dominated TDS, which is significantly ameliorated by water hardness. Finally, although testing with lentic cladocerans, such as Ceriodaphnia, is consistent, cost-effective and sensitive to TDS related toxicity, the ecological relevance and protective capability of such testing is questionable when assessing contaminant effects on sensitive macroinvertebrates indigenous to lotic systems. A more ecologically relevant laboratory bioassay using the mayfly, Isonychia bicolor, in simulated lotic microcosms provided more sensitive endpoints than Ceriodaphnia and Pimephales promelas. Although the heartiness of Isonychia in laboratory conditions is poorly understood relative to standardized test organisms, these results, along with potential toxic impacts from numerous sodium/sulfate-dominated wastewaters discharging into freshwater systems, may have important implications to future national pollution discharge and elimination system (NPDES) permit testing. Currently, however, strong recommendations can only be made using Ceriodaphnia endpoints. Potential acute toxicity to aquatic organisms in high hardness solution (~790 mg/L as CaCO3) is possible where sodium/sulfate-dominated TDS levels exceed ~7000 uS/cm (5167 mg/L), with potential chronic toxicity occurring at ~3200 uS/cm (2342 mg/L). These endpoints were significantly reduced in solutions of lower hardness (88 mg/L as CaCO3), with acute and chronic toxicity occurring at 5100 uS/cm (3754 mg/L) and ~2100 uS/cm (1523 mg/L), respectively. Point source discharges causing instream TDS concentrations to exceed these levels risk impairment to aquatic life.<br>Master of Science
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Kemak, Zachary Eric. "Biological and Membrane Treatment Applications for the Reduction of Specific Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids in Coal Mine Waters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99417.
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Specific conductivity (SC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) are increasingly being used as a parameter used to judge the aquatic health of streams that are impacted by coal mining operations in the Appalachian region of the United States. Due to this, government environmental regulatory bodies have been considering issuing a regulation on SC for all mining operation outfalls. Sulfate typically has the greatest dissolved ion presence in coal mine waters. In literature examining the treatment of mine waters, SC and TDS analysis is typically not reported. The technologies examined in this study were nanofiltration membrane technology and biological sulfate reducing bioreactors.
In the nanofiltration study, three different nanofiltration membranes were evaluated for SC reduction: NF270, DK, and NFX. The DK and NFX nanofilters were able to reduce SC levels by an average of 84 percent for both mine waters tested and were able to reach SC levels below the proposed limit of 500 S/cm. The SC levels achieved by the NF270 nanofilters were observed to have much higher variability. The inclusion of microfiltration and simulated-sand filtration were also introduced as a pre-treatment stage in order to determine whether or not nanofiltration performance would improve in terms of SC reduction.
In the biological sulfate reducing bioreactor study, multiple bioreactors were established to identify the optimal organic mixture to foster both SC and sulfate reduction. Sulfate reduction began to occur approximately 20 days after the establishment of each bioreactor. SC levels were greater than 13,000 S/cm in each of the bioreactors sampled by the fortieth day of sampling. The probable cause of the increase SC was identified to be the manure/compost used in the study. Future testing should incorporate more sampling in the early phases of experimentation in order to ensure the ability to monitor changes in water quality.<br>MS
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Monroe, Kyle. "AN ASSESSMENT OF PRESCRIBED BURNING ON SOIL EROSION POTENTIAL IN THE MIXED HARDWOOD FORESTS OF THE OZARK HILLS IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2381.
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Prescribed fire has become a management tool utilized to restore or maintain the ecology of the mixed hardwoods ecosystem in the Ozark hills of southwestern Illinois. One effect of prescribed burning is consumption of fuel beds, including the litter layer that protects soil from erosion. Amount of sediment loss after prescribed burning in the steep topography of the Ozark hills is unknown. Erosion after prescribed burning could lead to increased soil loss and possibly stream sedimentation (Bladon etal., 2014). The objective of this research was to quantify the amount of sediment transport occurring on a watershed scale. Sediment yields were measured from five paired watersheds located in Trail of Tears State Forest in Union County, IL, USA from April 2009 into 2010. This location was selected because of the highly erodible loess soils and steeps slopes which present the highest probability of sediment transport following a prescribed burn treatment. One of the paired watersheds was randomly assigned as the control and the other assigned as the treatment. The treatment was a prescribed burn applied at standard burn prescription levels. Sediment loads were determined by collecting samples from a known volume of overland flow held in storage tanks below each watershed after rain events which produced runoff. The prescribed burn treatment significantly reduced the litter depth with 12.6%–31.5% litter remaining in the prescribed burn treatment watersheds. When data were combined across all watersheds, no significant differences were obtained between burn treatment and control watershed for total suspended solids and sediment concentrations or loads. The annual sediment losses varied between 1.41 to 90.54 kg·ha-1·year-1 in the four prescribed burn watersheds and 0.81 to 2.54 kg·ha-1·year-1 in the four control watersheds. Prescribed burn watershed 7 showed an average depth of soil loss of 4.2 mm, whereas control watershed 8 showed an average accumulation of sediments (9.9 mm), possibly due to steeper slopes. Prescribed burning did not cause a significant increase in soil erosion and sediment loss and can be considered acceptable in managing mixed hardwood forests of Ozark uplands and the Shawnee Hills physiographic regions of southern Illinois.
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Latimer, Henry Augustus II. "An Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Active Coal Mining, Sedimentation and Acid Mine Drainage in Three Tributaries of the Leading Creek Watershed, Meigs County, Ohio." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9767.
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Three streams (Parker Run, Little Leading Creek and Thomas Fork) in the Leading Creek watershed, Meigs County, Ohio were impacted by active coal mining, agricultural and abandoned mined land sedimentation and acid mine drainage (AMD), respectively. An ecotoxicological evaluation was performed using physical (water chemistry and sediment depth analyses), toxicological (acute water column, chronic sediment and 35-day in situ toxicity tests) and ecological (benthic macroinvertebrate community sampling) parameters. Persistent acute toxicity (mean 48-hr LC50 of 30.3% to C. dubia) due to low pH (mean of 5.4) and high concentrations of dissolved metals (ex: Al ~ 10 mg/L) were responsible for the significantly depressed benthic macroinvertebrate community sampled in Thomas Fork. Heavy sedimentation (>30 inches), with no associated toxins, significantly decreased both abundance and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in Little Leading Creek. High concentrations of sodium (mean of 910 mg/L), TDS (mean of 3,470 mg/L), and periodic acute water column toxicity (mean C. dubia survival of 62% in 100% sample) were most likely responsible for the depressed benthic macroinvertebrate community observed in Parker Run. In ranking the severity of impacts, AMD was first followed by non-toxic sedimentation, and active coal mining ranked last.
A catastrophic coal slurry spill significantly impacted the benthic macroinvertebrate community in Parker Run in April 1997. Six sampling stations were established to monitor the recovery of the stream's benthic community and evaluate any impact the active coal mine effluent had on the recovery time of the community. The effluent, characterized by high concentrations of TDS (~4,200 mg/L), significantly hindered benthic macroinvertebrate community recovery in Parker Run. The benthic community at the initial spill site, which was above the active mine effluent, recovered to levels measured at an upstream reference within 4-9 months. Benthic communities impacted by both the slurry spill and the effluent still had not recovered 16 months after the spill. Concentrations of TDS measured in the stream were significantly correlated (r = -0.765 and -0.649 respectively) with both EPT richness and percent C. dubia survival in water column toxicity tests.
Laboratory analysis of synthetic coal mine effluent, similar in composition to that of the Parker Run effluent, was performed to determine toxicity thresholds for sodium, sulfate, TDS and conductivity. Acute toxicity thresholds were found for sodium (between 900 and 1,000 mg/L), TDS (4,200 and 6,400 mg/L), and conductivity (5,000 and 6,200 µmhos/cm). It was also determined that any toxic contribution of sulfate in solution with high concentrations of sodium (~1,000 mg/L) and/or TDS (~4,200 __ 6,400 mg/L) was secondary to that of the toxic effect of sodium or TDS in that solution.<br>Master of Science
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Batt, Hussein Aly. "Using Relevance Vector Machines Approach for Prediction of Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity to Sustain Water Quality and Wildlife in Mud Lake." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1315.
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Mud Lake is a wildlife refuge located in southeastern Idaho just north of Bear Lake that traps sediment from Bear River water flowing into Bear Lake.Very few water quality and sediment observations, if any, exist spatially in Mud Lake. Spatial patterns of sediment deposition may affect Mud Lake flows and habitat; prediction of those patterns should help refuge managers predict water quality constituents and spatial distribution of fine sediment.This will help sustain the purposes of Mud Lake as a habitat and migratory station for species.
The main objective of the research is the development of Multivariate Relevant Vector Machine (MVRVM) to predict suspended fine sediment and water quality constituents, and to provide an understanding for the practical problem of determining the amount of data required for the MVRVM. MVRVM isa statistical learning algorithm that is based on Bayes theory.It has been widely used to predict patterns in hydrological systems and other fields. This research represents the first known attempt to use a MVRVM approach to predict transport of very fine sediment andwater quality constituents in a complex natural system.
The results demonstrate the ability of the MVRVM to capture and predict the underlying patterns in data.Also careful construction of the experimental design for data collection can lead the Relevant Vectors (RVs is a subset of training observation which carries significant information that is used for prediction) to show locations of significant patterns.
The predictions of water quality constituents will be of potential value to US Fish and Wildlife refuge managers in making decisions for operation and management in the case of Mud Lake based on their objectives, and will lead the way for scientists to expand the use of the MVRVM for modeling of suspended fine sediment and water quality in complex natural systems.
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Byman, Lina. "Treatment of wash water from road tunnels." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik (flyttat 20130630), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171816.
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Tunnels have become increasingly important in the development of road networks to meet rising transportation demands. Washing of road tunnels must be performed regularly to ensure traffic safety. The washing procedure generates significant amount of polluted wash water. Before discharge to a receiving water body, treatment is necessary to avoid potential degradation of the water quality. In this study, 12 in situ sedimentation experiments were conducted to evaluate treatment efficiency of sedimentation, with and without the addition of chemical flocculent. The findings showed that untreated tunnel wash water was highly polluted with total suspended solids (804-9690 mg/l), PAHs (0.4–29 μg/l) and heavy metals. Most pollutants were associated with the particulate material. Significant correlations (r2 > 0.95) were found between suspended solids and metals. Efficient removal of pollutants was possible by sedimentation with addition of flocculent. Within 20 hours of sedimentation low concentrations were reached of suspended solids (<15mg/l), PAHs (<0.1 μg/l), Cd (<0.05 μg/l), Cr (< 8 μg/l), Hg (<0.02 μg/l), Pb (<0.5 μg/l) and Zn (< 60 μg/l). The results confirm the possibility to treat tunnel wash water with sedimentation and flocculation and to discharge treated wash water to a recipient, provided particular attention is given to very sensitive water bodies.
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Gunukula, Sampath Reddy. "ELECTROCOAGULATION/FLOTATION TREATMENT OF SYNTHETIC SURFACE WATER." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1304363574.
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Boehme, Elizabeth A. "Temporal Dynamics of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities and Their Response to Elevated Specific Conductance in Headwater Streams of the Appalachian Coalfields." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51852.
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Prior studies have demonstrated Appalachian coal mining often causes elevated specific conductance (SC) in streams, and others have examined SC effects on benthic macroinvertebrate communities using point-in-time SC measurements. However, both SC and benthic macroinvertebrate communities exhibit temporal variation. Twelve Appalachian headwater streams with minimally impacted physical habitat and reference-quality physicochemical conditions (except elevated SC) were sampled ten to fourteen times each for benthic macroinvertebrates between June 2011 and November 2012. In situ loggers recorded SC at 15-minute intervals. Streams were classified by mean SC Level (Reference 17-142 S/cm, Medium 262-648 S/cm, and High 756-1,535 S/cm). Benthic macroinvertebrate community structure was quantified by the Virginia Stream Condition Index and other metrics. Structural metric differences among SC Levels and month of sampling were explored. Reference-SC streams exhibited significantly higher scores on most metrics, supporting previous findings that SC may act as a biotic stressor, even in streams lacking limitations from degradation of physical habitat or other physicochemical conditions. Temporal variation was greatest in Medium-SC streams, which had the most metrics exhibiting significant differences among months and the greatest range of monthly means for six metrics. Metrics involving % Plecoptera and/or % Trichoptera were not sensitive to elevated SC, as Leuctridae and Hydropsychidae exhibited increased abundance in streams with elevated SC. Best scores for benthic macroinvertebrate community metrics differed based on selected metric, SC Level, and month. Consequently, timing of sampling is important, particularly in streams with elevated SC because community metric scores may be impacted by dominant taxa life history patterns.<br>Master of Science
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Abu, Hajar Husam A. "Exfiltration Trenches for Post Construction Storm Water Management for Linear Transportation Projects: Field Study of Suspended Materials." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1329430042.
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Subramaniam, Daniel Niruban. "Dynamics of nitrogen and suspended solids removal in experimental stormwater biofilters under intermittent wetting and drying." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/83040/1/Daniel%20Niruban_Subramaniam_Thesis.pdf.
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This research study comprehensively analyses the dynamics of nitrogen and suspended solids removal in stormwater biofilters. The study focuses on pollutant removal during an event with time, rather than the conventional event-mean analysis. Antecedent dry days (number of days in between rainfall) during which biofilters remain dry and the inflow concentration of pollutants were two other important variables analysed in this study. The research outcome highlights the significance of dry-phase processes and the process of stabilization on filter performance and sets a paradigm shift from the current approach towards an innovative way of performance analysis of biofilters.
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John, Chukwuemeka K., Jaan H. Pu, M. Pandey, and R. Moruzzi. "Impacts of sedimentation on rainwater quality: case study at Ikorodu of Lagos, Nigeria." IWA, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18450.
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Yes<br>This study investigated the impact of sedimentation on rainwater storage system using a case study at the Ikorodu area of Lagos state, a rural area in Nigeria. In this investigation, the proportions of Escherichia coli (E. coli) that were settleable (due to sedimentation) and those that were at the free phase have been studied. Water samples were collected from different depths in the inspected rainwater storage tank at two different periods (i.e. rainy and dry periods) for 20 days. The samples collected from these periods
have been analysed for physical and microbial measures before passing it through the serial filters with pore sizes of 500 μm, 100 μm, 10 μm and 1.5 μm to measure the retained particle mass. From the results, it was observed that: (1) the water quality at the free-phase zone was better than that at the tank’s
bottom; (2) the settleable bacteria rapidly sinked to bottom; (3) the correlation of turbidity, E. coli and
total suspended solids (TSS) for all the rain events showed a relatively high Pearson’s coefficient of 0.9 to one another; and (4) over 70% of settling TSS occurred within first 36 hours. Finally, it has been found that the physical sedimentation process can significantly reduce the microbial measures.
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Malone, Sarah J. "Agricultural nonpoint source pollution management : water quality impacts of Balm Road Treatment Marsh, Hillsborough County, Florida." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003211.
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Birt, Lindsay Nicole. "Evaluation of compost specifications for stormwater management." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1236.
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Ghasemzadeh, Shahram M. S. "Effect of Hydraulic Fracturing Waste in Wastewater Treatment Processes." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1471254155.
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Lundin, Emma. "Modelling Chemically Enhanced Primary Settlers Treating Wastewater using Particle Settling Velocity Distribution : Modellering av kemfällning i försedimentering för avloppsvatten, genom att använda distribuering av sedimentationshastigheter för suspenderadepartiklar." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-237107.
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The urban sprawl creates a gap between producers and consumers and the a sustainable circuitof nutrients and energy is difficult to maintain. Many times the waste that is created in urbanareas is not reused and the circuit is lost. In this project, wastewater treatment is looked atwith the view point that resource recovery is possible through energy production and reuse ofnutrients. In order to optimally run each process step at a wastewater treatment plant forimproved resource recovery, more knowledge is needed in order to not disregard the finaleffluent quality. The goal of this project was to develop a model in MATLAB/Simulink for achemically enhanced primary clarifier at a wastewater treatment plant. The potential ofproducing more biogas and reducing the aeration energy needed in the biological treatmentstep was looked at by focusing on describing the settling velocity of suspended solids.Experimental analysis on settling properties for solids was performed on sampled wastewaterentering the primary settler after changing the addition of chemicals prior in the process line.The wastewater samples were homogenized and then rapidly vacuum pumped up in a column.The solids in the column could thereafter settle and was retained in a cup at the bottom. Themass of total suspended solids (TSS) was classified in five different settling velocity classes,each class assigned a characteristic settling velocity. The experimental procedure followed theViCA's protocol (French acronym for Settling Velocity for Wastewater). A settler, much likethe secondary settler in the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2), a 10 layer nonreactivetank was modeled. The mass balance in each layer of the settler was decided by thevertical solid flux in the tank and built on the characteristic settling velocity gained from theexperiments. Re-circulation of excess sludge from the subsequent steps at the plant showed toeffect the settling properties of the sludge in the primary settler. The components of TSSshowed to have the largest effect on the distribution of settling velocity. The variation in doseof both coagulant and cationic polymer prior the primary settling tank showed to effect theparticle settling distribution somewhat. A first simulation with an applicable dynamic influentscenario was run. Despite any proper calibration the model gave fairly good predictions ofmeasured TSS in the effluent and sludge outtake water.<br>När urbana områden växer uppstår svårigheter i att bibehålla ett hållbart kretslopp av energioch näringsämnen. Avståndet mellan producent och konsument ökar och många gångeråteranvänds inte det avfall som städerna producerar och det hållbara kretsloppet bryts. Dettaprojekt har fokuserat på resursåteranvändningen i avloppsvattenhanteringen genommöjligheterna som finns i energiproduktion i form av biogas samt återanvändning avnäringsämnen genom slamåterförsel. Mer kunskap behövs inom varje processteg för attoptimalt använda avloppsreningsverk för förbättrad resurs-återvinning så att inte utgåendevattenkvalitet blir lidande. Målet med projektet var att utveckla en modell iMATLAB/Simulink för primärsedimentering med kemisk fällning. Experimentelltanalyserades sedimentationsegenskaperna hos primärslam genom provtagning avavloppsvatten inkommande till försedimenteringen efter tillsatser av fällnings-kemikalier.Proverna homogeniserades och vakuumpumpades sedan snabbt upp i en kolonn. Detpartikulära materialet i kolonnen kunde därefter sedimentera och fångades upp i en kopp ibotten. Den sedimenterade massan av totalt suspenderat material (TSS) klassificerades i femolika sedimenteringshastighetsklasser och varje klass tilldelades en karakteristisksedimentationshastighet Det experimentella förfarandet följde ViCA’s protokoll (franskförkortning för sedimentationshastigheter för avloppsvatten). En modell av ensedimentationstank, ungefär som för sekundär-sedimenteringen i Benchmark SimulationModel No. 2 (BSM2), utvecklades som en 10 lager icke reaktiv tank. Massbalansen i varjelager bestämdes av det vertikala flödet av partiklar och beräknades med de experimentelltframtagna karakteristiska sedimentationshastigheterna. Återcirkulering av överskottsslam frånde efterföljande reningsstegen visade sig ha stor påverkan på slammetssedimentationsegenskaper i försedimenteringen. Typen av TSS-komponenter hade den störstainverkan på fördelningen av sedimentationshastigheter. Variationen i dos av bådefällningskemikalie och katjonspolymer före primär-sedimenteringstanken hade en visspåverkan på fördelningen. En första simulering med ett sannolikt dynamisk inflödesscenariokördes. Utan någon riktig kalibrering av modellen gav den ändå en relativt realistisk prognospå TSS i utgående vatten och i slamuttaget.<br>I samarbete med forskningsgruppen ModelEAU, Quebec, Kanada
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Koeninger, Nicole K. "Determining Soil Erosion with Varying Corn Stover Cover Factors." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/27.
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Since the Dust Bowl, conservation agriculture has become a common practice globally. Because of the rising interest in the use of corn biomass as a feedstock for biofuel production, the effects of corn stover removal on soil erosion were explored. It was hypothesized that selective harvesting strategies would impact soil erosion differently across a variety of slopes. Soil erosion boxes were constructed, and a rainfall simulator with an intensity of 30 mm hr-1 for 46 min was used to create runoff from slopes of 1, 5, and 10% and three cover factor treatments (no removal and two simulated corn stover removal strategies). Due to research time constraints, simulated corn roots were constructed to emulate actual corn roots in all experiments. The corn stover harvest strategies change the distribution of cobs, husks, leaves, and stalks in field; these changes were represented as the cover factor treatments. Changing the type of plant material on the soil surface impacted the predicted soil erosion from the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Based on the results from this study, the effect of corn stover cover percentages had a significant impact on the predicted and observed soil loss.
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Tao, Jing. "Treatment of sanitary sewer overflow using fixed media bioreactors." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1228071779.
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TRAVASSOS, Rysoaurya Keyla. "Determinação do carbono e nitrogênio orgânico particulado em ambientes oceânicos e estuarino-costeiro, na região nordeste do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18408.
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Previous issue date: 2016-07-14<br>CAPES<br>O objetivo principal da presente tese constitui em agregar informações ao conhecimento
sobre a fração orgânica do material em suspensão na região oceânica- costeira -
estuarina do litoral de Pernambuco e na região costeira adjacente, principalmente no que
se refere às suas concentrações, avaliando a distribuição do COP e NT. Em função da
sua importância e estudos relacionados ao material em suspensão serem escassos para o
carbono e nitrogênio nessas regiões. A tese é apresentada como um conjunto de
capítulos interligados, nos quais foram apresentados resultados da distribuição do COP
e NT nas plumas dos rios Capibaribe e Jaboatão e o arquipélago de Fernando de
Noronha, com relativamente pouca influência humana, e foi escolhida como área de
controle. A exportação de matéria orgânica via fluxo estuarino, ficou definida pelas
medianas do Carbono Elementar de (2,04% e 0,97%) e Nitrogênio Elementar de (0,63%
e 0,24%) e razão C/N de (6,60 e 9,30) nas plumas do Capibaribe e Jaboatão
respectivamente. A análise de componentes principais aplicada aos dados sugeriu que os
altos índices pluviométricos e o material carreado pelo fluxo fluvial para região costeira
influenciaram a distribuição dessas frações e que tais diferenças podem resultar das
diferentes cargas de ação antrópica e mecanismos de transporte estuário – região
costeira revelando a complexidade da distribuição da matéria orgânica nestes ambientes.
No segundo capítulo-artigo estudo caracterizou a matéria orgânica em função das razões
elementares e isotópicas δ13C, δ15N, C/N do material particulado em suspensão na água
superficial em 21 pontos amostrais sendo 12 no estuário do rio Capibaribe e 9 no
estuário do rio Jaboatão. Os maiores valores de δ13C, δ15N, C/N (-17,75‰, 23,71‰ e
13,45‰) no Capibaribe e, (-21,97‰, 27,30‰ e 14,74‰) no Jaboatão, respectivamente.
Os valores encontrados sugerem que uma grande parte da matéria em suspensão dos
rios em estudo, se origina a partir de entradas de efluentes com alto teor de matéria
orgânica, como também que a MO exportada pelos rios é fortemente influenciada pelo
seu elevado estado de eutrofização, com acentuada produção autóctone. Nos estuários
superiores os valores empobrecidos de 13C indicam maior presença de material tanto de
origem continental quanto de origem mista. É também observado que δ13C e a razão
C/N não são correlacionados no estuário do Capibaribe e estes resultados sugerem que
existem áreas no estuário de preferência, fontes de matéria orgânica sob a influência
tanto de autóctones (estuário inferior) como de alóctones (estuário superior). O terceiro
e último capítulo - artigo ocorreu na região costeira de PE e foram agregadas as frações
COP e NT à fração de COD, as quais não apresentaram correlação, indicando que elas não tenham a mesma fonte, destacando a influência alóctone para o aumento dessas frações e assim os efeitos de influencia do rio Capibaribe nas águas oligotróficas costeiras.<br>The main objective of this thesis is to add information to the existing knowledge of the
organic fraction of suspended matter in the oceanic-coastal-estuarine region of the coast
of Pernambuco, Brazil and the adjacent coastal zone, mainly in regard to its
concentrations, by evaluating the distribution of POC and NT. In spite of the importance
of this topic, studies on suspended matter for carbon and nitrogen are scarce in these
regions. The thesis is presented as a set of interrelated chapters that contain the results
of POC and NT distribution in the plumes of rivers Capibaribe and Jaboatão. The
Fernando de Noronha Archipelago was chosen as a control area because of the minimal
human influence in this region. The export of organic matter through estuarine flow was
defined using the medians of elemental carbon (2.04% and 0.97%) and elemental
nitrogen (0.63% and 0.24%), and C/N ratio (6.60 and 9.30) in the Capibaribe and
Jaboatão plumes, respectively. The principal component analysis applied to the data
suggests that the high rainfall and the matter carried by the river flow to the coastal
region influence the distribution of these fractions. The analysis also suggests that the
detected differences can be caused by different charges of human action and estuarycoastal
mechanisms of transport, thus revealing the complexity of the distribution of
organic matter in these environments. In the second chapter of the article, organic
matter was characterised on the basis of elementary and isotopic ratios δ13C, δ15N, and
C/N of the suspended particulate matter in surface water at 21 sampling points, of which
12 were in the estuary of river Capibaribe and 9 in the estuary of river Jaboatão. The
highest values of δ13C, δ15N, and C/N (-17.75‰, 23.71‰, and 13.45 ‰) in Capibaribe
and (-21.97‰, 27.30‰, and 14.74 ‰) in Jaboatao, respectively. The values found in
this study suggest that a large proportion of suspended matter from the rivers originates
from effluent inputs with high organic matter content. Also, the OM exported by the
rivers is heavily influenced by a high state of eutrophication, with pronounced
autochthonous production. In the upper estuary, the impoverished values of δ13C
indicate a greater presence of matter of continental origin and of mixed origin. It was
also observed that δ13C and C/N ratio are not correlated in the estuary of the Capibaribe,
which suggests that there are areas at the estuary of preference where sources of organic
matter are under the influence of autochthonous (lower estuary) or allochthonous (upper
estuary) contributions. The third and final chapter-article occurred in the coastal zone of
PE. Here, the fractions of POC and NT were added to the fraction of DOC and showed
no correlation, which indicates that they do not share the same source. Moreover, this finding highlights the influence of allochthonous contributions to the increase of these fractions and the consequent effects of the influence of Capibaribe river in coastal oligotrophic waters.
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Prietto, Jacob. "The effects of effluent discharge and concentration on streambed infiltration in the Lower Santa Cruz River." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1564175.
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<p> Wastewater generated in the Tucson metropolitan region is conveyed to and treated at the Roger Road Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF) and Ina Road WRF. From 2005 to 2012, approximately 15,000 acre-feet per year of effluent was returned to the City of Tucson for additional filtration and reuse in the reclaimed water system. The remaining 48,000+ acre-feet per year of treated effluent was discharged to the Santa Cruz River, where a variable portion of the effluent infiltrates the streambed. The effluent that infiltrates the streambed contributes to recharge credits for participants invested in the Managed Underground Storage Facilities.</p><p> In the effluent-dependent river, physical, chemical, and biological processes work in combination to develop a clogging layer near the streambed surface, which reduces infiltration. Previous studies have shown that large storm events have the ability to scour away the clogging layer and are the most significant processes contributing to establishing infiltration rates. Without the occurrence of large storm events, other variables such as effluent discharge and effluent concentrations affect infiltration to a lesser degree.</p><p> Effluent discharge, biochemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids are monitored and recorded daily at the outfalls of the WRFs. The parameters were investigated individually and in combination using statistical analyses to determine their correlations with streambed infiltration in the Santa Cruz River. The dry spring-early summer seasons from 2005 to 2012 were analyzed. A water balance was constructed for non-stormflow days during each time period. Evapotranspiration was calculated using riparian vegetation surveys and detailed delineations of aerial photography of the surface water and streamside herbaceous vegetation. Infiltration was derived as the residual of the water balance. </p><p> At the daily time scale, correlations among variables were unobtainable due to the extremely variable characteristics of infiltration. The seasonal time scale analyses demonstrated an inverse relationship between both the effluent concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids with infiltration and a direct correlation between effluent discharge and infiltration under extreme conditions. Under normal conditions, the distribution of discharge between Roger Road WRF and Ina Road WRF had a critical effect on infiltration as a result of the different deposition and erosive regimes through the Santa Cruz River.</p>
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Oliveira, Aryane Mota de. "Modelagem do avanço da cunha salina em sistema aquífero costeiro." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1406.
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Groundwater overexploitation can cause the collapse of coastal aquifers. The goal of this study was to apply a template, the computer code SEAWAT to evaluate the behavior of the salt wedge Coastal Aquifer System, which has studied the case of complex Barreira/Marituba in Part Coast Metropolitan Region of Maceió-AL. In addition they were analyzed physicochemical indexes to characterize the study area and verify the source of salt contamination. The model calibration was performed in two parts. The underground flow calibration obtained a correlation coefficient between calculated hydraulic loads and observed of 0.764 and the calibration concentration of Total Dissolved Solids, which has very close to the salt concentration value, obtained a 0.682 correlation coefficient for the year 2015 . Since then analyzed two different scenarios, which allowed us to verify the effect of groundwater exploitation in the salt wedge for the year 2025. The first considered the existing exploitation by 2015 without pumping increments. As a result, it was found advancing saline wedge area into two areas, an area that suffers decrease, besides the formation of cones with vertical rise of the seawater. In the second scenario were added licenses of water works as well and plus the assumption of 32 new pumping wells installation, according to the city's growth. However, in this case, it was not possible to see variations in the mix zone for the first scenario for the year 2025. The analysis of hydrogeological indices pointed to higher chloride concentrations in the region close to the line of the Atlantic Ocean, with little influence of nitrate and, in general, showed the existence of seawater intrusion.<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>A exploração indiscriminada de água subterrânea pode causar o colapso dos aquíferos costeiros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar um modelo, o código computacional SEAWAT, para avaliar o comportamento da cunha salina em Sistema Aquífero Costeiro, onde foi estudado o caso do Complexo Barreira/Marituba na costa de Parte da Região Metropolitana de Maceió-AL. Ademais foram analisados índices físico-químicos para caracterizar a região de estudo e verificar a fonte de contaminação salina. A calibração do modelo foi realizada em duas vertentes. A calibração de fluxo subterrâneo obteve um coeficiente de correlação entre cargas hidráulicas calculadas e observadas de 0,764 e a calibração de concentração de Sólidos Totais Dissolvidos, que possui valor muito próximo à concentração de sal, obteve um coeficiente de correlação de 0,682 para o ano de 2015. A partir de então foram analisados dois cenários distintos, que permitiram verificar o efeito da explotação de água subterrânea na cunha salina para o ano de 2025. O primeiro considerou a explotação existente até 2015, sem acréscimos de bombeamentos. Como resultado, verificou-se o avanço da cunha salina em duas áreas do domínio, uma área que sofre recuo, além da formação de cones com ascensão vertical da água do mar. No segundo cenário foram adicionadas as licenças de obras hídricas como poços e mais a hipótese de instalação de 32 novos poços de bombeamento, de acordo com o crescimento da cidade. Porém, neste caso, não foi possível visualizar variações na zona de mescla em relação ao primeiro cenário para o ano de 2025. A análise dos índices hidrogeológicos apontou para maiores concentrações de cloretos na região próxima à linha do Oceano Atlântico, com pouca influência do nitrato e, no geral, indicaram a existência de intrusão de água do mar.
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Pamula, Abhiram Siva Prasad. "Adsorption and microfiltration processes to treat dye and coffee wastewater." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1529685125294975.
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Nygren, Anton, Edvard Nordenskjöld, and Erik Östblom. "Groundwater occurrence and quality in Bulawayo province, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300718.
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This study focused on determining the groundwater flow paths in the crystalline subsurface rocks of the Bulawayo metropolitan, Zimbabwe, through analysing the discontinuities of the electrical properties of the ground, as well as in the magnetic field of the underlying rocks. Further, borehole water quality was analysed by measuring and mapping several chemical parameters, specifically TDS, salinity and the electrical conductivity. The electrical and magnetic anomalies were measured at two field sites within the Bulawayo province, the Harry Allen Golf Course and the Barbour Fields dumpsite, while 120 boreholes were sampled for water quality in a large part the province. Two magnetometers were used to measure the magnetic field and the time and location of the measurements, which resulted, after processing in SURFER, into the magnetic field map of these areas. This was used, in conjunction with the geologic map of the Bulawayo province, in order to determine useful locations for the electrical resistivity surveys. These included electrical resistivity tomography and vertical electrical sounding and were performed with an earth resistivity/induced polarization (IP) meter in order to measure the electrical resistivity of the ground. Inverse modelling was used in the RES2DINV software program to produce the topographic image of resistivity. The results for the borehole sampling showed that the maps for the three chemical parameters were very similar, with the western and northern parts of the mapped area displaying higher concentration values. The results of the electrical resistivity surveying showed probable areas of groundwater flow with its relationship to electric conductivity.
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Smar, Daina. "An assessment of ecological processes in the Apalachicola estuarine system, Florida." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5506.
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The following is a compilation of field data collected in 2011 and 2012 in Apalachicola, FL as part of a five year study assessing the ecological effects of sea level rise in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Many coastal communities, both natural and developed, will soon be working to mitigate the effects of sea level rise, if they are not already doing so. This thesis investigates the natural patterns of the Apalachicola estuarine system through the collection and analysis of in situ water, sediment, and biomass samples. Additionally, results of the field samples are presented and recommendations for additional sampling are given. The field methods and procedures developed in this study were designed to be repeated in other estuaries to build upon the work that has been conducted in Apalachicola. Water samples were tested for total suspended solids (TSS) and compared against hydrodynamic (tidal circulation and streamflow) and meteorological (wind and precipitation) characteristics. Streamflow was determined to influence a seasonal base level concentration of TSS. Wind strength and direction consistently influenced small TSS concentration fluctuations, an effect amplified by the shallow nature of the estuary. Tidal circulation appeared to have minor influences on TSS concentration fluctuations within the base level concentration range. Precipitation appeared to influence large TSS concentration fluctuations; however, due to limited data collection during storm events, more data is required to conclusively state this. Sediment cores throughout the lower Apalachicola River revealed that coarse particles settled out in upstream areas while fine particles tended to stay in suspension until low energy areas in the lower portions of the river or marsh system were reached. Finally, biomass samples were used to develop regression models utilizing remotely sensed data to predict biomass density in marsh areas with unprecedented accuracy. The documented patterns of this system are to be used as inputs and validation points to update an existing hydrodynamic model and to aid in the coupling and development of sediment transport and marsh equilibrium models. The field campaign developed and implemented here provides a foundation for this novel coupled modeling effort of estuarine systems. From the 2011 and 2012 sampling conducted, it is apparent that Apalachicola can be modeled as a closed system with river inflow and sediment influx as boundary conditions. Forcing local conditions should accurately represent the system. Ultimately, these models will be used to simulate future sea level rise scenarios and will provide useful decision making tools to coastal managers. Future work will include replicating water sampling in subsequent wet and dry seasons in Apalachicola, FL to confirm observed trends, in addition to implementing this sampling in Grand Bay, MS and Weeks Bay, AL. Additional biomass samples will be taken to validate the strong correlations found between remotely sensed data and in situ samples. In similar studies, it is recommended that water samples be taken to adequately represent influences from tidal cycles and riverine inflow. It is also recommended that spatially distributed biomass samples be taken to validate regression models.<br>M.S.<br>Masters<br>Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Civil Engineering; Water Resources Engineering
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BRAGA, Celso de Carvalho. "Distribuição espacial e temporal de sólidos em suspensão nos afluentes e reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica Barra dos Coqueiros - GO." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/354.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-01<br>The construction of reservoirs for hydroelectric generates various environmental impacts, for
instance, changes in the displacement and the concentration of suspended solids, thus causing
changes in the fauna and flora of the water. The survey of suspended solids in a determined
watershed is important to make correct decisions regarding the planning for a bowl, because
the amount of solids is directly related to the land use. The problems caused by suspended
solids include erosion, transport, deposition and compaction, in addition the suspended solids
impair the quality of water for human consumption. This study aimed to analyze the spatial
and temporal distribution of the concentration of suspended solids (CSS) in the main source
of the lake in Barra dos Coqueiros and its influence on the life cycle of the reservoir from
March 2011 to August 2011. To achieve the proposed goals, it was used methods such as
calculating the concentration of suspended solids according to the proposal of Wetzel and
Likens (1991), checking the levels of turbidity and water clarity in accordance with the
proposal to Esteves (1998) and Tundisi (2008), calculating the flow of the sources of water by
the method of floats as proposed by Ramos and Oliveira (2003), Palhares (2007), and
calculating the total solid discharge of the main sources of water (of the) using simplified
method of Colby (1964) that takes into consideration: liquid discharge, average speed,
average depth, width and cross section measured concentration of suspended solids.
According to the data, we reached the following conclusion: the concentration of suspended
solids is well related to the data turbidity and water transparency. In the data collection
reservoir of the rainy season, the concentration of suspended solids ranged from 7,5 to 30,5
mgL-1 and greater than the collection of the dry period, which ranged from 0,25 to 7,5 mgL-1.
The same thing happens to the water transparency using a Secchi disk that ranged from 0,16
to 0,30 meters in the rainy season and 1,40 to 3,50 meters in the dry season. As for turbidity,
the indices found shows that the reflectance of light in a rainy period ranged from 51 to 72
NTU, whereas the dry period ranged from 0 to 3,7 NTU. According to the evaluation of the
spatial and temporal distribution of suspended solids concentration of the main sources of
water in the reservoir of Barra dos Coqueiros, the main lake stands out among the sources
analyzed, due to the higher concentration of suspended solids, ranging from 2,5 mgL-1 in the
dry season to 14,5 mgL-1 in the rainy season.<br>A construção de reservatórios para usinas hidrelétricas geram impactos ambientais diversos,
como, por exemplo, mudanças no deslocamento e concentração de sólidos em suspensão,
ocasionando assim mudanças na fauna e flora aquáticas. O estudo dos sólidos em suspensão
de uma determinada bacia hidrográfica é importante para que se possam tomar decisões
corretas quanto ao planejamento de atividades de uma bacia, pois a quantidade de sólidos está
diretamente associada ao uso da terra. Os problemas gerados pelos sólidos em suspensão vão
desde a erosão, transporte, deposição e compactação, além de que os sólidos em suspensão
prejudicam a qualidade da água para o consumo humano. O presente trabalho teve por
objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal da concentração de sólidos em suspensão
(CSS) nos principais afluentes e lago da UHE Barra dos Coqueiros, e sua influência na vida
útil do reservatório no período de março a agosto de 2011. Os métodos utilizados para
alcançar os objetivos propostos foram: calcular a concentração de sólidos em suspensão de
acordo com a proposta de WETZEL E LIKENS (1991), verificar os níveis de turbidez e
transparência da água de acordo com a proposta de ESTEVES (1998) e TUNDISI (2008),
calcular a vazão dos afluentes pelo método de flutuadores, de acordo com a proposta de
RAMOS e OLIVEIRA (2003), PALHARES (2007), e calcular a descarga sólida total dos
principais afluentes pelo método simplificado de COLBY (1964) que leva em consideração:
descarga líquida, velocidade média, profundidade média, largura da seção transversal e
concentração medida de sólidos em suspensão. De acordo com os dados obtidos, chegou-se à
seguinte conclusão: que a concentração de sólidos em suspensão tem boa relação com os
dados de turbidez e transparência da água. Na coleta de dados do reservatório do período
chuvoso, a concentração de sólidos em suspensão variou de 7,5 a 30,5 mgL-1, sendo maior
que na coleta do período seco, que variou de 0,25 a 7,5 mgL-1. O mesmo acontece com
transparência de água utilizando o disco de Secchi que variou de 0,16 a 0,30 metros no
período chuvoso e de 1,40 a 3,50 metros no período seco. Quanto à turbidez, os índices
encontrados mostram que a refletância da luz no período chuvoso variou de 51 a 72 NTU,
enquanto no período seco variou de 0 a 3,7 NTU. Quanto à avaliação da distribuição espacial
e temporal da concentração de sólidos em suspensão dos principais afluentes do reservatório
da UHE Barra dos Coqueiros o Córrego Matriz se destaca entre os afluentes analisados, por
apresentar maiores concentrações de sólidos em suspensão, variando de 2,5 mgL-1 no período
seco a 14,5 mgL-1 no período chuvoso.
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Grey, Catherine Vyvian. "Physiochemical Treatment Options for High-Conductivity Coal Mining Runoff." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85011.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the excessive specific conductance (SC) of Appalachian coal mining runoff waters has become a parameter of concern with the EPA due to its negative effect on aquatic life and water quality. In order to comply with the EPA guidance suggesting an effluent SC of 500 µS/cm, the Appalachian Research Initiative for Environmental Science (ARIES) Center at Virginia Tech requested that testing be done to determine the most effective technologies for reduction of SC. Runoff water was collected from two sites in southwestern Virginia and characterized to determine the source of SC in the water. The main contributing ions were determined to be Na⁺, Mg²⁻, Ca²⁺, and SO₄²⁻. Testing was performed to assess the possibility of using the speciation software, MINEQL+, with a set of empirical equations which predict SC using ionic composition for natural waters with a low to medium SC.
The physicochemical treatment methods tested were ion exchange, excess lime-soda softening, and the Cost Effective Sulfate Removal (CESR) process. Both cation (H⁺ exchanger) and anion (Cl⁻ exchanger) exchange media were tested separately in batch reactors, which resulted in a higher effluent SC than initial SC. The softening method investigated, excess lime-soda softening, also resulted in increased SC levels because non-carbonate hardness levels were high and carbonate concentrations were low. The CESR process successfully lowered SC from 1,500-2,500 µS/cm to below the proposed EPA limit of 500 µS/cm. The success of this process was due to its ability to remove more than 85% of the calcium, magnesium, and sulfate from the water, which together accounted for more than 90% of ions in the source water.<br>Master of Science
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John, David E. "Transport and Survival of Water Quality Indicator Microorganisms in the Ground Water Environment of Florida: Implications for Aquifer Storage and Waste Disposal." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000155.
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John, David E. (David Eric). "Transport and survival of water quality indicator microorganisms in the ground water environment of Florida [electronic resource] : implications for aquifer storage and waste disposal / by David E. John." University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000155.
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Title from PDF of title page.<br>Document formatted into pages; contains 322 pages.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format.<br>ABSTRACT: Ground water resources are heavily used for drinking water supply and often as a receptacle for waste water. One concern is the possible contamination of wetland areas by ground water receiving septic system infiltration. To investigate this, two tracer studies were performed using the bacteriophage PRD-1 by seeding septic systems adjacent to wetlands with the phage and monitoring migration towards wetland areas. Transport velocities were evaluated based on appearance of tracer in sampling wells at various distances from the injection point. Velocities were estimated to be 0.25 m/d and 0.4 m/d at the two sites. Some retardation with respect to the conservative tracer SF6 was observed, with a factor of about 1.5. Due to dry conditions, the water table was well below surface, so transport of the virus into surface water was not observed. Survival of public-health-related microorganisms in ground water is also a concern.<br>ABSTRACT: The effects of temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) on survival of 5 groups of indicator organisms were evaluated in controlled experiments. TDS did not have significant effects on inactivation of these microbes up to 1000 mg/l, but there was indication of reduced inactivation of enterococci at TDS concentrations of 3000 mg/l. Increased temperature consistently resulted in more rapid inactivation. Survival in aquifer and reservoir water samples was also evaluated, and significant effects due to water type, temperature, and pasteurization treatment were observed. Inactivation was more rapid in surface water sources, and pasteurization enhanced survival. For enterococci and DNA coliphage, pasteurization effects were more pronounced in surface water. DNA coliphage and perhaps fecal coliform appeared to be the more-conservative indicator organisms for aquifer injection monitoring.<br>ABSTRACT: Lastly, it was observed that inactivation rates were considerably slower in pore water of saturated limestone than in the bulk water column of similar water sources and conditions, particularly for enterococci and fecal coliform.<br>System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.<br>Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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Devata, Naveen Kumar. "Indicators for Minimizing Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions at Wastewater Treatment Facilities." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1208.
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Wastewater treatment facilities around the world use significant amount of energy which contributes to large quantities of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. According to the U.S.EPA, nearly 3% of the USA's energy is used to treat wastewater. This consumption is increasing at faster rates with increase in population and regulations. Wastewater facilities use large number of pumps in their transfer stations, treatment plants, and effluent pump stations. All these pumps consume considerable amounts of energy. This study presents a preliminary energy inspection of two facilities from Louisiana. This audit provides an inventory of the energy consumed for various activities like pumping, treatment, and discharge. This analysis helps the operators to identify the potential power consuming areas and optimize by adopting several energy conservation measures (ECMs). This study also involves the quantification of GHG emissions based on the energy consumption. The benefits of the study include minimizing energy and GHG emission.
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Brancho, Jennie. "Effects of Precipitation Patterns on Sediment, Nutrient, and Biofilm Dynamics in an Acid Mine Drainage Stream." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou155439364661881.
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Teigao, Joana Margarida Maia. "Desenvolvimento e Implementação de Métodos Analíticos para Quantificação de Parâmetros Físico-Químicos em Diferentes Tipos de Águas: Subterrâneas, Superficiais e Residuais." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/86394.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Química apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>No âmbito da unidade curricular “Projeto Científico ou Projeto Industrial”, do Mestrado em Química, com especialização em Controlo de Qualidade e Ambiente, surgiu o interesse de experienciar, em ambiente empresarial, a relação entre a ótica teórica e prática. Daí resultou o estágio curricular na AGQ Labs Portugal. A AGQ Labs Portugal é formada por um Centro Tecnológico Químico, localizado em Alcochete, composto por laboratórios de análise e de ensaios avançados, com capacidade para oferecer serviços na área agronómica, alimentar, de mineração e saúde e segurança.Num primeiro momento, realizou-se a minha integração na empresa em questão, visando conhecer as normas em vigor, os protocolos estabelecidos para a determinação de cada parâmetro referente ao controlo de qualidade realizado.Num segundo momento, o trabalho na empresa teve como objetivo o estudo de estratégias de tratamento da amostra, após a definição das suas condições de validação de resultados, com especial ênfase nos ensaios realizados em laboratório como a determinação da carência química e bioquímica de oxigénio, dos sólidos suspensos e dissolvidos totais, em águas residuais, superficiais e subterrâneas.Durante a realização deste projeto foi possível ajudar na acreditação dos processos de amostragem de águas residuais, subterrâneas e superficiais, bem como na acreditação do método de determinação da carência bioquímica de oxigénio por sonda, através da realização das cartas de controlo, além da realização de comparações entre amostras, usando o método de Winkler e o método respirométrico.<br>Within the scope of the curricular unit "Scientific Project or Industrial Project", of the Masters in Chemistry, with specialization in Quality Control and Environment, emerged the interest to experience, in a business environment, the relation between theoretical and practical optics. This resulted in the curricular internship at AGQ Labs Portugal.AGQ Labs Portugal is formed by a Chemical Technological Center, located in Alcochete, composed of advanced analysis and testing laboratories, with capacity to offer services in the agronomic, food, mining and health and safety areas.In a first moment, I was integrated in the company in question, in order to know the standars in force, the protocols established for the determination of each parameter related to the quality control performed.In a second moment, the work in the company had as objective the study of strategies of treatment of the sample, after the definition of its conditions of validation of results, with special emphasis in the laboratory tests as the determination of the chemical and biochemical oxygen deficiency of the suspended solids and total dissolved solids in surface, groundwater and groundwater.During the realization of this project, it was possible to assist in the accreditation of the processes of sampling of waste, underground and superficial water, as well as assist in the accreditation of the method of determination of the biochemical oxygen demand by probe, through the accomplishment of control charts, and comparisons between samples, using the Winkler method and the respirometric method.
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Okosi, Emmanuel Okori. "The quality of water sample from Maungani community domestic water pots, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/823.
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Pascuzzi, Meghan. "The Effects of Total Dissolved Solids on Locomotory Behavior and Body Weight of Streamside Salamanders, and a Baseline Survey of Salamander Diversity and Abundance." 2011. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/etd,154119.
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Increased levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) in stream habitats are of concern due to salinity as well as the presence of potentially toxic ions. Natural gas drilling in the Marcellus shale could increase TDS in nearby streams. This thesis investigated the effects of water with elevated TDS on the locomotory activity and body weight of the streamside salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus. Salamanders were exposed to water collected from streams in southwest Pennsylvania with elevated TDS as well as synthetic ion solutions that mimicked the ionic composition found in streams. Chronic, but not acute exposure to solutions of 1000 ppm TDS caused significant differences in weight loss and locomotory activity, although the effect depended on the exact ion composition of the dissolved solids. Finally, field surveys of salamander abundance were completed on two streams to provide baseline data with which to track population changes should the TDS in the streams increase.<br>Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences<br>Biological Sciences<br>MS<br>Thesis
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(7042787), Jennifer L. Troy. "IMPORTANCE OF TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN EXPLAINING FISH COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN AGRICULTURAL HEADWATER STREAMS." Thesis, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
<div>Agricultural headwater streams in the Midwestern United States are subject to contaminants from fields, increased sedimentation, and degradation of natural habitat. Previous research has shown that physical instream habitat degradation better explained variation in fish community structure than water chemistry. However, these studies did not include total suspended solids (TSS), which are considered a major freshwater contaminant. The objective of this study is to determine whether total suspended solids better explains fish community structure than other variables in agricultural headwater streams. Mixed linear effects modeling was used to determine the set of independent variables that best predicts each of the fish response variables of species richness, Shannon diversity index, fish density, and index of biotic integrity. Standardized coefficients were used to determine which independent variable in each of the models had the largest influence on fish response metrics. The set of independent variables that best explained species richness were mean total suspended solids, imidacloprid, discharge, and substrate richness. Shannon diversity index was explained best by the combination of maximum total suspended solids, mean total suspended solids, atrazine, total nitrogen, and discharge. Fish density was explained best by the percentage of silt and clay, dissolved oxygen, the percentage of canopy cover, cover type richness, and discharge. IBI was explained best by the combination of the percentage of silt and clay, total phosphorus, mean total suspended solids, and dissolved oxygen. Total suspended solids was the most influential independent variable for fish species richness and Shannon diversity, however the percentage of silt and clay in benthic sediments was the most influential independent variable for fish density and IBI. Results also indicate discharge and total phosphorus as being influential to fish community metrics. The results from this study suggest that models containing a combination of different types of independent variables best explain fish community structure. This study supports the use of conservation and restoration practices that reduce total suspended solids and the amount of silt and clay present in bed sediments to increase fish community integrity of agricultural headwater streams of the Midwestern United States.</div>
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Weiss, Andrew. "The use of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler technology to quantify total suspended solids under ice." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/13700.
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The measurement of total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations through water quality monitoring programs is laborious, costly, and time-intensive. Winter conditions further hinder water quality monitoring programs. The use of Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) is currently being explored as a surrogate for estimating total suspended solids concentrations. TSS concentration and ADCP measurements were collected during the winter at the Lower Nelson River and the Red River such that ADCP backscatter data could be calibrated to TSS concentrations. Different calibration schemes were pursued, some involving flow parameters determined from ADCP data, in order to accurately model the data. Due to limited ranges in the data, further TSS concentration and ADCP measurements were taken during the open water period. Calibrations were achieved with varying degrees of accuracy, however the they failed to perform well beyond the ranges for which they were developed.
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VanEngen, Ryan. "Assessment of the Physical and Biological Effects of Mine Related Total Suspended Solids in Arctic Lakes." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3598.
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The objective of this thesis was to assess the physical (concentrations, durations, and sedimentation) and biological effects of total suspended solids (TSS) in Arctic lakes following in-lake construction of dikes. TSS concentration and duration estimates were applied in a Severity of Ill Effects model which predicted possible habitat degradation and a reduction of feeding of salmonids with no significant difference between stations (ANOVA, p=0.153). Benthic invertebrates collected inside suspended sediment containment curtains showed a decrease in richness and abundance (Tukey’s, p<0.05), with no effects elsewhere. Stable isotope analysis from lake trout and arctic char muscle tissue suggested no differences in isotopic signatures following TSS exposure, but stable isotope analysis of stomach contents in lake trout had a significant increase in δ15N compared to the reference basin (Tukey’s, p<0.05). These findings suggested that lake trout adapted their food sources under moderate TSS exposure and benthic invertebrates rapidly recovered to pre-disturbance values.<br>Agnico-Eagle Mines Limited: Meadowbank Division and the University of Guelph; Research approved by Department of Fisheries and Oceans & Nunavut Impact Review Board
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Gaertner, Veronica L. "Spatial distribution of pigment and total dissolved solids in high pigment table beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)." 2003. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/52725649.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2003.<br>Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-82).
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Hsu, Ting-Jeng, and 許庭禎. "Comparison between Residents of Yunlin County and those of Kaohsiung City in Satisfaction of the Total Dissolved Solids and Total Hardness in the Tap Water." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54435099891303679012.
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碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>環境與安全工程系碩士班<br>93<br>This study concerns areas of Yunlin County and Kaohsiung City in which the water supply does not meet the third drinking water standard. A questionnaire is used in a survey of public satisfaction with tap water. Water samples are taste tested. The sample exceeds 0.1% of the population the study area. A comparative analysis of satisfaction with tap water and local water quality is performed.
The investigation comprises three parts. First, questionnaires on satisfaction with tap water and preferences regarding proposed water standards were presented to the public. Second, public water taste tests were undertaken. Third, water standards in Taiwan were compared with those in other developed countries. The tap water satisfaction survey was conducted as a telephone survey of a random sample of the population, taking in people who walk or work in public places, such as schools, post offices, and others. 1420 valid questionnaires were received from Yunlin County and 2280 valid questionnaires were received from Kaohsiung City. Water taste surveys were conducted in public spaces, including schools, post offices, supermarkets and others. One thousand were received from Yunlin County and 1677 valid surveys were received from Kaohsiung City. The two surveys had a sampling error of around 0.5%, with a 95% confidence interval.
The calculated weighted mean standard of water quality exhibited a TDS of 502 mg/L and a TH of 469 mg/L. Questionnaires on the taste of five samples of various qualities were provided. The five-point scale (ranging from 1 to 5) was used. The median (score 3) water quality, was regarded as satisfactory, as exhibited by water sample IV (TDS 400 mg/L, TH 250 mg/L), according to residents of Yunlin County and Kaohsiung City.
Based on The drinking water standards of most developed countries and recommended by the WHO include a TDS of 500 mg/L, and an unlimited TH.
The third drinking water standards concerning taste were not met, according to residents of Yunlin County and Kaohsiung City. Further evaluations throughout Taiwan must be made. The WHO has established that water with a TDS of less than 600 mg/L tastes pleasant and has no ill effect on health. Clinical research has demonstrated that a higher TH of water corresponds to a lower health risk. A lower TH standard would lead to the corrosion of piping and increase the cost of pipe maintenance, and the substances dissolved from the piping would affect health. Advanced treatments are required to reduce TDS and TH. These raise issues of land restrictions, lost water supply, sludge disposition, drug-related risks, increased costs and others. This investigation recommends that the drinking water standard should be adjusted to TDS 500 mg/L and TH 300 mg/L for CaCO3. These standards have been accepted by the EPA, but attention must continue to be made to public preferences and the standards of other developed countries. Taiwan''s standards must be monitored and revisions allowed.
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Hart, Heather Melanie. "Effect of land use on total suspended solids and turbidity in the Little River Watershed, Blount County, Tennessee." 2006. http://etd.utk.edu/2006/HartHeather.pdf.
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Mulroy, Kathleen. "Assessing the Performance of Two Stormwater Management Ponds in Waterloo, Ontario." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5057.
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Stormwater (SW) runoff in urban areas represents a major pathway for pollutant transfer to receiving waters. Best management practices (BMP) were introduced in the 1970s to help mitigate the negative effects of SW. In the 1990s, Stormwater management (SWM) ponds were established as a BMP to help increase the water quality of SW effluent. Many SWM ponds do not provide sufficient water quality treatment. Information on the internal processes influencing the reduction of total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations in SWM ponds with different designs is lacking. Knowledge of the processes affecting TP, SRP and TSS retention can help improve the design of SWM ponds to enhance their treatment performance.
The purpose of this thesis is to provide an assessment of the internal chemical processes that affect the trap efficiency (TE) and spatial and temporal variability of TP, SRP and TSS concentrations at two structurally different SWM ponds (Pond 45; conventional and Pond 33; hybrid extended detention) in Waterloo, ON. Water samples were collected at the inflow and outflow at the two SWM ponds during six storm events and 30 baseflow periods. A mass balance approach was used to quantify the TE of TP, SRP and TSS concentrations at each pond. Pond 33 had a TE of 24.3%, 26.7% and 66.8% for baseflow and stormflow samples of TP, SRP and TSS. Pond 45 performed much better with TE of 93.8%, 94.2% and 98% for TP, SRP and TSS concentrations. Pond 33 was a source of TP, SRP and TSS for 3, 4 and 2 storm events sampled during the field season, respectively. Pond 45 was a sink for all parameters on all storm events samples.
The spatial and temporal variability of TP, SRP and TSS concentrations were examined to improve knowledge of external factors and internal processes that influence the TE of SWM ponds. The effects of storm magnitude, seasonality and vegetation growth and senescence on effluent water quality were investigated. Additionally, the role of sediment on P cycling in the ponds was evaluated by determining grain size distribution, porewater SRP concentrations, sediment geochemistry and mineralogy, and the sediment P buffering capacity. Vegetation senescence, anoxic conditions, porewater SRP concentrations, sediment characteristics and buffering capacity influenced the poor TE at Pond 33. Pond 45 had more favourable water column conditions, i.e. higher dissolved oxygen concentrations, therefore allowed greater amounts of P to adsorb onto sediment. Design and maintenance considerations are described to help improve the performance at Pond 33. Continual water quality monitoring of SW effluent will identify changes in quality and mitigation measures can be implemented to increase a SWM ponds performance.
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Yang, Li-Ling, and 楊莉玲. "A Study on the Variation of Discharge, Total Phosphorus, Suspended Solids, and Ammonia of Qishan River Before and After Typhoon Morakot." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04743732568799149918.
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碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>土木工程系所<br>104<br>Qishan River is one of public water resources in southern Taiwan. The quality of water source would affect the procedure of water treatment. Typhoon Morakot caused a significant terrain change in Qishan River basin, and river channels were deposited seriously. Also, since the mountainous areas are bare of vegetation, the surface water quality may deteriorate soon after rainfall events. Thus, this study analyzed the water quality of Qishan River before (i.e. from the first season of 2005 to the third season of 2009) and after (i.e. from the forth season of 2009 to the forth season of 2014) Typhoon Morakot, and results show that the main causes of the pollution are suspended solids and total phosphorus. Furthermore, it is found that the correlation coefficients are ranged from 0.567 to 0.777, indicating a positive and moderate correlation between suspended solids and total phosphorus. This implies that when the level of suspended solids increases, the level of total phosphorus also increases simultaneously. Besides, the results show that discharge is associated with suspended solids as well as total phosphorus, and their correlation coefficients increase after Typhoon Morakot. This is because this area is easily eroded by rainfall and water flow due to bare soil in mountainous areas and sediment on river bed.