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1

Mopelwa, G., and J. Blignaut. "The Okavango delta: The value of tourism." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 9, no. 1 (July 11, 2014): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v9i1.1161.

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In Botswana, tourism is the second most important economic activity after diamond mining and trading. The Okavango Delta in northern Botswana is the largest single tourist centre in the country. This study estimates the total economic value of tourism in the Okavango Delta and compares this value to that of other sectors in the economy of Botswana. The results are compared to results of similar studies for tourist destinations elsewhere in the world, and the policy implications of the findings are highlighted. The study uses secondary data to estimate the direct consumptive and non-consumptive use value, and a survey among tourists to determine the existence value of the Okavango Delta.
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2

Saarinen, Jarkko, Naomi Moswete, and Masego J. Monare. "Cultural tourism: new opportunities for diversifying the tourism industry in Botswana." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 26, no. 26 (December 1, 2014): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0041.

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Abstract Botswana is known as a wilderness and safari-tourism destination, which attracts high-end overseas visitors to the country. Since the 1990s the country’s tourism policy has been based on a so called ‘High Value - Low Volume’ (HVLV) strategy referring to the aim of attracting limited numbers of tourists with high expenditure patterns. However, while such tourism operations have contributed to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country and offered investment opportunities for international companies, the position of Botswana as a HVLV destination is increasingly criticised. It is seen as offering too narrow prospects for the growth of the industry and for the local participation and benefit sharing in tourism in future. Hence, there is a need for diversification of the product with deeper involvement of local people to tourism. Therefore, communities and Botswana’s cultural and heritage attractions are increasingly seen as one of the future cornerstones of tourism development. This paper provides an overview of cultural tourism with specific reference to existing cultural and heritage attractions and the potential thereof for tourism in Botswana. The paper concludes that while the role of culture is still underutilised in tourism, the cultural tourism in Botswana has the potential to contribute to a more equitable distribution of tourism-based development and the related benefits for local communities.
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3

Stone, Lesego S., and Gyan P. Nyaupane. "The Tourist Gaze: Domestic versus International Tourists." Journal of Travel Research 58, no. 5 (June 27, 2018): 877–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287518781890.

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This article investigates domestic and international tourists’ “gaze” using tourism imagery. Domestic and international tourists’ preferences are critically examined using the concept of the “tourist gaze” and “local gaze.” Through qualitative, in-depth photo-elicitation interviews (PEIs) guided by 16 photographs covering various tourist attractions in Botswana, results indicate dissimilar tourist gazes between international and domestic tourists. Culture, livelihoods, and crowded spaces, with a variety of activities, influence domestic tourists’ gaze, whereas privacy, tranquility, and quietness influence the international tourists’ gaze. The tourist gaze thus can be seen as a culturally contingent concept that is not universal. Despite the differences, results indicate the continued promotion of an international tourist’s gaze. Results help explain low visitation by domestic tourists to protected areas in Botswana and Africa. In view of the study’s results, theoretical and policy implications are also discussed.
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Eita, Joel Hinaunye, and Andre C. Jordaan. "Estimating the tourism potential in Namibia." Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no. 4 (2014): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i4c4p2.

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This paper investigates the determinants of tourism in Namibia for the period 1996 to 2012. The results indicate that an increase in trading partners’ income, depreciation of the exchange rate, improvement in Namibia’s infrastructure, sharing a border with Namibia are associated with an increase in tourist arrivals. Governance indicators such as rule of law, political stability and no violence are also associated with an increase in tourist arrivals to Namibia. The results show that there is unexploited tourism potential from Angola, Austria, Botswana, Germany and South Africa. This suggests that it is important to exploit the tourism potential as this would help to accelerate economic growth and generate the much needed employment
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5

Jaiyeoba, Olumide, Chux Gervase Iwu, and Edward Marandu. "Sectoral variations in market orientation and performance among small service firms in Botswana." Management & Marketing 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 1076–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2018-0024.

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Abstract The quest for the diversification of Botswana’s mineral-led economy necessitates an examination of other performing ones such as the Tourism-Transport and Finance-Consulting small service sectors which have been identified as also contributing immensely to its economy. So, this paper investigates variations in market orientation and performance among small service firms in Botswana. In more specific terms, it involves analysis of variations with regard to tourism-transport and finance-consulting firms. Set in Botswana, data were obtained, using a respondent-completed questionnaire from 54 managers in the tourism-transport sector and 121 managers in the finance-consulting sector. Despite the focus of the study on sectoral variations among service firms in Botswana, the study makes major contributions to our understanding of market orientation-performance link. First, the overall level of market orientation varied significantly between the two sectors. Secondly, two of the three components of market orientation, namely intelligence generation and intelligence responsiveness also displayed statistically significant differences between each component and the two sectors. Thirdly, organizational commitment, team spirit and customer satisfaction were significantly different between the two sectors. These findings suggest the need for a sustained and systematic study aimed at finding out the relative importance of market orientation in different sectors. Such a study may be helpful in suggesting differentiated marketing orientation emphases that may help firms optimize their marketing budget. Notwithstanding the several scholarly works on market orientation and firm performance, the value of market orientation in sub-Saharan Africa has only begun to receive attention in Africa. Research evidence is scanty in the case of Botswana.
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6

Thomas, Roie. "“He wants to know how all those people got in there”: Surveying The Gods Must Be Crazy through a post- and neo-colonial telescope." Public Journal of Semiotics 6, no. 2 (December 21, 2015): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37693/pjos.2015.6.15291.

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The popular film The Gods Must Be Crazy (1980) remains, despite its age, the primary reference point for Westerners with regard to the San people of southern Africa (commonly known outside Africa as the Bushmen). It is a catalyst for tourist interest in the people since many tourists, as this paper demonstrates, credulously accept the mythology that the San people live now as (and where) they do in the film. Indeed, a Lonely Planet ‘coffee-table’ publication of 2010 cites the film as mandatory viewing for tourists prior to visiting Botswana. The San’s lifestyle is depicted in the film as one of Garden-of-Eden tranquility, although the landscape is somewhat more arid than the Genesis idyll. The San had been driven out of the Kalahari by the Botswana government in the interests of diamond mining, big-game hunting and high-end tourism. Meanwhile, tourist ephemera in-country extols the lifestyle of the Bushmen esoterically, producing imagery that suggests they are still living as they did for millennia, omitting any mention of their modern realities and perpetuating a lie about their ongoing relationship with lands to which they no longer have access. The film is explored here via some thematic distinctions of Spurr (1993). This paper transcribes these distinctions (or tropes) of colonialist thought and action as neo-colonialist which are ubiquitously in operation within the modern tourism industry, perpetuating disempowerment to a significant extent
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7

Mordi, A. Richard. "The Future of Animal Wildlife and Its Habitat in Botswana." Environmental Conservation 16, no. 2 (1989): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900008924.

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To conserve its wildlife, Botswana has set aside more than 17% of its total land area as game reserves, national parks, and wildlife management areas. Despite this generous allocation to wildlife, the fauna of the country is declining in both absolute numbers and species diversity. Lack of permanent water-sources in some game reserves, obstruction of fauna migration routes by cattle fences, and a poorly-developed tourist industry, are partly responsible for this decline.In a developing country such as Botswana, tourism should yield sufficient funds for the maintenance of game reserves and national parks. But currently the tourist industry accounts for less than 2% of the gross national product. Unless the industry is encouraged to flourish and expand into dormant reserves such as the Gemsbok National Park and Mabuasehube Game Reserve, animals in those sanctuaries are likely to be driven by drought into South Africa.
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8

Phelan, Kelly Virginia. "Elephants, orphans and HIV/AIDS." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 7, no. 2 (April 13, 2015): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-12-2014-0049.

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Purpose – This paper aims to explore the experiences of international volunteer tourists, or voluntourists, to Botswana. Wildlife conservation, health education and orphanage voluntourists are examined specifically. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative data were collected through interviews with tourists who had completed or were in the midst of volunteer experiences. Findings – Findings revealed that international voluntourism opportunities in Botswana are challenging to locate and leave volunteers questioning their impact. Some of the difficulties associated with voluntourism in Botswana included the need for volunteers to pay to participate, the concern regarding whether volunteers were depriving locals of employment opportunities, hesitation about the authenticity of the experience and the lack of community ownership. Practical implications – This paper will be beneficial to industry practitioners as it details the challenges associated with international voluntourism and provides suggestions for ways to attract volunteers, engage them in the process and ensure both the organization and tourist have a positive and useful experience. Originality/value – The increased interest in international voluntourism is a trend which is unlikely to decelerate in the coming years. This paper advances the knowledge on voluntourism operations in Botswana which may be valuable to tourists, students, academicians, government policymakers and industry practitioners alike.
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9

Mbaiwa, Joseph E., Lefatshe I. Magole, and Donald L. Kgathi. "Prospects and Challenges for Tourism Certification in Botswana." Tourism Recreation Research 36, no. 3 (January 2011): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2011.11081671.

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10

Morupisi, Phemelo, Lelokwane Mokgalo, and Hüseyin Ünlü. "Domestic tourism challenges in Botswana: A stakeholders’ perspective." Cogent Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1298171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1298171.

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11

LaRocco, Annette Alfina. "Infrastructure, wildlife tourism, (il)legible populations: A comparative study of two districts in contemporary Botswana." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 4 (September 24, 2019): 1074–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619877083.

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This article interrogates how the provision (or absence) of state infrastructure such as roads, bridges, permanent buildings, water reticulation, electricity, and transport facilities in regions hosting the lucrative tourism industry is linked to state control and regulation of the use of space, as well as the daily lives of conservation-adjacent citizens. Using the dialectic of legibility and illegibility in the context of Botswana’s expansive wildlife tourism industry, it examines how ambiguous government expansions and retractions of infrastructure function as mechanisms of state-building in relation to the natural environment. In Botswana’s western region, the provision of infrastructure draws out previously sparsely populated and seasonally mobile people from “the bush” to live in state-sanctioned villages, pulling them into a relationship of “legibility” with the state. However, in the north, where the bulk of the tourism industry is based, the calculus is different. The allocation of infrastructure is delayed or denied in order to maintain the fiction of a people-free wilderness that appeals to foreign tourist consumers—pushing local people into “illegibility”. The myth of a people-less wilderness produces highly differentiated modes of state intervention in rural areas, shifting local peoples’ ability to interface with the state, the tourism industry, and other citizens. This article conceptualizes illegibility not as a form of resistance to, or avoidance of, state power but in the unique context produced by enclave wildlife tourism, an alternative manifestation of state power.
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12

Stone, Lesego S., Moren T. Stone, Patricia K. Mogomotsi, and Goemeone E. J. Mogomotsi. "The Impacts of Covid-19 on Nature-based Tourism in Botswana: Implications for Community Development." Tourism Review International 25, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427221x16098837279958.

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COVID-19 has had significant impacts on industries and individuals globally. Due to restrictions put in place to reduce the spread of the disease, it has affected the travel and tourism industry. Using the concepts of ecotourism and sustainable tourism, a systematic qualitative document analysis of available literature was carried out to determine the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on nature-based tourism and its implications on community development, using Botswana as a case study. Results indicate that due to the unsustainable and predominant dependence on the international market, the tourism sector in Botswana has come to a standstill. Furthermore, the promotion of domestic tourism to nature-based attractions may lead to conservation issues. COVID-19 has also had an impact on community development through abrupt losses of employment and income. However, several positive environmental impacts have also been experienced. This article calls for a transformation of the tourism sector to make it more resilient. As a response measure, it is necessary to assess whether there is a need to call for a change in policy from high-value low-volume to low-cost high-volume, which may have negative impacts on conservation. However, as an adaptive response, we assert the need to diversify tourism products to consider the needs of both domestic and regional markets so that the focus is not just on nature-based tourism and international clientele.
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13

Kaynak, Erdener, and Edward E. Marandu. "Tourism Market Potential Analysis in Botswana: A Delphi Study." Journal of Travel Research 45, no. 2 (November 2006): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287506291595.

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14

Duffy, Rosaleen, and Lorraine Moore. "Neoliberalising Nature? Elephant-Back Tourism in Thailand and Botswana." Antipode 42, no. 3 (June 2010): 742–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00771.x.

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15

Pansiri, Jaloni. "Collaboration and Partnership in Tourism: the Experience of Botswana." Tourism Planning & Development 10, no. 1 (February 2013): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2012.723039.

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16

Purwantiasning, Ari Widyati. "TINJAUAN KRITIS: METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING LOCALS’ PERCEPTIONS OF A CULTURAL HERITAGE PRODUCT FOR TOURISM LESSONS FROM BOTSWANA-SUSAN KEITUMETSE." NALARs 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/nalars.18.2.99-104.

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ABSTRAK. Dalam sebuah penelitian kualitatif, dikenal banyak sekali metode pendekatannya, salah satu metode pendekatan dalam penelitian kualitatif adalah pendekatan etnografi di mana di dalamnya menggunakan visualisasi. Tulisan ini merupakan sebuah ulasan dan tinjauan mengenai bagaimana pendekatan etnografi dalam hal ini penggunakan metode visualisasi digunakan dalam menggali data-data dari masyarakat langsung. Tulisan Susan Keitumetse dengan judul “Methods for Investigating Local’s Perceptions of a Cultural Heritage Product for Tourism: Lessons from Botswana”, merupakan salah satu paparan dari penelitian yang dilakukan Susan Keitumetse dalam menggali informasi dari masyarakat dengan menggunakan pendekatan etnografi dengan visualisasi. Susan menggunakan pendekatan ini untuk menggali informasi seberapa jauh peran masyarakat dalam kegiatan pariwisata berbasis cultural heritage. Banyaknya kendala yang ditemui dalam penggalian data dengan menggunakan metode ini, tentunya justru dapat menjadi catatan penting bagi penelitian lainnya yang sejenis yang menggunakan pendekatan etnografi. Kata Kunci: Cagar Budaya, Botswana, Persepsi Masyarakat, Metode Investigasi ABSTRACT. In the qualitative research, there are many approach method; one of the approaches in qualitative research is an ethnography approach which uses visualization as a tool. This paper is a review of how an ethnography approach, particularly in using visualization method, is using to digging up information from local’s community directly. Paper of Susan Keitumetse titled “Methods for investigating Local’s Perception of a Cultural Heritage Product for Tourism: Lessons from Botswana,” is one of a discussion from research which has been done by her to digging up the information from the local community by using ethnography approach with visualization. Susan has used this approach to digging up how far the role of society in the activity of tourism based on cultural heritage. Many challenges have been met for sure in using this approach, but these challenges will become an essential note for the next another research which using this ethnography approach. Keywords: Cultural Heritage, Botswana, Local’s Perception, Methods for Investigating
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17

Lenao, Monkgogi, Joseph E. Mbaiwa, and Jarkko Saarinen. "Community Expectations from Rural Tourism Development at Lekhubu Island, Botswana." Tourism Review International 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427214x13910101597085.

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18

MARUYAMA, Junko. "Establishment and Development of “Bushman Tourism” in Ghanzi area, Botswana:." Journal of African Studies 2017, no. 92 (December 31, 2017): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa.2017.92_55.

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19

MBAIWA, JOSEPH E. "CULTURAL COMMODIFICATION AND TOURISM: THE GOO-MOREMI COMMUNITY, CENTRAL BOTSWANA." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 102, no. 3 (June 6, 2011): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2011.00664.x.

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20

Moswete, Naomi, and Gary Lacey. "“Women cannot lead”: empowering women through cultural tourism in Botswana." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 23, no. 4 (December 20, 2014): 600–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.986488.

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21

Mbaiwa, Joseph E., and Wame L. Hambira. "Enclaves and Shadow State tourism in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." South African Geographical Journal 102, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2019.1601592.

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22

Moustakas, Louis, and Tshepang Tshube. "Sport policy in Botswana." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 12, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 731–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1832556.

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23

Makoni, Patricia Lindelwa. "Exploring economic structure and drivers of economic growth in Botswana." Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, no. 4 (2015): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i4_c6_p1.

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This article set out to analyse the economic structure and main economic drivers in Botswana. Botswana, a country in sub-Saharan Africa, is a relatively small economy, hugely dependent on its diamond mineral wealth. Concerns have arisen in recent years that the diamond deposits will soon be depleted and the country therefore needs to embark on a diversification programme to broaden its economic base. In order to understand the Botswana economy, its economic structure and current domestic sectorial performance were evaluated, as well as its trends in imports and exports. An analysis of the data shows that, regardless of the awareness of the sensitivity to external shocks of commodity prices, as well as the obvious future depletion of diamond reserves, the Botswana economy continues to rely on diamonds, at the expense of attracting international capital flows to enhance and maintain sustainable economic growth, through investments in agriculture, manufacturing and tourism. It is therefore recommended that the Government of Botswana becomes proactive and implements recommended policies to diversify its economy, so that it can sustain or improve its economic growth by becoming a prime destination of international capital and domestic private sector investment, thereby increasing employment and trade opportunities.
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Thomas, Roie. "Representation as repression: A First Peoples context." Public Journal of Semiotics 9, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37693/pjos.2020.9.21856.

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Visual images of a marginalised minority group from southern Africa are analysed against a series of colonialist representations to demonstrate tangible evidence of the role of representation in both disenfranchisement and an increasing autonomy in the case of the San, who are The First Peoples of the Kalahari, commonly known outside Africa as ‘Bushmen’ and in the dominant language of Botswana as Basarwa. This particular group is represented by government and its corporate affiliates as primordial for tourist consumption, yet systemically denied their language, ethnicity and ancestral land. Analysis is supported by critical tourism literature, showing the attitudes, power dynamics and practices evident in the produced imagery. An overview of the theoretical enframing and methodology is followed by analysis of a range of visual representations of the San. Analysis herein is based on a blend of application of post-colonial theory and post-tourism critique, along with some concepts from semiotics. Most of these visual and linguistic materials have been produced by government and industry for tourist consumption, while others include my own photography and ostensibly impartial museum exhibits.
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Rylance, Andrew, and Anna Spenceley. "Reducing economic leakages from tourism: A value chain assessment of the tourism industry in Kasane, Botswana." Development Southern Africa 34, no. 3 (April 28, 2017): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2017.1308855.

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Stone, Moren T., and Christian M. Rogerson. "Community-Based Natural Resource Management and Tourism: Nata Bird Sanctuary, Botswana." Tourism Review International 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427211x13139345020570.

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Stone, Moren T., and Lesego S. Stone. "Challenges of community-based tourism in Botswana: a review of literature." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 75, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0035919x.2020.1715510.

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Mbaiwa, Joseph E. "Hotel companies, poverty and sustainable tourism in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 7, no. 1 (April 2011): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20425961201000030.

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SA Smeding, Sjaak. "Low impact eco‐tourism — clarioncall or reality? The challenge of Botswana." Tourist Review 48, no. 3 (March 1993): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb058129.

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Black, Rosemary, and Patrick Brandful Cobbinah. "Local attitudes towards tourism and conservation in rural Botswana and Rwanda." Journal of Ecotourism 17, no. 1 (November 28, 2016): 79–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1258074.

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31

Barnes, JI. "Economic characteristics of the demand for wildlife‐viewing tourism in Botswana." Development Southern Africa 13, no. 3 (June 1996): 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359608439901.

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Saarinen, Jarkko, Wame L. Hambira, Julius Atlhopheng, and Haretsebe Manwa. "Tourism industry reaction to climate change in Kgalagadi South District, Botswana." Development Southern Africa 29, no. 2 (June 2012): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2012.675697.

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Lekgau, Refiloe Julia, and Tembi Tichaawa. "Community Perceptions on the Socio-economic Impacts of Wildlife Tourism from the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in Botswana: The Case of Tsabong." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no. 9(6) (December 15, 2020): 1044–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-67.

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The overall purpose of the current study was to investigate the socio-economic contributions made by wildlife tourism in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park to a community living adjacent to the Park. Following a mixed methods approach, the study used Tsabong, a community in Botswana, as the case study area. Interviews were conducted with key tourism stakeholders and semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to the residents involved. The study found that (i) wildlife tourism has contributed to employment creation and economic development in Tsabong, (ii) wildlife tourism has increased the community’s sense of pride in their culture and preservation of local culture because of wildlife tourism, however, also revealed that (iii) local community participation in wildlife tourism and conservation projects of the KTP is generally low and (iv) positive economic benefits of wildlife tourism are not seen by the entire community. The main recommendations of the study centre on facilitating community participation in the collaborative management of the Park.
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Bresler, Nerine C. "On Safari in Botswana: Describing the Product." Tourism Analysis 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/108354211x12988225900126.

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35

Dube, Kaitano. "Sustainable Development Goals Localisation in the Hospitality Sector in Botswana and Zimbabwe." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 8457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158457.

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Many countries have fronted tourism as a tool for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in their voluntary national reviews. Nevertheless, very few studies have examined how the tourism industry has been localising SDGs. Therefore, this study is borne out of that knowledge gap. A qualitative approach comprising the use of primary and secondary data from integrated annual reports was adopted. The study found some progress made by hotel companies in localising SDGs. It emerged that Cresta Hotels and the African Sun group of hotels are only at the inception stage of SDG localisation, focusing on several SDGs that respond to the socio-economic and environmental demands of the environments they work in. Given that most of the work under the SDGs only began inception between 2018 and 2019, there is still a long way to go before meaningful progress can be reported regarding SDG localization, with preliminary evidence showing that the hotel industry is likely to have made significant inroads when the SDGs lapse in 2030 if their efforts are not disturbed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study recommends continuous monitoring and support for the sector as the SDG framework offers a better and more focused sector to achieve sustainable and responsible tourism in Zimbabwe and Botswana.
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Manwa, Haretsebe, and Farai Manwa. "Poverty Alleviation through Pro-Poor Tourism: The Role of Botswana Forest Reserves." Sustainability 6, no. 9 (August 28, 2014): 5697–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su6095697.

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37

Mbaiwa, Joseph E. "Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Tourism Management 26, no. 2 (April 2005): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005.

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38

Mbaiwa, Joseph E. "The Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism Development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 2, no. 3 (March 2005): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14766820508668662.

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39

Mbaiwa, Joseph E. "Poverty or riches: who benefits from the booming tourism industry in Botswana?" Journal of Contemporary African Studies 35, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2016.1270424.

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Winterbach, Christiaan W., Carolyn Whitesell, and Michael J. Somers. "Wildlife Abundance and Diversity as Indicators of Tourism Potential in Northern Botswana." PLOS ONE 10, no. 8 (August 26, 2015): e0135595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135595.

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Kolawole, I. Oladeji. "Validating Scales for Tourism Impacts, Quality of Life, and Support Tourism: An Exploratory Factor Approach." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2019-0067.

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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to validate measurement instrument that can be used to determine tourism impacts, people’s quality of life, and support for tourism. The primary data for this study were collected from 394 households in Maun, Botswana. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to measure internal consistency, construct and content validity to explicate the robustness of the factor structures, using principal component analysis (PCA) as an extraction method. Exploratory factor analysis is an applied statistical technique used by researchers to determine relationships within a group of observed variables. The reliability coefficients for the factors were all strong, which shows that the measures were reliable for measuring the latent constructs including economic, socio-cultural, and environmental impacts, people’s quality of life, and support for tourism development. The results of the factor analysis validate the measurement scale and authenticate the psychometric properties of the tourism impacts, quality of life, and support for tourism scale items. The main contribution of this paper is the development and understanding of psychometrically reliable scale items with content and convergent validity that can be used in tourism studies.
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Spenceley, Anna, and Susan Snyman. "Can a wildlife tourism company influence conservation and the development of tourism in a specific destination?" Tourism and Hospitality Research 17, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358416634158.

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The evolution of tourism destinations is influenced by a range of factors including the policy and planning framework, the role of destination management organisations, and integration of tourism into the local and national economy. The aim of this paper is to describe how the private sector can influence destination development, by considering a luxury safari lodge (Mombo Camp) and its holding company (Okavango Wilderness Safaris) within the Okavango Delta of Botswana. Through a series of stakeholder interviews and literature review, the research found that Mombo had influenced the destination’s quality standards, how it is marketed and promoted, and also in the conservation of endangered species. Over the course of 30 years, the holding company has also been influential in the development and implementation of tourism and conservation policy, environmental awareness among youth, and also conservation research. The findings of this study suggest that destination planning authorities should encourage reputable private sector operators that have a long-term interest in the destination and promote sustainable tourism practices, including those that can mobilise a network of facilities and attractions, can collaborate with their competitors, and can support and advise government on policy and its implementation.
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Lenao, Monkgogi, and Biki Basupi. "Ecotourism development and female empowerment in Botswana: A review." Tourism Management Perspectives 18 (April 2016): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.021.

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Mbaiwa, Joseph E. "The Problems and Prospects of Sustainable Tourism Development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 13, no. 3 (May 15, 2005): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434630508668554.

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Mbaiwa, Joseph E., Moseki R. Motsholapheko, Donald L. Kgathi, and Segametsi Monnamorwa. "Tourism and energy use in lodges and camps in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." International Journal of Tourism Policy 8, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtp.2018.090318.

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Kgathi, Donald L., Segametsi Monnamorwa, Moseki R. Motsholapheko, and Joseph E. Mbaiwa. "Tourism and energy use in lodges and camps in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." International Journal of Tourism Policy 8, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtp.2018.10011394.

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Gumbo, Bongani G. "Southern African Liberation Wars: The Halting Development of Tourism in Botswana, 1960s–1990s." South African Historical Journal 66, no. 3 (April 2, 2014): 572–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2014.902493.

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Lenao, Monkgogi. "Community, state and power-relations in community-based tourism on Lekhubu Island, Botswana." Tourism Geographies 19, no. 3 (February 22, 2017): 483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1292309.

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Harrison, Philippa, and Brij Maharaj. "Tourism Impacts on Subsistence Agriculture: A Case Study of the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Human Ecology 43, no. 1 (July 2013): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2013.11906609.

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Mbaiwa, Joseph E., and Amanda L. Stronza. "The effects of tourism development on rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18, no. 5 (May 25, 2010): 635–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669581003653500.

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