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Academic literature on the topic 'Tourbières – Réhabilitation'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tourbières – Réhabilitation"
Paradis, Étienne. "Restauration écologique des transitions tourbière-forêt dans les marges des tourbières perturbées par l'extraction de tourbe." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26476.
Full textIn Canada, peat moss is extracted for production of horticultural substrate on an industrial scale. Several studies have contributed to develop restoration techniques for open Sphagnum-dominated habitats on the peat massif of peatlands. Beside tree plantation trials, however, peatland margins and their connectivity with surrounding landscapes has received little attention. The goal of this thesis is to acquire the ecological knowledge required to develop an ecological restoration strategy adapted to the bog - mineral land (upland) forest transition (aka the “lagg” habitat of the peatland). A first study of the bog-ecotone-forest gradient showed that the lagg is a true ecotone, with unique properties: 1) vegetation is more structured, with a dense shrubby stratum (Ilex mucronata often present); 2) nitrogen and phosphorus soil concentrations are high; 3) water table level fluctuates widely, but remains high for relatively long periods. A second study aimed at improving our knowledge of the baseline ecological conditions in cutaway peat fields located within the marginal areas of extracted peatlands. One major result is that soil nutrient concentrations in cutaway peat fields are very low: for phosphorus and potassium, approximately one order of magnitude lower when compared to natural laggs. Also, in exception to recolonization in former ditches, there is little spontaneous recolonization. In this same study, one area rehabilitated through afforestation (20-year-old coniferous plantations) was also characterized to compare its ecological status to unrestored fields: results suggest that afforestation ameliorates abiotic micro-site environmental conditions (richer soils and more temperate soil-air microclimate), but spontaneous recolonization does not occur. As reintroduction seems inevitable, two studies were conducted to improve our ecological knowledge of ecological filters in cutaway areas, and to assess the establishment potentials of some target species: one study on bryophytes, and one study on shrubs. Among the reintroduced species, two showed higher establishment potential: the bryophyte Dicranum polysetum and the shrub Ilex (Nemopanthus) mucronata. Shade significantly ameliorated the establishment potential of the reintroduced bryophytes Sphagnum and Dicranum, and of the shrub Ilex. Fertilization significantly increased Ilex seedling growth, while presence of a Dicranum carpet significantly increased seedling survival through a reduction of frost-heaving effects. In conclusion, the combination of exploratory and experimental studies allowed us to significantly improve our knowledge of bog - mineral land forest transitions, and to suggest guidelines for an ecological restoration strategy leading to a functioning lagg ecotone.
Guêné-Nanchen, Mélina. "Régénération des bryophytes dans les tourbières perturbées." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33616.
Full textThe ecological restoration of peatland is defined as all the processes permitting the regeneration of a peatland that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed. The landscape settings and types of peatlands that require restoration actions is very diverse. The study of natural regeneration of disturbed ecosystems has frequently been used to develop restoration methods that are adapted to specific types of ecosystems. A comprehensive assessment of regeneration trajectories and the environmental and dispersal constraints, as well as the interspecific interactions is directly related to the development of restoration methods and the improvement of our knowledge on the response of species and communities to environmental changes. This thesis studies the regeneration of vegetation, especially of bryophytes, and the factors influencing their regeneration in three problematic cases of restoring disturbed peatland. Firstly, the regeneration of bryophyte communities was studied against a range of environmental conditions in 28 minerotrophic peatlands in the Northwest Territories and Alberta that had burned one, two or five years ago. A shift of dominance between pioneer (mean cover from 16 to 11 %) and late successional bryophytes (from 3 to 27 %) was observed between the second and fifth year after the fire. Bryophyte distribution and abundance were controlled by the species difference in terms of regeneration capacity related to their life history strategy, habitat niche, and the variable effect of the burned biomass. The integration of the ecological niche concept for late successional bryophytes and the use of species with a high potential of regeneration (such as Aulacomnium palustre and Ptychostomum pseudotriquetrum) should be considered during the elaboration of restoration plans of minerotrophic peatlands. Secondly, the regeneration of Sphagnum mosses was studied in 25 donor sites (peatlands where surface vegetation was harvested to supply reintroduction material) on a chronosequence of 17 years according to environmental conditions and harvesting practices. It takes on average 10 years for Sphagnum mosses in donor sites to recover, though minor differences in the species composition and abundance was observed between donor sites and natural peatlands. Pioneer species (e.g., Eriophorum vaginatum), competitive species (e.g., Sphagnum rubellum) and preferential species of wet microhabitats (e.g., Chamaedaphne calyculata) were more abundant in donor sites. Harvesting practices had the greatest effect on the regeneration of donor sites, suggesting that it is possible to speed up Sphagnum regeneration by choosing appropriate management practices. Best practices would be avoiding very wet donor sites and harvesting in the midsummer should be avoided when mosses are at their lowest regeneration potential and when the risk of machinery sinking is high. Thirdly, the regeneration and development of the Sphagnum carpets were studied in two experiments conducted in two types of restored peatlands colonized by pioneer graminoid plants (Cyperaceae). In the first experiment, Carex aquatilis dominated a moderately rich restored fen and formed dense communities with a lot of litter. In the second experiment, Eriophorum angustifolium was dominant with a low cover of litter in a restored cutover Sphagnum-dominated bog where the graminoid plant cover was controlled by repeated mowing. It was demonstrated that the effect of graminoid plants on the Sphagnum carpet was determined by the litter rather than by the structure of the plant itself. Because of the shade created by the dense litter, the presence of a community of a graminoid plant that accumulates a lot of litter such as Carex aquatilis is not beneficial for the formation of productive Sphagnum carpets. The decision to control graminoid plants to enhance the growth of Sphagnum carpets should consider the cover of the plant (not necessary when mean cover < 30 %), but also its life form (less necessary when the plant grows in unique stem), its litter accumulation and potential for invasion (e.g. Phragmatis australis, Scirpus cyperinus). In conclusion, this thesis, in addition to specifically address these three problematic cases, provides a more comprehensive assessment of the processes of natural regeneration of peatland ecosystems and of driving factors. The results have a direct link with the development of tools for the restoration of peatlands and with a deeper understanding of the responses of plants and communities to environmental changes.
Emond, Catherine. "Réhabilitation de tourbières industrielles contaminées par l'eau salée : végétation de marais salés et amendements." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30402/30402.pdf.
Full textCoastal cutover bogs are prone to sea water contamination. It keeps them unvegetated because of salinity, acidity, high water table level and low nutrients availability. We want to encourage plant colonization of those bogs using salt marsh vegetation and amendments. A field experiment aimed to examine whether rock phosphate (P2O5) and dolomitic lime (CaO.MgO) improve growth of (1) Carex paleacea, (2) Spartina pectinata transplants, (3) salt marsh diaspores transfer of different maturity - July, (4) August and (5) a bare peat control. A greenhouse experiment tested the lime dose needed by C. paleacea and S. pectinata. Results showed that P improved growth of all plant treatments because of P deficiency in bogs, while C. paleacea resulted in greater vegetation cover and aerial biomass, and diaspores transfer in higher diversity. Lime failed to improve vegetation growth. Rehabilitation should be done using P, salt marsh diaspores transfer and C. paleacea transplantation.
Bérubé, Vicky. "Restauration des tourbières minérotrophes : études approfondies des communautés végétales." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27574.
Full textWhen setting up a restoration project, it is imperative to define a reference ecosystem. This will determine the actions to be taken. In Canada, the ecological restoration of the minerotrophics peatlands (fens) is at its infancy stage. In the short term, the restoration goal is to introduce plant communities that have the potential to accelerate the return of peat accumulation. However, current knowledge of plant communities and ecosystem processes specific to fen are limited. The aim of this doctoral research is to define a reference ecosystem for moderately rich to rich fens in southeastern Canada and to target preferential plant communities to achieve the ecological restoration goals of peatlands. In order to consolidate the reference ecosystem, three sources of information were used: temporal, spatial, and empirical. Paleoecological analysis shows us the dynamics of the hydroseral development, notably how stable plant communities has been over a period of 8000 years. Terrestrialization was at the origin of the peatland development. Not long after body of water filled, tall cyperaceae community were followed by communities dominated by the brown mosses and the small cyperaceae. Autogenous processes seem to have been predominant in the evolution of the peatland. The characterization of thirteen natural fens has resulted in the grouping of two plant communities. The first is a tall cyperaceae (magnocaricion) community associated with high biomass production and high water level, the second is a more diverse community of Sphagnum (warnstorfii)–Thuja. With the exception of S. warnstorfii, this community is composed primarily of generalist species of boreal peatlands that grow in drier or shaded habitats, such as underwood or hummocks. The study also highlights the importance of Thuja occidentalis in regional fens. Over time and in moderate density, its presence should be promoted. Three natural fens were selected for an in-depth study of the functional characteristics of net primary production (NPP) and decomposition rates. The average production, including all vegetation layers, is 450 g m⁻² yr⁻¹. This study confirms the importance of the NPP estimations with regard to belowground (representing 45% of total biomass), bryophytes (21%) and trees (16%), among others. S. warsntorfii is the most productive bryophyte (140 g m⁻² yr⁻¹) and decomposes the slowest (annual exponential decomposition value k of 0.07). The presence of S. warnstorfii contributes to the increased potential for peat accumulation. The communities of the hummock biotope also have a better peat accumulation potential than those of lawns. Finally, in the experimental part of the thesis, it was concluded that there is no need to increase specific or structural diversity to increase the chances of return of peat accumulation. The performance of the measured variables is rather dependent on the identity of the species composing the assemblages. In the field, the presence of Myrica gale, Carex aquatilis or Sphagnum warnstorfii, individually or in combination, increases biomass production. The combination of these three species leads to transgressive overyielding for the production of aerial biomass. The presence of a bryophyte increases the recruitment of new species while M. gale or C. aquatilis will decrease it. The complementarity between species was the dominant effect on biomass production in the field experiment, while the selection effect was observed in greenhouses. Moreover, we concluded that there are synergistic relationships in the decomposition of litters when grouped. Higher biomass production should therefore be targeted if the overall rate of decomposition is predicted to increase. Following the synthesis of the three chapters, it is recommended to include bryophytes in the communities to be restored, in particular S. warnstorfii, in order to accelerate the return of functions in the restored peatlands, and the recruitment and establishment of new species. A community of tall cyperaceae could be considered when the introduction of bryophytes is hazardous and where water levels are forecasted to be high. In short, the preferential plant communities targeted in the reference will accelerate the return of the peat accumulation function and the revival of plant diversity.
Bussières, Julie. "Potentiel d'établissement d'essences forestières et fruitières en tourbières résiduelles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23008/23008.pdf.
Full textLandry, Tommy. "Utilisation de semences pour la restauration de bords de mares de tourbières." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28003/28003.pdf.
Full textAndersen, Roxane. "Évaluation du succès de la restauration écologique des tourbières à sphaignes : intégrations des critères physico-chimiques et microbiologiques au suivi à long terme." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20579.
Full textLefebvre-Ruel, Stéphanie. "Restauration des gradients éco-hydrologiques dans les écotones artificiels en périphérie des tourbières post-extraction." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27304.
Full textNow that optimal restoration methods of cutover peatlands are known and applied, it becomes relevant to study the sharp ecotones left at the edge of these sites. This project aimed to characterize the eco-hydrological gradients of these artificial ecotones and to test restoration actions to reduce the eco-hydrological differences between these and reference ecotones. The topography, the hydrology and the vegetation have been characterized along transects extending into these ecotones in one cutover fen and two cutover bogs (Quebec and Alberta). Our results show sharp changes in the elevation of the soil surface and groundwater table, with height differences in soil surface up to 119 cm in the first meter next to the ditch and goundwater table as deep as 65 cm below the surface in the first four meters near the ditch. Tree density up to 24 000 stems/ha compared to a maximum of 2 000 stems/ha in the reference ecotones has been found along the edge in the first meters next to the ditch resulting in mosses coverage much lower than in reference ecotones. Thus, the impacts of horticultural peat extraction activities are important at one meter next to the contour ditch into the adjacent peatland, still present at 8 m and absent at 25 m. To reduce those eco-hydrological disturbances, restoration actions consisting in tree cutting, complete ditch filling and gradual leveling of the soil surface have been tested along the edge of the artificial ecotones. The topography and groundwater table in the managed ecotones showed more progressive gradients which suggests the return of eco-hydrological conditions that will favour a transition similar to the reference ecotones. On the basis of those results, we suggest integrating these steps to restore artificial ecotones as a regular action of restoration processes intended for post-extraction peatlands.
Turmel-Courchesne, Laurence. "Remouillage d'un grand fen continental après extraction de tourbe horticole : impacts sur les échanges de carbone et la végétation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35859.
Full textLes tourbières jouent un rôle important dans le cycle du carbone à l’échelle de la planète, principalement par la captation de dioxyde de carbone (CO₂) et l’accumulation de carbone dans la tourbe et par de considérables émissions de méthane (CH₄). Les activités d’extraction de tourbe horticole causent la dégradation des tourbières qui fournissent des services écologiques, dont la régulation du climat. Une méthode de restauration significative, robuste et efficace a été développée pour les tourbières acides dominées par les sphaignes. Il arrive toutefois que les conditions physico-chimiques de la tourbe résiduelle après extraction soient caractéristiques des tourbières minérotrophes (fens). Lorsqu’appliquée dans un contexte de restauration de fens, la méthode de restauration par transfert de la strate muscinale s’est avérée peu efficace pour le retour des espèces vasculaires et muscinales typiques des fens. Dans certains contextes, la technique de remouillage sans autre action de restauration pourrait s’avérer efficace pour restaurer les fens post-extraction. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer l’efficacité du remouillage à rétablir la végétation caractéristique des fens, ainsi que leur fonction de séquestration du carbone, et cela une et dix saisons de croissance après remouillage. Le site à l’étude se trouve dans le sud-est du Manitoba, au Canada. Les données ont été récoltées durant les étés 2016 et 2017. Le remouillage peut rapidement mener à des échanges de CO₂ typiques des tourbières naturelles. Le remouillage a résulté en des écosystèmes dominés par des espèces vasculaires typiques des milieux humides et des tourbières minérotrophes et ombrotrophes. Dix saisons de croissance après remouillage, un tapis discontinu de mousses typiques des tourbières minérotrophes s’est rétabli. Le remouillage peut être utilisé de manière efficace pour la restauration de fens après extraction. La gestion des niveaux d’eau s’avère primordiale pour favoriser une structure de végétation semblable à celle retrouvée dans les fens naturels. De trop hauts niveaux d’eau sont à éviter pour empêcher de générer de très hautes émissions de CH₄ et maximiser la fonction de séquestration du carbone. Ce mémoire se divise en trois chapitres : une introduction générale au sujet, suivie d'un corps de mémoire sous forme d'article scientifique puis d’une courte conclusion
Gagnon, Félix. "La régénération spontanée d'une tourbière manitobaine après extraction de la tourbe : diversité des assemblages végétaux et propositions d'aménagement." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27477.
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