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Journal articles on the topic 'Totalitarianism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 December 2024

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1

DUONG, KEVIN. "“DOES DEMOCRACY END IN TERROR?” TRANSFORMATIONS OF ANTITOTALITARIANISM IN POSTWAR FRANCE." Modern Intellectual History 14, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 537–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244315000207.

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Does democracy end in terror? This essay examines how this question acquired urgency in postwar French political thought by evaluating the critique of totalitarianism after the 1970s, its antecedents, and the shifting conceptual idioms that connected them. It argues that beginning in the 1970s, the critique of totalitarianism was reorganized around notions of “the political” and “the social” to bring into view totalitarianism's democratic provenance. This conceptual mutation displaced earlier denunciations of the bureaucratic nature of totalitarianism by foregrounding anxieties over its voluntarist, democratic sources. Moreover, it projected totalitarianism's origins back to the Jacobin discourse of political will to implicate its postwar inheritors like French communism and May 1968. In so doing, antitotalitarian thinkers stoked a reassessment of liberalism and a reassertion of “the social” as a barrier against excessive democratic voluntarism, the latter embodied no longer by Bolshevism but by a totalitarian Jacobin political tradition haunting modern French history.

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2

Roth, Zoë. "How to Survive Totalitarianism: Lessons from Hannah Arendt." New Literary History 54, no. 2 (March 2023): 1059–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2023.a907159.

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Abstract: In the wake of the Trump election, Hannah Arendt's Origins of Totalitarianism garnered renewed attention. In it, she argues that totalitarian ideology "is severed from the world individuals perceive through the five senses "and insists on a 'truer' reality concealed behind all perceptible things." By changing what appears true, totalitarian regimes can produce new, upside-down realities built on "alternative facts." The question of perception, appearance, and the senses points to the important role that aesthetics—or what pertains to sense perception—play in Arendt's theorization of totalitarianism. However, scholarly attention to aesthetic concepts in her thinking, including work/fabrication, common sense, and performance, mostly concentrates on later works that largely eschew the concrete political context of totalitarianism, fascism, and the concentration camp. This article argues that Arendt's analysis of totalitarianism provides a crucible for her development of aesthetic concepts and methods. Through drawing out the structure of totalitarianism's perceptual regime, it demonstrates that totalitarianism produces a form of anaesthesia. It destroys the concrete texture of reality and replaces it with hollowed out, atomized, and spectral traces of phenomenal experience. In turn, the article shows that situating Arendt's aesthetic thinking on fabrication and common sense in relation to totalitarianism reveals how aesthetic objects and criticism can challenge political forces' assault on reality.

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3

Brooks, Jeffrey. "Totalitarianism Revisited." Review of Politics 68, no. 2 (May 2006): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670506000088.

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“Totalitarianism” is a powerful word rich in historical associations and rebounding in current political usage. The four books under review reflect both the term's range of usage and the enduring fascination with the phenomena it described. Totalitarianism's initial terminological siblings, “nazism” and “communism,” are applied chiefly to the original historical subjects that generated them. A close political cousin, “fascism,” long ago escaped its close ideological family and is applied to everything from brutal police to road hogs. In contrast, “totalitarianism,” formerly confined to a narrow political as opposed to a cultural context, is suddenly in play. In recent issues of the New York Times, David Brooks excoriates Iraqi proponents of “totalitarian theocracy” (5/16/2004); President Bush deplores the terrorists’ “totalitarian ideology” (5/29/05), and Condoleezza Rice abhors Iran as a “totalitarian state” (5/29/2005). A Central Asian despot is characterized as a “fragile totalitarian” in a feature by David E. Sangler (5/29/2005), and the group of army officers (the Military Council for Justice and Democracy) that overthrew President Maouya Sidi Ahmed Taya in Mauritania in August 2005 defend their decision “to put an end to the totalitarian practices of the deposed regime.” Totalitarianism is back, but what does it mean?

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4

Lin, Xiying. "Will Totalitarian Movement Rise Again in the Future?" Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 8, no. 1 (September 14, 2023): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/8/20230022.

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This paper aims to discuss the elements, technology, and entertainment that totalitarians may utilize in the future. Technology is an essential method of controlling the populace. Nowadays, more advanced technology like street cameras, smart home devices, and even smartphones can be convenient ways to monitor one's private life, which can help dictators reach total control and manipulate the populace. Despite this Orwellian vision of totalitarianism, other ideas of totalitarianism offered by Aldous Huxley in Brave New World may also be realized in the future because of the emergence of television entertainment.

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5

Crockatt, Richard. "Totalitarianism." International Affairs 72, no. 3 (July 1996): 556–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2625560.

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6

Vidojevic, Zoran. "Liberal totalitarianism." Socioloski pregled 33, no. 1-2 (1999): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg9901105v.

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7

Vazquez-Arroyo, A. Y. "Inverted Totalitarianism." Telos 2011, no. 156 (September 1, 2011): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3817/0911156167.

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8

Voorhees, James, and Rosemary H. T. O'Kane. "Totalitarianism Revivicus?" Mershon International Studies Review 41, no. 2 (November 1997): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/222678.

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9

Rabinbach, Anson. "Totalitarianism Revisited." Dissent 53, no. 3 (2006): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dss.2006.0043.

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10

Dietrich, Donald J. "Totalitarianism: Introduction." Church History 70, no. 2 (June 2001): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700094683.

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Our understanding of the types and meaningful levels of resistance to Hitler's rule has broadened as more complex and reflective studies have unremittingly exposed the political, social, and cultural dynamics supporting the Holocaust and its significance for our culture. Analyses of how and why the Holocaust erupted in Nazi-controlled Europe have elicited studies on the tools and methods of terror in the Third Reich. The works of both Eric Johnson and Robert Gellately, for example, have helped crystallize our understanding of the phenomenon that individual Germans living out their hopes, fears, and, frequently, petty jealousies made operant the ideological and physical terror that empowered the Nazi oppression. The Gestapo and courts, of course, formally carried out the brutalization of society, but they were assisted by countless Germans in fulfilling the Nazi agenda.

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11

Hollander, Paul. "After Totalitarianism." Society 49, no. 4 (June 6, 2012): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12115-012-9562-8.

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12

Znoj, Milan, and Jiří Koubek. "Totalitarianism and Post-Totalitarianism in the Czech Republic." Soudobé dějiny 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 722–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51134/sod.2009.046.

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13

Cahyaningtyas, Lintang, and Danu Wahyono. "Totalitarianism in Yoko Ogawa's The Memory Police." Foremost Journal 5, no. 1 (February 29, 2024): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/foremost.v5i1.4579.

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This study discusses about totalitarianism in Yoko Ogawaâ€™s The Memory Police. There are four question to be answered in this research: the depiction of totalitarianism in the novel, the cause and effects of totalitarianism in the novel, and the charactersâ€™ resistance to totalitarianism in the novel. The objective of the study is to find the reflection of totalitarianism on islanders, the depicted cause of totalitarianism, the depicted effects of totalitarianism, and the charactersâ€™ resistance to totalitarianism. In analyzing the problem, the writer applies a descriptive qualitative method with sociological approach. The analysis shows the forms of totalitarianism found are terror, absolute control, surveillance, and monopolizing information. The effects of totalitarianism found are loss of trust, intolerance, loss of identity, fear and anxiety, loneliness and isolation, emptiness, trauma and depression. Most of the people calmly accept the reality of the loss of memories, but some fight back. The charactersâ€™ resistance to totalitarianism found are forming groups, escaping, and making a hiding place. The writer concludes that the Memory Police as a totalitarian government body uses their repressive power to impose forgetfulness and create an oppressive atmosphere. Because of their repressive power, there are many negative effects on the islanders.

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14

Deboranti, Ribka Transiska, and Mamik Tri Wedati. "OFFRED AS THE VICTIM OF TOTALITARIANISM IN MARGARET ATWOOD’S THE HANDMAID’S TALE." Prosodi 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/prosodi.v14i1.7190.

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This study uses descriptive qualitative method which focusing on the literary work in the novel and interpretation on the analysis. The main data is taken from the novel The Handmaid’s Tale written by Margaret Atwood. This subject of study focus on the influences of totalitarianism held in the Republic of Gilead and how Offred resists totalitarianism in the novel. In order to analyze the text, this study uses the theory of Totalitarianism by Friedrich and Brzeziinski and Hannah Arendt. The result of this analysis depicts the political system of totalitarianism in Gilead influences their societies, especially Offred and the way to resist against the regime. The features of totalitarianism are used to depict the characteristics of totalitarianism that happen in Gilead society. The totalitarianism ideology brings Offred’s action to resist against it.

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15

Dow, James R., and Luisa Passerini. "Memory and Totalitarianism." Asian Folklore Studies 54, no. 2 (1995): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1178950.

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16

Rapaport, Sergei S. "Sociology Under Totalitarianism." Sociological Research 39, no. 2 (March 2000): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/sor1061-0154390263.

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17

Popov, Zoravko. "Totalitarianism and Education." Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines 6, no. 2 (1990): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/inquiryctnews199062114.

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18

COBBEN, Paul. "Cosmopolitanism or totalitarianism." Ethical Perspectives 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ep.12.4.2004793.

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19

Rapaport, Sergei S. "Sociology Under Totalitarianism." Russian Social Science Review 42, no. 1 (January 2001): 49–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rss1061-1428420149.

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20

Havel, Václav. "Stories and totalitarianism." Index on Censorship 17, no. 3 (March 1988): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064228808534381.

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21

Ramonet, Ignacio. "A New Totalitarianism." Foreign Policy, no. 116 (1999): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1149648.

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22

Hall, Robert W. "Plato and Totalitarianism." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 7, no. 2 (1988): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000317.

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23

Bale, Jeffrey M. "Islamism and Totalitarianism." Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 10, no. 2 (June 2009): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14690760903371313.

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24

Birken, Lawrence. "Homosexuality and Totalitarianism." Journal of Homosexuality 33, no. 1 (May 29, 1997): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j082v33n01_01.

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25

Rabinbach, Anson. "MOMENTS OF TOTALITARIANISM." History and Theory 45, no. 1 (February 2006): 72–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2303.2006.00349.x.

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26

Kozerska, Ewa. "Polskie interpretacje totalitaryzmu. O niektórych efektach prac prowadzonych w Ośrodku Badań nad Totalitaryzmami im. Witolda Pileckiego." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.40.4.12.

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POLISH INTERPRETATIONS OF TOTALITARIANISM: ON SOME OF THE RESULTS OF THE WORKS CARRIED OUT AT THE WITOLD PILECKI CENTRE FOR RESEARCH ON TOTALITARIANISMThe theory and practice of totalitarianism, despite the passage of time since the collapse of the systems showing its features in Europe, still arouses intellectual curiosity. This subject matter is also particularly interesting from the Polish point of view, as the native reflection on the subject reaching back in the tradition of political and legal thought to the interwar period shows the richness of often innovative research findings made by several generations of scientists in Poland and abroad. The subject of their exploration concerns not only the constitutive assumptions of totalitarianism and its fascist, Nazi and communist systemic forms, but also the peculiar domestic experiences that accompanied the inhabitants of Polish lands during World War II and the Cold War. This unique historical situation, in which the Republic of Poland had been entangled, creatively provokes to discover, archive and popularize knowledge in this field. Thus, it obliges to perpetuate materially and mentally important and tragic Polish experiences. Numerous publications, showing above all the perspective of the Polish interpretation, also make it possible to confront the positions of Polish researchers with the scientific findings from other parts of the world, as well as to take part in the international discourse with full legitimacy. The abovementioned motives were undoubtedly the main reasons for the creation of the collective work Experiencing two totalitarianisms: Interpretations published this year by the Witold Pilecki Centre for Research on Totalitarianism. Apart from other publications on totalitarian systems analysis, which have been published in Poland in recent years, it is an important research contribution to a subject which is completely unknown mainly as a result of the practices of the People’s Republic of Poland, but which is necessary in order to consolidate and settle accounts with the difficult past. This work can also be considered scientifically attractive because of the interdisciplinary historical, political, philosophical-political, legal and literary approach to the subject matter intended by its authors and editors.

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27

Pejković, Marko. "Artificial intelligence and totalitarianism." Arhiv za pravne i drustvene nauke 119, no. 1 (2024): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/adpn2401083p.

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After the introduction, the first part of the paper is devoted to defining the concepts of artificial intelligence and totalitarianism, where the importance of distinguishing between the current (machine learning) and the projected (superintelligence) phase in the development of artificial intelligence, i.e. between the embryonic (totalitarian movement out of power) and the established (totalitarian movement in power) stage in the development of totalitarianism is underlined. The second part of the paper examines the connection between the current level of artificial intelligence and the embryonic phase of totalitarianism, while the third part of the paper analyzes the potential relationship between the superintelligence and the established totalitarianism. It seems, considering the similarities and differences between the effects of contemporary and future artificial intelligence and the effects of earlier totalitarianism, that today (and in the future) we do not have a mere replica of totalitarian phases from the 20th century, but special totalitarian phenomena in the form of "capillary totalitarianism", i.e. "hypertotalitarianism". Last century's totalitarianism, as well as today's "capillary" variant of it, were not necessarily irreversible, but "hypertotalitarianism" will be. In conclusion, protective measures against the risk of artificial intelligence are proposed, in the form of the principle of exemption (modeled after the concept of conscientious objection).

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28

Poprawa, Marcin. "Totalitaryzm — doświadczenie i konceptualizacja językowa. Obraz pojęcia w języku polityki okresu drugiej wojny światowej." Język a Kultura 27 (June 13, 2019): 137–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1232-9657.27.11.

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Totalitarianism as a collective experience and conceptualisation in language: The language image of the concept in the underground press and the language of political propaganda of the Second World WarThe article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author of the article describes the history of the concept of totalitarianism and words used in the semantic field of that lexeme. In the theoretical fragments, the author describes the phenomenon of lexicographical and semantic researches on the word totalitarianism also presents a history of that important word from the political vocabulary. The second part of the article is empirical. The author presents examples of how lexical meanings of totalitarianism were used in a very important period of history and a very important period for that word. The article describes the process of beginning to name totalitarianism and the semantic process of that concept during the Second World War.

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29

Hussain, Shafqat, and Ameer Ali. "Critique of Totalitarianism in Shaikh Ayaz And Habib Jalib’s Poetry: A Comparative Study." IARS' International Research Journal 12, no. 01 (February 28, 2022): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51611/iars.irj.v12i01.2022.183.

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Shaikh Ayaz and Habib Jalib are very renowned figures of Pakistani modern literature. Following the trend, their literary works tend to highlight their contemporary issues. Totalitarianism is a very internationally recognized political dogma which deals with controlling a state with one-man power. In the modern political discourse, it is named as dictatorship. Therefore, the study is concerned with locating the critique of totalitarianism in the poets’ poems. The researchers find the objective of finding the theme of totalitarianism in the comparative manner. The researchers answer the question that how the theme of totalitarianism is dealt with, by both poets comparatively. The research follows the comparative textual analysis method of research and is qualitative in design. The Researchers have examined some similarities and differences between the poets while treating the subject of Totalitarianism. The findings of the study rely on understanding Ayaz as an international totalitarian critic, and Jalib as a national critic. The study is significant to understand Pakistani political literature.

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30

Ziemer, Klaus. "Totalitaryzm jako kategoria poznawcza w naukach o polityce." Civitas. Studia z Filozofii Polityki 14 (January 30, 2012): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/civ.2012.14.01.

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The article aims to analyse the development of the concept of totalitarianism in political sciences. The author puts an emphasis on international debates on totalitarianism. He also tracks the history of this concept, beginning with the nineteen twenties, in the context of Benito Mussolini’s rule in Italy and continuing with the legal perception of the term in Germany and Poland throughout the nineteen thirties, when the discourse moved to the US. It was in the last of those countries where the first conference on totalitarianism was organised. Pointing to the manner in which the concept of totalitarianism is used with regard to communism and Nazism also constitutes an important thread in the article.

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31

Rebes, Marcin. "Społeczeństwo posttotalitarne wobec zasad i wartości demokratycznych. Perspektywa filozoficzna." Politeja 19, no. 1(76) (May 10, 2022): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.19.2022.76.10.

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POST-TOTALITARIAN SOCIETY TOWARDS DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES AND VALUES: A PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE More years have passed since the last totalitarian bastion in Europe, the Communist system, collapsed. Apart from the fact that in the last phase of its existence, it was no longer as strong and did not exert as much influence on social life as before, citizens still expect there to be a strong state which is responsible for all aspects of life. In contrast to totalitarianisms, the democratic system is based on individual freedom and responsibility for oneself and others. This article addresses the issue of the existence of principles and values in societies that have experienced totalitarian rule and that currently have serious problems with building social relations on the basis of democratic principles. The systemic transformation from totalitarianism to democracy appears much faster in the political or even economic dimension than in the ethical and axiological one. Therefore, the author initially presents the mechanism of totalitarianism, referring to Hannah Arendt, Zbigniew Brzeziński, Antoni Kępiński or Józef Tischner, in order to later present the causes of disturbances in the formation of positive values in the post-totalitarian society. The anthropological and ethical conception adopted plays a crucial role here.

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32

Despard, Lucy, and Ellen Frankel Paul. "Totalitarianism at the Crossroads." Foreign Affairs 69, no. 5 (1990): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20044661.

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33

Laclau, Ernesto. "Totalitarianism and Moral Indignation." Diacritics 20, no. 3 (1990): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/465333.

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34

Malia, Martin E. (Martin Edward). "Did Tocqueville Foresee Totalitarianism?" Journal of Democracy 11, no. 1 (2000): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.2000.0017.

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35

Dam'e, V. V. "Historical Roots of Totalitarianism." Journal of Russian & East European Psychology 39, no. 6 (November 2001): 5–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rpo1061-040539065.

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36

Blake, Samuel W. "Totalitarianism in Sandinista Nicaragua." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 15, no. 3 (January 1992): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576109208435902.

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37

ERDMANN, K. D. "National-socialism, Fascism, Totalitarianism." Australian Journal of Politics & History 27, no. 3 (April 7, 2008): 354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1981.tb00472.x.

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38

Bäcker, Roman, and Joanna Rak. "Epigonic Totalitarianism in Russia." Politeja 16, no. 5(62) (December 31, 2019): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.62.01.

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This article aims to identify the dynamics of the Russian political regime and explain its sources. The article addresses the research problems of what the dynamics of the Russian political regime entailed from the beginning of the Russo- Ukrainian war to the end of Putin’s third presidential term as well as the sources of the dynamics. It verifies the hypothesis that the authoritarian regime started adopting totalitarian elements of the party-state apparatus, totalitarian political gnosis, and mass and controlled social mobilization in time. There were very strong neo-imperial tendencies and post-imperial nostalgia which contributed to the epigonic nature of the system changes. However, qualitative change of the system has not occurred. The research makes use of source analysis and the technique of conceptual content analysis to gather the data necessary to evaluate the changes in the Russian political regime in the mentioned aspects. The researchers triangulated mass media information and monographs and adopted the principle of theoretical sampling to verify the information necessary to recognize the values of the three indicators. Furthermore, the research applies three dual typologies of the essential features of political regimes to differentiate between the state of the system during individual ellipses of bifurcation.

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39

Baer, Josette. "Two Perspectives On Totalitarianism." East Central Europe 27, no. 2 (2000): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633000x00057.

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40

Flood, Christopher. "Propaganda, Totalitarianism and Film." Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 7, no. 4 (December 2006): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14690760600963321.

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41

Gorelik, G. "A Blossoming under Totalitarianism." Science 264, no. 5163 (May 27, 1994): 1347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5163.1347.

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42

Van Der Laan, James M. "Education, Technology and Totalitarianism." Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 17, no. 5-6 (November 1997): 236–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467697017005-605.

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43

Flynn, Bernard. "Totalitarianism After the Fall." Constellations 9, no. 3 (September 2002): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.00292.

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44

Lester, David. "Totalitarianism and Fatalistic Suicide." Journal of Social Psychology 131, no. 1 (February 1991): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1991.9713831.

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45

Zimmermann, Rainer E. "Savage Thought and Totalitarianism." Proceedings 1, no. 3 (June 9, 2017): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/is4si-2017-04122.

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46

Todorov, Tzvetan. "Avant-gardes & totalitarianism." Daedalus 136, no. 1 (January 2007): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed.2007.136.1.51.

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47

Moyn, Samuel. "The Ghosts of Totalitarianism." Ethics & International Affairs 18, no. 2 (September 2004): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2004.tb00470.x.

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Tzvetan Todorov's book, originally published in 2000 in French and now available in a superb translation, paused at the end of a violent century to attempt to assess-as the title and subtitle suggest-how to remember it and what lessons to learn. A contemporary figure in the long tradition of French-speaking moralists, Todorov writes beautifully and with ethical passion about some of the darkest crimes in humanity's recent history. For Todorov, these crimes are not just past: reflecting on them can provide guidance for contemporary international affairs, such as NATO's intervention in Kosovo or the current war on terrorism. Todorov's basic theses are two: first, totalitarianism counts as the primary novelty of the twentieth century and has to be the basis for moral reflection about it; second, there is a proper manner of response to totalitarianism, which consists of the defense of a democratic and pluralistic alternative politics, one that reacts to the disasters of the past with moral vigilance in the present.… Many in France since the mid-1970s have adopted the concept of “totalitarianism”-much criticized elsewhere-to refer to the new alternatives to democratic rule-fascist and communist-thrown up by the twentieth century. … Todorov is intervening in a characteristically French debate in which the distinction of the regimes from one another has become part of a much larger ideological dispute and therefore freighted with heavy implications.What implications? For of course, it is hard to gainsay Todorov's argument that it is necessary for the experience of politically evil regimes to be at the heart of moral reflection today. Even so, Todorov's book illustrates some of the difficulties toward which such a commitment can lead….

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48

Klehr, Harvey E. "A vigil against totalitarianism." Academic Questions 9, no. 3 (September 1996): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02683056.

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49

Lindstaedt, Natasha. "Russia’s Descent into Totalitarianism." Political Insight 15, no. 2 (June 2024): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20419058241260782.

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Stanley, John L. "Is Totalitarianism a New Phenomenon? Reflections on Hannah Arendt's Origins of Totalitarianism." Review of Politics 49, no. 2 (1987): 177–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500033787.

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Abstract:

Contrary to Arendt's claims, totalitarianism is not unique to the modern world. It is found occasionally in past ages and is exemplified in Shaka's rule over the Zulu. It is not clear whether the ideological “logic” of modern dictators differs from the seemingly paranoid behavior of Shaka or of certain ancient despots. Indeed, if Aristotle's account is accurate, certain extreme despots, by definition, treated citizens as slaves or household laborers. They thus projected the private realm into the public, effectively abolishing both; Arendt is wrong to say that modern dictators were the first to do so.

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