Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tourism – Japan'

Bibliography: leaves 71-78. Prospects and challenges to ecotourism promotion are explored through a case study on Yakushima. Recommendations to national/local governments, the tourism industry, NPOs and local people are made forecotourism promotion in Japan

The purpose of this study is to investigate promotion within the tourism industry on the Gold Coast, Australia, focusing on tourism companies’ promotional efforts on the Japanese market. The aim is to answer the question ‘How can Australian tourism companies effectively promote themselves on the Japanese market?’ through five specific research objectives: (1) to get a better understanding of tourism- and attraction marketing, (2) to get familiar with the characteristics of the Japanese tourist and their travel patterns, (3) to investigate which factors in regards to culture, are influencing the tourism companies’ promotion in Japan, (4) to identify critical success factors for successful promotion of Australian tourism companies on the Japanese market, and (5) to identify similarities and differences between small and large companies when it comes to tourism promotion on the Japanese market.

A variety of secondary data, including well-known theories and models were studied and presented in addition to a qualitative study investigating four tourism companies. It is found that the numbers of Japanese tourists to the Gold Coast has decreased over the last decade, much due to macro factors such as changes in aviation and exchange rates, and increased competition from short-haul destinations. However, Japan still represents a main international interest, which makes it crucial for tourism companies to be familiar with the characteristics of the Japanese tourist and their travel patterns. It becomes evident that Japanese tourists have changed over the last years, and findings show that existing cultural frameworks are inadequate to describe the Japanese culture and tourist. Our empirical results show that cultural adaptations are not as extensive as suggested by theory and that the main cultural adjustments are made in language. In addition, it is important to consider the Japanese have higher expectations of service, and are long-term planners.

It is further found that promotional efforts in Japan do not differ greatly from how they promote their companies in Australia. The most important difference in this industry, however, is the power of the Japanese inbound wholesalers or travel agents (the trade), which highly determines promotional efforts. Such relationships are vital, as the Japanese still book their holiday trough traditional channels.

Hence, the most effective promotional tool is found to be wholesalers travel brochures. The power of the trade renders Internet promotion less important, as companies are advised to make use of the wholesalers’ more sophisticated websites. Moreover, publicity is found to be essential promotional tool, including celebrity endorsement, travel TV programs, travel books, and piggybacking on local events. Finally, great benefits can be gained by participating in intra-destination collaboration. When it comes to similarities and differences between small and large tourism companies’ promotion on the Japanese market, it is found that these differences are not as large as we had expected much due to the importance of the trade.

Key Words: Tourism Marketing, Japan, Japanese tourists, Japanese travel patterns, culture, promotion, trade relationships, collaboration

While the role of culture as an influence on consumer behaviour and product/service choice has long been acknowledged, the current literature in marketing offers an incomplete understanding of how and why culture plays its influential role (Overby, Woodruff and Gardial 2005). Research suggests that values provide the link between culture and consumer behaviour and values have been the focus of much research in the social sciences. In particular, values have received significant attention in cross-cultural research, being used to characterise the similarities within and differences across cultures. Values are central to the marketing discipline as they determine value, i.e. what activities, interests, and material goods consumers identify with, enjoy, acquire, or consume (Grunert and Muller 1996). Both directly and indirectly, values drive consumption behaviour. Typically, values have been assessed and compared through the use of standard measures such as Rokeach�s Value Survey, the List of Values and Schwartz�s Value Survey. Recent literature highlights growing concern over the application of standard measures across cultures and issues of cross-cultural invariance. There is a need for new research into cross-cultural applications of consumer value measures and theoretical models. This thesis critiques the use of Western conceptual paradigms and imposed etics in value research, and, using a Japanese tourism context, seeks a deeper understanding of how culture and values affect tourism consumption and experience. This thesis offers an empirical test of the cross-cultural applicability of a commonly used values scale in consumer research, the List of Values (Kahle 1983). The findings of this phase of the research extend the literature concerning methodological issues in values research and highlight the limitiations of the LOV as a cross-cultural measure of values. Based on these findings the thesis adopts an alternative, qualitative methodology to investigate the relationship between Japanese culture, values and tourism behaviour in New Zealand. The findings of the second phase of the research contribute to a recent call in the literature for more qualitative research in tourism, and allow the identification and understanding of the key values relevant to Japanese tourism behaviour. The results of Means-End interviews with Japanese visitors reveal the important cultural assumptions informing values and shaping tourism decisions and behaviours for two key groups of Japanese tourists. The theoretical framework presented in this thesis promotes our understanding of the relationship between cultural beliefs, values, and consumer behaviour. The results of the primary research highlight the importance of cultural and physical history, world-view, self-concept, thought patterns and language in the formation and interpretation of values. The thesis presents a holistic attempt at understanding Japanese culture, values and travel behaviour by examining how these concepts cohere in a logical framework. The thesis argues that, given the inherently cultural nature of values, their interpretation within the context of cultural beliefs is highly important in understanding variability in consumer behaviour across cultures.

The case study in the following chapters has been inspired by both anthropology and Asian studies as interdisciplinary area studies. It is a study of the way in which the Other (the local people's lives and culture or the ’hosts') is represented in relation to the meaning system of the Self (tourists1 or ’guests’) in the limited context of tourism. This is studied through the representation of'Indonesia' in Japanese travel brochures, paying particular attention to the the relationship between the self-image of Japanese and the way in which they construct the Other.

My thesis explores the ways in which Japanese landscape and modern tourism mutually constitute and influence each other. It argues that the reproduction of tourist landscapes is the dynamic relationship between place-images, discourses, and embodied practices enacted in sites. Based on a case study of Asuke, a popular destination in Japan, this research analyses the formation and the practices of tourist landscapes in the context of contemporary Japanese domestic tourism. My analysis considers tourist landscape as a social-cultural construction where shifting social values, meanings and sensibilities are inscribed. It looks at the changing ideologies of societies and the shifting interpretations of place in modern Japan. In particular, the thesis highlights the 'practice' dimension of tourist landscapes in order to investigate how constructed visibility and materiality are used and accepted by contemporary Japanese. Furthermore, I foreground the crucial role of individuals/social groups in the process of development and popularisation of the modern idea of landscape in Japan with the assistance of tourism. By using visual ethnography and interviews, the empirical study of Asuke confirms that the tourist landscape is simultaneously shaped and re-shaped both by visual and textual representations and embodied practices in actual sites. The reproduction of tourist landscapes in Asuke is intimately linked with the sense of ‘Japaneseness'. Such constructed landscapes in Asuke are repeatedly practiced by different social actors through their mobility and visibility. Furthermore, exploring the actual landscape experiences through photography reveals the fluidity of relations between different social positions - the gazer and the gazed. Through attention to the changing forms of representation of 'Japanese landscape' and practices of modern tourism, this thesis explores the potential of the modern notion of landscape to examine the social construction of difference in a non-western society.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第19942号
人博第794号
新制||人||191(附属図書館)
33028
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生文明学専攻
(主査)教授 前川 玲子, 教授 Hayashi Brian Masaru, 教授 中嶋 節子
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Aquesta recerca se centra en la representació de la cultura tradicional ainu en museus a l’aire lliure, parcs culturals i pobles reconstruïts al Japó actual. El seu principal objectiu és explorar com aquests llocs estan contribuint a la redefinició de la cultura ainu a través de pràctiques de turistificació i mercantilització. La tesi sosté que, més enllà de les connotacions negatives associades a aquestes pràctiques, els museus a l’aire lliure, els parcs culturals i els pobles reconstruïts poden operar com a vehicles complexos on la identitat ainu es negocia contínuament a través de la recreació i representació de la seva cultura tradicional. En aquest sentit, la tesi revisa els relats històrics sobre els ainu, la consciència política moderna i la revitalització cultural de les seves comunitats, i la recepció de la seva cultura a Europa, específicament, a Itàlia, a través de la consideració històrica de la seva influència en el col·leccionisme d’art, i la seva representació contemporània a les obres de l’intel·lectual italià Fosco Maraini i el seu important paper en la difusió de la cultura ainu més enllà del Japó. La museïtzació i la turistificació poden formar part d’un procés de mercantilització de la tradició cultural ainu, les conseqüències del qual poden semblar problemàtiques i essencialment negatives. No obstant això, aquesta tesi sosté que també hi ha un aspecte constructiu en aquest procés, no exempt de problemàtiques, mitjançant el qual la cultura tradicional pot combinar-se amb elements contemporanis més fàcilment accessibles i transformar-se en béns comercialitzables amb finalitats turístiques que preservin la seva existència. A nivell metodològic, la tesi aplica les eines investigadores de l’anàlisi històrica i els estudis culturals, integrant l’anàlisi documental amb algunes tècniques de recerca pròpies de l’anàlisi social, especialment l’entrevista.
Esta investigación se centra en la representación de la cultura tradicional ainu en museos al aire libre, parques culturales y pueblos reconstruidos en el Japón actual. Su principal objetivo es explorar cómo estos lugares están contribuyendo a la redefinición de la cultura ainu a través de prácticas de turistificación y mercantilización. La tesis sostiene que, más allá de las connotaciones negativas asociadas a estas prácticas, los museos al aire libre, los parques culturales y los pueblos reconstruidos pueden operar como vehículos complejos en los que la identidad ainu se negocia continuamente a través de la recreación y representación de su cultura tradicional. En este sentido, la tesis revisa los relatos históricos sobre los ainu, la conciencia política moderna y la revitalización cultural de sus comunidades, y la recepción de su cultura en Europa, específicamente, en Italia, a través de la consideración histórica de su influencia en el coleccionismo de arte, y su representación contemporánea en las obras del intelectual italiano Fosco Maraini y su importante papel en la difusión de la cultura ainu más allá de Japón. La musealización y la turistificación pueden formar parte de un proceso de mercantilización de la tradición cultural ainu cuyas consecuencias pueden parecer problemáticas y esencialmente negativas. Sin embargo, esta tesis sostiene que también hay un lado constructivo en este proceso, no exento de problemáticas, mediante el cual la cultura tradicional puede combinarse con elementos contemporáneos más fácilmente accesibles y transformarse en bienes comercializables con fines turísticos que preserven su existencia. A nivel metodológico, la tesis aplica las herramientas investigadoras del análisis histórico y los estudios culturales, integrando el análisis documental con algunas técnicas de investigación propias del análisis social, especialmente la entrevista.
This research focuses on the representation of Ainu traditional culture in open museums, cultural parks, and reconstructed villages in contemporary Japan. Its main objective is to explore how these places are contributing to the redefinition of Ainu culture through touristification and commodification practices. The thesis contends that, beyond the negative connotations associated to these practices, open museums, cultural parks, and reconstructed villages can operate as complex vehicles in which Ainu identity is continuously negotiated through the recreation and representation of its traditional culture. In this sense, the thesis reviews the historical accounts on the Ainu, the modern political awareness and cultural revitalization of their communities, and the reception of their culture in Europe, specifically, in Italy, through the historical consideration of its influence on art collecting, and its contemporary representation in the works of the Italian intellectual Fosco Maraini and his important role in the dissemination of Ainu culture beyond Japan. Musealization and touristification may indeed be part of a process of commodification of Ainu cultural traditions, one which can come across as problematic and quintessentially negative. However, this thesis argues that there is also a constructive side to this process by means of which, while unquestionably implying a form of compromise, traditional culture can be combined with more easily accessible contemporary elements and transformed into marketable goods for touristic purposes that preserve its existence. At the methodological level, the thesis applies the research tools of historical analysis and cultural studies, integrating the documentary analysis with some research techniques of social analysis, especially the interview.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Traducció i Estudis Interculturals

This thesis argues that tourism and coastal development in two locations in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan have resulted in inequitable outcomes as a result of historical factors and inappropriate tourism strategies. Late twentieth century policies have perpetuated a rural/urban dichotomy with metropolitan tourism attraction competing with enterprises based on nature-concepts of coastal fishing, gourmet tourism and the rural idyll. This thesis concludes that tourism requires its own portfolio of better informed strategies, and that research on coastal development in Japan would benefit from interdisciplinary collaboration.

付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(総合学術)
甲第22614号
総総博第14号
新制||総総||2(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻
(主査)教授 山敷 庸亮, 教授 柴田 昌三, 准教授 DEROCHE Marc-Henri Jean, 中山 幹康
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Social and political life on small subtropical islands is frequently shaped by the economic imperative of sustainable tourism development. In Okinawa, “ecotourism” promises to provide employment for a dwindling population of rural youth while preserving the natural environment and bolstering regional pride. In this dissertation, I consider how new subjectivities are produced when host communities come to see themselves through the lens of the visiting tourist. I further explore how Okinawans’ sense of place and identity are transformed as their language, landscapes, and wildlife are reconstituted as “cherishable,” yet vulnerable resources. I present a case study of how local ecological knowledge moves inter-generationally (between Okinawan elders and youth) and cross-culturally (between Okinawan nature guides and international and mainland Japanese tourists, who are often also considered “foreign”). By tracing the formal and informal social networks through which specific attitudes, beliefs, and sensibilities about the environment are circulated and reproduced, I demonstrate how nature-based therapies marketed to tourists for stress relief and lifestyle rehabilitation (e.g., forest therapy, dolphin therapy, and coral “gardening”) also influence Okinawan attitudes toward health and wellness. These kinds of activities reconfigure human relationships with non-human animal species; creatures previously “good to eat” (Harris 1985) are now even better to heal. “Sustainability” in Okinawa always begins with the question of military bases. The ecotourism concept poses a compelling, if problematic, economic alternative to the expansion of US bases into northern Okinawa, the hub of environmentally oriented conservationist, educational, and tourist programs on the main island. My analysis of the ecological and cultural effects of sustaining the tourism industry in Okinawa speaks to small islands facing similar economic and environmental challenges in East Asia, the Caribbean, Oceania, and beyond.
Anthropology

Si le Japon est reconnu comme un pays émetteur de touristes internationaux durant la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, son gouvernement met en œuvre dès le début du XXIe siècle des politiques visant à inverser cette tendance : l’Archipel veut s’imposer comme une destination touristique majeure au niveau international. L’enjeu que représentent les touristes étrangers dans les politiques nationales est souligné à travers l’histoire du pays. Un état des lieux sur la situation actuelle du tourisme des étrangers sur le territoire japonais est ensuite proposé sur la base de plusieurs indicateurs, débouchant sur des modèles structuraux. Parmi eux, le département d’Okinawa apparait comme la zone la plus touchée par le phénomène touristique, d’autant plus que la structure spatiale des espaces touristiques dans ce petit archipel reproduit le système observé à l’échelle nationale, justifiant de focaliser l’analyse sur cette collectivité territoriale. Pour évaluer la pertinence du tourisme international à Okinawa, l’approche adoptée repose sur une analyse cartographique et des travaux de terrain. Centrés sur le chef-lieu d’Okinawa, la ville de Naha, ces travaux regroupent des enquêtes d’opinion à propos des touristes étrangers menées auprès des commerçants, des entretiens avec des fonctionnaires et des entreprises, mais aussi des relevés relatifs à l’affichage des langues étrangères dans les boutiques. Les résultats de ces travaux sont ensuite décomposés en quatre catégories : l’impact économique, les rapports sociaux, les représentations symboliques et les échanges culturels. Des disparités émergent au sein de la ville, ainsi qu’un manque d’adaptation de la part des locaux vis-à-vis de la clientèle étrangère, notamment en matière de communication. L’appareil touristique local est conçu pour répondre à une clientèle domestique et, en ce sens, la croissance des arrivées de voyageurs étrangers s’accompagne d’une série de problèmes. Néanmoins, une « proximité culturelle » s’établit à l’égard de certaines nationalités de touristes. En parallèle, non seulement une hiérarchie des attraits culturels se dessinent mais aussi l’ensemble du système de représentation touristique se complexifie lorsqu’il est appréhendé à travers le spectre des touristes internationaux.Le champ d’observation prend ensuite du recul afin de recontextualiser cet état des lieux dans la perspective des politiques nationales. Ces dernières ont gagné en cohésion au fur et à mesure qu’émerge au Japon une volonté décentralisatrice. Aujourd’hui, le tourisme relève en grande partie de la responsabilité des collectivités territoriales, vis-à-vis desquelles Okinawa fait figure de précurseur, sinon de pilote. En outre, la gestion publique du tourisme est largement inscrite dans une tendance libérale, marquée par des privatisations et un rapprochement entre acteurs publics et privés. Le tourisme international apparait comme une solution pour résoudre en partie des problèmes internes (baisse démographique, contraction future de la demande intérieure, dynamisme socioéconomique des espaces en déclin), de même qu’il doit amener, du point de vue culturel, une meilleure compétitivité du pays en termes de rayonnement (en particulier par rapport aux autres pays asiatiques), ainsi qu’une « ouverture » identitaire.En somme, cette thèse emprunte essentiellement à la géographie du tourisme, usant de concepts tels que la touristification, l’attrait et l’attractivité culturelle. Elle propose une étude inédite du territoire japonais perçu en tant qu’espace du tourisme international, de même qu’elle intègre dans cette analyse la question du rapport à l’Autre, de l’interaction entre trois échelles (locale, nationale, transnationale). Surtout, elle met en lumière de nouveaux éléments de connaissance sur Okinawa, ce Japon « autre » qui révèle certaines réalités de l’Archipel
Even though Japan is considered as a providing zone for international tourists during the second half of the twentieth century, since the early twenty-first century its government has been setting up policies aiming to reverse this trend. Japan wants to brand itself as an important tourist destination in the world. Inbound tourism is emphasized in Japanese history as an important stake in its national policies. The analysis on the current situation of inbound tourism in Japan is then proposed by a series of indicators, leading to structural models. In doing so, the Japanese territory “consumed” by foreign tourists is organized through a space trend called “multipolar binuclear”, including a main axis followed by pioneer fronts. In order to evaluate the relevance of inbound tourism in Okinawa, the proposed approach is based on map analysis and fieldworks. This was centered around Okinawa’s capital, Naha city. These fieldworks gathered surveys from shopkeepers about foreign tourists, interviews with the public and private actors and samples concerning the visibility of foreign languages in local shops. The results are divided in four categories: economic impact, social relations, symbolic representations and cultural exchanges. Disparities are revealed among the citizens, but also a lack of adaptation to foreign customer service, particularly in terms of communication. Local tourism production is still targeting toward Japanese customers, which is why the growth of foreign tourists arrivals is accompanied with a range of issues. However, a “cultural proximity” is felt towards two kind of foreign tourists, according to their nationality. Also, a hierarchy is drawn about the inner “cultural appeal elements”. While the entire system of tourist symbols is becoming more complex, it is observed through the prism of inbound tourism.The scope of observation is then widened in order to recontextualize these elements within the processes of national policies. Tourism related policies became gradually a coherent whole as the decentralization measures have developed in Japan. Nowadays, tourism is mainly handled by local governments, among whom Okinawa Prefecture is appearing as a precursor, as a guide. Besides, public administration of tourism is obviously involving in a liberal trend, leading to privatizations and hindered relations between public and private actors.Indeed, national policies are aiming to promote inbound tourism as a response to certain issues. The growth of foreign tourist arrivals is conceived as a solution to internal problems (demographic slump, upcoming contraction of the national demand, socioeconomic revitalization of declining areas). It also must lead to evolutions in terms of culture, meaning a reinforced influence worldwide (particularly towards Asian countries) and an identity-related “openness”.Concerning all these aspects, Okinawa Prefecture provides an important function as an experimental area. Each of its success are being reproduced in other parts of Japan. Furthermore, Okinawa is playing a complementary role, influencing and guiding national models in terms of public management, in symbolic representation, or even in terms of transculturality.In other words, this dissertation borrows some tools to the French geography of tourism, using concepts such as touristification, appealing elements and cultural attractiveness. It provides an unique analysis of the Japanese territory seen as an international tourism destination, including thoughts about the relation with the “Other” in Japan, about interactions between three scales (local, national, transnational). Above all, the thesis enlightens on a new kind of knowledge concerning Okinawa, this distinctive piece of Japan , which reveals unexpected realities of the nation

My thesis questions common assumptions that mass production and distribution diminishes the spiritual power of objects. The rice scoop (shamoji) provides a case study of a material form which functions as a vehicle of spiritual power in Japan. The shamoji is much more than a mere kitchen utensil.It is also a recognised national symbol linked with chancing ideas concerning rice, feminine gender roles and spirituality. Moreover, as an idiom the shamoji has many unrecognised consequences. Seventy percent of all Shamoj in Japan are distributed via Miyajima,a small island located Southwest of Hiroshima in the Japanese Inland Sea. An ethnographic investigation, firstly, explores the ramifications of shamoji for different groups involved in its production, distribution and consymption on the island. Secondly, an analysis of consumption of shamoji among various segments of urban Japanese provides insights into religious and social practices in the domestic and public domains of life. I argue that the commodification of shamoji and their increased distribution to major cities via multiple distribution networks does not diminish their spiritual power. Instead, this process enhances their spirituality, spreading the fame of Miyajima and its shamoji. My work addresses issues such as the impact of commercialisation upon religious form,the way spirituality is embodied in material culture and the link between formal religion and the everyday life of the household. The core contribution of this study is to rethink the embodiment of spirituality in the context of modernity and mass consumption and the role industrially produced and commercially distributed commodities play in the democratic distribution of spiritual power. Unlike previous studies, my thesis presents a more comprehensive example directly entering the world of 'the tourist trade of souvenirs' and 'the arena of women and everyday domestic consumption'. Within these contexts assumptions about the dissipation of spirituality are much more entrenched.

This study investigates the travel behavioral characteristics of Hong Kong residents through checking their comfort level on their past independent travel experiences to Japan. In-depth personal interviews were conducted with 46 respondents. The design of the questionnaires is based on the culture shock component model suggested by Pearce (Pearce 2005a). Due to a lack of information on independent travel, another separate interview was conducted with a travel agency manager who is specializing in selling independent travel packages. Two main types of travel behavioral characteristics of Hong Kong travelers who had visited to Japan on an individual basis were identified in this study. Namely: safety and familiarity seeking behaviors. Safety seeking behavior is mainly due to cultural factors that the Hong Kong independent travelers are risk adverse, prudent on safety issues, being collectivistic and trying every possible ways to reduce risks such as looking for authoritative guidance for advice. On the other hand, the behavior of familiarity seeking is due to both psychological and cultural reasons. All these behaviors fit Plog’s (Plog 1974) result in categorizing Hong Kong travelers as ‘near-psychocentric’ because they have a dependable personality that they are cautious in making decisions, preferring something popular and familiar to them. By identifying Hong Kong independent travelers’ behavioral characteristics, the extent of incentives provided by Japan was also discovered. A demand-supply relationship was used to describe the interactions between Hong Kong independent travelers (the demand generator) and Japan (the incentive supplier).It is found that to a large extent, Japan provided incentives to Hong Kong independent travelers. Nevertheless, there are areas that the Hong Kong travelers were relatively uncomfortable with, including communication with the locals, adaptation to street forms and transport systems. As a result, recommendations for the betterment of future independent travel industry are presented.
published_or_final_version
China Development Studies
Master
Master of Arts in China Development Studies

La pop culture japonaise (principalement le manga et l’animation), connaît en France un succès durable depuis plus de trente ans, et attire un public croissant, composé en partie de passionnés très investis. Par ailleurs, cette diffusion n’est pas uniquement circonscrite à la France, il s’agit aujourd’hui d’un succès mondial, avéré et reconnu depuis le début du 21ème siècle.C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit cette thèse, qui s’efforce de montrer comment se fait la relation entre goût pour la pop culture nippone, imaginaire du Japon et désir de voyage. Nous nous intéresserons donc aux fans devenus touristes, qui mobilisent pour ce séjour les images qu’ils ont élaborés du Japon via la familiarité entretenue avec sa pop culture. Prenant pour modèle le cadre de l’anthropologie du tourisme, cette présentation se fera en trois parties, qui correspondent aux trois temps du voyage. Tout d’abord, nous nous intéresserons à l’avant-voyage, moment où s’élabore l’imaginaire d’une destination. Nous nous pencherons ensuite sur le temps du séjour, pendant lequel les visiteurs jouent le jeu de l’immersion en superposant images préalables et expérience en situation. Enfin, nous aborderons l’après-voyage, en essayant de comprendre comment ce phénomène fait écho sur le territoire japonais, et engendre reconnaissance et légitimation des productions de pop culture, qui est alors comprise comme un témoignage de la spécificité de l’identité japonaise.Le fil conducteur de cette recherche est donc la légitimation de la pop culture, qui passe par son plébiscite en dehors de l’Archipel, dans un mouvement de reconnaissance qui entremêle regards étrangers et autochtones
Japanese pop culture (manga and animation) has been successful in France for more than thirty years now, and it attracts more and more audience, with very deep lovers as a part of it. Anyway, this diffusion is not only a French phenomenon, as it has been a recognized and acknowledged success since the beginning of the 21st century.This is the frame of this research, which aims to show how the taste for Japanese pop culture, the imaginary of the country and the desire to visit it are linked. We will look at fans of Japanese pop culture and how they become tourists, since they use for the travel the pictures they have built about Japan through their strong intimacy with its pop culture.Taking the anthropology of tourism as a model, this presentation is divided in three parts, which are the three moments of a travel. Firstly, we are going to look at the moment before the trip, when the imaginary of the place is built. Then, we will move during the stay, when travelers are trying to immerge themselves in the country, using their previous picture of place and superimposing it to their concrete experience. So, we will conclude with the third stage, after the stay, trying to understand how this phenomenon is echoing into Japanese territory. We will see that it creates a sort of legitimization of the pop culture and its objects, which becomes a testimony of the Japanese cultural identity.The conducting thread of this research is then that legitimization of the Japanese pop culture, which is allowed by that praise outside of Japan, in a movement of recognition, when foreign and local looks are intertwining

Cette enquête d’ethnologie traite des rapports de pouvoir entre les Aïnous, la société et l’État japonais, et cherche plus particulièrement à décentrer le point de vue de la majorité concernant les Aborigènes et la conquête coloniale, en étudiant les transformations socioculturelles des Aïnous à travers la lente appropriation de l’île par le Japon. Elle privilégie, en étudiant les archives de l’histoire combinées aux données d’une ethnologie de terrain, ce que les Aïnous disent d’eux-mêmes et d’un passé marqué par le traumatisme de leur incorporation au corps national japonais après un long processus d’acculturation les ayant relégués au rang de minorité ethnoculturelle au statut encore précaire. Les historiographies japonaises et occidentales concernant la colonisation de l’ancienne île d’Ezo, se basant essentiellement sur le point de vue des conquérants, occultent par principe celui de ce peuple qu’elles qualifient parfois de disparu, et dont la subordination matérielle forcée avait déjà commencé bien avant, malgré la création d’un réseau de négoce exceptionnel. Nous pensons que ces archives et les données d’un long travail ethnographique peuvent nous aider à mieux comprendre cette communauté et les événements ayant façonné les épisodes de son histoire et de celle du Japon, longues séquences de transformations de leurs organisations socioculturelles et politiques respectives. Depuis l’annexion d’Ezo, et la longue préparation qui la précéda, l’étude de cet ensemble de données nous éclaire sur les modes opératoires des deux temps de la gouvernementalité d’un pouvoir ayant cherché à les manipuler à des fins politiques, après les avoir réifiés. Cet essai d’ethnohistoire, s’inscrivant dans le champ plus spécifique de l’anthropologie de la violence en situation coloniale et postcoloniale (symbolique lorsqu’elle prend les traits ponctuels de la discrimination raciale ou du déni d’existence, ethnique durant la période de la loi de l’indigénat de 1899 et des expérimentations de l’anthropologie physique), cherche à prendre en compte l’historicité de sources bibliographiques et ethnographiques jusque-là peu étudiées tout en se basant sur un long travail de terrain auprès des Aïnous, afin de nuancer la production d’une histoire du pouvoir exclusivement basée sur les discours de l’État, tendant à minimiser le fait aïnou au point de le rendre anecdotique, voire absent de l’histoire du pays. Il nous semble que les Aïnous sont les créateurs et les détenteurs d’une historicité que l’on a longtemps voulu leur nier pour mieux les déposséder. Loin d’être restée passive face à ces bouleversements, la communauté aïnoue se caractériserait plutôt par une valorisation de la combativité et une forte capacité de résistance à travers certaines figures héroïques (chefs de guerre d’antan, artistes, écrivains et militants d’aujourd’hui), malgré les tentatives d’acculturation à répétition auxquelles elle a dû faire face. De plus, la création d’un statut concernant l’indigénat aïnou dans une nation se pensant monoethnique nous semble annoncer une volonté de conceptualiser des structures coloniales, bientôt appliquées et modifiées dans les autres territoires annexés. Enfin, à travers son exploitation académique en tant que sujets de l’anthropologie physique japonaise à ses débuts, elle semble avoir joué un rôle important dans la constitution des nouveaux savoirs du Japon moderne importés de l’Occident. Ces analyses cherchent à apporter un éclairage nouveau sur leur pensée et ces stratégies en phase avec leur temps et d’une grande contemporanéité que les Aïnous sont parvenus à élaborer malgré un contexte défavorable, pour répondre et réagir aux transformations socioculturelles qui les ont traversés jusqu’à ce jour
This research of ethnology studies the relationships of power between the Ainu, Japanese society and the Japanese State, and more specifically tries to shift the point of view of the majority concerning Aborigines and colonial conquest by studying the sociocultural transformations of the Ainu across the slow acquisition of Ezo by Japan. By studying historical archives combined with the data of ethnological fieldwork, it focuses on what the Ainu say about themselves and a past marked by the trauma of their incorporation into the Japanese national body after a long process of acculturation, which has relegated them to a precarious rank as an ethno-cultural minority. Both Japanese and Western historiographies concerning the colonization of the former island of Ezo, rely heavily on the conquerors’ perspective. These unilateral views obscure the existence of the Ainu’s own historiography, mostly silenced because of their forced material subordination. This allowed the colonial power to describe them as a vanished primitive people despite the fact that they created an exceptional international trading network in the past and possess a long history of resistance to domination. These archives and data from extended ethnographic fieldwork can help us to better understand this community and the events that shaped its history and that of Japan, and the long sequences of transformations of their respective socio-cultural and political organizations. Considering both the annexation of Ezo, as well as the long preparation that preceded it, the study of this set of data sheds light on the patterns of the colonial and postcolonial power’s governmentality, and efforts to manipulate the Ainu for political purposes, after having dehumanized and objectified them. This ethno-historical essay, in accordance with the more specific field of anthropology of violence in colonial and postcolonial contexts (violence can be symbolic when it takes on the occasional traits of racial discrimination and denial of existence, or ethnic, such as during the period of physical anthropology experiments or the long period following the Former Aborigines Act in 1899), seeks to take into account the historicity of previously little studied bibliographic and ethnographic sources. It also relies on long-term fieldwork with the Ainu. The result is a reinterpretation of the production of a history of power based exclusively on the State’s views and thoughts that aimed to minimize the Ainu’s existence to the point of relegating it to mere anecdote or possibly even rendering it invisible in the country’s history. Besides this critical situation, it appears that the Ainu are the creators and the holders of a historicity that has been denied for too long in order to better dispossess them. The Ainu, through academic exploitation as subjects of physical anthropology, appear to have been used in order to assess the practical application of Western colonial ideals and to support the modernization and creation of a Japanese colonial empire. Struggling desperately to free themselves from the shackles of the Former Aborigines Act of 1899 and from socio-cultural and academic violence by reversing stereotypes of ethnicity, the Ainu have patiently managed to integrate into the international network of indigenous activism, developing a vast cultural reinvention program focused on the main principles of autochthony. These analyses seek to shed new light on the Ainu’s way of thinking, the contemporary strategies to obtain the concrete application of their indigenous rights which they have managed to develop despite an unfavorable context, and to respond and react to the socio-cultural transformations they have been facing up to the present
本民族学調査は、アイヌと日本の国家並び社会とのあいだに生じる権力関係を対象とし、日本による漸進的なアイヌモシリ（北海道）占有の過程における、アイヌの社会文化的変容の考察を通じて、先住民と植民地主義的征服に関する多数派の観点を相対化することが目指される。本調査では、歴史資料に加え、現地での民族学調査に基づくデータを扱うが、それは、アイヌが自身とその過去について行う証言を重視するためである。アイヌによって語られる過去は、長きにわたる異文化受容の過程の後に、日本の国体に吸収され、文化民族的少数者という不安定な地位に追いやられたことに起因する外傷の痕跡を色濃く残している。一方、蝦夷ヶ島の植民に関する日本と西洋の史書は、基本的に征服者の視点に基づいており、それによれば、アイヌは並外れた交易のネットワークを築いていたにも関わらず、その強制的な物質的従属ははるか以前に遡るとみなされたり、また時にアイヌは既に消滅したものとみなされたりもする。つまりこれらの史書では、アイヌ自身の視点は端から隠蔽されているのである。従って、アイヌの共同体について、また、アイヌの歴史と日本の歴史における挿話を生み出してきた諸事件について、さらには、アイヌと日本双方の社会文化的・政治的な組織の変容の論理的筋道についてよりよく理解するためには、歴史資料のみならず、長年に渡る民族誌学的調査のデータを検討することが必要となるであろう。そして、こうしたデータの総体を検討することにより、蝦夷地の併合以降、並びに、それに先行する長い準備期間という、統治性に関わる二つの期間において、まずはアイヌを物化し、次いで政治的な目的で利用するための権力が、どのように形成されたのかが明らかとなるであろう。より厳密にいうのであれば、本民族誌学的試論は、コロニアル、ポストコロニアル的な状況下における暴力についての人類学という特殊領域に属し（その暴力は、人種差別や存在の否認といった限定的表現をとるときには象徴的なものとなり、形質人類学的実験や先住民に関する法律が施行されていた時期には民族的なものとなる）、アイヌのもとでの長年のフィールドワークに基礎をおきながら、これまであまり研究されてこなかった文献や民族誌学的情報の歴史性を重視し、そうすることで、アイヌの偉業を瑣末事とみなし、時に国史から抹消するまでに過小評価してきた、国家の言説に基づく権力の歴史の産物を相対化することを目指している。強権的な歴史観においては、アイヌからの収奪を促進するため、アイヌの歴史性は否定されてきたが、実際にはアイヌは、歴史性の創造者でありまたその保持者であるというのが本調査での見解である。自らを襲う幾多の変動に対し、アイヌは決して受動的であったわけではない。アイヌの共同体はむしろ、度重なる異文化受容の試練に対して発揮された、闘争性と強靭な抵抗力とによって特徴付けられるのであり、それは、数々の英雄的人物（往年の戦争指導者、芸術家、作家そして今日の活動家）の行動が示すとおりである。また、単一民族を自称する国家の内部で、アイヌに対する行政法的な地位（「北海道旧土人」）が設けられたという事実からは、この後、他の併合地域にも適応され、修正されていくこととなる、植民地支配のための機構を理論化しようとする国家の意志を読み取ることが可能である。さらにアイヌは、西洋から輸入された現代日本の新たな学識の形成のために重要な役割を果たしたと考えられるが、それは、黎明期にあった日本の形質人類学の研究対象として、学術的に利用されることによってなのである。これらの法的な拘束や、社会文化的・学究的な暴力の束縛からの解放を求めて激しく抵抗するなかで、アイヌは、自然と融合した未開人といった固定観念の価値を自らに有利なように逆転すると共に、粘り強い活動の結果、積極行動主義をとる先住民たちの国際的なネットワークに連なることにも成功し、先住民性に関する諸原則に則りながら、文化を再発明するためのプログラムを練り上げている。2008年の国会決議によって、日本の先住民として認定された後も、アイヌはナショナリズムや内向的姿勢に陥ることなく、他の多くの先住民たちに倣いながら、人新世（anthropocène）という危機的な時代の最中、利潤追求の結果抑制が効かなくなったまま、地球規模で推し進められる経済的発展に脅かされた環境の守護者として、その地位を確立している。本調査における分析により、自身が置かれた不利な状況にも関わらず、今日も依然として強い影響を残す社会文化的な変容に対応し、対処していくため、これまでアイヌが練り上げてきた、今日の状況にも適う、極めて現代的な性格を有する彼らの思考とその戦略について、新たな理解がもたらされるであろう。

碩士
南華大學
旅遊事業管理學系碩士班
96
This study explored Japan demand for tourism in Taiwan. The study used econometric model to explore tourist demand and used time series model to forecast the tourist demand. This sample period was between 1991-2007. 　　 　　The econometric model used Gross the Domestic Product (GDP) , Customer Price Index (CPI) , and cost of travel (OIL) to be the independent variables. In addition, GARCH-ARMA model was used to forecast the tourist demand. 　　 　　The research result showed that GDP, CPI and OIL wouldn’t affect the tourist demand before the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). However, after the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), the GDP and CPI affected the tourist demand. Finally, the GARCH(0,1)-ARMA(1,4) model had a good forecast for the tourist demand.

碩士
國立成功大學
企業管理學系碩士在職專班
104
Japan has always been one of the popular destinations for tourists from Taiwan. After the amount reached a million and 13 thousand people in 2011, it has kept increasing approximately several hundred thousands every year. In 2015, almost 3.8 million Taiwanese tourists travelled to Japan, which became the number one tourism destination of Taiwanese tourists. The study is based on the Theory of Planes Behavior and Technology Acceptance Model, TAM. It entails consumers’ characteristics, tourism motivation, subjective norms, website characteristics, and respondents’ background statistic variables, which analyze the key factors on Taiwanese tourists choosing Japan as their favorite travel destination in 2015. Meanwhile, the study could assist the travel-related companies understand the consumer behaviors better, in order to make the appropriate marketing strategies to meet consumers’ demands and maintain its competitive advantages. This survey, which targets the consumers travelling abroad, was issued by convenience sampling of 280. 252 questionnaires were collected with 215 valid samples. The effective response rate was 85.31%. In order to verify the assumptions of the study, the following study methods have been used: descriptive statistics, reliability and validity test, multicollinearity test, autocorrelation test and linear probability models. The result indicates that subjective norms, websites characteristics and travel costs have significant positive impact on the consumers traveling to Japan in 2015. Yet, tourism motivation and consumers’ characteristics have no significant positive impacts. In addition, respondents’ background statistic variance, income, and age have significant positive impacts. Concerning traveling experiences, that the consumers have traveled abroad around 3 to 5times from 2010 to 2014 shows significant positive impacts; however, the ones travelling abroad more than 6 times results in negative impacts.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
國家發展研究所
107
We use Grey theory GM(l,l）model and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model, to construct the forecasting model of tourism demand in Japan.We use monthly data of the number of foreign visitors to Japan from 1975 to 2015, to forecast the tourism demand for the years of 2016 and 2017.The results from our study show that the forecasts of SARIMA model is more accurate than those of GM(l,l）model, judging from both Root Mean Square Percentaeg Error (RMSPE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Errors (MAPE).

碩士
南華大學
文化創意事業管理學系休閒產業碩士班
104
Japan's economy is in the doldrums in recent years. In 2013 , Japanese Prime Minister proposed monetary easing, would like to take this increase in international travellers, and promote economic growth. In this study, Japan as an object, use annual data from 1970 to 2013 , and to explore whether the impact of international travel to Japan and tourism factors will lead to the growth of the Japanese economy The variables are real exchange rate , the number of travellers , international tourism revenue , Japan GDP , world GDP , using ADF test , co-integration test, error correction model of empirical methods. 　　The empirical results show: the exchange rate will affect the number of tourists ,but does not affect tourism revenue. The world GDP will not affect the number of tourists and tourism revenue. In other words , the factor affecting travel to Japan is the exchange rate . international tourism revenues did not affect Japan's economic growth , in other words , the tourism industry and the exchange rate will not lead the growth of the Japanese economy . 　　International tourisms can not boost the Japanese economy , Japan must find another strategy to revive the economy .

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
應用日語研究所
103
Probe tainan of tourism development to consult japan community Abstract 1. The thesis is based on Tainan city in which delved the development of the local. The subject of the thesis is Tainan City, which possessed Fort Zeelandia, Fort Provintia, And The Taiwan Confucian Temple. However, the citizens of Tainan had the discrepant thoughts to the historic architecture as well as the development of the business. There are several ancient buildings which were destroyed gradually. One of the building had been over one hundred years resulted in the ruin which could be found in Tainan City. For example, Banana warehouse, which existed in Taiwan under Japan Rule, is the case. 2. Meanwhile, there is an imminent problem for Tainan City, how to deliver the heritage as well as satisfy the demand of the modern business. This is the inevitable issue for the development of Tainan City in the future. 3. As the citizen of Tainan, I want to discuss the issue of the development of Tainan. Therefore, the thesis hopes to base on Japanese local development, then search for the direction of the development of Tainan City.

碩士
國立臺北大學
企業管理學系
104
Globalization makes it a fairly common behavior for people to come around between countries and cities. People are always fascinated in the local unique atmosphere that may leave a beautiful and fascinating impression in people’s mind. However, these perceives are often showed by the real appearance of local and personal involvement in presenting and looking for beauty in that they can be deeply moved and willing to revisit here again. 　　This takes Japan Culture Tourism as the example and aims to explore whether people’s traveling in Japan will still retains a good impression on local after returning to Taiwan, and whether they are willing to revisit. Therefore, this paper focuses on exploring the relationships among destination image, place attachment, behavioral intention, perceived value, and authenticity. Simultaneously, adding “Conformity Behavior”, “KANTO-region” and “KANSAI-region” in this paper for moderators. In addition, using convenience sampling method and surveying Taiwan visitors who have been to Japan in order to gather information for this research. Hoping today's tourism industry will gradually rise in Taiwan, and being able to make people resonate with the culture and customs which cause a further experience and preservation.

Travel guidebooks are one of many information sources available to potential and actual tourists and perhaps one of the most common. Although information search has been an extensively researched area in tourism studies, there are few studies which have specifically investigated the topic of travel guidebooks. The overall aim of the present exploratory study is to develop a better understanding of the use of travel guidebooks as a source of information by tourists.

碩士
國立成功大學
政治經濟研究所碩士在職專班
103
Ever since the burst of economic bubble in the 1990s, Japan had fallen into a long-term economic austerity. It was not until in 2003 when the Japanese government proposed a tourism policy named“Visit Japan Campaign (VJC)” that things began to reverse from the huge trade deficit caused by the thriving out-bound tourism in the past. Japan decided to develop “in-bound tourism “to attract foreign exchange inflows to increase consumption with an eye to stimulating local economy. It was a major turning point for Japan to make tourism the national pillar industry. Thus, the present study was designed for an in-depth discussion on “VJC “policy, and to explore its background, content, target and effectiveness with a view to learning about the development and future direction of the Japanese tourism policy. In the result of the policy analysis on “VJC , the present study analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of Japanese tourism industry, and then explored opportunities for its future development and the potential threat it may have as the policy recommendations and feedback.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
文化創意產業經營學系
103
Lion Travel Group is the biggest travel agency in Taiwan . The group in addition to tourism , media , marketing , technology, transportation , investment , and other industries . Therefore, tourism marketing strategy adopted much more flexible than other travel agency. Faced with globalization, there will be more challenges and competition.How to maintain the supply of tourism element and strengthen the function of overseas subsidiaries perhaps will become the group's future development an important opportunity In this study, obtained through interviews with those comments conclusion found that the existing academic definition of culture and tourism should increase cultural and creative category. Although cultural sightseeing tour arrangements more in-depth and complete cost and price increase, but the Lion Group using their own media to strengthen the marketing promotion of accuracy, not only can meet the special needs of the customer ,but also make a positive corporate perception of consumer’s mind. In addition to face the future, Lion Group will have to expand overseas branch functions and diverse talent-based company, and strengthen international competitiv eness and ability to become an international business. Lion Grooup of the current development situation, this study suggests that the company may strengthen the vertical integration of the supply chain, strengthen even branched out into more upstream industry. It will also help to enhance the international competitiveness. To be the role of industry leader also need to promote the restructuring and development of tourism in Taiwan, under the protection of government policy, so that consumers can be trusted.

碩士
真理大學
管理科學研究所
94
This research mainly aims to investigate the influences of tourism attraction and perceived tourism images on customers satisfaction and revisiting intention. The subject is the consumer in C.K.S. airport were asked to participate in the study. After questionnaire survey, we collected 400 samples of them were effective. This is an empirical study of tourist market in JAPAN after exemption a visa by regression analysis. In the results, we find that:（1）Tourism attraction has positive influence on perceived tourism images.（2）Tourism attraction has positive influence on customers satisfaction.（3）Perceived tourism images has positive influence on customers satisfaction.（4）Perceived tourism images of projective has positive influence on revisiting intention（a traveler of independence）.（5）Perceived tourism images of objective has positive influence on revisiting intention（a traveler of independence）.（6）Customers satisfaction has positive influence on revisiting intention（a traveler of independence）.

碩士
國立台北護理學院
旅遊健康研究所
94
This study aims to explore the current situation as well as the predictor which influences behavioral intention of health tourism participants going to Japan in package tour for injection of placental extract. It applied the Theory of Reasoned Action as the methodological framework to investigate whether past experience influence behavioral intention or not. The sampling population was defined as the tourists who participate in package tour to Japan for injection of placental extract and judgmental sampling was used to select the subject. A total of 220 valid questionnaires were retrieved from April 3rd to 16th, 2006. It is found that in terms of age, the majority was middle-aged and senior people, with about 75% of the respondents were above 45 years old. The ratio of female to male was 2:1. More than 50% of the respondents could spend above NTD 40001 every month at their disposal. With regard to residence, a large proportion of respondents lived in the north district of Taiwan. There was no significant difference of behavioral intention in demography variants. TRA can be applied in predicting behavioral intention of participating in package tour to Japan for injection of placental extract. Positive correlation was observed among behavioral belief, outcome evaluation, and attitude (p<. 01), as well as between motivation to comply and subjective norm (p<. 01). Attitude and subjective norm can also predict behavioral intention (R2adj=28.4%，P< .01). It is found that model fit was good when verifying behavioral intention of going to Japan for injection of placental extract by LISREL. Subjective norm was more influential to behavioral intention than attitude, with an overall interpretative rate of 43%. It is also discovered that there were significant differences in behavioral belief, normative belief, and motivation to comply for those who had different past experiences. Past experience would influence behavioral intention through attitude. Interpretative rate of attitude to behavioral intention was increased (R Square Change= .039) and reached significant level (R2adj=17.4%，P< .01) after adding past experience. Consequently, the research results can help to provide recommendation for tourism and health industry to develop relevant products, and ultimately reach the goal of promoting health tourism industry.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系碩士班
91
Abstract By economy's taking off rapidly in Taiwan area , it is possible for the standard of national life to upgrade an income substantially, too . It comes for several years , and it goes from the people to the foreign country , it sees the sight of , it outlays , it sees the sight of and it is shown in the by dominating it. Beside the daily life , it increasingly thinks much of the leisure data clarifying by the total number of people. With the increase of the big width appearing about the demand of the tourism demand, It stores up the important index of the business management of the department which the information on the tourism demand.The Research chooses U.S.A、Japan、HongKong、Thais’ tourism data，and use the Constant Elasticity of Demand System to anlyze the Tourism Demand in Taiwan. According to the study , the part of own-price elasticity，American、Japan and Thai appears negative and as for Hongkong the positive appears.The U.S.A and Japan are complement。The U.S.A and HongKong are complement,too.The HongKong and Thai are substitutes. The U.S.A and Japan are the situation of the normal goods and the situation of the luxury goods appears about Hongkong and Thai.

碩士
靜宜大學
觀光事業學系
102
Setouchi Triennale, located around Seto Inland Sea, has been the biggest island modern art festival worldwide since 2010. Inspired by the Inland Sea and island culture, all the works of art spread either alfresco or indoors, are composed by the artists, the locals and the Koebi volunteers. With the assistance of Koebi, Setouchi Triennale wins the hearts of the modern art lovers and practically vitalizes the aging islanders. More than 1.07 millions people from within and outside Japan visited Triennale in 2013. The volunteer group, Koebi Tai, or Shrimp troop, accompaning with the locals all the way, deserves the name of island supporter, both the regional and the spiritual. The study focuses on Japan Setouchi Triennale Koebi Tai and aims to discuss volunteers participation in festival tourism. The survey continues for one year. Both participant observation and in-depth interview, along with the semi-constructured outline manages the survey. Five male and twelve female respondants conduct the in-depth interview, including managers of Setouchi Triennale Committee and Koebi Tai, Takeda Naoki and Ayako Amari. Findings suggest: First, motives vary among Koebi respondants. Secondly, Koebi governing by doing nothing and precise curatorial concepts about Setouchi Triennale are both highly appreciated by the respondants. Thirdly, collaboration mechanism formed by co-operating Koebi with Kagawa and Okayama Prefecture enables Setouchi Triennale to be the big hit. Fourth, postitive repondence upon the increasing reputation of the Seto islands shows with the consequence of tourism initiative while the lack of labor force might be the obstacle. Worry reveals in term of tourism impacts that the tranquility of islanders may be destroyed.

碩士
亞洲大學
創新與創業管理碩士學位學程
107
Abstract This study adopts practical and technical reporting as a method for assessing tourist participation in activities and events. Through a literature review and analysis, interviewees were selected for interviews regarding the culture of whale shark fishing with a set net. In this study, participants were asked to respond from the perspective of a promotion staff. Semistructured in-depth interviews, focus group interviews, and on-site observation were conducted to analyze, discuss, and clarify how the whale shark culture in Okinawa activates the local tourism industry. The research methods include qualitative direct observation, participant observation, and in-depth interviews, and the analysis method used was the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT) analysis. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Strength analysis: the collaboration between Yomitangyokyou and the diving company TopMarine Zanpa in the business of whale shark fishing using a set net has successfully been incorporated into local tourism and has attracted Japanese and international tourists. This business has yielded substantial annual economic benefits, and its ecofriendly operations are recognized by most tourists. 2. Weakness analysis: although earthquakes occur in Okinawa, their level of influence on tourism is moderate. However, seasonal typhoons in the summer often affect the tourism industry in Okinawa. Because most tourists visit the said island by airplane or large cruise ships, the government and tourism industry should adjust relevant prices and promptly and accordingly to meet market demands. 3. Opportunity analysis: Yomitangyokyou has cooperated with the Ocean Expo Park for 28 years. First, Yomitangyokyou Harbor sends a fish catch to the aquarium on a daily basis to supplement the aquarium. Yomitangyokyou contributes substantially to local tourism. In particular, 100,000,000 tourists or more are attracted to the harbor to watch whale sharks each year. 4. Threat analysis: in South East Asia, for example, the establishment of Zhuhai Chimelong Ocean Kingdom and the Guangzhou Chimelong Zoo had a profound effect on the tourism industry in Hong Kong Disneyland, particularly when the number of tourists in Zhuhai and Guangzhou continued to increase. Wild whale sharks, great white whales, and other aquatic animals in Zhuhai Chimelong Ocean Kingdom in particular attracted numerous tourists from China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Tourism administrations in Zhuhai and Guangzhou have promoted tourism in these two areas through travel agencies to prompt self-service tourists from Taiwan, Thailand, the Philippines, Europe, and the United States to visit Zhuhai Chimelong Ocean Kingdom and the Guangzhou Chimelong Zoo. Significant changes are predicted for 2018–2020 regarding the topic of whether the willingness of tourists in visiting Okinawa is indirectly or directly affected by tourism in Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium and whale shark culture in Yomitan village. Keywords: Whale Shark Set Net, Qualitative Research

碩士
國立臺北大學
經濟學系
102
This paper uses the Time Series Model to study the tourism demand by Taiwan for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Singapore. The economic variables are per capita income, exchange rate and industrial production. The results are as follows: 1.By ADF Unit Roots Test, the model of Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Singapore are have unit roots. After the first difference , four country are the I(1) sequence. 2.By Johansen Cointegration Test, the model of Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Singapore are have the cointegration relation. Implies that the variables have long-term equilibrium relationship. 3.By VECM, In the short-term, tindustrial production will affect the tourism to Japan, Hong Kong and South Korea, per capita income will affect the tourism to Hong Kong, South Korea, and Singapore, exchange rate will affect the tourism to Japan and Singapore. 4.By Impulse Response Analysis, In the model of Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, the number of people traveling abroad increasing as per capita income rises. This result is the same as the Theorem of Engel. For Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore, the affect between industrial production, exchange rate and the number of traveling abroad are significant. But for South Korea, it is not significant.

碩士
健行科技大學
企業管理系碩士在職專班
105
A travel guide that guides self-help travelers by step by step is an important tool for self-help travelers, Self-Instruction materials refers to the concept of helping learners to achieve self-study, In the way of learning, emphasis on learners by self-taught to learn, In the teaching function, with guidance, encouragement, stimulation, explanation, instruction, ask questions and discussion teaching skills. Fully into the teaching role of teachers into teaching materials. Content analysis method can be said to be a systematic quantitative and qualitative analysis, with an objective attitude, the contents of the document research and analysis, to infer the contents of the document content and its significance of a research method. The results of this study found:1. Three of the travel book form and content has been able to use self-learning materials point of view to compile.2. The Application of Self - learning Style Material Should Pay Attention to Quality Equilibrium.3. The paper and the number of open books will affect the convenience of self-study.

碩士
國立中興大學
科技管理研究所
105
The number of Taiwanese traveling abroad was over 13 million in 2015. Because of the depreciation of yen and low-cost carrier developed, Japan tourism becomes more popular. Tourism is an information-intense industry. Understanding the influence of e-WOM on individuals’ travel intention would be important for the tourism industry to design tour itinerary. This research focused on Japan festival tourism and attempted to observe the how e-WOM influence travel intention. According to previous researches, e-WOM influence destination image and tourists’ attitude, and then influence travel intention. This research added destination trust into research model. An empirical research was conducted through an online survey. There are totally 395 respondents. A quantitative analysis is performed by structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures and examined by Smart PLS statistical software. Overall, our study would contribute the both tourism companies and tourism bureau of government to design tourism planning and promoting strategies confirms the important role of e-WOM.

碩士
南華大學
旅遊管理學系旅遊管理碩士班
104
Wildlife tourism has become more and more popular in recent years, especially watching, photography, touching, feeding and so on. These activities do not consume resources so that most of people welcome them. The sika deer is among the species which enjoy great popularity and was seen far and wide in the early days of Taiwan. During the Dutch Colonial Period, however, a great quantity of sika deer was hunted by humans for export trade, leading to the gradually decreased findings of sika deer in the mountains. Thanks to the efforts of conservation organizations in successful restoration of sika deer, it was not until the recent twenty years that this species has been witnessed in the mountains of Taiwan, such as Kenting in Pingtung, Green Island in Taitung, and even Matsu in Lianjiang. Some of these areas took this opportunity to promote ecotourism of sika deer. While promoting ecotourism of sika deer was just started in Taiwan, it has been almost a century in Nara, Japan for the tourists to feed the sika deer. Hence this study is to identify the problems possibly encountered in promoting ecotourism of sika deer by studying the relevant practice in Nara, Japan. By literature review and qualitative analysis, we investigated the tourism activities, impacts amd management of sika deer in Nara, Japan. In addition, we went to Japan in October of 2015, December of 2015 and January of 2016 to conduct the on-site interviews with stakeholders, as well as questionnaires for tourists, to realize their opinions about sika deer tourism in Nara. The result of this study might be used as reference to promote ecotourism of sika deer in Taiwan.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
應用日語研究所
100
The expectation on sightseeing has especially been noticed these years. Recently, drama, movie, and local celebrity are considered as tourist attractions. At present, television is indispensable for our life. Information can be known by television media. It seems that the program with high viewership has influence. This thesis is formed by collecting and arranging data, treatise, books, magazines, and newspaper. The research problems are fundamentally solved through analysis. For consider the economic ripple effect of the Long-Running Historical Drama Series TV, this thesis also collected the branches of the Bank of Japan published the information on the Long-Running Historical Drama Series besides the books and the magazines which NHK edited. Moreover, a survey was conducted. Long-Running Historical Drama Series has an effect with location for filming and filming site main stages. Holding an event and a show with televising drama which increased tourists is remarkable. Moreover, the increase of tourists causes an economic ripple effect. Although attract effect that accompanying by broadcast of Long-Running Historical Drama Series and the economic ripple effect should be called Long-Running Historical Drama Series effect, the demand reaction happens the coming year.Since overseas broadcast of Long-Running Historical Drama Series is slower than Japan, the period of attracting tourists is also later than in Japan. Thus, attracting overseas tourists makes specially exhibitions and events period of Long-Running Historical Drama Series longer. For this situation, I consider that attracting overseas tourists is one of the good ways to extend the exhibition period. Based on above, I think the future subject is to keep attracting tourists and being sustainable by the Long-Running Historical Drama Series.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
資訊與財金管理系
107
As the public's interest in tourism is increasing. According to the information of the Tourism Bureau in 2018, Japan and South Korea in East Asia are the top five most popular country. Tourist attractions are important for the people to plan. The information grows rapidly. The tourism industry obtains the information evaluation of the scenic spots by tour guides and questionnaires. However, they do not use the comments in the popular social network. It is an important documentary material for the people to prepare for tourism. Therefore, the research is surveyed from the online comments. In this research, the online travel platforms PTT and Dcard are Japan and Korea's tourism discussion areas, but the travel posts and comments include many useless noises, so the posts and comments are divided according to the seasons. Doing data preprocessing make data into an experimental database. Subject detection Combined with sentiment analysis. It will present the location and travel sentiment trend analysis to recommend travel agents to provide passengers with a quick understanding of the location of the tour, which can speed up the schedule of the trip time.

碩士
開南大學
觀光運輸學院碩士在職專班
106
The purpose of this study is to discuss tourism attraction, tourists satisfaction, and revisit intention in Japan: A case study of elementary school teacher in Taoyuan district Taoyuan City. Convenience sampling was used in this study. The survey was taken in February, 2018. A total of 360 questionnaires were sent out and 332 effective questionnaires were returned. The results were as following: 1.Female, age 41-50 years old, working years 16-20 years of service, homeroom teacher, married, travel expenses NT $ 30,000-40,000, travel companions are family members or relatives, five days of travel, backpacking, traveling in Japan 1 time in three years were in the majority. 2. Age and length of service in the Tourism Attraction have remarkable difference. 3. Age in the Tourists Satisfaction has remarkable difference. 4. Traveling in Japan 2 time in three years in the Revisit Intention has remarkable difference. 5. Tourism Attraction, Tourists Satisfaction and Revisit Intention have significant relations. 6. Tourism Attraction and Tourists Satisfaction both can affect the Revisit Intention. Tourism Attraction can affect the Tourists Satisfaction. The Result analyse according to this research not only offer suggestion to tourism industry and government, and offer following researchers’ research direction. Keywords：Japan Tourism、Tourism Attraction、Tourists Satisfaction、Revist Intention、Elementary School Teacher、Taoyuan District

碩士
國立高雄餐旅大學
旅遊管理研究所
103
Movie-induced tourism is very popular in recent years. TV dramas-induced tourism has always been the focus of discussion and research. However, the rarely noticed one, television commercials-induced tourism as comparative case studies, has indeedcaused a social phenomenon. Two television commercials which attract tourist crowds, Taiwan EVA Air (I See You) and Japan Airlines (Sakidoku), were chosen. This study will discuss and compare the two TV commercials and find what positive and negative effects that was brought to the local people by the tourist crowds.Qualitative interviews were adopted. Twenty nine residents from Chihshang Township, Taitung, Biei and Kamifurano Township of Hokkaido Prefecture were the research object and the interview results were analyzed.From economic aspects, Movie-induced tourism has an impact on Hostel and food and beverage industry. From environmental aspects, there are traffic congestion issues in Chihshang Township, Kamifurano and Biei Township due to the increasing tourists. On the other hand, Chihshang Township is faced with garbage problems. In Hokkaido, since tourists trespassed on farms, germs were brought to the farmland and produce was damaged.From social cultural aspects, (I See You) commercial made the residents in Chihshang Township proud. This study suggests that producers of TV commercials should assess the potential impacts on the local community, and reach a consensus with the residents.

碩士
遠東科技大學
創新設計與創業管理研究所
107
Japan sightseeing has been the first choice for Taiwanese’ overseas travel for a long time, Japan not only has an intriguing historical background and cultural atmosphere but also Japanese Tourism Bureau hosts many festivals with local culture , traditional crafts and gastronomic experience, and so on, so that people flock to. Therefore, this study investigates the tourist image and satisfaction on Japanese travel, and discusses the relevance by using tourism experience and perceived value as intermediaries and interference variability. Mainly for tourists who actually travel to Japan (including business trip, family visits, occupational activities or study tours) to conduct a questionnaire survey to carry out pre-test between November to December in 2018 and the pre-test recovered 75 electronic questionnaires; the formal questionnaire survey has been held in January 2019, the test period issued a total of 718 questionnaires. After deducting 94 questionnaires that interviewees never visit Japan, a total of 624 valid questionnaires were recovered. The Statistical Analysis of Descriptive Statistical Analysis, Item-analysis, Factor Analysis, Reliability Analysis, Independent-sample T Test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Regression Analysis and Hierarchical Regression Analysis of SPSS set 20.0 software was carried out. 　　The empirical results of this study are as below: (1) Tourism Image has a significant positive impact on tourist experience. (2) Tourism Image has a significant positive impact on perceived value. (3) Tourism Image has a significant positive impact on tourist satisfaction. (4) Tourist experience has a significant positive impact on tourist satisfaction. (5) Perceived value have a significant positive impact on tourist satisfaction. (6) The intermediary variables for tourism experience between the tourism experiences with tourist satisfaction, has a positive impact partially on the effect of the intermediary. (7) The interference variables for t tourism experience between the tourism experiences with tourist satisfaction, has not a significant and positive impact on the effect of the intermediary. (8) The intermediary variables for perceived value between the tourism image with tourist satisfaction, has a positive impact partially on the effect of the intermediary. (9) The interference variables for perceived value between the tourism image with tourist satisfaction, has a significant and positive impact on the effect of the intermediary.

Cheng, Connie.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 182-192).
Abstracts in English and Chinese ; appendix in Chinese.
Thesis / Assessment Committee --- p.i
Abstracts --- p.ii
Acknowledgements --- p.iv
"A Note on the Use of Chinese / Japanese Terms, Names, and Webpage Materials" --- p.V
Table of Contents --- p.vi
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Preface --- p.1
Objectives and Significance --- p.4
Issues to be Addressed --- p.5
Methodologies --- p.10
Structure of the Thesis --- p.12
Chapter Chapter 2: --- The Rise of Japanese Pop Culture in Hong Kong - The 1980s --- p.15
Japan's Economic Influences in Hong Kong --- p.15
Japanese Popular Culture Boom in Hong Kong --- p.19
Tourist Flows to Japan in the 1980s --- p.31
Chapter Chapter 3: --- The Second Japanese Popular Culture Boom - The 1990s --- p.38
The Change in Economic and Social Environment --- p.38
Japanese Popular Culture Continues to Flourish --- p.40
Japanese Pop Music (J-pop) --- p.40
"Animation, Comic and Game (ACG)" --- p.42
Japanese Television Dramas --- p.47
Hong Kong Tourists to Japan and the Development of Cultural Pilgrimage --- p.56
Chapter Chapter 4: --- The Age of Cultural Pilgrimage - the 2000s --- p.64
Hong Kong People's Consumption of Japanese Products --- p.64
Pop Songs --- p.64
Television Dramas --- p.65
ACG --- p.66
Tours to Japan --- p.69
Pop Culture Tourism and Cultural Pilgrimage --- p.75
Governmental Strategies --- p.77
Tour Agencies' Strategies --- p.87
Self-guided Tourists --- p.91
Chapter Chapter 5: --- Case Studies of Hong Kong Young People who Performed Cultural Pilgrimages to Japan --- p.112
Case 1 --- p.113
Case 2 --- p.117
Case 3 --- p.121
Case 4 --- p.125
Case 5 --- p.129
Case 6 --- p.135
Case 7 --- p.138
Case 8 --- p.142
Case 9 --- p.146
Case 10 --- p.149
General Remarks --- p.154
Chapter Chapter 6: --- Concluding Analysis --- p.157
Chapter 1. --- Cultural Pilgrimage and the Cultural Identities of Hong Kong Young People --- p.158
Chapter 2. --- The Impacts of the Rise of Pop Culture Tourism on Tourism --- p.162
Chapter 3. --- Meanings of Cultural Pilgrimage to Fandom Study --- p.170
Chapter 4. --- New Perspectives on the Understanding of Cultural Globalization --- p.173
Chapter Appendix A - --- Survey Questionnaire --- p.178
Chapter Appendix B - --- Interview Questions --- p.180
Bibliography --- p.182