Academic literature on the topic 'Total synthesis'

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Journal articles on the topic "Total synthesis"

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Dai, Mingji, Xinpei Cai, and Yu Bai. "Total Syntheses of Spinosyn A." Synlett 29, no. 20 (2018): 2623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610249.

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Spinosyn A is an important polycyclic natural product with impressive insecticidal activity and has been used worldwide in agriculture as the major component of Spinosad. Herein, four chemical total syntheses of spinosyn A are summarized. Its biosynthesis and a chemoenzymatic total synthesis are discussed as well.1 Biosynthesis2 The Evans Synthesis3 The Paquette Synthesis4 The Roush Synthesis5 The Liu Synthesis6 The Dai Synthesis7 Conclusions
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Uwamori, Masahiro, and Masahisa Nakada. "Collective Total Synthesis of PPAPs: Total Synthesis of Clusianone via Intramolecular Cyclopropanation." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 7 (2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800721.

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The total synthesis of clusianone was accomplished through the stereoselective construction of a bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivative via a three-step sequence which has been utilized for the total syntheses of nemorosone garsubellin A and hyperforin: intramolecular cyclopropanation formation of a geminal dimethyl group and regioselective ring opening of cyclopropane. Further elaboration including chemo- and stereoselective hydrogenation to generate the C7 stereogenic center and cross-metathesis to construct prenyl groups in the side-chains was employed to complete the total synthesis of clusianone
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Anderson, Zoe J., and David J. Fox. "Total synthesis of the azolemycins." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 4 (2016): 1450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ob02520f.

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Ndoile, Monica M., and Fanie R. van Heerden. "Total synthesis of ochnaflavone." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (July 8, 2013): 1346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.152.

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The first total syntheses of ochnaflavone, an asymmetric biflavone consisting of apigenin and luteolin moieties, and the permethyl ether of 2,3,2'',3''-tetrahydroochnaflavone have been achieved. The key steps in the synthesis of ochnaflavone were the formation of a diaryl ether and ring cyclization of an ether-linked dimeric chalcone to assemble the two flavone nuclei. Optimal experimental conditions for the oxidative cyclization to form ochnaflavone were established.
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Dong, Gao, Bohui Li, and George A. O'Doherty. "Total and formal syntheses of fostriecin." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 7, no. 22 (2020): 3608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qo01121e.

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Ke, Shanwen, and Chenghao Pan. "Total synthesis of Oboflavanone B." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2608, no. 1 (2023): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2608/1/012043.

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Abstract Oboflavanone B, a revision of Oboflavanone A, has unique structure. Intrigued by its key 2,8-dioxabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane structure and chromanone structure, this paper discussed and reported a proposal towards the synthesis of this product. This work provides a theoretically feasible retrosynthesis, which utilized coupling reactions to connect the two main parts of the natural product. The key strategy of these syntheses involves Heck reactions, Fries rearrangement and addition reactions. To ensure the chiral of the target product, the chiral of the reactant was restricted in this work.
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Chen, Fen-Er, and Lei Chen. "Total Synthesis of Camptothecins: An Update." Synlett 28, no. 10 (2017): 1134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588738.

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Over the last few decades, considerable research efforts have been directed toward the development of effective chemical syntheses of camptothecin and its analogs. The last comprehensive review of this area was published in 2003 and many effective new methods have since been reported for the stereoselective synthesis of the camptothecin alkaloids. In this account, we have summarized most of the novel synthetic approaches developed for the synthesis of camptothecins during the last decade. We have focused on strategies for the construction of the pentacyclic ring system and the different method
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Huang, Deng-Ming, Hui-Jing Li, Jun-Hu Wang, and Yan-Chao Wu. "Asymmetric total synthesis of talienbisflavan A." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 16, no. 4 (2018): 585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob02837g.

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The first asymmetric total syntheses of talienbisflavan A and bis-8,8′-epicatechinylmethane as well as a facile synthesis of bis-8,8′-catechinylmethane has been accomplished from readily available starting materials by using a newly developed direct regioselective methylenation of catechin derivatives as one of the key steps.
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Liu, L., S. Wu, Q. Wang, et al. "Total synthesis of teixobactin and its stereoisomers." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 9 (2018): 1431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8qo00145f.

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Fay, Nicolas, Rémi Blieck, Cyrille Kouklovsky, and Aurélien de la Torre. "Total synthesis of grayanane natural products." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 18 (December 12, 2022): 1707–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.18.181.

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Grayananes are a broad family of diterpenoids found in Ericaceae plants, comprising more than 160 natural products. Most of them exhibit interesting biological activities, often representative of Ericaceae use in traditional medicine. Over the last 50 years, various strategies were described for the total synthesis of these diterpenoids. In this review, we survey the literature for synthetic approaches to access grayanane natural products. We will focus mainly on completed total syntheses, but will also mention unfinished synthetic efforts. This work aims at providing a critical perspective on
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Total synthesis"

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Watson, Christine Anne Louise. "Total synthesis of bistheonellic acid B/ total synthesis of scytophycin C." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627216.

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Mitra, Soumya. "Total synthesis of gomisin O asymmetric total syntheses of eupomatilones 1, 2 and 5; and studies towards total synthesis of mayolide A /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1189449580.

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Chan, Bryan Ka Ip. "Total synthesis of streptonigrone." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31581.

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This thesis describes the total synthesis of streptonigrone. The centerpiece of our route to the target molecule is a facile one-pot construction of 3-alkylpyridones developed in our laboratory. The quinoline segment of the target molecule, prepared through a Conrad-Limpach synthesis, was condensed with 2-benzyloxy-3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde to afford a chalcone intermediate suitable for our pyridine-forming reaction. The assembly of the central 3-methylpyridone ring of the natural product was then accomplished through the merger of the chalcone with 2-cyanopropanamide. Functionalization of the
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Shelton, Ruth E. "Total synthesis of peduncularine." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526451.

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Sparling, Brian Andrew. "Total Synthesis of Hyperforin." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11098.

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Hyperforin is the component of the medicinal herb St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) responsible for its antidepressant activity. It works by blocking the reuptake of a variety of neurotransmitters through a unique mechanism of action and may be a critical lead for the treatment of depression and possibly other human diseases. However, the therapeutic potential of hyperforin is severely handicapped by its poor water solubility, facile oxidative degradation, and potent activation of pregnane X receptor, leading to increased expression of many genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. Acce
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Baldwin, Ian Robert. "Total synthesis of acetoxyodontoschismenol." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284653.

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Chen, Cheng Yi. "Total synthesis of (+)-stenine /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487684245465948.

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Li, Fang. "Total Synthesis of (-)-Acutumine." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2193.

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Acutumine is a tetracyclic alkaloid isolated from the Asian vine Menispermum dauricum with selective T-cell cytotoxicity and antiamnestic properties. We have developed a total synthetic route to this congested alkaloid, during which we also found a novel, stereoselective radical-crossover reaction that combines an intramolecular radical conjugate addition with a subsequent enolate hydroxylation. Key features of this synthesis also include a reagent-controlled diastereoselective ketone allylation, an anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement to form a congested quaternary sterocenter, a pyridine-mediated
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Phillips, Andrew. "Studies towards the total synthesis of patellazole B." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269364.

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The patellazoles are a family of marine polyketide natural products first isolated from Lissoclinum patella in 1988 by both the Moore and Ireland groups. They exhibit significant cytotoxicity against the HCT 116 human colon tumour cells. To date however, their full 3D stereostructure have yet to be elucidated, which has hindered their development as potential drugs, and hampered full investigation into their biological mechanism of action and has deterred total synthesis efforts. This thesis describes synthetic efforts towards Patellazole B, which exhibits the highest potency of the three main
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Rivas, Fatima R. "Synthetic studies towards the total synthesis of norzoanthamine." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3221252.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 8, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Books on the topic "Total synthesis"

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Nicolaou, K. C. Classics in total synthesis: Targets, strategies, methods. VCH, 1996.

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Li, Jie Jack, and E. J. Corey, eds. Total Synthesis of Natural Products. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34065-9.

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ApSimon, John, ed. Total Synthesis of Natural Products. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470129708.

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ApSimon, John, ed. Total Synthesis of Natural Products. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470129715.

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ApSimon, John, ed. Total Synthesis of Natural Products. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470129722.

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Goldsmith, David, Michael C. Pirrung, and Andrew T. Morehead, eds. Total Synthesis of Natural Products. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470129739.

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Goldsmith, David, Michael C. Pirrung, Andrew T. Morehead, and Bruce G. Young, eds. Total Synthesis of Natural Products. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470129746.

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Zografos, Alexandros L., ed. From Biosynthesis to Total Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118754085.

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Matsuoka, Junpei. Total Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8652-1.

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Gong, Jianxian. Total Synthesis of (±)-Maoecrystal V. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54304-3.

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Book chapters on the topic "Total synthesis"

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Ohno, Hiroaki, Norihito Arichi, and Shinsuke Inuki. "Nonbiomimetic Total Synthesis of Polycyclic Alkaloids." In Modern Natural Product Synthesis. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1619-7_19.

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AbstractIn nonbiomimetic natural product synthesis, there are no restrictions on the design of synthetic routes; however, the feasibility of the planned routes is often completely unknown. To discover more efficient and creative syntheses of natural products, and to identify bioactive natural product derivatives that have never been synthesized in nature, our group is engaged in the nonbiomimetic total synthesis of indole alkaloids. In this chapter, we describe our nonbiomimetic total syntheses of quinocarcin, dictyodendrins A–F, and zephycarinatines C and D, by employing alkyne-based approach
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Meguro, Yasuhiro, Masaru Enomoto, and Shigefumi Kuwahara. "Total Synthesis of Amycolamicin." In Modern Natural Product Synthesis. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1619-7_2.

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AbstractAmycolamicin (also called kibdelomycin) produced by two species of soil actinomycetes is a potent antibiotic against a broad range of drug-resistant bacteria with a novel binding mode to bacterial type II DNA topoisomerases and with no cross-resistance to existing antibacterial agents. The unique hybrid molecular architecture of amycolamicin attracted interest of many synthetic organic chemists and three total syntheses have been reported so far. In this chapter, we describe our total synthesis of amycolamicin in detail, which features a nucleophilic addition of a vinyllithiun reagent
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Kilenyi, S. N. "Asymmetric total synthesis." In Asymmetric Synthesis. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1346-5_7.

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Tsukano, Chihiro, Motohiro Yasui, and Yoshiji Takemoto. "Total Synthesis of Avenaol." In Modern Natural Product Synthesis. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1619-7_18.

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AbstractAvenaol is a terpene with a unique all-cis cyclopropane in which all bulky substituents are oriented in the same direction. It is categorized into a non-canonical strigolactone. We have synthesized alkylidenecyclopropanes by Rh-catalyzed intramolecular cyclopropanation of allenes, followed by iridium-catalyzed diastereoselective double bond isomerization to construct all-cis cyclopropanes. Subsequently, distinction of the two hydroxymethyl groups of 1,3-diol by an intramolecular SN1-type reaction, followed by cleavage of the tetrahydropyranyl ring by regioselective C–H oxidation, led t
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Tohma, Hirofumi, and Yasuyuki Kita. "Synthetic Applications (Total Synthesis and Natural Product Synthesis)." In Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46114-0_8.

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Stevens, R. V. "Alkaloid Synthesis." In Total Synthesis of Natural Products. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470129661.ch3.

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Narang, Saran A., Wing L. Sung, and Robert H. Wightman. "Gene Synthesis." In Total Synthesis of Natural Products. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470129692.ch2.

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Sakata, Juri, Masashi Shimomura, and Hidetoshi Tokuyama. "The Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Discorhabdin B, H, K, and Aleutianamine." In Modern Natural Product Synthesis. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1619-7_5.

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AbstractThis review article summarizes the general introduction of discorhabdin marine alkaloids and the synthetic efforts in developing congeners with a hexacyclic N, S-acetal structure, which are major constituents of discorhabdin. Our total synthesis of (+)-discorhabdin B is discussed in detail following the introduction of the biosynthetic pathway and early synthetic studies, which include the landmark first total synthesis of discorhabdin A. Furthermore, previous synthetic studies on more structurally complex congeners with C6–N15 bonds are introduced, followed by the first total synthesi
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Higgins, Tyler F., and Jeffrey D. Winkler. "Total Synthesis of Ingenol." In Cutting-Edge Organic Synthesis and Chemical Biology of Bioactive Molecules. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6244-6_8.

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Marqués-López, Eugenia, and Raquel P. Herrera. "Organocatalysis in Total Synthesis." In Comprehensive Enantioselective Organocatalysis. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527658862.ch44.

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Conference papers on the topic "Total synthesis"

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M Bran, Andres, Zlatko Jončev, and Philippe Schwaller. "Knowledge Graph Extraction from Total Synthesis Documents." In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Language + Molecules (L+M 2024). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.langmol-1.9.

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Rosbo, Joachim W., Anker D. Jensen, John B. J�rgensen, Sigurd Skogestad, and Jakob K. Huusom. "Optimisation of a Haber-Bosch Synthesis Loop for PtA." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.122254.

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This work presents a plantwide model of a Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis loop (HB-loop) in a PtA plant, consisting of heat exchangers, compressors, steam turbines, flash separators and catalytic reactor beds. The total electrical power utility of the HB-loop is a combination of compressor power, refrigeration power, and steam turbine power. We optimise the HB-loop operating parameters, subject to constraints for maximum reactor temperatures, compressor choke and stall, minimum steam temperature, and maximum loop pressure. The loop features six degrees of freedom (DOFs) for the optimisation: thr
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Naciuk, Fabrício Fredo, Rebeca Malanzuk, Luiz Antonio Mazzini Fontoura, and Paulo C. M. L. Miranda. "Total Synthesis of Isoellipticine." In 15th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-15bmos-bmos2013_2013913103848.

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Milan, Julio Cesar, Fabrício Fredo Naciuk, and and Paulo Miranda. "Total synthesis of caulibugulone B." In 14th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-14bmos-r0243-1.

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Milan, Julio Cesar, Fabrício Fredo Naciuk, and and Paulo Miranda. "Total synthesis of caulibugulone B." In 14th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-14bmos-r0257-2.

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P.Sant’Ana, Danilo, Renata Marcia de Fiqueiredo, Jean-Marc Campagne, and Luiz Carlos Dias. "Studies toward total synthesis of tautomycetin." In 14th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-14bmos-r0158-1.

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Barbosa, Jaqueline Rosa C., and Mauricio Moraes Victor. "Strategies for Total Synthesis of Pyrenophorin." In 15th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-15bmos-bmos2013_2013102145639.

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Sant’Ana, Danilo P., Renata Marcia de Fiqueiredo, Jean-Marc Campagne, and Luiz Carlos Dias. "Studies toward total synthesis of tautomycetin." In 15th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-15bmos-bmos2013_2013818172811.

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Lasarczyk, Christian W. G., and Wolfgang Banzhaf. "Total synthesis of algorithmic chemistries." In the 2005 conference. ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1068009.1068285.

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Peña, Stella, Laura Scarone, and Gloria Serra. "Towards the Total Synthesis of Aerucyclamide B." In 14th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-14bmos-r0068-1.

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Reports on the topic "Total synthesis"

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Buck, Suzanne B., and Gunda Georg. Total Synthesis of Cryptophycin A and Analogs. Defense Technical Information Center, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381236.

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Rubin, Yves F. Total Synthesis of Buckminsterfullerene (C60) and Endohedral Metal Complexes. Defense Technical Information Center, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada328578.

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Meng, Dongfang. Strategy Toward the Total Synthesis of Epothilones A and B. Defense Technical Information Center, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada374231.

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Lee, Chul Bom, and S. Danieshafsky. Strategy Toward the Total Synthesis of Epothilones A and B. Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada392458.

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Avery, Mitchell A. Drug Development of the Antimalarial Agent Artemisinin: Total Synthesis, Analog Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adb152141.

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Alexander, Timothy, and Ole Seehausen. Diversity, distribution and community composition of fish in perialpine lakes. "Projet Lac" synthesis report. Eawag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55408/eawag:24051.

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Projet Lac was a large project conducted by Eawag and the University of Bern to quantitatively survey, for the first time, whole-lake fish communities in the large and deep lakes in and around the European Alps using multiple, standardised sampling methods. Starting in 2010, in total 35 lakes were investigated across Switzerland, Italy, France, Germany and Austria, with more than 106 fish species recorded. This report brings together key findings, compares fish communities among lakes, investigates their relationship to environmental parameters, and provides an overview of drivers of biodivers
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Barash, Itamar, and Robert E. Rhoads. Translational Mechanisms that Govern Milk Protein Levels and Composition. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586474.bard.

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Original objectives: The long term objective of the project is to achieve higher content of protein in the milk of ruminants by modulating the translational machinery in the mammary gland. The first specific aim of the BARD proposal was to characterize responsiveness of various experimental systems to combination of lactogenic hormones and amino acids with particular emphasis on discrimination between the control of total protein synthesis and milk protein synthesis. Based on the results, we planned to proceed by characterizing the stage of protein synthesis in which the stimulation by lactoge
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Colbaugh, Jessica, Robert Gitzen, Greg Levandoski, et al. Landbird monitoring in the Chihuahuan Desert Network: 2010?2017 synthesis report. National Park Service, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36967/2307228.

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The CHDN began monitoring landbirds in 2010 and now has monitoring data in all parks for the breeding seasons of 2010?2016 (except 2015), as well as 2017 for Big Bend NP. Our intention for monitoring landbirds extends beyond the birds themselves, and includes a broader vision of landbirds as indicators of the ecosystems they inhabit. This dual purpose influenced our sampling design, especially in light of funding and logistical limitations. We sampled primarily in two habitat classes in the CHDN: grassland (upland) and riparian. De?pending on park size, we used two approaches to allocate surve
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Chirachanchai, Suwabun. A New approach for the synthesis of advanced polymers by stereochemically controlled structure using inclusion polymerization technique. Chulalongkorn University, 1999. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.1999.73.

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Inclusion compound of deoxycholic acid (DCA) host molecule and vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) guest molecule is prepared from solvent free DCA crystal via guest insertion technique. Solvent free DCA inclusion compound is achieved from a series of DCA-solvent guest, i.e., ethylacetate, dioxane, o- and p-xylene. X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and thermal analysis results indicate that vinyl chloride monomer is entrapped and stabilized in DCA crystal in solvent free DCA. Guest releasing peak of DCA-VCM is confirmed at ca. 40-60 degree Celsius. Inclusion polymerization is accomplished from the [gamma]-rad
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Varga, Gabriella A., Amichai Arieli, Lawrence D. Muller, Haim Tagari, Israel Bruckental, and Yair Aharoni. Effect of Rumen Available Protein, Amimo Acids and Carbohydrates on Microbial Protein Synthesis, Amino Acid Flow and Performance of High Yielding Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568103.bard.

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Abstract:
The effect of rumen available protein amino acids and carbohydrates on microbial protein synthesis, amino acid flow and performance of high yielding dairy cows was studied. A significant relationship between the effective degradabilities of OM in feedstuffs and the in vivo ruminal OM degradation of diets of dairy cows was found. The in situ method enabled the prediction of ruminal nutrients degradability response to processing of energy and nitragenous supplements. The AA profile of the rumen undegradable protein was modified by the processing method. In a continuous culture study total N and
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