Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tourism – Lesotho – Data processing

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Tourism – Lesotho – Data processing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tourism – Lesotho – Data processing"

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Li, YaoGuang, and HeChi Gan. "Tourism Information Data Processing Method Based on Multi-Source Data Fusion." Journal of Sensors 2021 (July 31, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7047119.

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Urban social civilization and the quality of life of residents are gradually improved, and the development scale and trend of the leisure tourism industry have been growing. This paper constructs a multi-source data fusion model based on an ensemble learning algorithm, uses Ctrip 2020 open data set to train the model, and then obtains the tourism information data processing and prediction results. This paper takes the data of Ctrip as the training set and compares the trained model with the data of tunic and Feizhu. In this paper, sensor detection technology is used to analyze many famous scenic spots in China, including tourist type, gender, and location. The results show that tourism feature extraction results are consistent with data from trending flying bamboo, tunics, and other websites, according to the results of a multi-source fusion of tourism information. Among them, in the data of the first half of 2020, the prediction accuracy of the model after data processing is about 62%. Affected by the epidemic situation, the accuracy of the model is low. In the second half of the year, the prediction accuracy is 78%, which can be used to fuse tourism information in a short time. Therefore, the data show that the model has high learning ability and high trend prediction ability in tourism data processing, which can provide necessary information support for tourists.
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Li, Xiaoxuan, Qi Wu, Geng Peng, and Benfu Lv. "Tourism forecasting by search engine data with noise-processing." African Journal of Business Management 10, no. 6 (March 28, 2016): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajbm2015.7945.

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Cardoso, Lucília, Noelia Araújo Vila, Arthur Filipe de Araújo, and Francisco Dias. "Food tourism destinations’ imagery processing model." British Food Journal 122, no. 6 (May 17, 2019): 1833–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-08-2018-0557.

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Purpose Over the last two decades, the concept of destination imagery (DY) has gained relevance in the academic literature due to its central role in the tourists’ destination choice process. However, there is still much to be explored within this topic, especially concerning DY processing. More specifically, the way external stimuli are processed in tourists’ memory is still unexplored. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to examine how DY is processed in individuals’ memories upon the reception of verbal stimuli related to food tourism destinations. Design/methodology/approach Through an online multilingual survey, imagery elements associated with European and Asian tourists’ favourite food tourism destinations were collected. Through a categorical content analysis, tourists’ perceptions were classified within Echtner and Ritchie’s (1993) tri-dimensional model’s dimensions. Results were examined against previous theories on DY. Moreover, a comparative analysis between the imagery of food tourism destinations held by Europeans and Asians tourists was carried out. Findings Results show that DY processing, when triggered by a food tourism destination stimulus, leans towards the holistic dimension, which reinforces previous theories on the topic, such as the very definition of destination image (DI), as well as the role of food on destination image. Moreover, differences were found between the type of destinations and the imagery processed by European and Asian tourists. Research limitations/implications The study is based on a significant data set, which comprised 1,186 responses, representativeness within the research universe cannot be assured. Although relatively equivalent volumes of data were collected from each of the two continents, there are significant discrepancies among the proportions of respondents from different countries within those two groups. Additionally, our theoretical model requires further validation through hypothesis verification procedures. This work builds theory, rather than testing it. In this context, it opens a research avenue for future studies adopting a more positivistic philosophical stance to research, which could submit the theories provided here to the scrutiny of rigorous, hypothesis testing, quantitative methods. Practical implications This paper provides an initial idea for destination managers about which aspects to highlight in their marketing campaigns. This particularly applies to destinations to which ethnic food is a relevant part of the tourist appeal, and whose managers intend to attract repeat visitors. Social implications The present study’s findings imply a series of suggestions for tourism practitioners. First, they provide an initial idea for destination managers about which aspects to highlight in their marketing campaigns. Originality/value The present study represents a first initiative of building a theoretical model of food tourism destinations’ imagery processing. Findings also provide original theoretical contributions to the concept of DY and lead to relevant managerial insights, particularly, into destinations aiming at attracting repeat, food-oriented tourists.
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Makwindi, Ngonidzashe, and Joram Ndlovu. "Prospects and Challenges of Community-Based Tourism as a Livelihood Diversification Strategy at Sehlabathebe National Park in Lesotho." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 10(1), no. 10(1) (February 28, 2021): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-104.

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The purpose of this article was to examine the prospects and challenges of community based tourism as a livelihood diversification strategy for people living adjacent to the Sehlabathebe National Park in Lesotho. The main objective was to explore how rural communities living close to the World Heritage Site shift and diversity their livelihoods from farm to non-farm activities in order to sustain their livelihoods. This study adopted a mixed method approach. Data was collected through surveys (286) and in-depth key informant interviews (11). The results show that local communities support the use of tourism as a livelihood diversification strategy to provide off-farm entrepreneurial opportunities. The greatest challenge is that local communities are often pushed into marginal lands, with harsh climatic conditions resulting in the disruption of local fabric and their economies. The study concludes that the establishment of Sehlabathebe National Park has not significantly improved the status quo of the community. Therefore, local communities should be given opportunities to sell their products and services to tourists and work in partnership with park authorities in conserving the park resources. The paper contributes to the current discourses on the use of community based tourism as a livelihood diversification strategy in rural areas.
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Mardani, Mohammad, Hossein Mardani, Lorenzo De Simone, Samuel Varas, Naoki Kita, and Takafumi Saito. "Integration of Machine Learning and Open Access Geospatial Data for Land Cover Mapping." Remote Sensing 11, no. 16 (August 15, 2019): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11161907.

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In-time and accurate monitoring of land cover and land use are essential tools for countries to achieve sustainable food production. However, many developing countries are struggling to efficiently monitor land resources due to the lack of financial support and limited access to adequate technology. This study aims at offering a solution to fill in such a gap in developing countries, by developing a land cover solution that is free of costs. A fully automated framework for land cover mapping was developed using 10-m resolution open access satellite images and machine learning (ML) techniques for the African country of Lesotho. Sentinel-2 satellite images were accessed through Google Earth Engine (GEE) for initial processing and feature extraction at a national level. Also, Food and Agriculture Organization’s land cover of Lesotho (FAO LCL) data were used to train a support vector machine (SVM) and bagged trees (BT) classifiers. SVM successfully classified urban and agricultural lands with 62 and 67% accuracy, respectively. Also, BT could classify the two categories with 81 and 65% accuracy, correspondingly. The trained models could provide precise LC maps in minutes or hours. they can also be utilized as a viable solution for developing countries as an alternative to traditional geographic information system (GIS) methods, which are often labor intensive, require acquisition of very high-resolution commercial satellite imagery, time consuming and call for high budgets.
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Barik, Rabindra K., Rojalina Priyadarshini, Rakesh K. Lenka, Harishchandra Dubey, and Kunal Mankodiya. "Fog Computing Architecture for Scalable Processing of Geospatial Big Data." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 11, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2020010101.

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Geospatial data analysis using cloud computing platform is one of the promising areas for analysing, retrieving, and processing volumetric data. Fog computing paradigm assists cloud platform where fog devices try to increase the throughput and reduce latency at the edge of the client. In this research paper, the authors discuss two case studies on geospatial data analysis using Fog-assisted cloud computing namely, (1)Ganga River Basin Management System; and (2)Tourism Information Management of India. Both case studies evaluate proposed GeoFog architecture for efficient analysis and management of geospatial big data employing fog computing. The authors developed a prototype of GeoFog architecture using Intel Edison and Raspberry Pi devices. The authors implemented some of the open source compression methods for reducing the data transmission overload in the cloud. Proposed architecture performs data compression and overlay analysis of data. The authors further discussed the improvement in scalability and time analysis using proposed GeoFog architecture and Geospark tool. Discussed results show the merit of fog computing that holds an enormous promise for enhanced analysis of geospatial big data in river Ganga basin and tourism information management scenario.
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Chen, Wen, Zhiyun Xu, Xiaoyao Zheng, and Yonglong Luo. "Geo-Tagged Photo Metadata Processing Method for Beijing Inbound Tourism Flow." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120556.

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Technological advances have led to numerous developments in data sources. Geo-tagged photo metadata has provided a new source of mass research data for tourism studies. A series of data processing methods centering on the various types of information contained in geo-tagged photo metadata have thus been proposed; as a result, the development of tourism studies based on such data has advanced. However, an in-depth study of the data processing methods designed to conduct tourist flow prediction based on geo-tagged photo metadata has not yet been conducted. In order to acquire accurate substitutive data regarding inbound flows in cities, this paper introduces and designs several methods, including data screening, text data similarity calculation, geographical location clustering, and time series data modelling, in order to realize a data preprocessing model for inbound tourist flows in cities based on geo-tagged photo metadata. Wherein, the entropy filtering method was introduced to aid in determining whether the data were posted by inbound tourists; whether the inbound persons’ activities were related to tourism was judged through the calculation of tag text similarity; an efficient clustering method based on geographic grid partition was designed for cases in which the tag values were empty; finally, the time series of the inbound tourist flows of a certain region and period were obtained through data statistics and normalization. For the empirical research, Beijing City in China was selected as the research case, after which the feasibility and accuracy of the methods proposed in this paper were verified through data correlation analysis between Flickr data and real statistical yearbook data, as well as analysis of the prediction results based on a machine learning algorithm. The data preprocessing method introduced and designed in this paper provides a reference for the study of geo-tagged photo metadata in the field of tourism flow prediction. These methods can effectively filter out inbound tourist flow data from geotag photo metadata, thus providing a novel, reliable, and low-cost research data source for urban inbound tourism flow forecasting.
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Alaei, Ali Reza, Susanne Becken, and Bela Stantic. "Sentiment Analysis in Tourism: Capitalizing on Big Data." Journal of Travel Research 58, no. 2 (December 14, 2017): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287517747753.

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Advances in technology have fundamentally changed how information is produced and consumed by all actors involved in tourism. Tourists can now access different sources of information, and they can generate their own content and share their views and experiences. Tourism content shared through social media has become a very influential information source that impacts tourism in terms of both reputation and performance. However, the volume of data on the Internet has reached a level that makes manual processing almost impossible, demanding new analytical approaches. Sentiment analysis is rapidly emerging as an automated process of examining semantic relationships and meaning in reviews. In this article, different sentiment analysis approaches applied in tourism are reviewed and assessed in terms of the datasets used and performances on key evaluation metrics. The article concludes by outlining future research avenues to further advance sentiment analysis in tourism as part of a broader Big Data approach.
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Bustamante, Alexander, Laura Sebastia, and Eva Onaindia. "BITOUR: A Business Intelligence Platform for Tourism Analysis." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9110671.

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Integrating collaborative data in data-driven Business Intelligence (BI) system brings an opportunity to foster the decision-making process towards improving tourism competitiveness. This article presents BITOUR, a BI platform that integrates four collaborative data sources (Twitter, Openstreetmap, Tripadvisor and Airbnb). BITOUR follows a classical BI architecture and provides functionalities for data transformation, data processing, data analysis and data visualization. At the core of the data processing, BITOUR offers mechanisms to identify tourists in Twitter, assign tweets to attractions and accommodation sites from Tripadvisor and Airbnb, analyze sentiments in opinions issued by tourists, and all this using geolocation objects in Openstreetmap. With all these ingredients, BITOUR enables data analysis and visualization to answer questions like the most frequented places by tourists, the average stay length or the view of visitors of some particular destination.
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Origlia, Antonio, Silvia Rossi, Sergio Di Martino, Francesco Cutugno, and Maria Laura Chiacchio. "Multiple-source Data Collection and Processing into a Graph Database Supporting Cultural Heritage Applications." Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3465741.

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The continuous growth of available resources on the web, both in the form of Linked Open Data and on Social Networks, provides an important opportunity to gather information concerning specific kinds of touristic activities like, for example, cultural tourism, eco-tourism, bike-tourism, and so on. Both decision makers and tourists can take advantage from these data, as demonstrated by previous works, with institutional actors foreseeing an increase in the use of this data to substitute other time-consuming and expensive approaches. However, managing multiple sources built with different goals and structures is not straightforward, so specific design choices must be made when assembling this kind of information. Graph databases represent an ideal way to combine multiple-source data but, to be successful, strategies accounting for inconsistencies and format differences have to be defined to support coherent analysis. Also, the continuously changing nature of crowd-sourced data makes it difficult, for the research community, to compare technological approaches to the different tasks that are linked to cultural heritage, from recommendation to management. To support the research effort in this direction, we describe the data ingestion and enrichment procedure we followed to organise knowledge coming from three different sources, namely Wikidata, Wikipedia, and Flickr, into a single, application-oriented, resource organised as a graph database. We present the potential use of this resource to perform multiple source analyses targeting the specific case of cultural tourism on a nationwide scale, and we propose its use as a shared benchmark for technological applications designed to support optimal management of cultural resources.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tourism – Lesotho – Data processing"

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Kalake, Matsitso. "Factors enabling and constraining ICT implementation in schools: a multiple case study of three secondary schools in Lesotho." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004539.

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This study focused on the implementation of ICTs in secondary schools in Lesotho. The main question addressed was: What are the enabling and constraining factors in the implementation of ICTs in schools? The work was undertaken in recognition of the fact that schools in the country were autonomously acquiring computers and using a variety of curricula without much coordination and policies from the government. There were factors encouraging schools to delve into this educational change: and challenges were already evident. This required further investigation. The research approach commenced with a critical review of the literature. Literature was drawn from developed and developing countries in order to understand the process of ICT implementation from a variety of contexts. The enquiry about the implementation process in all the countries focused on the rationale behind the use of ICTs in schools. ICT policies guiding implementation, principal leadership, teacher professional development and ICT resources. The literature review was followed by case studies of three secondary schools in Mafeteng district in Lesotho. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods of research, the study sought to determine from key people in three case study schools their overall understanding of how the process of implementation was carried out and what they perceived as enablers and constraints. The findings revealed that planning, access arrangements, training, support and to a lesser extent resources played a role in either impeding or encouraging the key ICT implementers at school and classroom level. Additionally, the key role of the principal and the MoE were highlighted in the study.
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Ng, Faria Yuen-yi. "Intelligent agents for electronic commerce in tourism." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844141/.

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The current state of electronic commerce in tourism shows that it has become an increasingly complicated task for travellers to locate and integrate disparate information as a result of the rapid growth in the number of online travel sites. Therefore, new means of automating the searching and decision-making tasks are needed. A review of current literature shows that software agents are deemed to be highly suitable for delivering solutions to these problems. However, agents have failed to penetrate the electronic marketplace so far. An analysis of the reason for this failure has led the author to conclude that a new type of architecture is required, allowing a simple and useful first wave product to accelerate the penetration of agents. For this purpose, a proof-of-concept multi-agent prototype - Personal Travel Assistant (PTA) was developed. Firstly, user requirements were compared against what existing network and agent technologies could deliver. Then, a number of obstacles were identified that were used as guidelines to derive the prototype architecture. To overcome the main obstacles in the design, PTA used existing HTTP servers to tackle the interoperability problem and keep development costs low. A multi-agent collaborative learning strategy was designed to speed up knowledge acquisition by transferring and adapting rules encoded in the Java language. The construction of PTA goes to prove that an open multi-agent system could be deployed in a short time by standardising a small but adaptable set of communication protocols instead of going through a complex and lengthy standardisation process. Also, PTA's structure enables fully distributed computing thus minimising the necessary changes in existing hardware and software infrastructure. The major contribution of PTA to this research area is that its architecture is unique. It is hoped that it will lay the first step on the roadmap that would lead the evolution of agents into the next stage of development.
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李隆賜 and Loong-chi Louis Lee. "The impact of electronic commerce on the travel industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31268973.

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Song, Haitao. "Information management in the travel industry: The role and impact of the Internet." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_6662_1178282746.

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In this information age, the Internet has found a role in various industries such as transportation, advertising, etc. The travel industry, in which communication between travellers and travel service providers is a very important component, has as much potential as any other industry to make full use of this new medium. Already, most travel agencies and travel service providers promote their products and services using web sites. Searching for information online is now seen by many people as a way to save time and cost, especially in their travel activities. In order to fully deploy the Internet within the travel industry, understanding the use of the Internet in tourism is critical. This research sets out initially to examine the role and the impact of the Internet in the whole of the travel industry. But in order to define an achievable scope of work and because of its importance in South Africa at this time, tourism within the travel industry was chosen as the focus of the work.

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Maime, Ratakane Baptista. "CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF ADOPTING MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) FOR PASSPORT PROCESSING: COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN LESOTHO AND SOUTH AFRICA." Thesis, Central University of Technology, Free State. Business Administration, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/237.

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Thesis ( M. Tech. (Business Administration )) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014
Fast and secure public service delivery is not only a necessity, but a compulsory endeavour. However, it is close to impossible to achieve such objectives without the use of Information Technology (IT). It is correspondingly important to find proper sustainability frameworks of technology. Organisations do not only need technology for efficient public service; the constant upgrading of systems and cautious migration to the newest IT developments is also equally indispensable in today’s dynamic technological world. Conversely, countries in Africa are always lagging behind in technological progresses. Such deficiencies have been identified in the passport processing of Lesotho and South Africa, where to unequal extents, problems related to systems of passport production have contributed to delays and have become fertile grounds for corrupt practices. The study seeks to identify the main impediments in the adoption of Management Information Systems (MIS) for passport processing. Furthermore, the study explores the impact MIS might have in attempting to combat long queues and to avoid long waiting periods – from application to issuance of passports to citizens. The reasonable time frame between passport application and issuance, and specific passport management systems, have been extensively discussed along with various strategies that have been adopted by some of the world’s first movers in modern passport management technologies. In all cases and stages of this research, Lesotho and South Africa are compared. The research approach of the study was descriptive and explorative in nature. As a quantitative design, a structured questionnaire was used to solicit responses in Lesotho and South Africa. It was established that both Lesotho and South Africa have somewhat similar problems – although, to a greater extent, Lesotho needs much more urgent attention. Although the processes of South Africa need to be improved, the Republic releases a passport much faster and more efficiently than Lesotho. Economic issues are also revealed by the study as unavoidable factors that always affect technological developments in Africa. The study reveals that the latest MIS for passport processing has facilitated modern, automated border-control systems and resultant e-passports that incorporate more biometric information of citizens to passports – thanks to modern RFID technologies. One can anticipate that this study will provide simple, affordable and secure IT solutions for passport processing. Key words: Information Technology (IT); Management Information Systems (MIS); E-Government; E-Passport; Biometrics; and RFID.
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Swartz, Farouze. "An evaluation of information technology and its impact on the tourism industry, with special reference to selected tourism intermediaries in Cape Town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2123.

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Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012.
The reason for conducting this research was to evaluate the impact of information technology in the tourism industry, focusing mainly on tourism intermediaries, which include selected travel agencies and tour operators in Cape Town, and their awareness levels of the negative and positive impacts, as well as disintermediation that occurs owing to information technology developments. The research methodology for this thesis comprised a literature search and an empirical survey, which evaluated the impacts of information technology on tourism intermediaries in Cape Town. This research sought to establish whether disintermediation has occurred amongst travel agents and tour operators, whilst recognising strategies, which these tourism intermediaries can use to ensure survival in the competitive tourism industry. Relevant sources were referred to in the literature search. A number of appropriate normative measures were taken from the literature, followed by an empirical survey where randomly selected tourism intermediaries in Cape Town, namely small, medium to large companies were chosen to participate in the research questionnaire. The questionnaire responses were captured by the registered CPUT statistician in the form of frequency distribution analyses, and these were statistically analysed by the researcher and the registered statistician. The interpretations and findings of the statistical analyses were presented in tables and charts and were explained individually according to the statements' similarities, differences and verifications, as per the research questionnaire. A number of recommendations emanated from the literature sources and empirical survey, followed by concluding remarks in the form of conclusions.
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Banoobhai-Anwar, Ilhaam. "The role of e-commerce in five-star hotels in the Cape Town Metropole." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2489.

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Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Electronic commerce, popularly referred to as e-commerce, is the latest catchphrase surrounding the Internet and its many functions. In the past, the Internet was solely used for information seeking, but the 21st century has brought a new global economy to the fore – one that is conducted online. Tourism is seen as a driver of economic growth, contributing both to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of South Africa (SA) and creating jobs in the hospitality sector. E-commerce does not only provide a platform for business to be conducted online but also an opportunity for consumers to interact directly with industry. Many studies have been done previously about the perceived benefits of e-commerce in the retail sector, yet none in Cape Town and at five-star hotels in particular. It is well known that holidaymakers conduct an online search prior to booking accommodation; some of those potential guests in turn choose to finalise their bookings online. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of e-commerce in five-star hotels in the Cape Town Metropole. The main objective of this study was to define what e-commerce is for five-star hotels in the Cape Town Metropole and determine if the hotels are using e-commerce as a booking method. Online questionnaires were used to gather primary data and a literature review was presented as secondary data. The findings of this study showed that all the hotels surveyed use online bookings and half of the respondents believe Online Travel Agents (OTAs) generate more revenue than traditional methods of room reservation. When asked to rank methods of room’s reservations, there was a slight difference between telephone bookings and e-commerce as number one. This could mean that while electronic methods are popular, they have not completely replaced traditional methods. The researcher recommends that five-star hotel managers train the rooms’ division staff to respond to negative reviews on social media, as this was one of the findings. The hotels should also learn how to effectively use their social media presence to increase room sales.
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Gill, Kara M. "Computer reservations systems in the Montreal and Toronto tourism industries : adoption and use trends." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28053.

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A combination of technical innovations, system cost reductions, and post-1970's tourism industry restructuring has led to the development and diffusion of a variety of sophisticated computer reservation systems, or CRSs. Questions remain as to the extent to which tourism suppliers and destinations have achieved CRS links. In this case study of two urban destinations, Montreal and Toronto, tourism supplier relationships with CRS technology are examined. Drawing on results from the accommodation and attraction sectors of each city, the varying degrees of CRS adoption and impact are illustrated. CRS adoption by firms is shown to be constrained by a variety of management market, and tourism product-oriented barriers. Strategies employed by tourism suppliers to counter and overcome these barriers are identified. Following a review of tourism and information technology policies within Canada, some regulatory initiatives that may assist in facilitating successful technology adoption and use among the various components of the urban tourism product are proposed. The constantly evolving 'technological' channels and networks of tourism marketing and distribution are shown to be important influences on tourism destination policy. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Ngoqo, Bukelwa. "Small hospitality enterprises and the internet: an IT governance model for conducting business online." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/382.

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The Internet has made a considerable impact on how business is conducted. Empowered by technology consumers are using the Internet as a tool to communicate and transact online. E-commerce (electronic commerce) presents opportunities for business to gain a competitive advantage, however it also posses certain challenges. Small and Medium Hospitality Enterprises (SMHEs) sector within the tourism industry, is one of the sectors which stands to benefit from using the Internet for business. Researchers agree that the contribution made by the tourism sector in developing economies is substantial. However, SMHEs are noted for their failure to derive optimal benefits from using the Internet for business to improve their competitiveness. This study which seeks to develop a model for use by SMHEs as a guide when making the decision to adopt technology was necessitated by the importance of SMHE’s contribution in the economy of developing countries. This model is based on the examination of existing theories and models such as; the Delone and McLean IS success model (2004), and the ITGI’s (2007) IT governance focus areas model. To elicit the desired outcomes, additional data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The collected data was analysed and resulted in the development of a model that can be used by SMHEs in order to derive value from IT and to gain a competitive advantage.
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Tsephe, Neo Puleng. "Analysing rural tourism motivation factors and ICT adoption with specific reference to Malealea Lodge in Lesotho." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1304.

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Submitted in Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology, Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015.
Tourism can be classified either as urban tourism or as rural tourism, and it is one of the fastest growing industries globally. Rural tourism is usually associated with rural development because it has strong linkages to rural resources; but it remains underdeveloped compared to urban tourism. This underdevelopment of rural tourism serves as a motivation for this study whose aim is to examine the factors affecting the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists especially in this digital world where Information Communication and Technology (ICTs) is pervasive. In fact, ICT has transformed the travel industry in a remarkable way. The objectives of this study were: I) to select suitable theories that can explain the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists; ii) to design a conceptual model of the factors affecting the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists; iii) to empirically test the planned conceptual model of the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists, and, iv) to recommend measures to be taken for the improvement of the satisfaction levels of rural tourists to the point where they can significantly contribute to the full development of rural tourism. These objectives were achieved using content analysis of existing literature on rural tourism satisfaction and through a survey of tourists from the Malealea Lodge which is located in the Mafeteng District, in the Mountain Kingdom of Lesotho. The results of this study are the following: I) the push and pull motivation theory was selected to explain the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists; ii) rural tourism demographics, their push and pull motivation, and their level of ICT adoption were hypothesized as the factors that affect tourists satisfaction with their rural tourism experiences; iii) the satisfaction of rural tourists with their rural tourism experience is affected by their occupations (demographic factor), by their level of ICT adoption, and by their pull motivation; and this satisfaction is not affected by other demographic attributes nor by the push motivation of rural tourists; iv) it is recommended that rural tourism marketing be increased in order to attract clients from other regions besides Africa and Europe and other age groups apart from young Africans which were found by xiii this study to be the biggest rural tourism clientele group, and that peace and security be maintained in rural tourism destinations as these two attributes were found to have an effect on the perceived satisfaction of rural tourism. Finally, more research should be conducted on the effect of ICT adoption on rural tourism satisfaction.
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Books on the topic "Tourism – Lesotho – Data processing"

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Gunn, Clare A. Tourism potential-aided by computer cartography. Aix-en-Provence: Centre des hautes études touristiques, 1988.

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Gunn, Clare A. Tourism potential - aided by computer cartography. Aix-en-Provence: Centre des Hautes Etudes Touristiques, 1989.

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Bruce, Curry, and Rita Paulo 1963-, eds. Expert systems in tourism marketing. New York: Routledge, 1996.

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O'Connor, Peter. Electronic distribution technology in the tourism and hospitality industries. New York, NY: CABI Pub., 1999.

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Theodorou, Filios. Information technology applications in tourism in the South Pacific: A preliminary survey report. Suva, Fiji: Tourism Council of the South Pacific, 1992.

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Ulf, Olsson. The agricultural census in Lesotho--computer system, computer training, and field procedures: Report from a short-term mission, September 26 - October 14, 1989. [Sweden]: Statistics Sweden, International Consulting Office, 1989.

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Ulf, Olsson. The agricultural census in Lesotho--computer system, tabulation plan, sample design, and field procedures: Report from a short-term mission, April 16 - May 5, 1990. [Sweden]: Statistics Sweden, International Consulting Office, 1990.

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E-commerce and information technology in hospitality & tourism. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning, 2004.

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Guo nei lü you shi chang yan jiu: Internet huan jing xia de xin tou shi. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2010.

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Bornstaedt, Falk von. Telematik in der Tourismuswirtschaft: Wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen neuer technischer Informations- und Kommunikationssysteme, insbesondere Bildschirmtext, im Reiseverkehrssektor der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. München: R. Fischer, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tourism – Lesotho – Data processing"

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Huang, Juan. "The Research on Optimization Strategy of Wuhan Tourism Transportation System Under the Background of Smart Tourism." In 2020 International Conference on Data Processing Techniques and Applications for Cyber-Physical Systems, 77–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1726-3_10.

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Chen, Chang, and Kewei Yu. "Construction of Urban Smart Sports Tourism Service Platform Based on Big Data." In 2020 International Conference on Data Processing Techniques and Applications for Cyber-Physical Systems, 751–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1726-3_92.

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Sun, Ke, Chih-cheng Fang, and Hui Du. "Research on the Competitiveness of Thailand Golf Tourism Industry Based on Big Data." In 2020 International Conference on Data Processing Techniques and Applications for Cyber-Physical Systems, 291–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1726-3_36.

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Halkiopoulos, Constantinos, and Aris Koumparelis. "Historical Advertisements of Hotels, Tour Agencies and Involved Services of Tourism Industry in Greece: A Data Mining Analysis via Image Processing." In Cultural and Tourism Innovation in the Digital Era, 209–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36342-0_17.

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Li, Si Ru, and Naoya Ito. "“Nothing Can Stop Me!” Perceived Risk and Travel Intention Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Wuhan and Sapporo." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021, 490–503. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_47.

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AbstractThe global tourism industry has been devastated by the COVID-19 pandemic due to strict travel restrictions imposed by most countries. In order to achieve a swift post-pandemic recovery, it is important to understand what psychological obstacles people would face when making travel decisions. Building upon the dual-route theory of information processing, this study examined and compared how the perceived risk of COVID-19 would affect people’s travel intentions in the Japanese city of Sapporo and the Chinese city of Wuhan through two rounds of data collection. While both cities were hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic at an early stage, the cumulative numbers of confirmed human cases and the levels of intervention adopted were largely different. Results from the present study showed that risk perception of COVID-19 had a negative effect on people’s travel intentions in Sapporo. However, no significant effect of COVID-19 perception could be observed in post-lockdown Wuhan. Meanwhile, although the dual-route structure of information processing was obtained in Sapporo and post-lockdown Wuhan, neither routes seemed to predict the perceived risk of COVID-19 in Wuhan when lockdown restrictions were still in place. Several theoretical and practical implications concerning the results are discussed in this study.
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Balasubramanian, Sreejith, Supriya Kaitheri, Krishnadas Nanath, Sony Sreejith, and Cody Morris Paris. "Examining Post COVID-19 Tourist Concerns Using Sentiment Analysis and Topic Modeling." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021, 564–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_54.

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AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has had a destructive effect on the tourism sector, especially on tourists’ fears and risk perceptions, and is likely to have a lasting impact on their intention to travel. Governments and businesses worldwide looking to revive and revamp their tourism sector, therefore, must first develop a critical understanding of tourist concerns starting from the dreaming/planning phase to booking, travel, stay, and experiencing. This formed the motivation of this study, which empirically examines the tourist sentiments and concerns across the tourism supply chain. Natural Language Processing (NLP) using sentiment analysis and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) approach was applied to analyze the semi-structured survey data collected from 72 respondents. Practitioners and policymakers could use the study findings to enable various support mechanisms for restoring tourist confidence and help them adjust to the’new normal.’
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Richter, Nancy, and Djanina Dragoeva. "Digital Entrepreneurship and Agile Methods—A Hackathon Case Study." In Digital Entrepreneurship, 51–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53914-6_3.

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Abstract“What if, when they ask ‘Alexa, where can I do something here tonight?’, travellers no longer receive the answer ‘I don’t know’? And, could start-ups use all tourist data freely and without restriction to develop innovative applications for travellers at any time?” (“German National Tourist Board”, n.d.). These and similar questions are currently being asked by those responsible for tourism marketing and product development, such as destination management organisations (DMO: “Public or public–private entity whose aim is to foster, plan and coordinate the tourism development of a destination as a whole”.) (“IGI Global”, n.d.) in Germany. In particular, the travel destination Thuringia sees itself as a pioneer on topics such as AI, decentralised data structures and new types of interactions: “We were looking for a way to make the data of Thuringian tourism up-to-date, findable and freely usable and thus provide the path for open innovation and new technologies.” (Detlef Klinge, Thüringer Tourismus GmbH retrieved from “German National Tourist Board”, n.d.). To meet these challenges, the DMO relies on the processing of open data in a tourist content architecture and on entrepreneurial management methods such as the hackathon. This method, in turn, must be embedded in a holistic management approach; otherwise, creative results will be lost even before they come to the market. The question is how these technologies and management methods must be implemented in DMOs so that they generate sustainable competitive advantages and customer benefits for the respective travel destination.
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Vasavi, S., Mallela Padma Priya, and Anu A. Gokhale. "Framework for GeoSpatial Query Processing by Integrating Cassandra With Hadoop." In GIS Applications in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry, 1–41. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5088-4.ch001.

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We are moving towards digitization and making all our devices, such as sensors and cameras, connected to internet, producing bigdata. This bigdata has variety of data and has paved the way to the emergence of NoSQL databases, like Cassandra, for achieving scalability and availability. Hadoop framework has been developed for storing and processing distributed data. In this chapter, the authors investigated the storage and retrieval of geospatial data by integrating Hadoop and Cassandra using prefix-based partitioning and Cassandra's default partitioning algorithm (i.e., Murmur3partitioner) techniques. Geohash value is generated, which acts as a partition key and also helps in effective search. Hence, the time taken for retrieving data is optimized. When users request spatial queries like finding nearest locations, searching in Cassandra database starts using both partitioning techniques. A comparison on query response time is made so as to verify which method is more effective. Results show the prefix-based partitioning technique is more efficient than Murmur3 partitioning technique.
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Zelinka, Ivan, Martin Kruliš, Marek Běhálek, Tung Minh Luu, and Jaroslav Pokorný. "On Interdisciplinary Intersection of Unconventional Algorithms and Big Data Processing in Real World Problems." In Handbook of Research on Holistic Optimization Techniques in the Hospitality, Tourism, and Travel Industry, 326–47. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1054-3.ch015.

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Optimization algorithms are a powerful tool for solving many problems of engineering applications from different fields of real life. They are usually used where the solution of a given problem analytically is unsuitable or unrealistic. If implemented in a suitable manner, there is no need for frequent user intervention into the actions of the equipment in which they are used. The majority of the problems of real life applications can be defined as optimization problems, for example, finding the optimum trajectory of a robot, optimal data flows in various processes like city traffic optimization or modelling and optimization of the seasonal variances of supply, traffic and facilities occupation in tourism among the others. The structure of this chapter is such that on the beginning are introduced bio-inspired algorithms, then parallelization of algorithms and parallel hardware and at the end, open research on Ho Chi Minh City traffic optimization real world example is introduced. In Conclusion are discussed possibilities of mutual combinations of introduced methods.
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Rawat, Bhupesh, and Sanjay K. Dwivedi. "State of the Art Recommendation Approaches." In Natural Language Processing, 1621–51. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0951-7.ch075.

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Recommender systems have been used successfully in order to deal with information overload problems in a wide variety of domains ranging from e-commerce, e-tourism, to e-learning. They typically predict the ratings of unseen items by a user and recommend the top N items based on user's profile. Moreover, the profile can be enriched further by using additional information such as contextual data, domain knowledge, and tagging information among others for improving the quality of recommendations. Traditional approaches have not been effective in exploiting these additional data sources. Hence, new techniques need to be developed for extracting and integrating them into the recommendation process. In this article, the authors present a survey on state of the art recommendation approaches their algorithms, issues and also provides further research directions for developing smart and intelligent recommender systems.
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Conference papers on the topic "Tourism – Lesotho – Data processing"

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Wei, Jin, Lei Ma, and Zhongqiu Zhang. "A research on smart tourism-oriented big data real-time processing technology." In 2017 29th Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2017.7978817.

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Salur, Mehmet Umut, Ilhan Aydin, and Shahed Alali Alghrsi. "SmartSenti: A Twitter-Based Sentiment Analysis System for the Smart Tourism in Turkey." In 2019 International Artificial Intelligence and Data Processing Symposium (IDAP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/idap.2019.8875922.

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Sun, Yan, Jing Zhao, and Weiwei Yin. "Construction of Big Data Security Early Warning Visualization Model for Smart Tourism." In CIPAE 2021: 2021 2nd International Conference on Computers, Information Processing and Advanced Education. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3456887.3457506.

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Renjith, Shini, A. Sreekumar, and M. Jathavedan. "Evaluation of Partitioning Clustering Algorithms for Processing Social Media Data in Tourism Domain." In 2018 IEEE Recent Advances in Intelligent Computational Systems (RAICS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/raics.2018.8635080.

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TOPAL, Ibrahim, and Muhammed Kursad UCAR. "In Tourism, using Artificial Intelligence Forecasting with Tripadvisor Data: Year of Turkey in China." In 2018 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Data Processing (IDAP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/idap.2018.8620874.

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Zhu, Weiqi. "Research on Image Monitoring and Management of Hot Tourism Destination Based on Data Mining Technology." In 2021 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Image Processing, Electronics and Computers (IPEC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipec51340.2021.9420984.

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Hou, Tingfei. "Construction of Practical Teaching System for Smart Tourism Management Major in the Era of Big Data." In IPEC 2021: 2021 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Image Processing, Electronics and Computers. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3452446.3452669.

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Лобанов, Григорий, Grigoriy Lobanov, Руслан Прокопишин, Ruslan Prokopishin, Дарья Абадонова, Dar'ya Abadonova, Валерия Крохина, and Valeriya Krohina. "The Possibilities of GIS-technologies in Systematization of Information on Cultural Heritage (on the Example of Bryansk Region)." In 29th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Image Processing and Computer Vision, Visualization Systems and the Virtual Environment GraphiCon'2019. Bryansk State Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/graphicon-2019-1-163-167.

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The article analyzes the experience of creating a database of spatial data (BPD) on the cultural heritage of the Bryansk region as a basis for decision-making support in the organization of the tourism and recreational industry in the region. Methodical and technological decisions for physical, conceptual and logical level of design are given, their scientific and methodical and normative legal bases are discussed. The structure and content of BPD – electronic maps, layers, spatial and attribute characteristics of objects are described. The generalized information about the method of filling thematic layers, problems of data collection, systematization, visualization is given. The role of different types of software in the collection, systematization and visualization of data on cultural heritage is discussed. The tasks that are solved or proposed to be solved on the basis of the BPD are considered: collection of information about the area surrounding the heritage site, sorting and grouping of data, scientific reference mapping. Directions of use of BPD in the solution of branch tasks and prospects of development as an information resource are shown.
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Qi, Huimin. "Analysis on Integration Path of Urban and Rural Industries Based on Economic Data Model. A Case Study of Strategy Planning of Taiyuan Rural Revitalization." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/jubr5968.

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In the background of ongoing urbanization in China and prominent “dualistic” contradiction between urban and rural areas, rural revitalization is extremely urgent. Currently, common problems concerning industry, ecology and humanities exist in rural areas. This paper attempts to figure out the causes for differences in industrial development in rural areas on the basis of macro data analysis and industrial spatial distribution. Given the lack of quantitative analysis of the relationship between urban and rural development and industrial structure, this paper adopts SPSS statistical software to conduct regression analysis on the statistical data of Taiyuan City in the past ten years. Based on the relationship between industrial proportion and urban-rural income ratio, this paper proposes how the adjustment of urban industrial structure promotes the industrial development in surrounding rural areas and the narrowing of urban-rural income gap. From the perspective of rural industry undertaking or complementation with urban industry, this paper then puts forward the idea of undertaking the transfer industry within the scope of ensuring the aggregation effect of the city center and the carrying capacity of the ecological environment, proposing an industrial development path from agriculture to processing industry and then to culture, tourism and recreation industry for the villages in Taiyuan.
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Elkafrawy, Sameh, Sameh Elkafrawy, Akram Soliman, Akram Soliman, Mohamed Bek, and Mohamed Bek. "EVALUATING SHORELINE, URBAN AND ROADS CHANGES IN THE HURGHADA AREA, EGYPT, USING MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE IMAGES." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b9422c50d28.22324330.

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The rapid urban development in the Hurghada area since the 1980s has dramatically enhanced the potential impact of human activities. To inventory and monitor this urban development effectively, remote sensing provides a viable source of data from which updated land cover information can be extracted efficiently and cheaply. In this study, data from three satellite datasets, Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat 5 TM), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat 7 ETM+) and Terra/Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), acquired during 1987, 2000 and 2005, respectively, were used to detect and evaluate Hurghada's urban expansion. Five change detection techniques were tested to detect areas of change. The techniques considered were image differencing, image ratioing, image overlay, multidate principal component analysis (PCA) and post-classification comparison. The post-classification comparison was found to be the most accurate procedure and produced three land use/land cover (LULC) maps of the years 1987, 2000 and 2005 with overall accuracies of 87.8%, 88.9% and 92.0%, respectively. The urban expansion analysis revealed that the built-up area has expanded by 40 km2 in 18 years (1987–2005). In addition, 4.5 km2 of landfill/sedimentation was added to the sea as a result of the coastal urban development and tourist activities. The booming coastal tourism and population pressure were considered to be the main factors driving this expansion, and some natural and artificial constraints constrained the physical shape of the city. The expansion is represented by urban fringe development, linear, infill and isolated models. Topography, lithology and structures were also analysed as possible factors that influenced the expansion. The understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of Hurghada's urban expansion is the cornerstone for formulating a view about the future urban uses and for making the best use of the limited resources that are available [1]. A Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image of 1987 and a Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image of 2000 were used to examine changes in land use/land cover (LULC) around Hurghada, Egypt, and changes in the composition of coral reefs offshore. Prior to coral reef bottom type classification, the radiance values were transformed to depth invariant bottom indices to reduce the effect of the water column. Subsequently, a multi component change detection procedure was applied to these indices to define changes. Preliminary results showed significant changes in LULC during the period 1987–2000 as well as changes in coral reef composition. Direct impacts along the coastline were clearly shown, but it was more difficult to link offshore changes in coral reef composition to indirect impacts of the changing LULC. Further research is needed to explore the effects of the different image processing steps, and to discover possible links between indirect impacts of LULC changes and changes in the coral reef composition [2]. Knowledge and detecting impacts of human activities on the coastal ecosystem is an essential management requirement and also very important for future and proper planning of coastal areas. Moreover, documentation of these impacts can help in increasing public awareness about side effects of unsustainable practices. Analysis of multidate remote sensing data can be used as an effective tool in environmental impact assessment (EIA). Being synoptic and frequent in coverage, multidate data from Landsat and other satellites provide a reference record and bird’s eye viewing to the environmental situation of the coastal ecosystem and the associated habitats. Furthermore, integration of satellite data with field observations and background information can help in decision if a certain activity has caused deterioration to a specific habitat or not. The present paper is an attempt to utilize remote sensing data for assessment impacts of some human activities on the major sensitive habitats of the north western Egyptian Red Sea coastal zone, definitely between Ras Gemsha and Safaga. Through multidate change analysis of Landsat data (TM & ETM+ sensors), it was possible to depict some of the human infringements in the area and to provide, in some cases, exclusive evidences for the damaging effect of some developmental activities [3]. The coastline of Hurghada has experienced considerable environmental stress from tourist and residential recreational activities. Uncontrolled tourist development has already caused substantial damage to inshore reefs and imbalance in the hydrodynamic pattern of the coastal sediments. The objective of this paper is to investigate environmental changes using multitemporal, multispectral satellite data to identify changes at Hurghada caused by anthropogenic influences. Major detected changes include resort beaches, protection structures and landfill areas; these changes are mainly due to human intervention. Two Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in 1984 and 1997 are used for this analysis. The landfill areas formed during this period are calculated at about 2.15 Km2 . Whilst landfill creates new inexpensive land and improves access to the sea for tourists, it is the cause of environmental problems. In addition, land-use/land-cover and beach changes are determined over the 13-year period [4]. The Red Sea coastal zone is characterized by its sensitive, fragile, unique natural resources and habitats. In the Hurghada coastal region, major changes in the tourism industry have taken place in the last few decades. The detection of environmental changes, in a selected site of the Red Sea coastal zone, will be helpful to protect and develop this coastal environment. A methodology for separating natural and man-made changes in satellite images was developed. It was based on the following assumptions: (1) slow changes, which occur within the range of the class reflectance, represent a natural change rather than an anthropogenic one; (2) natural changes tend to be in the same land-use/land-cover class in each date, i.e. slow changes in the reflectance, not leading to changes in the type of land-use/land-cover class from the master image to the destination one; and (3) rapid changes in the reflectance of the Earth's objects are usually related to anthropogenic activities. This technique is used to identify and assess changes along the coast of Hurghada and Ras Abu Soma, the Red Sea. Results indicate serious human impacts and the necessity for control measures and monitoring. Recommendations are presented [5]. The rapid urban development of the Hurghada area began in early 1980 to build villages and huge tourist resorts and this has continued urban development and subsequent land filling and dredging of the shoreline and the destruction of coral so far. These coastal developments have led to an increase in shoreline land filling and dredging. Despite all the environmental laws of the organization to reduce infringement on the shoreline, the abuses are still ongoing. Change detection analysis using remote sensing is a very good tool to monitor the changes condition in urban development and shoreline. Four sensors was used in this study, three of them are, Landsat Multispectral Scanner (Landsat 1 MSS), Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat 5 TM), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat 7 ETM+) and the another one is SPOT XS 4 (Originally Système Probatoire de l’Observation de la Terre), acquired during 1972, 1984, 1992, 2004 and 2011, respectively, were used to detect and evaluate Hurghada’s urban expansion and shoreline changes. After the images have been geometrically, radio-metrically and atmospherically corrected using ENVI 5.0 software, the digital number was transformed to the reflectance values and the images were ready to change detection process with the integration of geographic information system using Arc GIS 10 software. The results show that changes during the 39 years of the shoreline is 6.29 km2, (5.65 km2 accretion and 0.64 km2 erosion) and urban development is 16.47 km2 the road network is the 8.738 km2.
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