Journal articles: 'Tourism Egypt'

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AbuElEnain, EmadEddin, and Saber Yahia. "Benchmarking the Egyptian Shopping Tourism Sector against International Best Practices in Dubai, UAE." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 3 (January 21, 2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v4i3.p72-77.

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Shopping tourism has become one of the main economic motivators for tourism development in several destinations. “Shopping means entertainment and experience. Regardless of trip purpose –business, family or vacation—shopping is woven into the human interactions of the visit.” It means exploring and discovering and could be about the planned or temporary consumption. Shopping became gradually more significant element of the tourism “value chain”. Shopping has improved into a contributing factor determining tourism destination selection, a vital element of the total tourist knowledge and, sometimes, the major tourism incentive. Destinations have consequently an enormous chance to influence this innovative “market trend” by increasing realistic and exclusive shopping experiences that enhance value to their tourist deal while strengthening, and even, outlining their tourism brand and planning. This research suggests that there are increasing numbers of tourists who are travelling to Dubai with the aim of shopping, not only because they are encouraged by a mixture of first-class shopping, reasonable costs, trustworthy deals, Duty-free and a variation of rate or goods related aspects, but the charm of the destination certainly creates decision when selecting a destination. This study provides an outline of the significance and up-to-date types of shopping tourism, principally in the emerging market of Dubai, offering recommendations to support Egypt as a central tourist destination to stimulate the inbound shopping tourism. This research first examines relevant literature on possibility to develop this tourism type in Egypt and make it one of the tourist attractions by comparing it to Dubai, UAE as a shopping destination. The study explores the objectives, and factors affecting the progress of that type in Egypt and the improvements made in Dubai. The research then investigates potentialities of developing that type in Egypt and its impacts on improving the tourist experience in Egypt and increasing the tourist flow into Egypt. Results indicated that shopping tourism could face several obstacles in practical performance, but it could be very helpful in supporting the tourism industry in Egypt especially at the time of deterioration. However, shopping tourism can also offer incentives to the tourism employees who have almost lost their jobs and may change their career. Benefits are not only confined to this, but also extended to cover enhancing existing tourism types and introducing new ones as well as enhancing the tourist numbers and their average expenditure. The Research provides recommendations for actions that could encourage more tourists to visit Egypt as a shopping destination.Keywords: shopping, Dubai, purchasing, goods, products.

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Elmoghazy, Mona, and Maii Omar. "Culinary tourism in Egypt: a tourist perspective." International Academic Journal Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 78–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ijaf.2016.95557.

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Neagu, Florentina-Stefania. "The influence of geopolitical events on tourism in Egypt." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2018-0059.

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Abstract The political, military, terrorist acts that took place during 2011-2017 have affected the tourism industry to a large extent, their effects being seen in the gradual decrease of the number of tourists generating income not only for tourism agencies, but also for tourism objectives for small merchants selling their products near tourist attractions. This has led to the closure of several souvenir shops, but also to the reduction of revenue generated by the flow of tourists to hotels, guides, restaurants. The Egyptian government has attempted to relaunch tourism by contracting a loan from the International Monetary Fund, reopening tourist attractions such as King Seti and Queen Nefertari, the Antiquities Ministry is continuing to finance the acquisition of metal detectors and scanners that are located in the tourist attractions included in the patrimony national. On the other hand, the fiscal measures adopted by the government, which impose VAT on local goods and services, have led to a price increase for all products and ultimately affecting not only citizens but also tourists who find that prices for tourist packages have increased within a few months. To highlight how great the influence that geopolitical events have on Egyptian tourism, data were analyzed for the period 2011-2017 of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics of Egypt, World Tourism Organization and the World Factbook..

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Andrusyak, Natalia, and Natalia Anipko. "Activities of travel agencies and tour operators in Egypt." Науковий вісник Чернівецького університету : збірник наукових праць, no. 826 (November 27, 2020): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/geo.2020.826.82-88.

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Egypt is a popular tourist destination for tourists from Ukraine. This destination is the most successful for sale to tourists, as it has the longest duration during the year and is affordable. Despite the fact that the active tourist season in Egypt lasts from March to December, but even in the relatively cold winter months, tourists from Ukraine choose Egypt as a destination. The events of 2020 have significantly affected the activities of both tour operators and travel agencies. The previously fierce competition has intensified. However, every year there is a decrease in the level of confidence of tourists in tourism enterprises. This is due to the fact that tourists do not always receive reliable information about the tourist product, and often managers do not conduct a full consultation of tourists. Therefore, it is advisable to study the current state of travel agencies and tour operators, barriers that hinder the development of tourism enterprises and the causes of tourism collapses. This type of research will be relevant in 2021, when new information will be obtained on the functioning of the tourism industry in the Pavid-19 pandemic in 2020. The activity of travel agencies and tour operators of Chernivtsi in the direction of Egypt is analyzed in the work. A survey of travel agencies in Chernivtsi and tourists. Leaders among tour operators of Ukraine for travel agencies in Chernivtsi, leaders among tour operators in Egypt have been identified. The analysis of applications of tourists for selection of tour by tourist agencies of Chernivtsi is carried out, the basic demand for a tourist product of this or that country among the population of the Chernivtsi area is revealed, the countries-leaders on tourist demand are allocated, etc. Tour operators, which today are leaders in the tourist market of our country, are also leaders in the sale of tourist products to Egypt. Among the leaders are tour operators Join Up, Anex Tour, followed by TPG, Coral, TUI, TEZ Tour. Travel agencies in Chernivtsi today offer holidays in all the famous resorts of Egypt - Sharm el-Sheikh, Hurghada and Marsa Alam. They prefer tourist products, including in Egypt, the two leaders of the tourist market of Ukraine - Join Up and Anex Tour. The results of a survey of the population of Chernivtsi region and managers of travel agencies in Chernivtsi showed that the leaders in tourist demand are four countries - Bulgaria, Egypt, Turkey and Greece. A total of 856 applications were submitted to travel agencies for processing. Applications for the selection of the tour were analyzed, in the main demand for the tourist product of a country.

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Mohamed, Dr Khaled Mohamed Sadek, Omar Salman, and Ibrahim Elhenawy. "Utilizing the New Technologies For Enhancing Healthcare Tourism in Egypt." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (August 22, 2020): 352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug097.

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This paper recognizes and identifies various new advances technologies and applications in Information Communication Technologies that gradually revolutionize the tourism industry and related business and industries. The Tourism business sector is the most aggressive and competitive business in the worldwide and one of the most complicated business sectors .The tourism industry primarily consists of businesses that provide accommodation, transformation, flight trips, attractions, food and beverage, and integrated combination of these activities. This research is focused on using the new technologies to develop healthcare tourism in Egypt by increasing the tourist awareness of healthcare tourism. This aim is achieved by using new technologies such as Big Data Analytic Technology and knowledge-based information system in order to forecast tourist’s demands, needs and requests in tourism industry sector. Any data concerning the future development of tourism flows is of extraordinary significance to hoteliers, travel agents and other industries related with tourism business. Precise prediction of traveler services needs will be coordinated for the business' activities and allotment of assets, for example, labor, money related administration, advertising the executives… and so on to accomplish adequacy of arrangement ahead of time and cost decrease. Showing that the Internet and sharp technological development have encouraged the increasing demand for tourism and using new technologies in forecasting the tourist demands and needs will naturally promote or potentiate an increase of tourism demand.

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Moneer, Aziza. "Egypt’s Image Repair Strategies in Time of Crisis: A Case Study of the Russian Flight Crash." Zeitschrift für Tourismuswissenschaft 12, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 206–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tw-2020-0002.

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AbstractIn the wake of the Russian plane crash in November in 2015 in Sinai, Russia and a number of countries suspended their airlines from operating routes to Sharm el-Sheikh, causing a severe tourist crisis. By the end of 2015, tourism receipts fell by about USD 3.6 billion to represent only 1.1 percent of GDP (IMF, 2017). During the 26 months air traffic suspension, Egypt becomes a word that conjures negative images such as unsafe destination, insecure environment and politically unstable country which sent a danger signal to the observing people of the possible risks involved in visiting Egypt (Matthews, 2016). However, during this period Egypt pursued a collective effort to enhance Egypt’s image and to encourage the tourism markets to resume their travels to Egypt. In January 2018, the Russian government finally lifted its two years ban on Russian tourism to Egypt and Russian flights returned to Cairo in April 2018 (Samir, 2019).This study aims to uncover strategies used by Egypt’s authorities to restore a positive image in the aftermath of Russian flights suspension, based on Benoit’s (1997) “multi-strategies model for repairing a destination image”. The study applies a qualitative content analysis of 30 semi-structured interviews with officials in the Egyptian tourism and civic aviation authorities. The efforts to repair the image of the Egyptian tourism industry evolved through two phases. At first, the discourse revolved around evading responsibility and attempted to reduce the crisis’s perceived offensiveness, relying mainly on bolstering and defeasibility. The second phase appeared to emerge gradually, using corrective actions in order to restore Egypt’s image as a ‘safe’ tourist destination.

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Ayad, Tamer, Ibrahim Abdelhamed Elshaer, Mohamed A. Moustafa, and Alaa M. Shaker. "Examining the Relationship Among Counterfeit Product, Consumer Buying Behavior, and Sustainable Tourism Development." International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management 12, no. 4 (October 2021): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcrmm.2021100105.

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The global trade in counterfeit products has a significant effect on the global sales and profits, public health, safety, and security. Meanwhile, shopping at street and night markets is an important tourist activity, which may affect the tourism economy and sustainable tourism development. This study aims to examine the interrelationships among counterfeit products, consumer buying behavior, and sustainable tourism development variables as perceived by tourists in Egypt. Data were collected from 573 tourists in Egypt. Using structural equation modeling with Amos, results showed a positive significant positive relationship between buying counterfeit products and purchase intention and a significant negative relationship between buying counterfeit products and sustainable tourism development. Future research and implications are also discussed.

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Kabil, Moaaz, Ebtehal Ahmed AbdAlmoity, Katalin Csobán, and Lóránt Dénes Dávid. "Tourism centres efficiency as spatial unites for applying blue economy approach: A case study of the Southern Red Sea region, Egypt." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 27, 2022): e0268047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268047.

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This study aims to assess and analyse the efficiency of the tourism centres in the Southern Red Sea region, Egypt to apply coastal tourism development through the blue economy perspective. According to this aim, the study used two efficiency methods: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Free Disposal Hull (FDH). A total of 29 tourism centres were selected to conduct the DEA and FDH methods. These efficiency methods (DEA-FDH) used inputs and outputs variables to estimate the efficiency of the tourism centres. The selected inputs were the length of the shoreline (km), area (ha), tourism investments (million EGP), quality of coral reefs, numbers of hotels, and tourism accommodation capacity. While the outputs were employees’ number and tourists’ number. The results indicate that, generally, the tourism centres in the Southern Red Sea region of Egypt showed high-efficiency scores, which reflects their good preparedness to implement the various coastal tourism development strategies from the blue economy perspective. The tourism centres in the Safaga-Quseir tourism sector were the most efficient ones, regardless of the efficiency models used. While the tourist centres representing the Ras Banas tourism sector were the least efficient centres in the whole sample (29 tourism centres).

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Mohamed Atef, Amr. "Sustainable Heritage tourism in Egypt." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Architecture and Cultural Heritage 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ijmsac.2021.187252.

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Doaa, E., Ali,, Mouharam, A. Y., and Rady, A. "SUSTAINABLE ECO-TOURISM IN EGYPT." Journal of Environmental Science 43, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jes.2018.23981.

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Shazly, Rana Essam Sayed. "Exploring destination image in the Egyptian context: a qualitative study." Marketing and Management of Innovations 1, no. 1 (2022): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2022.1-09.

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This paper summarizes the arguments within the scientific discussion on destination image. This research aims to investigate the destination image as perceived by tourists to Egypt, the factors shaping this image, and how this affects tourists' behavioral intentions. Also, it aims to empirically design a conceptual framework of the main antecedents and outcomes of destination image in the Egyptian context. This study employs an exploratory research design. Twelve in-depth online interviews were conducted with international tourists who have been to Egypt in the last 3 years. Egypt was chosen as the setting of this research due to different reasons, particularly the lack of research examining destination image in MENA region and the high dependence of Egypt's economy on tourist income (contributing by 20% to the annual GDP of Egypt). The study results show the importance of examining the three dimensions of destination image: cognitive image, affective image, and conative image. The main drivers of destination image were identified and presented in a single framework that entails tourist motivations, memorable tourism experience, and tourist harassment as antecedents to the destination image. In turn, that affects tourists' behavioral intentions, with the moderating role of previous experience and gender. Although examining tourist harassment was not greatly emphasized in earlier literature, the results of this study suggested that it has a major influence on destination image. Also, memorable experiences have greatly shaped the perceived image of Egypt. The results have shed light on the importance of assessing the difference between first-time visitors and repeaters in the relationship between destination image and future behavior. Theoretical and practical recommendations were provided for tourism in Egypt based on the study findings.

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Abdelnabi Hassanein Attaalla, Farouk. "EDUCATIONAL TOURISM AS A TOOL TO INCREASE THE COMPETITIVENESS OF EDUCATION IN EGYPT: A CRITICAL STUDY." International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews 7, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2020.717.

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Purpose of study: Educational tourism is one of the best ways to help students and adults to gain a good perspective around the world. In Egypt, there are some challenges facing international students to study in Egypt as well as the absence of academic or formal studies to assess the role of educational tourism in Egypt so far. This research aims to evaluate educational tourism in Egypt. Methodology: through a critical study of the researcher based on work experience and responsibility for international students, as well as in light of international experiences of educational tourism. Main findings: Among the important results highlighted by the study are that the Ministry of Higher Education in Egypt has a new vision for educational tourism through which it seeks to attract more international students to study in Egypt and the medical sector has acquired a large proportion of international students. Limitations: There is no current specific information gained by higher education experts or responsibility, so the researcher depends on his own review of available limited published information and his own work responsibility. Originality of study and implications: The study provides some recommendations, including increasing the proportion of joint academic programs with international universities, and granting incentives and benefits to tourism companies that provide educational tourism services and facilities.

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mohsen abdel kader komeil, Heba Abdel. "Kemetic Yoga Tourism: A Study of Marketing Strategies in Egypt." ATHENS JOURNAL OF TOURISM 8, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajt.8-3-4.

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Yoga tourism has witnessed a consistent development in the recent years. People around the world have become more mindful of health care options which has led to an increase in the quality of wellbeing care as a need in the minds of most age groups today. The worldwide fascination with yoga has inspired many people to travel in order to practise this activity. Kemetic yoga rapidly evolved into the wonder of yoga tourism, which nowadays is a vital and profitable component of the wellness tourism industry. This unique yoga practice draws yoga lovers from across the world, according to an official statement released by the Egyptian tourism minister promoting it internationally. In 2019, Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism collaborated with CNN broadcast to produce a short documentary about Kemetic yoga to highlight wellness tourism in the country. Egypt is a unique destination for Kemetic yogis. Although few researchers have studied Kemetic Yoga as an aspect of tourism, this research focused on the examination of marketing strategies that Egypt needs to apply to promote itself as a competitive destination for yoga. Kemetic yoga tourism is a new travel trend in Egypt, promoting a rising touristic attraction and encouraging the potential of further research. This paper focused on the examination of marketing strategies Egypt is currently implementing to promote itself as a viable yoga destination, and to recommend other marketing strategies to promote Kemetic yoga in Egypt. The methodological approach consisted of a constructivist research paradigm, a qualitative methodology and an interview-based data collection method. Intense, semi-formal interviews were conducted with Kemetic yoga practitioners from different experiences and yoga levels who had travelled to Egypt to practice Kemetic yoga. Keywords: tourism, yoga, medical, health care, wellness, marketing, Kemetic, Egypt

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Eraqi, Mohammed I. "Tourism services quality (TourServQual) in Egypt." Benchmarking: An International Journal 13, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 469–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770610676308.

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PurposeThis research paper aims is to evaluate the customer's views related to tourism quality in Egypt. It attempts to measure the extent to which tourism business environment is creative and innovative as necessary conditions for internal customer satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThe objectives of this research have been achieved through reviewing a number of literatures in the fields of services quality management and tourism quality measurements. The paper's outcomes have been obtained through two surveys, one to measure the satisfaction of the internal customer (employees) and the second to measure the external customer satisfaction (tourists).FindingsThe main conclusions of this research paper are: quality can be considered as a philosophy for guiding tourism organization/destination when taking decisions related to tourism services; tourism business environment in Egypt does not support the internal customer satisfaction because the absence of a suitable system for encouraging people to be creative and innovative; and in the area of the external customer satisfaction there is still a need for things to be done such as the environmental conditions improvements, internal transport quality enhancement, increasing people awareness, and improving the level of safety and security conditions.Research limitations/implicationsThere is a number of limitations which faced this paper research they are: the sample size is small, compared with the size of total population, that was reflected on the level of reliability of the research results; and the limited time allowed to the respondents was reflected on the validity of the research outcomes, because they interviewed at the last time of their journey by the time they are ready for departure.Practical implicationsA useful source of information about total quality management (TQM) and how practitioners can measure it. It provides wide guidelines for improving the quality of tourism services in total manner in Egypt.Originality/valueThis paper provides useful information that are needed for tourism services quality improvement. It offers a practical help to tourism planners and marketers in Egypt to understand the concept of TQM and how they can improve their services continually.

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Standl, Harald. "Recent Development of Tourism in Egypt." Tourism Recreation Research 14, no. 2 (January 1989): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1989.11014550.

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Ragab, Adla, and Ahmad Ragab. "Investigating the Potential Impacts of Mega Archeological Projects in Egypt." Future Journal of Social Science 1, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54623/fue.fcij.1.1.1.

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Cultural tourism has gained considerable prominence as a tool contributing to the social and economic development of countries. This paper investigates the potential impacts of recent mega archeological projects in Egypt. Three main questions are addressed in this study, including 1) How do stakeholders perceive the importance of mega archeological projects in Egypt?, 2) What are the potential economic, social, and environmental implications associated with mega archeological initiatives in Egypt?, and 3) How to utilize mega archeological projects to upscale Egyptian tourism? To provide answers to these questions, international experiences highlighting the return on cultural heritage investments are reviewed, and a quantitative survey is designed based on the triple bottom line approach. The findings of this study reveal that stakeholders recognize the foremost importance of the recent mega archeological projects in Egypt. This importance can be reflected in the role of such projects as an effective strategy to reinforce the competitive advantage of Egyptian tourism, enrich economic growth, support inclusive community development, and contribute to sustainable development. Also, the results indicate that the recent mega archeological projects can contribute to the tourism recovery in Egypt by attracting more purposeful cultural tourists, who are wholly motivated by culture, encouraging non-cultural tourists to partake in cultural activities, promoting domestic tourism flows, maximizing tourism contribution to GDP, and providing more job opportunities empowering women and youth. This paper concludes with proposed actions that can assist in utilizing the mega archeological projects for upscaling Egyptian tourism.

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Ragab, Adla, and Ahmad Ragab. "Investigating the Potential Impacts of Mega Archeological Projects in Egypt." Future Journal of Social Science 1, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54623/fue.fjss.1.1.1.

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Cultural tourism has gained considerable prominence as a tool contributing to the social and economic development of countries. This paper investigates the potential impacts of recent mega archeological projects in Egypt. Three main questions are addressed in this study, including 1) How do stakeholders perceive the importance of mega archeological projects in Egypt?, 2) What are the potential economic, social, and environmental implications associated with mega archeological initiatives in Egypt?, and 3) How to utilize mega archeological projects to upscale Egyptian tourism? To provide answers to these questions, international experiences highlighting the return on cultural heritage investments are reviewed, and a quantitative survey is designed based on the triple bottom line approach. The findings of this study reveal that stakeholders recognize the foremost importance of the recent mega archeological projects in Egypt. This importance can be reflected in the role of such projects as an effective strategy to reinforce the competitive advantage of Egyptian tourism, enrich economic growth, support inclusive community development, and contribute to sustainable development. Also, the results indicate that the recent mega archeological projects can contribute to the tourism recovery in Egypt by attracting more purposeful cultural tourists, who are wholly motivated by culture, encouraging non-cultural tourists to partake in cultural activities, promoting domestic tourism flows, maximizing tourism contribution to GDP, and providing more job opportunities empowering women and youth. This paper concludes with proposed actions that can assist in utilizing the mega archeological projects for upscaling Egyptian tourism.

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Bekkin, R. I., and A. S. Shnyrkova. "Islamic Tourism in Africa." MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 230–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-1-82-230-248.

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The research aims to assess the prospects for the development of Islamic tourism in Africa. The authors analyze the notion and features of Islamic tourism and identify key differences between “Islamic tourism” and “Halal tourism.” The authors define “Islamic tourism” as a type of tourism that includes travels for any purpose under Islamic principles. The research mainly covers the development of Islamic tourism in African countries. For this purpose, it analyzes the tourist flows’ trends and the leading African touristic destinations, identifies the main Halal-friendly African destinations. The leading states here are Morocco, Egypt, and South Africa; Tunisia fosters its potential for Islamic medical tourism; Senegal and Mali are attractive due to Islamic heritage sites. The main problems for the development of Islamic tourism in Africa have also been identified: underdeveloped tourist and Halal infrastructure, lack of security, and poor promotion of tourist services among potential tourists are among the most significant ones. The study has found that popular Halal destinations are countries with a predominantly Muslim population and states where Muslims are a minority. Despite the restrictions followed by COVID-19 and a significant decrease in the tourism sector, a return to the previous volumes of tourist flows and income is expected in 2023. The World Tourism Organization actively supports the recovery and development of tourism in African countries. The improvement of Halal infrastructure and new facilities for this type of tourism will contribute to an overall increase in income from tourism activities and the popularization of Islamic tourism.

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Eraqi, Mohammed I. "Egypt as a macro-tourist destination: tourism services quality and positioning." International Journal of Services and Operations Management 3, no. 3 (2007): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsom.2007.013094.

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Eraqi, Mohammed I. "Rural tourism quality: Fayoum as a rural tourist destination in Egypt." International Journal of Tourism Anthropology 1, no. 1 (2010): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijta.2010.036847.

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WYNNE-HUGHES, ELISA. "‘Who would go to Egypt?’ How tourism accounts for ‘terrorism’." Review of International Studies 38, no. 3 (February 21, 2012): 615–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210511000805.

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AbstractThis article examines the tension between British and Egyptian counterterrorism discourses and Western tourism industry discourses. I analyse how guidebooks like theRough GuideandLonely Planetattract tourists by representing Egypt as an appealing tourist destination in a way that accounts for its positioning, in counterterrorism discourses, as a location and source of terrorism. They do so by producing ‘risk’ in a very specific way. Guidebook representations construct one extreme of Egyptian society as ‘bad’ Muslims who pose an essential threat to Western tourists and their inherently progressive liberal democratic values. Having defined risk in this way, guidebooks justify the production of ‘states of exception’ and ‘exceptional states’ that exclude ‘bad’ Muslims and protect Western tourists. These strategies function together to construct Egypt as non-threatening and appealing to tourists. I argue that guidebooks not only account for terrorism but represent Egypt in a way that largely reinforces British and Egyptian ‘war on terror’ strategies. These strategies similarly protect subjects and spaces that uphold Western liberal democratic values. This article highlights the constitutive role of tourism in international politics and simultaneously helps us better understand the complex and mundane means by which the current Western liberal order is (re)produced.

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Ysrallah MUHAMMAD, Dalal. "THE IMPACT OF THE TOURIST MARKET AND TOURISM SERVICES ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN EGYPT (ASWAN)." International Journal of Eco-Cultural Tourism, Hospitality Planning and Development 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ijecth.2020.181304.

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El Azazy, Sabry A. "Tourism Development of the Cultural Heritage and Archaeological Sites within the National Project for Urban Sustainable Development in Egypt." Journal of Humanities and Education Development 4, no. 2 (2022): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/jhed.4.2.8.

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Egypt is located on the north-eastern side of Africa. Egypt has many archaeological sites classified in the World Heritage List. Tourism development of the Cultural Heritage, historical locations and archeological sites supporting the National Economy and Local Society. Egypt also has a massive number of cultural-historical landmarks and unique architectural constructions such as the great pyramids of Giza, Saqqara, Dahshur and Abusir; the temples of Luxor, Aswan, and Abu Simbel; the valley of the kings, and other extraordinary monumental attractions that worth studying. The study throws light on the tourism development of the Cultural Heritage, historical landmarks, and archeological sites that consider one of the essential resources supporting the National Economy and Local Society. Egypt has always relied on tourism and its historical sights to raise its Economy by developing archaeological sites and historical locations.

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Zaki, Dalia. "Medical Tourism as a New Form of Niche Tourism in Egypt." International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality 11, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ijhth.2017.30198.

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Mohamed, Salma, Hala Hilaly, Nermin Morsy, and Heba Said. "Photography as a Tourism Type and Tourism Marketing Tool in Egypt." Journal of Tourism, Hotels and Heritage 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 32–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/sis.2022.170115.1080.

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Gohar, Amir. "Tourism and Urbanization, An Interconnected Evolution." Sustainability in Environment 6, no. 3 (August 23, 2021): p96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v6n3p96.

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While there is extensive literature on the evolution of tourism and the urbanization process, the interlinks between these two evolutions are not yet fully explored; maybe because they are separate disciplines, or taught independently of each other. This research navigates the spatial dimension of travel evolution alongside the attendant expansion of the urbanization process. It defines the nexus between tourism as a global demand and the physical infrastructure that accommodates such a force. The built environment, manifested in both its urban forms and its systems of mobility, is shaped by, and has been shaping, many factors including tourism. Using comparative narratives that describes tourist curiosity, the tourism routs and the tourism destinations across time, this work further explores the historical relationship between urbanization and tourism by emphasizing how the evolution of each has influenced the other. Itanalyzes different eras and identifies how the tourist, the travel mode and the destination have influenced each other through time. Considered one of the world's oldest tourist destinations, Egypt is used here to demonstrate the interlocking relationship of tourism and urbanization. The research concludes that appreciating these two phenomena in isolation proves challenging insofar as the evolution of tourism through time can not only be attributed to the tourism demand but also to the shape and form of the destination and the mobile systems available in each era and locale.

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Farouk Abdelnabi, Farouk Abdelnabi. "PRO-POOR TOURISM AS A PANACEA FOR SLUMS IN EGYPT." International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2016.312.

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Poverty alleviation has been given high priority on the agendas of international organizations, governments, and civil society organizations in different parts of the world. The current study mainly aims to evaluate the situation of pro-poor tourism in Egypt; as being the international trend to use tourism as a tool to reduce poverty levels in impoverished slums areas particularly in developing and emerging countries. This research handles three governorates as case studies representing different levels of welfare and poverty in Egypt; Fayoum as a model of Upper Rural & Urban region, Kafr el Sheikh as an example of Lower Rural & Urban region, and the Great Cairo as a model of Metropolitan city. The study methodology focuses on the descriptive statistics techniques. The study reveals- in general- the absence or shortage of interest of pro-poor tourism in both of awareness and practice sides. So, the study- basically- insists on adopting national strategy and action plan to development of pro-poor tourism in Egypt in an attempt to stimulating and activating the role of tourism in the fight against poverty.

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Abdelkafy, Jermien, and Doaa Hizah. "MICE Tourism in Egypt: Opportunities and challenges." Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality 13, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jaauth.2016.53949.

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Gray, Matthew. "Economic reform, privatization and tourism in Egypt." Middle Eastern Studies 34, no. 2 (April 1998): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263209808701224.

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Sobaih, Abu Elnasr E., and Shaimaa M. Naguib. "Sustainable Reuse of Dark Archaeological Heritage Sites to Promote Ghost Tourism in Egypt: The Case of the Baron Palace." Heritage 5, no. 4 (November 17, 2022): 3530–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040183.

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Egypt is one of the few countries with significant archaeological sites in every region. Some of these sites have been identified as dark archaeological sites that have not been used in a long time. The study proposes a strategy for the long-term reuse of these sites through niche tourism, i.e., dark or ghost tourism, which has received little attention from decision-makers or tourism planners. Furthermore, they have received little attention from Egyptian scholars. The current study fills knowledge gaps and contributes to the preservation of archaeological sites through sustainable reuse, ultimately helping Egypt’s sustainable tourism development. Using the case of the Baron Palace, the study investigates the potential for dark and ghost tourism in Egypt, as well as the barriers and development recommendations. To achieve the study’s goal, the research adopted a qualitative approach that relied on in-depth interviews with various stakeholders. The discussions revealed that, while Egypt has many types of tourism, both dark and ghost tourism have significant potential and opportunities through the reuse of dark archaeological sites. However, there are numerous impediments to proper implementation. Recommendations were made to overcome these obstacles, achieve positive economic, social, and environmental outcomes, and ensure the long-term viability of archaeological heritage.

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Torki Bani Salameh, Mohammed, and Ibraheem Hourani. "The Impact of Terrorism on Tourism: Pilot Study 2007–2017: (Case Study of Jordan, Egypt, Spain and France)." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 49, no. 1 (August 2, 2022): 639–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i1.1691.

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This study discusses the impact of terrorism on tourism from a hypothesis that whenever certain indicators on the Global Scale of Terrorism increase, tourism rates decline. In other words, the escalation of terrorism in a country leads to a decline in its tourist numbers, financial revenue from tourism and the percentage of jobs provided by the tourism sector. The scientific significance of the study is in providing explanatory theorems about the relationship between terrorism and tourism on the one hand, as it endeavors to provide explanatory theorems about various methods, means and measures taken by the countries of the case study to avoid the potential impact of terrorism on their tourism industries, particularly as tourism is one of the most important sources of income for many countries, including the Arab countries. This study uses comparative methodology, case study methodology and quantitative description methodology. The study shows the validity of its premise by conducting a pilot test on the impact of terrorism on several countries in a case study: France, Spain, Egypt and Jordan. The study concludes that, despite the negative impact of terrorism on tourism in the countries in this case study, hidden variables were found that could reduce the negative impact of terrorism on tourism through governmental intervention, such as the programs of diplomatic attraction and promotion, as seen in some countries like France and Jordan, which contributed to the reduction of the negative impact of terrorism on tourism.

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Rahayu Wulan Dewi, Ni Komang, I. Gusti Putu Bagus Sasrawan Mananda, and I. Ketut Suwena. "PREFERENSI WISATAWAN TIMUR TENGAH TERHADAP PRODUK WISATA DI KABUPATEN BADUNG." Jurnal IPTA 9, no. 1 (July 19, 2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ipta.2021.v09.i01.p16.

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This study aims to find preferences of Middle Eastern tourists towards tourism products of Badung Regency and involved 100 purposively selected respondents. The data was collected through questionnaires then processed using crosstab analysis method and chi-square test. The results of this study are: 1) Characteristics of Middle Eastern tourists visiting Badung Regency are dominated by women, aged between 25 – 44 years, private employees, married, nationality of Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Egypt, purpose of visit for vacation, information about Bali from internet, mostly traveled by tour packages, length of stay between 4 - 6 days, and mostly it’s their first time visit to Bali. 2) Preferences as follows prefer for natural attractions, stay in Kuta/Legian area, prefer to use a car rental, reserved resort as their accommodation through booking services, dining at restaurants, a watersport as entertainment activities, online media as information services, tourism consulting services are Bali tourism research, do not use tourist flights, and do massages when traveling to Bali. The characteristics of Middle Eastern tourists that correlate with the preference of selection of tourist products in Badung Regency is; Age correlates with tourism consulting services. Jobs correlate with tourist transport services. Nationality correlates with tourism transportation services, travel services, accommodation provision, tourism consulting services, travel services, tirta tours, and spas. Resources correlate with tourist transportation services, and the provision of accommodation. Travel organizing correlates with tourist transportation services, travel services, food and beverage services, and travel services. Travel periods correlate with tourist attractions, and tourism consulting services. Periodic travel correlates with travel services.

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HADOOD, Abobaker Al Al, Ridha Ali Mohamed BEN SALEH, and Khaled AB EMGEG. "THRESHOLD EFFECT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ON TOURISM SECTOR DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM TOP 10 AFRICAN DESTINATIONS." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 39, no. 4 supplement (December 31, 2021): 1336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.394spl03-776.

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Tourism has become an information-intensive business that heavily relies on ICT to provide information and conduct transactions for consumers of touristic products and services. Thus, ICT infrastructure would play a major role in the development of the tourism sector. This paper aims to investigate the threshold effect of ICT infrastructure on tourism sector development in top10 African tourism destinations including ; Botswana, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda. To do so, a double panel threshold regression model utilized over the period 2004 to 2017. The empirical results revealed a new perspective that there is a double-threshold effect of ICT infrastructure on the development of tourism sector, indicating a non-linear effect of ICT infrastructure on the development of tourism sector in top 10 African tourism destinations. More specifically, the empirical results reveal that ICT infrastructure weakly and positively derives the number of intentional tourism arrivals and international tourist receipts when the level of ICT infrastructure is less or equal to the first threshold, while it strongly and positively derives the number of intentional tourism arrivals and international tourist when the level of ICT infrastructure is less or equal to the first and second thresholds. Thus, this paper provides important implications for policy makers, in that maximizing the benefits from information technology in developing tourism sector can be achieved when its level between certain critical threshold values.

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Ismail, Hosameldin H. "The contribution of tourism revenues to economic development during the terrorism crisis." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 8, no. 2 (February 2021): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2021.02.005.

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Tourism revenues have contributed to economic development in many countries, whether developed or developing, all over the world. It is one of the sources of foreign cash flows that contribute to increasing the Gross Domestic Product (Henceforth GDP). Tourism also contributes to providing employment opportunities as it is a labor-intensive industry. Egypt has many factors that attract tourists, especially cultural and natural tourism. However, its share in global tourism is still lower than its touristic position, especially during the terrorism crisis that Egypt has suffered from since 2011 and which contributed to the decline in tourism revenues from $ 11.6 billion to $ 3.8 billion during the period (2009-2010: 2014-2015). Because of the importance of tourism revenues, this study aims at identifying the extent to which it contributes to financing the services balance and analyzing its impact on both the services balance and the GDP during the study period (2001-2002: 2016-2017). The present study relied upon the descriptive and analytical methodology. The descriptive methodology describes the contribution of tourism revenues to economic development in light of the terrorism crisis in Egypt. It also identifies the development of the relationship between the tourism sector and terrorism. Regarding the analytical methodology, regression analysis is used to measure the impact of tourism revenues on Egypt's GDP. The descriptive approach was generally adopted with the help of statistical analysis tools to measure the statistical relationship of tourism revenues with the number of tourists, the services balance, and the GDP. The study showed a positive relationship between tourism revenues and GDP. Therefore, it recommends focusing on the development of the industrial and tourism sectors.

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Ammar, Salama, Momen Kamel Aboelez, and Khaled Soliman. "TOWARDS EMPLOYING TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY SERVICES IN MARKETING ROOTS TOURISM TO EGYPT." مجلة کلیة السیاحة والفنادق. جامعة المنصورة 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 113–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mkaf.2022.273824.

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Elbaz, Ahmed Mohamed, Viju Mathew, Azza Maher, Adah-Kole Emmanuel Onjewu, and Yasser Moustafa Shehawy. "Motherhood Desire as a Stimulant for Fertility Tourism Intention." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 10(1), no. 10(1) (February 28, 2021): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-87.

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This paper investigates the relationship between participants’ motherhood desire and travel intention and behaviour, through the mediating role of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behaviour control. The study adopted a questionnaire among a sample representative of females with fertility complications in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in Egypt. In total, 138 questionnaires were gathered and tested using a partial least square structural equation modelling using WarpPLS 7.0. The findings support the proposed model and show that motherhood desire has a positive influence on attitude, subjective norm and perceived behaviour control. Also, we found that the positive effect of TPB dimensions on actual behaviour is subject to females’ intention to visit Egypt for fertility tourism. Besides, the study revealed that attitude partially mediates the link between motherhood, tourists’ revisit intention and tourists’ actual behaviour. This suggests that the positive effect of motherhood desire on tourist revisit intention and actual behaviour is subject to attitude. Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), we develop an integrative model exploring the relationship between three distinct TPB dimensions and their influence on travel behaviour for childbearing. Such findings hold important implications both for the research community and medical tourism practitioners.

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Sribnaya, Tatiana A., and Natalya А. Bodneva. "POTENTIAL OF THE ASTRAKHAN REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT OF RGANIZED FISHING TOURISM." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 1-2 (2020): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2020-1-2-18.

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Fishing tourism is one of the modern types of tourism that is aimed at meeting the needs of a certain segment of tourists in fishing. This type of tourism is organized by special enterprises to favorable places for fishing. Fishing tours in most cases include specialized services such as: fishing license, tackle rental, boat rental, instruction and joint fishing with a qualified fishing guide, as well as services aimed at preserving and preparing the fish caught. Such countries as Finland, Norway, Egypt, Namibia, South Africa, Iceland, Sweden, Slovakia, Thailand and Israel occupy high positions in the international market of fishing tourism and are famous for their fish resources. As for fishing tourism in Russia, the demand for fishing tourism is currently increasing. Tourist companies are engaged in expanding the geography of fishing tours and improving the quality of service, which affects the increase in demand for this type of tour. The analysis of the potential of the Astrakhan region, carried out in the article, allowed us to identify opportunities for the development of organizational fishing tourism.

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Khamis Al-Balushi, Masooma, Tamer Mohamed Atef, Najwa Murad Al-Balushi, and Qais Abdullah Al-Keyumi. "Law and Business Ethics Education for Tourism and Hospitality “Knowledge Development and Awareness Dissemination”." Athens Journal of Tourism 9, no. 3 (August 25, 2022): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajt.9-3-3.

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A tourist experience has been found to be formulated out of the sequence of events and encounters lived over the experience duration. But rarely has the element of legal knowledge and awareness been considered as a formulating/shaping factor. There is no such thing as a tourist bubble in an authentic tourism experience. Actions and interactions between tourists and the host community sometimes would lead to frictions, in most cases these frictions are initiated by culture differences, communications problems, and at a distance not so far comes the legal perceptions differences and in many cases ignorance. Hence, stands out the role of tourism affiliates in protecting tourists, host community, and country’s assets and heritage. The study aims to develop the legal knowledge of tourism and hospitality students and industry affiliates. To achieve the study aim the following objectives were proposed: • To assess the current status of law/legislations courses offered to tourism and hospitality students • To develop the law/legislations course syllabus and teaching approach • To propose a means of law/legislations knowledge dissemination among industry affiliates Keywords: education, Egypt, ethics, hospitality, law, legislations, Oman, tourism

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Hegazy, E. H., Ahmed Kh Mehanna, Mohamed Y. Omar, Heba Elkilani, and Amr A. Hassan. "Coral Reefs Damage Assessment due to Oil Pollution in Egyptian Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.725.

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Coral reefs are the most biological systems productive and versatile on the surface of the planet earth, which is a source with economic and social, returns great for the country that God-given this natural wealth. Egypt is home to some of the most spectacular coral reefs and associated marine life in the world. Egypt has enacted laws and takes effective measures for the protection and management of coral reefs and associated ecosystems in the Red Sea and its Gulf to characterize these areas of the richness and diversity of coral reef environment is scarce to be repeated elsewhere in the world. The largest sub-sector for the Egyptian tourism market is the coastal tourism. Coastal tourism depends largely on intact reefs, and this is also one of the most important causes of reef degradation in Egypt. Over the last two decades live coral cover has declined in Egypt. Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) implements its own methodology to estimate the coral reefs impacts as a result of the destruction of coral reefs due to ship aground or anchorage. This paper focuses on and presents the modelling of the destruction of coral reefs as a result of the collision and the ship ground damage assessment in case of oil spills in Egyptian coastal water referring to the EEAA methodology applied in Egypt.

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Sharaan, Mahmoud, Chatuphorn Somphong, and Keiko Udo. "Impact of SLR on Beach-Tourism Resort Revenue at Sahl Hasheesh and Makadi Bay, Red Sea, Egypt; A Hedonic Pricing Approach." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8060432.

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Coastal erosion and inundation represent the main impacts of climate change and the consequential sea level rise (SLR) on beaches. The resultant deterioration of coastal habitats and decline in beach tourism revenue has been a primary concern for coastal managers and researchers. Nevertheless, the extent of SLR on beach tourism in Egypt remains relatively unknown. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between beach width shrinkage due to SLR and the loss in tourist resort revenue. We use the hedonic pricing approach, which combines economic and environmental variables, to determine the environmental impact on beach tourism along 14 km of the coast of Sahl Hasheesh and Makadi Bay, Hurghada, Egypt. The resort revenue depends on the cumulative benefits from the market price of the resort rooms, which is a function of morphological variables and tourism variables. Three regression models (semi-log, double-log, and custom-log) were used to select the most appropriate functional hedonic model. Three coastal slopes were considered (0.03, 0.06, and 0.12) to address the uncertainty in beach width. When 0.06 coastal slope is used, the expected losses in revenue are 84,000, 220,000, and 546,000 USD/day period (representing 3%, 7%, and 18%) for 2030, 2050, and 2100, respectively, considering the lowest scenario representative concentration pathway (RCP2.6); for the worst case (RCP8.5 SLR), the expected losses are 142,000, 369,000, and 897,000 USD/day period (representing 5%, 12%, and 30%) for 2030, 2050, and 2100, respectively.

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Soliman, Dalia Mohammad. "Entrepreneurial Intention Among Tourism Undergraduate Students in Egypt." Tourism Analysis 16, no. 4 (November 1, 2011): 471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/108354211x13149079789052.

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Elbary, Aml. "Responsible Tourism Development: A Case of Siwa, Egypt." Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality 14, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jaauth.2017.49937.

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Abu Elkheir, Mervat, Mervat Abu Elkheir, and Ahmed Abou Elfetouh Saleh. "Behaviour-based Analysis of Tourism Demand in Egypt." International Journal of Business Intelligence and Data Mining 1, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbidm.2017.10004783.

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Ahmed, Taheya H., Mervat Abu Elkheir, and Ahmed Abou Elfetouh Saleh. "Behaviour-based analysis of tourism demand in Egypt." International Journal of Business Intelligence and Data Mining 13, no. 4 (2018): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbidm.2018.094980.

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Wahab, Salah E. A. "Tourism Development in Egypt: Competitive Strategies and Implications." Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 2, no. 34 (September 1996): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1603(199609)2:3/4<351::aid-pth48>3.3.co;2-c.

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Wahab, Salah E. A. "Tourism development in Egypt: Competitive strategies and implications." Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 2, no. 3-4 (September 1996): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pth.6070020315.

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Abd El Baki, Sameh. "Studying the Priorities of Promoting Arabic Tourism to Egypt in Peak and Recession Tourism Periods: (Saudi Tourist Case Study)." Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jaauth.2016.48009.

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Aly, Hossam Eldeen. "Our aim is successful interstate interaction." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XIX (2018): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2018-19.

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The interview covers the diplomatic career of Hossam Eldeen Aly, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Arab Republic of Egypt to Ukraine. The Ambassador shares his experience of diplomatic activities in other countries and the difficulties he faced while working in the realm of diplomacy. According to the Ambassador, one of the priorities of the team of the diplomatic mission of the Arab Republic of Egypt in Ukraine is to maintain good and mutually beneficial bilateral relations in the realms of economy, culture, tourism, and industry. The Ambassador singles out two promising ways for cooperation. The first one is trade. Trade statistics indicate that Egypt is the key partner for Ukraine in Africa and in the Middle East. Thus, many Egyptian goods of high quality are poised to enter the Ukrainian market. These are high competitive goods that favorably influence the economies of the two states and allow the parties to expand their future cooperation in this domain. Another potential way to broaden collaboration is tourism. From this perspective, Ukraine is one of the main partners of the Arab Republic of Egypt. The Ambassador hopes the direct flights between the capitals of the two states will contribute to the increase in the number of tourists and expansion of travel destinations throughout Egypt. The Ambassador worries about activities of terrorist units at the regional level in different parts of the world that also take place in Egypt. The Arab Republic takes counter-terrorist measures in every possible way in order to free the country from this threat. The Ambassador stresses that Ukrainians and Egyptians have similar mindset and likewise strive for a better future. Bilateral cooperation, in particular the desire to ensure welfare for the peoples of Ukraine and Egypt, will boost the spheres for cooperation between the two states. Keywords: Egypt, counter-terrorism, bilateral cooperation, economic relations of Egypt and Ukraine, tourism, Ukraine.

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Varani, Nicoletta, and Enrico Bernardini. "The Mediterranean Region: between terrorism, tourism and security." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2018-0020.

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Abstract Tourism remains a very vulnerable sector and sensitive to both internal and external impacts, such as economic and social crises, natural disasters, epidemics and diseases, national and international conflicts. Among these, the most alarming threat in the 21st century remains terrorism. In this sense, this paper aims to study the effects of the increasingly frequent terrorist attacks by the extremist factions of Al-Qaeda and ISIL on the tourism industry in the Mediterranean Region. The contribution, after having discussed in general the tourism market in the Mediterranean Region, intends to highlight the impacts and repercussions of the terrorist attacks on tourism, presenting the example of Egypt and one of its best-known tourist destinations, Sharm el-Sheikh. In this sense, it is shown how, in a few years, the political instability of the country and the attacks of 2005 and 2016 have significantly reduced the influx of tourists, transforming it from one of the most visited destinations in the world in a place of increasing abandonment.

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BAKOTA, Daniel, Magdalena MORGA, Arkadiusz PLOMINSKI, and Mariusz RZETALA. "The Impact of Revolutions and Terrorist Attacks on Tourism. Case Study: Egypt." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.2(58).06.

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The essence of the research concerns the impact of armed conflicts and terrorist attacks on the arrivals of foreign tourists with Egypt selected as the testing ground. It was found that revolutions and terrorist attacks have a negative impact on the development of the tourism industry – following the social unrest that took place in Egypt in the years 1997, 2011 and 2015, the number of arrivals of foreign tourists decreased by: 13%, 33% and 42% respectively (depending on countries of the world the reduction of the flow of tourists was within the range of 21-78%). The decrease in the number of tourists which takes place after a terrorist attack is short-lived and usually does not last longer than a year, whereas the consequences of a revolution are noticeable for tourism for a period of 3 to 5 years. According to respondents, the most important consequence of social unrest (protests, demonstrations, terrorist attacks) for tourism is a drop in the number of arrivals of foreign tourists, reduction in the income generated by tourism, decline in employment in tourism and the general slowdown in the development of tourism.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tourism Egypt'

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