Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tough hydrogel

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Tough hydrogel'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tough hydrogel"

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Wang, Jilong, Junhua Wei, and Jingjing Qiu. "Facile Synthesis of Tough Double Network Hydrogel." MRS Advances 1, no. 27 (2016): 1953–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.127.

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ABSTRACTIn this paper, a facile and novel method was developed to fabricate high toughness and stiffness double network hydrogels made of ionical-linked natural hydrogel and synthetic hydrogel. The synthetic hydrogel network is formed firstly, and then the gel is soaked in the ionic solution to build second network to form double network hydrogel with high toughness and stiffness. Two different natural polymers, alginate and chitosan, are employed to build rigid and brittle network and poly(acrylamide) is used as soft network in double network hydrogel. The compressive strength of Calcium alginate/poly(acrylamide) double network hydrogels is increased twice than that of poly(acrylamide) single network hydrogels, and the Ca2+ ionically cross-linked alginate is the key to improve the compressive property of double network hydrogels as a sacrificial bond. However, the chitosan/poly(acrylamide) double network hydrogels exhibit no enhancement of compressive strength comparing to poly(acrylamide) single network hydrogels.
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Fu, Jun, Guorong Gao, and Yuanna Sun. "Non-covalent Tough Hydrogels for Functional Actuators." MRS Advances 1, no. 8 (2015): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2015.3.

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ABSTRACTTough and responsive hydrogels have recently attracted great research interests for potential applications in artifical muscles, soft robotics, and actuators, etc. This paper overviews our recent progresses in the design and synthesis of hydrogels with very high strength and toughness, and actuators based on these hydrogels. Inorganic nanospheres, nanorods, and nanosheets are exploited as multi-functional crosslinkers to adsorb or bond with hydrophilic chains, leading to hydrogels with very high strength, toughness, fatigue resistance, and/or self-healing. Introduction of functional groups including ionic monomers and amino groups results in hydrogels reponsive to pH, ionic strength and electric field. Besides, ionoprinting has been used to change local crosslink density based on reversible chelating/decomposition of metal ions with functional groups. This process is rapid and thus enables reversible and rapid actuation of hydrogel devices. Our studies will further aim to develop sophiscated devices by assembling hydrogel actuators.
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King, Daniel R., Tao Lin Sun, Yiwan Huang, et al. "Extremely tough composites from fabric reinforced polyampholyte hydrogels." Materials Horizons 2, no. 6 (2015): 584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5mh00127g.

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Wen, Jie, Xiaopeng Zhang, Mingwang Pan, Jinfeng Yuan, Zhanyu Jia, and Lei Zhu. "A Robust, Tough and Multifunctional Polyurethane/Tannic Acid Hydrogel Fabricated by Physical-Chemical Dual Crosslinking." Polymers 12, no. 1 (2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010239.

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Commonly synthetic polyethylene glycol polyurethane (PEG–PU) hydrogels possess poor mechanical properties, such as robustness and toughness, which limits their load-bearing application. Hence, it remains a challenge to prepare PEG–PU hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties. Herein, a novel double-crosslinked (DC) PEG–PU hydrogel was fabricated by combining chemical with physical crosslinking, where trimethylolpropane (TMP) was used as the first chemical crosslinker and polyphenol compound tannic acid (TA) was introduced into the single crosslinked PU network by simple immersion process. The second physical crosslinking was formed by numerous hydrogen bonds between urethane groups of PU and phenol hydroxyl groups in TA, which can endow PEG–PU hydrogel with good mechanical properties, self-recovery and a self-healing capability. The research results indicated that as little as a 30 mg·mL−1 TA solution enhanced the tensile strength and fracture energy of PEG–PU hydrogel from 0.27 to 2.2 MPa, 2.0 to 9.6 KJ·m−2, respectively. Moreover, the DC PEG–PU hydrogel possessed good adhesiveness to diverse substrates because of TA abundant catechol groups. This work shows a simple and versatile method to prepare a multifunctional DC single network PEG–PU hydrogel with excellent mechanical properties, and is expected to facilitate developments in the biomedical field.
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Furukawa, Hidemitsu, and Jian Ping Gong. "Tough Hydrogel - Learn from Nature." Advances in Science and Technology 61 (September 2008): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.61.40.

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Gel is a fascinating material for its unique properties, such as phase-transition, chemomechanical behavior, stimuli-responsiveness, low surface sliding friction, and for its possible wide application in many industry fields. Recently, hydrogels have drawn special attraction in biological field due to its possible applications as soft man-made tissues. However, conventional hydrogels, especially polyelectrolyte gels, are mechanically too weak to be practically used in any stress or strain bearing applications. Inspired by the structure of articular cartilage, we discovered a general method to obtain very strong polyelectrolyte hydrogels containing 60-90% water by inducing a double-network (DN) structure for various combinations of hydrophilic polymers. The soft and wet gel materials with both a high strength and an extremely low surface friction would find wide applications not only in industry but also in biomedical field, for example, as substitutes of articular cartilage or other bio-tissues.
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Zhang, Yu, You Yong, Duo An, et al. "A drip-crosslinked tough hydrogel." Polymer 135 (January 2018): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.036.

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Wei, Junhua, Jilong Wang, Siheng Su, Molla Hasan, Jingjing Qiu, and Shiren Wang. "A shape healable tough hydrogel." New Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 11 (2015): 8461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj01250c.

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Liu, Chunlin, Hui Jie Zhang, Xiangyu You, Kunpeng Cui, and Xuechuan Wang. "Electrically Conductive Tough Gelatin Hydrogel." Advanced Electronic Materials 6, no. 4 (2020): 2000040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202000040.

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Javadi, Mohammad, Qi Gu, Sina Naficy, et al. "Conductive Tough Hydrogel for Bioapplications." Macromolecular Bioscience 18, no. 2 (2017): 1700270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201700270.

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Jiang, Zhiqiang, Ya Li, Yirui Shen, et al. "Robust Hydrogel Adhesive with Dual Hydrogen Bond Networks." Molecules 26, no. 9 (2021): 2688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092688.

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Hydrogel adhesives are attractive for applications in intelligent soft materials and tissue engineering, but conventional hydrogels usually have poor adhesion. In this study, we designed a strategy to synthesize a novel adhesive with a thin hydrogel adhesive layer integrated on a tough substrate hydrogel. The adhesive layer with positive charges of ammonium groups on the polymer backbones strongly bonds to a wide range of nonporous materials’ surfaces. The substrate layer with a dual hydrogen bond system consists of (i) weak hydrogen bonds between N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMAA) and acrylic acid (AAc) units and (ii) strong multiple hydrogen bonds between 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) units. The dual hydrogen-bond network endowed the hydrogel adhesives with unique mechanical properties, e.g., toughness, highly stretchability, and insensitivity to notches. The hydrogel adhesion to four types of materials like glass, 316L stainless steel, aluminum, Al2O3 ceramic, and two biological tissues including pig skin and pig kidney was investigated. The hydrogel bonds strongly to dry solid surfaces and wet tissue, which is promising for biomedical applications.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tough hydrogel"

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Yuk, Hyunwoo. "Tough wet adhesion of hydrogel on various materials : mechanism and application." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104273.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 82-87).<br>In nature, robust interfacial adhesion plays crucial roles in maintaining integration and functionality of various physiological structures including tendon and cartilage to bones and epidermis to dermis in mammalian skins. For instance, the bonding of tendon and cartilage to bone is extremely tough (e.g., interfacial toughness ~800 Jm-2 ), yet such tough interfaces have not been achieved between synthetic hydrogels and various types engineering solids including rigid nonporous solids and elastomers. In this study, we report a strategy to design extremely robust interfacial bonding of synthetic hydrogeis containing 90 % water to various types of rigid engineering solids, precious metals and commonly-used elastomers. The design strategy is to anchor the long-chain polymer networks of tough hydrogels covalently to various solid surfaces, which can be achieved by diverse surface chemical treatments. We discuss the mechanism behind the proposed design strategy to further understand the tough wet adhesion of hydrogels in engineering and biological situations. We also demonstrate multiple novel applications of robust hydrogel-solid hybrids for both rigid engineering solids and elastomers. We discuss details of such new class of applications and their potential usefulness in diverse fields.<br>by Hyunwoo Yuk.<br>S.M.
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Yang, Yiming. "Tough Stretchable Physically-Crosslinked Hydrogel Fiber Mats from Electrospun Statistical Copolymers." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1473179327.

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ZHANG, YANXIAN. "Molecular Understanding and Design of (I) Amyloid Inhibition and Cross-seeding and (II) Functional, Tough Hydrogels." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1619525391595423.

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Yang, Fengyu. "Development of Polyacrylamide-Based Biomaterials in Hydrogels and Brushes." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1555603442979042.

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Chen, Hong. "Development of multi-functional polymeric biomaterials." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1490706379312092.

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Debnath, Dibyendu. "SYNTHESIS AND VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF GELS OBTAINED FROM LINEAR AND BRANCHED POLYMERS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1525400236218684.

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Debnath, Dibyendu Debnath. "SYNTHESIS AND VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF GELS OBTAINED FROM LINEAR AND BRANCHED POLYMERS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1525398351097978.

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Shams, Es-haghi Siamak. "Mechanics of Tough Chemically Cross-linked Hydrogels." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1430411138.

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Illeperuma, Widusha Ruwangi Kaushalya. "Mechanical Behavior of Tough Hydrogels for Structural Applications." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467230.

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Hydrogels are widely used in many commercial products including Jell-O, contact lenses, and superabsorbent diapers. In recent decades, hydrogels have been under intense development for biomedical applications, such as scaffolds in tissue engineering, carriers for drug delivery, and valves in microfluidic systems. But the scope is severely limited as conventional hydrogels are weak and brittle and are not very stretchable. This thesis investigates the approaches that enhance the mechanical properties of hydrogels and their structural applications. We discov¬ered a class of exceptionally stretchable and tough hydrogels made from poly-mers that form networks via ionic and covalent crosslinks. Although such a hydrogel contains ~90% water, it can be stretched beyond 20 times its initial length, and has a fracture energy of ~9000 J/m2. The combination of large stretchability, remarkable toughness, and recoverability of stiffness and toughness, along with easy synthesis makes this material much superior over existing hydrogels. Extreme stretchability and blunted crack tips of these hydrogels question the validity of traditional fracture testing methods. We re-examine a widely used pure shear test method to measure the fracture energy. With the experimental and simulation results, we conclude that the pure shear test method can be used to measure fracture energy of extremely stretchable materials. Even though polyacrylamide-alginate hydrogels have an extremely high toughness, it has a relatively low stiffness and strength. We improved the stiffness and strength by embedding fibers. Most hydrogels are brittle, allowing the fibers to cut through the hydrogel when the composite is loaded. But tough hydrogel composites do not fail by the fibers cutting the hydrogel; instead, it undergoes large deforming by fibers sliding through the matrix. Hydrogels were not considered as materials for structural applications. But with enhanced mechanical properties, they have opened up novel applications. This thesis aims to investigate the broader applications, well beyond those investigated so far. We show fiber reinforced tough hydrogels can dissipate a significant amount of energy at a tunable level of stress, making them suitable for energy absorbing applications such as inner layer of helmets. We develop inexpensive fire-retarding materials using tough hydrogels that provide superior protection from burn injuries. We also study hydrogels as actuators that can be used in soft robotics. Hydrogels contain mostly water and they freeze when the temperature drops below 00C and lose its functions. We demonstrate a new class of hydrogels that do not freeze and hydrogels that partially freeze below water freezing temperature. Partially freezing hydrogels are ideal for cooling applications such as gel packs and non-freezing hydrogels are useful in all the structural applications at low temperatures. This thesis will enable the use of inexpensive hydrogels in a new class of non-traditional structural applications where the mechanical behavior of the hydrogel is of prime importance.<br>Engineering and Applied Sciences - Engineering Sciences
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Kao, Kao-Yu, and 高鈺智. "UV-initiated polymerization of Zwitterionic polymers for thermosensitive tough hydrogel." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/972873.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>應用科技研究所<br>107<br>Abstract In this study, zwitterionic polymers and hydrogels were synthesized under low energy, eco-friendly, and high efficiency photo-polymerization. Two zwitterionic polymers, 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (poly-MPC) and [2-(Methacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide (poly-DMAPS) exhibited different electrostatic charge interaction. The inter and intrapolymer interaction in poly-DMAPS resulted upper critical solution temperature (UCST) property. In addition, the UCST of poly-DMAPS can be tuned with concentration of polymer solution and molecular weight. For low molecular weight of poly-DMAPS (21kDa), the UCST presented at 37°C, 42°C and 49°C for the concentration range from 1wt%, 5wt% to 10wt%, respectively. For high molecular weight of poly-DMAPS (46kDa), the UCST presenting 51°C, 57°C and 69°C for the polymer concentration range from 1wt%, 5wt% to 10wt%, respectively. To further preparation of tough hydrogel, we consider to prepare zwitterionic hydrogel with interpenetrating double network. The designed system was that, one of the zwitterionic polymer was homogenously dispersed inside another zwitterionic polymeric hydrogel. In the first gel, the synthesized poly-MPC was blended in poly-DMAPS hydrogel, called MD gel. In the MD gel, this gel involved chemical crosslinking and physical crosslinking (electrostatic interaction chain) at the same chain. In the second gel, the synthesized poly-DMAPS was blende in poly-MPC hydrogel, called DM gel. In the DM gel, the physical crosslinking moiety was at poly-DMAPS and chemical crosslinking moiety was at poly-MPC, separately. The highest viscosity was founded in MD hydrogel when compare with DM and random gels. This result suggests that the tough zwitterionic hydrogel can be obtained by designing the rigid and soft crosslink moiety at same network. In addition, the MD hydrogel also exhibited a higher compressive strength of 1.4 MPa•s and a denser packed structure (pore size = 4μm) than that of DM and random gels. We have further tested the design hydrogel on cell adhesion experiment and anti-adhesion of surgical animal model. Those result indicated the further potential application of tough hydrogel in bio-implanted application.
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Book chapters on the topic "Tough hydrogel"

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Furukawa, Hidemitsu, and Jian Ping Gong. "Tough Hydrogel - Learn from Nature." In Artificial Muscle Actuators using Electroactive Polymers. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908158-18-4.40.

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Murosaki, Takayuki, and Jian Ping Gong. "Double Network Hydrogels as Tough, Durable Tissue Substitutes." In Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels Handbook. Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5919-5_15.

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Sun, Tao Lin, and Kunpeng Cui. "Tough and Self-Healing Hydrogels from Polyampholytes." In Self-Healing and Self-Recovering Hydrogels. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/12_2019_56.

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Nakajima, Tasuku, and Jian Ping Gong. "Double-Network Hydrogels: Soft and Tough IPN." In Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29648-2_67.

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Nakajima, Tasuku, and Jian Ping Gong. "Double-Network Hydrogels: Soft and Tough IPN." In Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36199-9_67-1.

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Fu, Jun, and Yuanna Sun. "CHAPTER 9. Ultra-stretchable and Multi-responsive Tough Hydrogels Crosslinked by Triblock Copolymer Micelles." In Polymer Chemistry Series. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788015769-00199.

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Chung, Hyun-Joong, Hemant Charaya, Li Liu, and Xinda Li. "Tough Hydrogels: Toughening Mechanisms and Their Utilization in Stretchable Electronics and in Regenerative Medicines." In Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Interfaces. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527807130.ch12.

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Kari, L. "Torsional wave propagation in tough, rubber like, doubly crosslinked hydrogel." In Constitutive Models for Rubber X. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315223278-66.

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Haque, Anamul, Takayuki Kurokawa, and Jian Ping Gong. "Tough Bacterial Nanocellulose Hydrogels Based on the Double-Network Technique." In Bacterial NanoCellulose. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12936-5.

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Epstein, Irving R., and John A. Pojman. "Transport and External Field Effects." In An Introduction to Nonlinear Chemical Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096705.003.0015.

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Thus far, we have implicitly assumed that chemical species move only by diffusion. In fact, a number of external forces can affect mass transport, with significant and interesting effects on chemical waves. In this chapter, we consider three types of fields: gravitational, electric, and magnetic. These always exist, though their magnitudes are usually very small. As we shall see, small fields can have surprisingly large effects. Gravity is a ubiquitous force that all living and chemical systems experience. People largely ignored the profound effect that living with gravity has upon us until humans spent significant time in space. Bone loss and changes to the vascular systems of astronauts (Nicogossian et al., 1994) are still not well understood. Eliminating the effects of gravity is not easy. Enormous cost and effort have been expended to simulate gravity-free conditions in drop towers, parabolic airplane flights, or in Earth orbit. A simple calculation seems to suggest that gravity should have negligible influence on chemical reactions. The mass of a molecule is on the order of 10-26 kg, which translates into a gravitational force of about 10-25 N. We can compare this with the force of attraction between the electron and the proton in a hydrogen atom, which is of the order 10-8 N. Even allowing for shielding effects, the electrostatic forces that cause chemical bonds to be made and broken will always be many orders of magnitude stronger than gravitational forces. So gravity does not affect the fundamental atomic and molecular interactions, but it can drastically alter the macroscopic transport of heat and matter through convection, or macroscopic fluid motion. Natural convection is the movement of fluid as the result of differences in density, so that denser fluid sinks and less dense fluid rises. This motion is resisted by the viscosity of the medium, which acts like friction does in slowing the motion of solids. The study of convection is an entire area of physics, and we will touch only on a few aspects. The reader is referred to some excellent texts on the subject (Tritton, 1988; Turner, 1979).
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Conference papers on the topic "Tough hydrogel"

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Oda, Haruka, Shogo Nagata, and Shoji Takeuchi. "Tough Hydrogel Tube for Long-Term Cellular Graft." In 2019 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memsys.2019.8870704.

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Han, Daehoon, Zhaocheng Lu, and Howon Lee. "Projection Micro-Stereolithography of Temperature Responsive Mechanically Tough Hydrogels." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8667.

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Temperature responsive hydrogel has attracted considerable attention as an outstanding material for creating a variety of reconfigurable structures. As a well-known temperature responsive hydrogel, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) has been widely used in various applications. Here, we report high resolution 3D micro fabrication of PNIPAAm structures using projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL). We also show the controllability of degree of swelling and transition temperature of 3D printed PNIPAAm structures by controlling process parameters of PμSL. In addition, we demonstrate improvement of mechanical properties of PNIPAAm by introducing ionic crosslinks into 3D printed PNIPAAm structures to form ionically and covalently crosslinked hybrid networks.
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Yang, Xuxu, Chunxin Ma, Chi Li, et al. "Three dimensional responsive structure of tough hydrogels." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Yoseph Bar-Cohen. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2084013.

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He, Min, Zaoxiao Zhang, and Guangxu Cheng. "The Adsorption Study of Hydrogen on Iron and Vanadium." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65582.

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Hydrogenation reactor, a typical equipment in petrochemical industry, usually works in tough condition, such as high temperature, high pressure, with hydrogen gas as medium. 2.25Cr-1Mo is widely used as reactor material. However, with the increase of operating condition, a better material is needed. At present, 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V is proved having a better mechanical property in high temperature than that of 2.25Cr-1Mo. Hence, it is very important to study the hydrogen impact on 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V. This paper aims to study the relationship between H atom and metal crystal from microscopic view. Based on the first-principles calculation, the convergence analysis of parameters, the adsorption of H atom on Fe, V and their surfaces have been discussed. The results show that the parameter values of simple crystal surface (110) are less than surface (100), such as energy cutoff, k-point sampling, especially the number of slab layers. Tetrahedral-site is the stable site when H atom exists in bbc Fe, V lattice. And quasi three-ford site is the stable status when atomic H absorption on Fe(110) and V(110).
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Mallants, Dirk, Diederik Jacques, and Janez Perko. "Modelling Multi-Phase Flow Phenomena in Concrete Barriers Used for Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7203.

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Gas generation and gas transport phenomena occur in geological repositories of radioactive waste. This has been extensively studied over the past ten years, usually within the framework of international projects (MEGAS, PROGRESS, etc.). These studies indicate that the production of hydrogen by anaerobic corrosion of metals is the most important source for gas generation. Laboratory and in situ experiments carried out at SCK•CEN indicate that, in the presence of Boom Clay (the reference geologic formation for deep disposal studies in Belgium), carbon steel suffers generalised corrosion estimated conservatively at 1 μm y−1. Simulations with the finite difference multi-phase flow code TOUGH2 were carried out in an attempt to quantify the effects of hydrogen gas generation on desaturation of initially saturated concrete components of the disposal gallery and the concomitant expulsion of cementitious pore-water into the surrounding host formation. Several simulation cases were considered and addressed differences in initial water saturation degree of concrete, hydrogen gas generation rate, and material porosity. Several conceptual models have been developed to better understand the phenomena at work in the transport of gas in the cementitious engineered barriers and Boom Clay. Multi-phase flow modelling was found to be helpful to get insight into the phenomenology of coupled water-gas flow in the cementitious engineered barriers. However, modeling the discontinuous variation in the conductivity of the clay relative to the gas (creation of preferential pathways) requires incorporation of geomechanical processes in conventional models based on the laws of two-phase flow.
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Baumgartner, Georg, and Thomas Sattelmayer. "Experimental Investigation of the Flashback Limits and Flame Propagation Mechanisms for Premixed Hydrogen-Air Flames in Non-Swirling and Swirling Flow." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94258.

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In modern industrial gas turbines swirling flow is widely used for stabilizing flames at the transition from the burner to the combustor. In premixed combustion systems using highly reactive fuels, flashback due to combustion induced vortex breakdown (CIVB) has been observed frequently when swirl was present. This paper focuses on the effect of low swirl intensities on the flashback propensity and the predominant flashback mechanisms in a hydrogen-air tube burner. An existing test rig with a vertical quartz tube and a generic swirl generator has been used. At the tube exit the flame was stabilized in the free atmosphere. The turbulent flashback limits were measured for hydrogen-air mixtures at atmospheric conditions over a broad range of equivalence ratios for both non-swirling and swirling flow. The upstream flame propagation during flashback was observed through the OH*-chemiluminescence captured by two synchronized intensified high-speed cameras in a 90° arrangement, both looking at the flame from the side. In addition to that, a high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to insert a horizontal laser sheet into the vertical tube in order to investigate the propagation path of the leading flame tip through a time series of Mie-scattering images from the bottom. As expected, it turned out that the flame always flashes back along the wall boundary layer for non-swirling flow. For swirling flow it could be shown that again only boundary layer flashback takes place for equivalence ratios lower than ϕ≈0.75. In this rather lean region, the resistance against flashback is improved compared to non-swirling flow due to higher wall velocity gradients. For higher equivalence ratios, flashback is initiated through CIVB. That is, the flame enters the tube on the burner centerline until its tail gets in touch with the burner walls. Subsequently, there is a shift in flashback mechanism and the flame propagates further upstream along the wall boundary layer. For the given setup and these near-stoichiometric mixture compositions, this resulted in a significantly increased flashback propensity when compared with non-swirling flames. The present studies showed that imposing low swirl upon the burner flow can improve the resistance against boundary layer flashback for low and moderate equivalence ratios, whereas the change to the CIVB mechanism deteriorates the performance for high equivalence ratios.
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Fiore, Susan. "New FCAW Electrode for Producing Ultra-Clean High-Toughness Welds in X-80 and X-100 Steel." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64361.

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The challenges associated with the welding of high-strength pipeline steels, such as X-80 and X100, are well established. While there are many filler metals that provide either adequate strength or good impact toughness, it is difficult to find products that provide both. Add to that the need for all-position welding and high deposition rates, and the options become almost non-existent. Several years ago, Hobart® Filler Metals began working on a line of flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) consumables that are unique in the welding industry. The products have a basic slag system, but do not operate like traditional EXXXT-5 electrodes. Traditional T-5 electrodes have a low-melting, fluid slag, which makes welding out-of-position especially difficult. They also have a high level of calcium fluoride, which affects the stability of the arc and causes weld spatter. While the weld metal mechanical properties and crack-resistance are excellent, the welder appeal and ease-of-use tend to be sorely lacking in most EXXXT-5 electrodes. The new approach utilizes aluminum for deoxidation, which has the added benefit of very clean weld deposits. The composition has been carefully optimized with appropriate levels of carbon, silicon, nickel and manganese. Alternative fluorine sources are used in place of calcium fluoride, which results in very good welder appeal and all-positional capabilities, including vertical down. The novel use of aluminum in a gas shielded process results in very low oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur content, providing exceptionally clean, tough weld deposits. Although the new products have been produced over a range of strength levels, the primary emphasis of this paper is on E691T5-GC (E101T5-GC) and E831T5-GC (E121T5-GC) electrodes. Testing shows that tensile strength levels ranging from 700–880 MPa (100–128 ksi) can be achieved, with toughness levels of 120 J at −60°C (90 ft-lbs at −76°F) or better. The highly basic slag, combined with low weld metal hydrogen (less than 4 ml/100 gm), provides excellent resistance to cracking. The product can be used in all positions, including vertically down, making it an especially appealing choice for welding high-strength pipe.
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8

Marais, Johan, and Charles F. Ridolfo. "Challenges and Opportunities in Providing a Digital Protection System for the PBMR." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58173.

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The Republic of South Africa is currently developing the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR); an advanced, fourth-generation reactor that incorporates inherent safety features, which require no human intervention and which provide an unprecedented level of nuclear safety. In addition to electrical power generation, the reactor is uniquely suited for a variety of non-traditional nuclear applications including oil sands extraction, desalination, and hydrogen production. A state-of-the-art digital Protection System for the PBMR is currently being developed in conjunction with Westinghouse Electric Company (WEC). The Protection System provides for: • reactor shutdown using two different reactor trip methodologies (dropping of the control rods and insertion of Small Absorber Spheres (SASs) which are composed of boron carbide); • post-event monitoring; and • manual reactor shutdown, which is independent of software-based systems. The reactor shutdown and post-event instrumentation monitoring components of the Protection System are being implemented utilizing the WEC ‘Common Q’ platform, which is comprised of ‘commercially dedicated’ Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), colour-graphic Flat Panel Displays (FPDs) with integral touch screens, and high-speed data communication links. High reliability and availability are achieved through component redundancy, continuous automatic self-testing which is run online in a background mode, and implementation of a multi-channel system design which is tolerant to failures. The Protection System is also designed to support periodic surveillance testing through a suite of built-in computer-aided test facilities that are accessible via an FPD interface. These allow various system surveillance requirements to be readily performed in a convenient and systematic manner. This paper discusses the following topics with regard to the PBMR Protection System: development strategy, functional requirements, selection of applicable Codes and Standards, key design specifications, architectural configuration, design and implementation challenges, and unique opportunities that are provided by this type of Protection System.
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9

Lin, Shih-Chang, Fangang Tseng, and Ching-Chang Chieng. "Numerical Simulation of Protein Stamping Process Driven by Capillary Force." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33070.

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“Microstamping” is one of patterning techniques [1] developed to deliver thousands of samples in parallel onto a surface for use in biosensors and medical diagnostics and the inexpensive production of micropatterned arrays of active proteins is of interest. Successful print of these protein island arrays includes conformal contact between an inked patterned stamp and the surface of a substrate and the full control over the amount and distribution of protein solution transferred from the impregnated stamps. In most common design, stamper is made of a solid material and proper inking method is required. Martin et al [2] have created a microstamper constructed by forming the hydrogel in sequence within the narrow ends of machine-pulled capillary tubes. This paper studies the protein-filling (inking)/stamping/printing process by numerical computations for a proposed Array-Stamper Chip with embedded microchannels. (Fig. 1) The array chip consists of thousands of microchannels with their own stampers to deliver thousands of fixed size/shape liquid samples to a bottom chip by capillary force simultaneously. The transfer process and physics are analyzed by solving first principle equations, i.e. conservation laws of mass, momentum. Due to the symmetry design of the array chip, the analysis is performed for a representative stamp only (Fig. 1b). Stable and robust numerical approaches as volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method [3] for two phase homogenous flow model and the interface tracking technique in cooperation with Continuum Surface tension Force (CSF) Model [4] are employed to determine the shape of liquid/gas interface as well as the fluid flowing pattern. Figure 2 shows the entire protein transfer during stamping/printing process, the Stamper Chip is moved toward/touch/away bio reaction chip starting at a distance of 50 μm away. The process consists of (a) The liquid fluid forms a meniscus and tends to reach out at the tip of the microchannel from the Stamping Chip (Fig. 2a), (b) The droplet meniscus is formed and the Stamper Chip starts to be moved toward the bottom chip (Fig. 2b), (c) The Stamper Chip is touched down and then is pulled up from the Bio-Reaction Chip, the liquid flows horizontally via the horizontal microchannels (Fig. 2c) and reaches the bottom chip, (d) part of the liquid is pushed upward and formed a small waist (Fig. 2d), (e) The Stamper Chip is moved further upwards with liquid slug of narrower waist (Fig. 2e), and (f) Stamper Chip is back to the original position with part of liquid broken at some point and left on the Bio-reaction Chip successfully. The controlling of the spot size left on bio-chip can be manipulated by physical properties of the filling protein, the inner/outer diameter of the microchannel, moving speed of the Stamper Chip, and the hydrophilic nature of the outer edge surface of the stamper. Two sets of physical properties are employed for computations (1) protein of low concentration with physical properties as water (2) 2mg/ml BSA concentration according to Fig. 3. Degree of hydrophilic nature with different liquid/gas/solid contact angle on stamper edge surface AB and the stamping speed do play significant role on the printing spot formation and size as shown in Table 1. Figure 4 shows that the size of printing size decreases with outer diameter of the microchannel. The detailed flowing process illustrate that the formations of the printing spot are resulted from forces interactions between the capillary flow formation process and stamper moving speed. In summary, numerical simulations not only give the suggestions for the array-stamper design with precise control of printing spot but also provide the physics and detailed information of the spot formation.
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