Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tough Construction'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 193 p. : ill. Advisor: Carl Pollard, Dept. of Linguistics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 186-193).

This thesis proposes an analysis of the tough construction in Japanese. It is proposed that there are actually two tough constructions, each derived by a different kind of movement. Three kinds of data which support the claim made here are presented: tough constructions with scrambling, tough constructions with reflexives, and nominals derived from tough constructions. It is argued that non-movement analysis is not appropriate and that both tough constructions are derived by movement. It is shown that tough constructions with a 'tend to' reading can also be accommodated by this analysis. The analysis accounts for a wide range of interactions between tough constructions and other phenomena, which have not been previously focused on in the literature.

Thesis: Ph. D. in Linguistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 229-237).<br>The dissertation was inspired by the question of why subjects cannot undergo tough movement (1). (1) a. Jonathan Franzen is easy for Anneke to criticize b. *Anneke is easy - to criticize Jonathan Franzen. To answer this question, this dissertation proposes that a spec-to-spec anti-locality constraint (in the spirit of Erlewine 2016 and Brillman & Hirsh to appear) limits subject tough movement because the subject tough movement chain is "too short." Brillman & Hirsh's spec-to-spec anti-locality constraint is given in (2). Spec-to-spec anti-locality bans subject tough movement because subject tough movement would need to involve A movement from the embedded spec-TP to the immediately adjacent spec-CP. This movement chain is banned by spec-to-spec anti-locality. (2) Spec-to-Spec Anti-Locality A-movement of a phrase from the specifier of XP must cross a specifier projected by a maximal projection other than XP. Movement from position a to 3 crosses y if and only if y dominates a but does not dominate 3 A spec-to-spec anti-locality analysis of the ban on subject tough movement also provides an explanation for why gapped degree phrases, a syntactic structure that shows many parallels to tough constructions (Lasnik & Fiengo 1974) can license subject movement (3). This dissertation will show that, compared to tough constructions, gapped degree phrases have a structurally "larger" embedded clause, with a DegP layer dominating the CP layer. This DegP layer contains a syntactically and semantically active (but optionally silent) evaluator argument in it's specifier; this argument situates the threshold of the degree predicate, allowing the degree word to be compared to a pre-determined standard. Subject movement within a gapped degree phrase would involve A-movement from spec-TP to spec-DegP, across CP and the evaluator argument in spec-DegP. This movement chain is not banned by spec-to-spec anti-locality. (3) a. Jonathan Franzen is banal [OP EVAL enough for Anneke to criticize -] b. Anneke is intelligent [OP EVAL enough - to criticize Jonathan Franzen] This dissertation will argue that spec-to-spec anti-locality can explain much more than the contrast between how tough constructions and gapped degree phrases treat subject extraction. Particularly, it will propose that anti-locality can explain a wide range of subject/non-subject asymmetries, both within English and cross-linguistically. These include complementizer trace effects, do-support asymmetries in English subject wh-questions, as well as specific subject/non-subject A alternations in Imbabura Quechua, Hebrew and Berber. Finally, this dissertation is also interested in the related question of whether or not tough construction subject/non-subject asymmetries are represented identically across both the adult and child grammars. To that end, this dissertation presents the results of a novel acquisition experiment which shows that children do not represent tough construction extraction asymmetries the same way that adults do. Specifically, these results show that-while adults find subject tough constructions ungrammatical and object tough construction grammatical-children find both subject and object tough constructions ungrammatical. Interestingly, this experiment also shows that children do not have an adult-like representation of argument extraction asymmetries in raising constructions. While the adult grammar only allows for subjects to raise, the child grammar allows both subjects and object to raise. This dissertation will discuss what these results mean, both in terms of how these results relate to previous work on the acquisition of tough and raising and in terms of what these results can tell us about the syntax of tough movement.<br>by Ruth Brillman.<br>Ph. D. in Linguistics

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTITUIÇÕES COMUNITÁRIAS DE ENSINO PARTICULARES<br>As denominadas construções tough (tough constructions - TCs), como John is easy to please, apresentam o formato superficial [SD COPULA Adj VInf], tendo como característica distintiva o fato de que o SD (sintagma determinante), sujeito do predicado, é interpretado como objeto lógico do verbo no infinitivo. Muitos estudos teóricos examinaram a sintaxe dessa estrutura e as relações semânticas tecidas a partir dela, mas até o momento nenhuma teoria explica de forma satisfatória as TCs e estruturas relacionadas, com objeto lacunado, como pretty predicates, gapped degree phrases e ready predicates. Os objetivos desta dissertação são: (a) discutir, à luz dos dados, as diferentes propostas teóricas para TCs e construções relacionadas, buscando sistematizar nosso conhecimento atual sobre a gramática dessas construções em inglês e em algumas línguas românicas, como o francês, o espanhol, e o romeno; (b) apresentar uma nova abordagem teórica, construída a partir da negação das premissas adotadas em estudos anteriores, sugerindo que, em TCs e estruturas relacionadas, a formação do predicado envolva nominalização e adjunção de projeções máximas, resultando em estruturas simétricas. Na análise proposta, o elo semântico entre o sujeito sintático do predicado e o objeto lógico do verbo no infinitivo se realiza na Forma Lógica, em função da estrutura argumental do verbo nominalizado e da categoria do adjetivo concatenado simetricamente. A modelagem teórica apresentada permite unificar TCs, pretty predicates, gapped degree phrases e ready predicates, propondo que essas construções compartilham os processos de nominalização e de adjunção de projeções máximas, diferenciando-se nas relações semânticas entre seus elementos. Permite também uma explicação mais adequada para o comportamento de for phrases e para o fato de que apenas as TCs (e algumas gapped degree phrases) aparecem em posição prenominal, com uso atributivo.<br>Superficially, tough constructions (TCs) like John is easy to please present the format [DP COPULA A VINF], but their distinctive characteristic is that the subject DP is interpreted as the logical object of the verb in the infinitive. Many theoretical studies have examined the syntactic structure of TCs and the semantic relations supported by that structure, but to date no theory provides a good explanatory description for TCs and related object-gap constructions like pretty predicates, gapped degree phrases, and ready predicates. The objectives of this thesis are (a) to discuss, in light of the data, the different theoretical proposals on TCs and related constructions, providing a systematic overview of current knowledge on the grammar of these constructions in English and a number of Romance languages, such as French, Spanish and Romanian, and (b) to present a new theoretical approach, starting from a contrarian position on the premises adopted in earlier studies. Under the proposed analysis, formation of the predicate in TCs and related constructions involves nominalization of the verb in the infinitive and adjunction of maximal projections, resulting in a symmetrical structure. In this symmetrical structure, the semantic link between syntactic subject and logical object is established at Logical Form, in function of the nominalized verb s argument structure and the category of the concatenated adjective. The theoretical model presented in this thesis unifies TCs, pretty predicates, gapped degree phrases and ready predicates, suggesting that these constructions share the processes of nominalization and adjunction of maximal projections, and differ in the semantic relationships between their elements. It also offers a principled explanation for the behavior of for-phrases in these object-gap constructions and for the fact that only TCs (and some gapped degree phrases) appear prenominally, in attributive use.

Orientadores: Juanito Ornelas de Avelar, Sonia Maria Lazzarini Cyrino<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T07:18:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreno_BrunaSanchez_M.pdf: 919712 bytes, checksum: 45b4197097b0b00f8a5763f725c6dbbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014<br>Resumo: À luz do Programa Minimalista (Chomsky 1995, 2001, 2004, 2008), o presente trabalho se propõe a examinar orações infinitivas preposicionadas em construções com predicados de natureza adjetival do tipo "difícil/ fácil", denominadas tough-construtions na literatura gerativista. Parte-se da observação de Galves (1987) acerca da ambiguidade que tais sentenças desencadeiam no Português Brasileiro (PB), mas não no Português Europeu (PE), com a finalidade de responder por qual motivo o PB admite a interpretação em que o sujeito nulo da oração encaixada pode ser correferente ao DP na posição de sujeito da oração matriz. A hipótese que orienta este trabalho considera a proposta de Ouali (2008) a respeito de retenção, doação ou compartilhamento de traços-? na relação entre os núcleos C(omplementizador) e T(empo) para apontar que, no PB, a preposição "de" introdutora da oração infinitiva é um C que pode reter ou compartilhar traços-? com T. Esse núcleo funciona, nesse sentido, como uma fonte provedora de Caso, licenciando um pronome nulo pro como argumento externo da oração encaixada, o qual pode ser correferente ao sujeito da oração matriz. O mesmo não se aplica ao PE, cuja única categoria permitida como sujeito da oração infinitiva é um PRO arbitrário, tendo em vista que, nessa gramática, o núcleo C introdutor da oração infinitiva em tough-constructions não é uma fonte provedora de Caso<br>Abstract: In light of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995, 2001, 2004, 2008), this study aims to examine infinitive sentences introduced by a preposition in constructions centered in a "hard / easy" predicate, so-called tough-constructions in the generative literature. This dissertation assumes Galves¿ observation (1987) about the ambiguity triggered by such sentences in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), but not in European Portuguese (EP), in order to account for the reasons why BP admits the interpretation in which the null subject of the embedded non-finite sentence can be correferent to the DP in subject position in the matrix sentence. The present hypothesis that guides this work considers Ouali (2008) in regard to to keeping, donating or sharing the ?-features between C(omplementizer) and T(ense) to point out that, in BP, the preposition "de", which introduces the infinitive sentence, is a C that can keep or share its features with T. In this sense, this C provides Case to a null pronoun pro, licensed as external argument in the embedded sentence and correferent to the subject in the matrix sentence. The same does not apply to EP, which just allows an arbitrary PRO as the subject of the non-finite sentence, given that, in this grammar, the introducer C of the infinitive sentence in tough-constructions does not assign Case to any element in Spec-T<br>Mestrado<br>Linguistica<br>Mestra em Linguística

Le interfacce aptiche, ovvero le tecnologie che trasmettono delle sensazioni tattili digitalizzate, si stanno diffondendo in vari contesti sociali come telerobotica, comunicazione mobile, arte, videogiochi e cinema. Queste tecnologie stanno permettendo agli ingegneri di realizzare qualcosa mai fatto prima: la digitalizzazione del tatto (che ora può quindi essere registrato e mediatizzato). L’obbiettivo di questa tesi è di decostruire il tatto digitalizzato come un artefatto tecnologico socialmente costruito, il quale sta prendendo forma in un sistema di pratiche interrelate performate da attori in campi disparati della conoscenza. Questi attori si muovono all’interno e attorno ad una comunità di ingegneri apticisti. Adottando un approccio ispirato alla grounded theory, sono stati raccolti dati qualitativi attraverso interviste presso un campo etnografico multi-situato composto da laboratori europei e conferenze internazionali, in cui la conoscenza riguardo il tatto è collettivamente creata e condivisa. Due framework teorico-metodologici sono stati presi in considerazione: la tradizione dei Science and Technology Studies (STS) è stata scelta come principale guida metodologica; in seguito, l’intreccio tra pratiche sociali e tecnologie è stato approfondito attraverso una prospettiva practice-based tipica della cosiddetta ‘practice theory’. Al fine di cogliere il processo in corso di costruzione sociale e flessibilità che caratterizzano il tatto digitalizzato, lo studio si è concentrato sull'assenza di standardizzazione che caratterizza gli aspetti sia hardware che software di questa tecnologia emergente. Inoltre, è stata prestata attenzione alla distinzione controversa e scivolosa tra feedback tattile simbolico e realistico usata nel gergo degli apticisti. Infine, sono stati analizzati i diversi significati, o potenzialità d'uso, che gli intervistati attribuiscono a questa tecnologia. Questi significati si collegano a specifici immaginari sociotecnici geograficamente situati, ad ampi discorsi sociali riguardo l’innovazione tecnologica, e a diverse visioni riguardo le pratiche che possono beneficiare dell’implementazione di queste interfacce.<br>Devices that provide tactile feedback, called haptic interfaces, are spreading in various contexts such as tele-robotics, prosthetics, videogames, mobile communication, and arts. These technologies are allowing engineers to accomplish something never done before: the digitization of touch (which can now be stored and mediatized). This dissertation aims to deconstruct the digitized touch as a socially constructed technological product, emerging from a system of interrelated practices enacted by actors performing in disparate fields which revolve around the community of haptics engineers. Using a grounded-theory inspired approach, qualitative data were collected through interviews in a multi-sited ethnographic field consisting in European laboratories and international conferences, where knowledge about touch is collectively created and shared. Two theoretical-methodological frameworks have been taken into consideration: the tradition of Science and Technology Studies (STS) has been chosen as the main methodological guide; moreover, the interlacements between social practices and technology have been deepened through the adoption of a practice-based perspective proposed by different approaches in social sciences gathered under the umbrella term ‘practice theory’. In order to grasp the ongoing process of social construction and flexibility that characterize digitized touch, the study focused on the absence of standardization involving both hardware and software aspects of this emerging technology. Furthermore, attention has been paid to the controversial and slippery distinction between ‘symbolic’ and ‘realistic’ tactile feedback which is used in engineers’ jargon. Finally, the different meanings or potentialities of use, which respondents attributed to this technology, have been analysed. These meanings are connected to geographically located socio-technical imaginaries, to broad social discourses about technological innovation, and to different visions regarding the practices that can benefit from the implementation of these interfaces.

Cette thèse étudie la distribution et les propriétés de la forme appelée "supin" dans la grammaire traditionnelle du roumain, dans le cadre de la grammaire générative et dans une démarche comparative. Dans l'analyse proposée, le supin et le participe roumain sont un seul item lexical. Le statut du supin n'est pas mixte, mais verbal ou nominal en fonction du contexte. On montre que le participe - supin y compris - repose sur une opération d'externalisation de l'argument interne, qui se réalise différemment selon les environnements syntaxiques. Cette proposition sert aussi à expliquer certaines propriétés spéciales de la nominalisation du participe. On étudie le statut des domaines maximaux du supin: Groupe Prépositionnel ou Proposition non finie, et la structure des propositions participiales dont le "supin verbal" est générateur, qui sont d'un type particulier, à statut d'argument ou de prédicat.

My work focuses on the construction and validation of images assembled from fragments of found photographs, generating new narratives that hover between “reality” and fiction. Archive and Fiction: Construction of the past and the self is the result of two years of artwork exploring my family archives and my relationship to my family through them. I understand the family as a place of identity in continuous change, serving as a container of history and memory. Conceiving of my family albums as material allows me to approach my family history as a visitor. Mediated memory and constructed memory intertwine in the family album, a linear format that also inadvertently reveals gaps, both temporal and contextual. By understanding how photography’s authority constructs personal and family identity, I seek to undermine this authority, using photography’s “realness” against itself to create alternative narratives of within which I can belong.

A major design aspect of touch tablet operation is the display/control (D/C) gain. The primary objective of this research was the development and optimization of a variable D/C gain to improve human performance with touch tablets. This variable gain minimizes the speed-accuracy trade-off problem associated with traditional D/C gains. An additional objective.of this research was to determine the effect of tablet size on human performance. Display/control (D/C) gain is defined as the amount of movement which occurs on the display in response to a unit amount of movement of the control. With traditional D/C gains, there is a trade-off between low D/C gain which enables fine positioning, but results in very slow cursor movement, and high D/C gain which produces quick cursor movement but results in poor fine positioning ability. A lead-lag compensator which ameliorates this trade-off problem was developed. A lead-lag compensator is composed of a pure position gain component plus an additional velocity gain component. The results indicate that a lead-lag compensator greatly increased the target acquisition rate relative to a traditional D/C gain system. Percentage error increased with lead-lag compensation relative to an uncompensated system. The overall error rates were very low in all cases, however. Tablet size did not appear to significantly affect performance; performance on the three tablet sizes was generally consistent.<br>M.S.

A formable surface is part of an effort to create a haptic device that allows for a three dimensional human-computer interface called digital clay. As with real clay, digital clay allows a user to physically manipulate the surface into some form or orientation that is sensed and directly represented in a computer model. Furthermore, digital clay will allow a user to change the computer model by manipulating the inputs that are directly represented in the physical model. The digital clay device being researched involves a computer-interfaced array of vertically displacing actuators that is bound by a formable surface. The surface is composed of an array of unit cells that are constructed of compliant spherical joints and translational joints. As part of this thesis, a series of unit cells were developed and planar surfaces were fabricated utilizing the additive manufacturing process of stereolithography. The process of computing the resultant shape of a manipulated surface was modeled mathematically through energy minimization algorithms that utilized least squares analysis to compute the positions of the unit cells of the surface. Simulation results were computed and analyzed against the movement of a fabricated planar surface. Once the mathematical models were validated against the manufactured surface, a method for attaching the surface to an array of actuators was recommended.

Digital Clay is a next generation human-machine communication interface based on a tangible haptic surface. This thesis embraces this revolutionary concept and seeks to give it a physical embodiment that will confirm its feasibility and enable experimentation relating to its utility and possible improvements. Per the approach adopted in work, Digital Clay could be described as a 3D monitor whose pixels can move perpendicularly to the screen to form a morphing surface. Users can view, touch and modify the shape of the working surface formed by these pixels. In reality, the pixels are the tips of micro hydraulic actuators or Hapcel (i.e. haptic cell, since the Digital Clay supports the haptic interface). The user can get a feel of the desired material properties when he/she touches the working surface. The potential applications of Digital Clay cover a wide range from computer aided engineering design to scientific research to medical diagnoses, 3D dynamic mapping and entertainment. One could predict a future in which, by using Digital Clay, not only could the user watch an actor in a movie, but also touch the face of the actor! This research starts from the review of the background of virtual reality. Then the concept and features of the proposed Digital Clay is provided. Research stages and a 5x5 cell array prototype are presented in this thesis on the structural design and control of Digital Clay. The first stage of the research focuses on the design and control of a single cell system of Digital Clay. Control issues of a single cell system constructed using conventional and off-the-shelf components are discussed first in detail followed by experimental results. Then practical designs of micro actuators and sensors are presented. The second stage of the research deals with the cell array system of Digital Clay. Practical structural design and control methods are discussed which are suitable for a 100x 100 (even 1000X 1000) cell array. Conceptual design and detailed implementations are presented. Finally, a 5 x 5 cell array prototype constructed using the discussed design solutions for testing is presented.

Dans un contexte de fortes pressions concurrentielles et réglementaires, les constructeurs automobiles introduisent sur le marché des véhicules dont les caractéristiques sont proches. Si les émotions suscitées par l’expérience de conduite constituent un puissant levier de différenciation, les concepteurs de voitures rattachent principalement la dimension affective aux propriétés stylistiques de leurs véhicules. Avec des innovations qui ne sont envisagées que dans une perspective fonctionnelle, les constructeurs proposent ainsi à leurs clients des prestations similaires, sans tenir compte des facteurs relationnels sous-jacents à l’utilisation d’un véhicule. Pourtant, la littérature met en avant l’importance de la dimension émotionnelle des relations sociales, qui représente selon nous une opportunité pour le Groupe Renault de se différencier, en proposant une nouvelle expérience de conduite orientée sur les interactions inter-conducteurs. Nous avons commencé notre travail par un premier terrain d’observation, dont l’objectif a été de déterminer les conditions et les leviers permettant l’établissement d’une relation entre les usagers de la route. Sur la base des premiers résultats valorisant la perception mutuelle de deux conducteurs, nous avons réalisé une expérimentation dite minimaliste comparant deux modalités de perception, appelées information perceptive et activité perceptive, dans le cadre d’une action collaborative. Cette étude souligne le rôle crucial de la dynamique interpersonnelle sur les mécanismes de la compréhension sociale : les résultats montrent l’intérêt, d’un point de vue émotionnel, d’accéder à ce à quoi l’autre est attentif. Nous nous sommes ensuite inspirés de ces résultats pour designer un dispositif de perception et d’interaction et étudier son rôle dans l’apparition d’émotions positives lors de la conduite sur route. Par le biais d’une expérimentation sur simulateur, nous avons pu faire émerger un nouveau type d’expérience de conduite résultant de la manipulation de ce dispositif. Cette thèse, sur la base d’un principe théorique mis à l’épreuve dans une expérimentation de terrain impliquant les usagers de la route, suit un processus itératif propre à une démarche de recherche-projet. Elle s’appuie sur une réalisation conceptuelle qui n’est pas une finalité mais un préalable. Elle propose des pistes de conceptions pour le design d’une nouvelle fonctionnalité intégrée dans le véhicule, tirant parti du contexte social de la conduite pour susciter des émotions positives entre conducteurs<br>In a context of strong competition and regulatory pressures, the vehicles on the market share common characteristics. Even though emotions elicited by the driving experience are a powerful lever for differentiation, manufacturers mainly attach the affective dimension to the stylistic properties of their vehicles. They only consider innovations in a functional perspective and offer their customers similar services without regarding the relational factor underlying the use of a vehicle. However, the literature highlights the importance of the emotional dimension of social relations, which in our opinion represents an opportunity for the Renault Group to differentiate itself by proposing a new driving experience based on interactions between drivers. We began our work with an observation field. Our purpose was to determine the conditions and levers establishing a relationship between road users. On the basis of the first results valuing the mutual perception of two drivers, we carried out a minimalist experiment comparing two modes of perception, namely the perceptive information and theperceptual activity, within the framework of a collaborative action. This study emphasizes the crucial role of interpersonal dynamics on the mechanisms of social understanding: the results show the interest, from an emotional point of view, of accessing to what the other is attentive to. We then used these results to design a device for perception and interaction purposes and we studied its role in the emergence of positive emotions when driving. Through a simulator experiment, we have been able to bring out a new type of driving experience resulting from the manipulation of this device. This thesis is based on a theoretical principle put to the test in a field experiment involving road users. We follow an iterative process specific to a research-project approach. We propose a conceptual realization that is not a purpose but a prerequisite. Based on the fact that driving is in itself a social interaction, we suggest ideas for the design of a new feature integrated into the vehicle which arouses positive emotions between drivers

碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>統計資訊學系應用統計碩士在職專班<br>101<br>Customer relationship management refers to the use of information technology and business process design through to collect all kinds of information on customers and, through integration and analysis of multiple perspectives to fully understand the customer, and use this knowledge to distinguish between market property or providing one to one customized sales and Service. This study hopes to mine the database can rule model customer segmentation, and access to customer characteristics and their dealings with financial institutions whether the association. Study variables selected by the language used at home , political parties tend to support , career , personal highest degree , the highest family education, housing holder , average monthly income , average household monthly income , the most recent year are online, you can connect your home or workplace Network with your smartphone or tablet PC , the feeling is enough overhead , a total of 12 variables as a training model variables , and use tree customer segmentation , high -contact , medium -contact , low -contact type three target market , and finally modeling and comparison.

碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>語言學研究所<br>104<br>In this work, we investigate the syntax and semantics of the rongyi ‘easy’ and nan ‘difficult’ constructions in Mandarin. We provide a unified syntactic analysis for the rongyi ‘easy’ and nan ‘difficult’ constructions, and further explain the selection restriction imposed on the predicates of the embedded clauses in the rongyi ‘easy’ and nan ‘difficult’ constructions. In typical Mandarin tough constructions, the matrix subject is co-indexed with the object of the embedded verb. In the previous studies, linguists postulates that this involves an operator undergoing A’-movement to the left edge of the embedded TP from where it is coindexed with the matrix subject. However, we find that the matrix subject can also be the subject or an adverbial element of the embedded clause. Thus, I suggest that in Mandarin tough constructions, the subject, object, and adverbial elements can be the empty operator in the embedded clause. Then, it undergoes A’-movement to the TP, from where it is predicated of the matrix subject. We also point out the deficiencies of Wei and Taos’ analyses, which focus on the embedded subject only. Besides, I propose that the nan ‘difficult’ construction is different from the rongyi ‘easy’ construction in that nan ‘difficult’ involves an experiencer argument. We also argue that rongyi ‘easy’ selects a complement that denotes a “tendency”, whereas nan ‘difficult’ selects a complement that denotes an “experiencing”. Furthermore, I discuss the particle jiu, as it makes certain ungrammatical rongyi-sentence grammatical.

碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>數位內容科技與管理研究所<br>98<br>Multi-touch is one of the most popular digital technologies today. It allows users to interact with computers in more intuitive ways. It can also support multiple users to interact with information simultaneously. However, large multi-touch screens are not seen often even in public space. Because they are expensive and not many people can afford it. In this study, we employed self-made IR Illuminator and IR Webcam to transform a VIZIO 52-inch LCD monitor into a multi-touch display at a very low cost. To show the effective of our design, we have conducted two experimental designs. In the first experimental design, we compared the self-made 23-inch multi-touch display with an Acer z5610 multi-touch AIO computer to evaluate their performance. The result shows the performance of our self-made 23-inch multi-touch display is as good as Acer z5610. In the second experiment, we compare self-made 52-inch and 23-in multi-touch display to evaluate their performance in details. Both computers runs four different applications of Microsoft touch pack on Windows 7. Empirical results indicate that our large multi-large display can outperform small multi-touch display in chosen applications. The experiments were conducted in public space of our department. Our low cost designs actually attract many students to participate in these experiments. In this thesis, we will illustrate our construction work of multi-touch display in detail for future development and research. Keywords: Large Display, Multi-touch

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>教育科技學系碩士班<br>100<br>In recent years, with the concept of “Touch” becoming more common, touch technology is widely used in business, industrial fields, or gaming industry. There’re also the breakthroughs in “Touch- tech”- researchers all over the world have developed a touch screen that can identify different users. It can be applied to video games and medical technology in the future. In particular, there’re significant and fundamental changes in user interface design. For example, in visual part, the size of the icon as a triggered point must be magnified in twice bigger as the effective solution for finger touching; in operation part, so far most of the functions driven by right mouse bottom had been replaced by some special touch gestures. For this background, this study aims to construct heuristic evaluation scale for the web-based touch-panel learning management system, and provides a reference basis for relevant research, but also for the experts to carry out the heuristic evaluation usability testing. First, the researcher collates the initial usability principles and detail indicators through literature review. Then, the researcher surveys 10 experts through questionnaire to obtain the consensus of their opinions to construct the "touch teaching platform heuristic evaluation scale” with 8 principles and 70 indicators in all. The 8 usability principles are as follows: (1)Visibility of System Status; (2)Functionality; (3)Preventing technological barriers; (4)User Control and Freedom; (5) Aesthetic and Minimalist Design; (6)Pleasurable and Respectful Interaction with the User; (7)Perception and emotion; (8)Touch. These principles help learners to achieve the best learning outcomes. In the process, the researcher revised the indicator contents through expert validity questionnaires, and invites another three experts with related experience to conduct the heuristic evaluation. We choose “Blackboard” web-based teaching platform as our evaluating object, and propose amendments in accordance with the evaluation results. This study provides reference basis for developing or revising the web-based touch-panel teaching platform, or usability testing basis for the completion. This scale constructed in this study meets the need of evaluating web-based learning platform.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts.<br>This study places research detailing the scientific and political underpinnings of the kind of viewing employed in the British landscape painting tradition against its deployment in the British colonies of South Africa and Australia. This research was used to examine how sensing ‘home’ and sensing a ‘different place’ occur. The ‘embedded’ experience of a specific landscape as exemplified by the established artistic traditions of Aboriginal and San cultures is set against the practice of a distanced, externalized viewing developed in relation to optical technologies and the detached vision required of the colonial traveller. This thesis explores three modes of relating to the landscape via representation and their construction of home. It looks in detail at British landscape representation, then at San and Aborigine representations of their experiences of the landscape. I then follow the person of Thomas Baines, an expedition artist, in order to briefly explore the confrontation of the British settler with an unfamiliar, foreign landscape in the colony. Concomitant to this exploration is the consideration of the possible sensual biases at play in the articulation of landscape. The experience of spatiality is predominantly defined in terms of sight. Touch bears on this experience not only in its literalisation in the arts as a response to ‘texture’ or emotive feeling, but it has effects beyond this, or in the depth of this, specifically its involvement in constructions of ‘proximity’. Being cultivated are degrees of sensitivity to what comes to happen in ‘close space’ – where the event occurs, one that is hoped by the settler to be reciprocal, although never fully so, to his perception at that moment. The articulation of sensuality involved in constructing landscape representation traditions offers crucial insights into how present orientations to landscape operate.<br>MT2016

碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>公共行政暨政策學系碩士在職專班<br>91<br>As the scope of terrorism expands, places that are unlikely to be the victim of attacks have become the victims. From the September 11 attack in the U.S. to bombing in Zamboanga City of Philippines, it is apparent that the international terrorism has placed its foot in Asia. Although there is no sign of international terrorist group in Taiwan or showing that Taiwan is another target of the terrorist group, exploitation of the pivotal geographical location of Taiwan for attack base or gangway may harm the image of Taiwan in the world. Therefore, if the Taiwan government could initiate both establishment of a comprehensive anti-terrorist organization and improvement of operation, it would be able to prevent potential harm of international terrorism in Taiwan effectively. Chapter 1 of this paper introduces the research motive, objective, methodology, scope, limitation, and reference. Chapter 2 describes the definition, types, and features of terrorism, as well as status quo and transformation of major international terrorist groups. Chapter 3 summarizes the September 11 attack in the U.S. and its impact and notice. Chapter 4 discusses the origins, organizational structures, and functions of the Department of Homeland Security in the U.S., and expounds the act of anti-terrorism employed by the U.S. and related predicaments. Chapter 5 reviews the structure of anti-terrorism organization in Taiwan, the reference to anti-terrorism laws, and strategic conducts by the organization. Chapter 6 presents suggestions to pitfalls and deficiencies of anti-terrorism in Taiwan.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>資訊管理學系所<br>107<br>The market value is great for intelligent display and touch control device, the hot business currently. The corporate competence is based on the research capability, which is key performance index for touch control device industrial. During the product research phase, cost and gross profit of product should be estimated to preview the revenue in the future. Gross profit estimation after mass production is important, for it decides the corporate resource arrangement priority at the mass production phase. This research is to apply Machine Learning on above issue. The research purpose is to build a predict model, for touch control device industrial, to predict gross profit high or low for pilot run product after its mass production, supporting the decision making for resource arrangement and produce priority at mass production phase. The research method is applying Maching Learning algorithm, association rule(apriori) and classification rule(Decision tree C4.5, Decision tree CART, OneR, SVM, Naive Bayes, Back Propagation Neural Network), using feature selection by information gain and gain ratio with data set cross validation and split 50% train, remainder test method. After the experiment via software tool Weka, it is found that Back Propagation Neural Network is the appropriate algorithm because of its highest accuracy rate and higher perfomance on “True Positive Rate”, “Precision Rate”, “Recall Rate” and “Area Under ROC”.