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Journal articles on the topic 'Tourism – Tanzania'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Mwakalobo, Adam, Abiud Kaswamila, Alex Kira, Onesmo Chawala, and Timothy Tear. "Tourism Regional Multiplier Effects in Tanzania: Analysis of Singita Grumeti Reserves Tourism in the Mara Region." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p44.

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<p>The main focus of this study was to establish the economic impacts of a single tourism business operated in a rural area on a regional economy in Africa. This paper presents a case study of the regional multiplier effects of Singita Grumeti Reserves’ (SGR) tourism investment in the Mara region, Tanzania. The recursive Keynesian multiplier approach was used to identify significant economic multiplier effects larger than any other multiplier effects we could find published for relevant, comparable studies (Type 1 average 1.57 from 2008-2013, range 1.24 – 1.81). This result was contrary to economic theory that predicts the multiplier effect in this case should be low given the small area of investment in comparison to the much larger regional economy. In addition, these results represent underestimates, as the multiplier effects established in this study did not factor in substantial positive environmental and socio economic impacts accrued from SGR’s non-profit partner organization, the Grumeti Fund. Consequently, our study findings present compelling evidence that SGR tourism investments, when combined with the Grumeti Fund’s conservation and community development activities, demonstrate a pro-poor economic approach of substantial benefit to the Tanzanian economy. This was possible because the investment made by one private company is relatively substantial in comparison to the limited government services provided to the Mara Region, where nearly half of the 1.7 million people in this region remain in the poverty trap. These results provide compelling evidence that this type of high-value low-volume tourism investment can also contribute to sustainable and equitable socioeconomic development when paired with conservation and community development efforts. This assessment also demonstrates the value of ecosystem services derived from conserving Tanzania’s rich and globally significant natural heritage for the benefit of both people and nature. As there is more tourism potential in Tanzania, Tanzanian government authorities at all levels should consider encouraging and supporting similar tourism investments (i.e., high-value low-volume tourism model). This support could be tailored to providing incentives such as tax rate reduction or exemptions to encourage this specific type of tourism investment. Private investment is particularly important in rural and underserved regions in Tanzania– like the Mara Region – where there have been limited economic investments despite substantial opportunities for economic growth. </p>

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2

Curry, Steve. "Tourism development in Tanzania." Annals of Tourism Research 17, no. 1 (1990): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(90)90119-c.

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Ladislaus Fredrick Batinoluho. "Analysis of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the Tourism Industry in Tanzania." Hospitality & Tourism Review 1, no. 2 (November 15, 2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.38157/hospitality-tourism-review.v1i2.214.

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Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the commercial sexual exploitation of children in the tourism industry in Tanzania and to propose mitigation measures. Methods: This study was based on the desk review of published materials. Critical analysis of commercial sex exploitation of children in the Tourism (CSECT) industry in Tanzania was conducted. Results: According to the findings, children in Tanzania are involved in commercial sex trade with tourists and residents. This perception was also supported by the studies which were conducted by End Child Prostitution and Trafficking International (ECPAT International) in Tanzania in 2013 and in Kenya, Zambia, and South Africa in 2015. Implications: The problem of commercial sex exploitation of children in Tourism is aggravated by poverty and the trafficking of children for child labor engagement. The study serves as an early wake-up call for the policymakers in Tanzania. The study recommends prevention, protection, prosecution, policy, and mobilize coordinated national action to end the problem.

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Melubo, Kokel. "Tanzania tourism policy review conference." Anatolia 28, no. 4 (July 3, 2017): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2017.1347737.

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Ndekwa, Albert Gabriel, and Tumaini Mujuni Katunzi. "Small and Medium Tourist Enterprises and Social Media Adoption: Empirical Evidence from Tanzanian Tourism Sector." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 4 (March 15, 2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n4p71.

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The increasing competition and the highly demands of globalization in tourism sector are increasing challenges in the market and operation of Small and Medium enterprises in Tanzania. In order to cope with these challenges, it is evidenced that the adoption of social media networking is an enabler of small and medium tourist enterprises in quest of enhancing competitiveness in their globalized market place. Despite of this benefit offered by Social Media (SM) to SMEs, very little is known on the factors influencing adoption of Social Media in Tanzanian Tourist sector. This paper aims at filling the gap by examining factors influencing adoption of Social Media Networking among SMEs in Tanzanian Tourism Sector. Questionnaire was used to collect data from SMEs owners and employees in Dar es salaam city, Iringa region and Rukwa region where geographical stratified sampling was used to ensure representativeness of the sample from the heterogonous population to form homogeneous group followed by simple random sampling technique which was used to draw a sample of 265 respondents for quantitative data and purposive sampling technique was used to pick sample for qualitative data. Factor analysis was used to ensure construct validity of the proposed conceptual model in this study while Cronbach’s alpha was used to test the suitability of research instrument used in collecting data for the study. Structure equation modeling method was used to test hypothesis on the factors influencing adoption of social media networking among SME in Tanzania tourism sector. Findings using SEM revealed that organization context and environmental context are significantly influencing adoption of social media networking adoption while technology context was found to be insignificant factor. This study recommended that in order SMEs to continuously be competitive in this global and dynamic market they should continue to adopt the use of social media networking as a tool to capture more customers worldwide.

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Charles, Goodluck. "Coordinating regulatory agencies for improved tourism policy in Tanzania." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights 2, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhti-08-2018-0049.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the institutional challenges of coordinating regulatory agencies and the costs associated with compliance requirements in Tanzania’s tourist industry.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on qualitative research conducted in the northern tourism circuit of Tanzania. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with owner-managers of tourism enterprises, heads of regulatory agencies and leaders of business associations (n=60). The findings were analysed through triangulating the data from various sources to establish emerging themes and patterns in accordance with the theoretical underpinnings and research objectives.FindingsThe findings show that tourism enterprises are governed by a multitude of national, sub-national and sectoral institutions mandated to impose several taxes, fees and levies on enterprises. As a result, tourism enterprises are required to obtain duplicate licences and are subjected to uncoordinated inspections. The poor treatment by regulatory agencies, the unclear basis for estimating taxes and levies, inadequate tax education and closure of businesses were also reported as key regulatory challenges. Most challenges emerge from agentification of the public sector and the lack of a legal framework in which to formally facilitate coordination and information sharing amongst government agencies.Practical implicationsThe paper proposes streamlining the functions of divergent institutions governing the industry by increasing intergovernmental coordination through delegating some functions, sharing information and enforcing formal inter-ministerial and cross-government consultation structures.Originality/valueThis paper adds value to previous regulatory assessments by empirically analysing the specific sector and showing how the principal–agent relationship for the public sector can be improved through enforcing coordination of the multiple agencies governing the tourist industry.

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Macha, Lilian. "Tanzania Citizens’ Participation in Domestic Tourism." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 209–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss6.3168.

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This study examines the Tanzania citizens’ participation in domestic tourism. The study was based on the Social Exchange Theory and its components of trust on transport and destination visit price. The choice of the theory aimed to overcome possible limitations of using the theory in Tanzania. The study extends the applicability of the component of Social Exchange Theory to include additional construct such destination visit price (DVP) variable as a mediator. Data collection questionnaires were distributed to 400 respondents in Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Bagamoyo. Being a quantitative study, Structure Equation Modelling (SEM) was deployed to establish whether trust infrastructure (TI) and destination visit price (DVP) lead to the participation of Tanzania citizens in domestic tourism (PDT). The results of the study show that the measurement and structural model exhibited better model fit indices. The relationship between trust on transport results to participation in domestic tourism through destination visit price (DVP). It is recommended that the variables analyzed in this study be recognition for influencing the participation of Tanzania citizens in domestic tourism.

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Anderson, Wineaster, Theresia Busagara, Deogratious Mahangila, Maria Minde, Donath Olomi, and Victor Bahati. "The dialogue and advocacy initiatives for reforming the business environment of the tourism and hospitality sector in Tanzania." Tourism Review 72, no. 1 (April 18, 2017): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-09-2016-0036.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the nature of the public–private dialogue (PPD) initiatives and how PPDs are being used in the tourism and hospitality sector as the tool for reforming the business environment (e.g. set policy priorities, inform policy design, improve legislative proposals and incorporate feedback into regulatory implementation). Design/methodology/approach The study adapted a descriptive-qualitative method through desk research and in-depth interviews based on the explorative research design. The respondents included tourism and hospitality stakeholders from the public and private sectors in the Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Dar es Salaam tourist destinations in Tanzania. Findings The findings revealed numerous PPD initiatives which various actors in the tourism value chain rely on to address their matters. While some initiatives are not regular forums, few have been institutionalized in the Tourism Act of 2008, while others have been prescribed from the global level (UNWTO). The well-known PPD platforms include the Tourism Facilitation Committee, Technical Advisory Committee to the Minister, Tanzania National Business Council (the Tourism Task Force) and Public–Private Partnership in Tourism under the Ministry. However, most of the existing platforms overlap in terms of subject matter, mandates, participants and timing. The key success stories and factors of the PPD initiatives and the associated challenges have been discussed. Practical implications The study provides insight to the conclusion that public policies that are designed through PPD are better conceived and more effectively implemented because they result from mutual understanding between government and the business community. This knowledge is important to the least developed countries (LDCs), like Tanzania, as research has shown that stronger and more constructive dialogue between government and the private sector leads to better business environment, and countries with better business environments grow faster, attract more investment and reduce poverty more than the opposite. Originality/value Although several PPD initiatives are taking place in the tourism sector in most developing countries, little about them has been documented in the tourism literature. Hence, this study, which focuses on Tanzania, aims to fill this knowledge gap.

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Anderson, Wineaster. "Linkages between tourism and agriculture for inclusive development in Tanzania." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights 1, no. 2 (May 14, 2018): 168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhti-11-2017-0021.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how local agricultural communities are integrated into the tourism value chains and provide insights into how this can contribute to poverty reduction. Design/methodology/approach The study employed the value chain approach to gain an understanding of the linkages between tourism and agriculture. Interviews involving local suppliers of agricultural products and tourism businesses (n=195) were conducted in Lushoto, Tanzania. The livelihood portfolios (range of activities – farming, employment, tourism, etc.) were analyzed in terms of the resources (economic, natural, human, physical and social assets) available to individuals and households and how these are optimally used to achieve inclusive growth. Findings The findings show that the form of tourism business ownership and the presence of specific social networks between tourism businesses and local suppliers dictate the mode of buying and the strength of supply chains. Community-based tourism is dominant in the area, allowing tourists to interact with agrarian rural communities. However, the optimal local linkages have been hampered by the quantitative and qualitative mismatch between locally supplied products and the tourism sector’s requirements. The failure of many initiatives aimed at addressing the mismatch creates a need for empowering local communities to enable them to take the opportunities that tourism provides. Practical implications Least developed countries need to build on the lessons learned from the development of tourism in their local settings, and pursue strategies which bring hope, confidence and real benefits to the majority of the struggling population. This study gives an insight on how inter-sectoral linkages could be embraced among the strategies or means of reducing rampant poverty. Originality/value Linking local agricultural production to tourism has long been seen as a promising way to make tourism more economically inclusive. However, the use of value chain approach in studying the tourism-agriculture linkages for inclusive development, especially in the developing economies is not common. While employing Porter’s value chains analysis, this study provides insights into how local farmers can be incorporated in tourism food supply chains in an ethical and beneficial way.

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Kara, Nasra Shoka, and Kezia Herman Mkwizu. "Demographic factors and travel motivation among leisure tourists in Tanzania." International Hospitality Review 34, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ihr-01-2020-0002.

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PurposeTo examine demographic factors and travel motivations among leisure tourists in Tanzania. Specifically by examining the influence of demographic factors on travel motivation among local and international leisure tourists in Tanzania.Design/methodology/approachApproach is quantitative and applied descriptive statistics, independent t-test and ANOVA.FindingsThe findings showed that age, gender and family size as demographic factors significantly influenced travel motivation among local and international leisure tourists.Research limitations/implicationsFuture studies to consider different approaches including collection of data during the peak season, use qualitative method and conduct studies in other parts of the country to explore demographic factors and travel motivations of tourists.Practical implicationsTo assist tourism stakeholders in their design of promotional tools to market tourism products/services to different tourists as opposed to homogeneous marketing campaigns.Originality/valueExamined the influence of demographic factors and travel motivation among local and international leisure tourists in the context of Tanzania.

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Sing’ambi, Emmanuel, and Noel Biseko Lwoga. "Heritage attachment and domestic tourists’ visits to historic sites." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 12, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-09-2017-0091.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between heritage attachment and its dimensions on the one hand, and domestic tourists’ visits to historic sites in Bagamoyo in Tanzania on the other. Design/methodology/approach A self-administered questionnaire consisting of multiple-measurement items was administered to a convenience sample of 160 domestic tourists visiting historic sites in Bagamoyo town in Tanzania. Regression analysis tested whether and to what extent heritage attachment and its dimensions relate to domestic tourists’ visits. Findings As expected, heritage attachment showed a positive and significant relationship with domestic tourists’ visits to historic sites, meaning that the more a tourist is attached to historic sites, the more likely she or he will visit them. In addition, all five dimensions of heritage attachment of spirituality, identity, oneness, inheritance and ancestry had a positive relationship with domestic tourists’ visits. However, only spirituality and identity had a stronger and more statistically significant effect. Research limitations/implications The demographic, motivation, pull–push and cognitive theories have dominated explanations for why tourists visit. A major contribution of this study to this body of knowledge is its argument that the affective-based perspective is significant in explaining domestic tourists’ visits. It also provides managerial implications for practitioners in the tourist industry for the development of domestic and cultural tourism. Originality/value This study is among the first (if any) empirical demonstrations of the significance of heritage attachment and its dimensions in attracting domestic tourists to visit historic sites in Tanzania.

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Gössling, Stefan, and Ute Schulz. "Tourism-Related Migration in Zanzibar, Tanzania." Tourism Geographies 7, no. 1 (February 2005): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461668042000324058.

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Haulle, Evaristo. "Accumulation Tendency, Sustainable Tourism and Hospitality in Tanzania." International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2019.3314.

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Sustainable tourism depends on, among others, culture and interaction between members of a given community, flow of tourists and political climate of the host country, and hospitality of the service providers. It assumes that nature of the economy and relation of production and tranquillity define the sustainability of tourism. This paper presents the case of Ngorongoro district where Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA) and Loliondo Game Controlled Area (LGCA) are situated. Resources in these areas were sustained under the local community for centuries before the application of the modern approaches, which involved land alienation. The alienation of land led to the loss of pastures, eviction and relocation of Maasai pastoralists from NCAA. The situation made the pastoralists lose their livelihood options. Some development initiatives were prohibited. Community members started to fight with investors on access to resources. Moreover, search for alternative sources of living drove them into illegal practices of robbing travellers. Indeed, poaching and illegal transfers of wild animals by colluding with those in power made a few individuals benefit from the practices. As a result, the accumulation tendency made the hosting community lose their resources and the livelihood options as well. In this way, the only immediate option was trespassing to the existing resources and users; hence, malfunctioning of the sector. Thus, this paper argues that, in order to realise sustainable tourism and curb the emerging hostility between the resource hosts and the greedy individuals, community participation is paramount.

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Mbowe, Wilfred E., Ernest Ndunguru, and Joyce Gervas. "Tourism Development in Northern Circuit of Tanzania and Its Contribution in Improving Local People’s Livelihood." Applied Economics and Finance 8, no. 4 (July 29, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v8i4.5311.

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This study evaluates tourism development in the northern tourist circuit of Tanzania, and the extent to which the tourism activities have helped individuals and communities surrounding the natural attractions to secure the necessities of live. It employs descriptive analysis, and interview approach covering selected villages around the national parks. The results show that over 11 years to 2018/19, number of visitors rose by 66.9 percent and earnings (gate fees) by 289.5 percent making the circuit the backbone of tourism in the country. Nevertheless, the industry still faces several challenges, including volatility and moderate growth of the number of visitors in most of the parks; high concentration of visitors and earnings to only three national parks; and difficulty accessibility to some parks. One third of non-resident visitors originate from only three destinations, while about 44.5 percent of leisure and holidays visitors come under package arrangement.On the improvement of people’s welfare, tourism activities have significantly contributed in improving local people’s welfare as reflected by assets they have, largely obtained through tourist induced demand. Underlining the significance tourism, self-employed respondents indicated that business sales were on average TZS 259,151 between May and September (tourist season), much higher than when off-season. Also, business entities (companies/institutions) in the areas offer direct employment to local people, in which 120 employees (mostly unskilled labour) out 182 originated from the villages. With respect to social services, many local communities benefit from various social services, with the government, natural conservation authorities, and charity organizations playing a greater role in their construction. Most of the social services are easily accessible and affordable. Meanwhile, tourism activities are generally perceived to have little negative effects on culture, respect to the society, and security in the areas as alluded to by 64 percent of 218 respondents.To develop further the tourism industry to improve its contribution to people’s living, it is imperative to: Intensifying programs on promotions and campaigns to attract both resident and non-resident visitors to less visited parks including encouraging the establishment of African style small-scaled lodges and international-standard tourist hotels where they are lacking, and ensuring taxes and park fees are competitive; Putting in place plans to ensure roads to and in national parks are accessible throughout the year to allow more visits; Enhancing the strategies for product and market diversification; Increasing programs to sensitize the local people on the importance of conserving tourist attractions in their areas, and the benefits associated with tourism; Scaling up training plans for the local people to improve their entrepreneur skills, and facilitate access to affordable loans; Encouraging establishment of tourist-standard restaurants, supermarkets, and cultural and art centres in the vicinity of parks; and scaling up measures to support establishment of social services in areas where the services are lacking or are located far from the people.

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Mlozi, Shogo, Ossi Pesämaa, and Antti Haahti. "Testing a model of destination attachment - insights from tourism in Tanzania." Tourism and hospitality management 19, no. 2 (December 10, 2013): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.19.2.2.

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Purpose – Transforming experiences is in this paper approached as a destination choice process for adventure tourists. This study seeks to explain conditions that support place identity and place dependence development in Tanzania. The study proposes a testable destination choice model of international visitors to Tanzania. Design/Methodology/Approach – The proposed order of the model is that perceived constraints and satisfaction depend on expectation and travel motivation and that these two may further predict place identity and place dependence. These measures capture our research questions. Visiting tourists to Tanzania were confronted at airport. During August and September of 2010, 700 filled questionnaires were gathered and 504 was usable for further analysis. Final questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and SEM (AMOS). Main results – The findings support that tourism policymakers and other stakeholders may consider tourists’ behaviors, such as expectations, motivations, perceived constraints and satisfaction with place identity, to be related to destination attachment. Originality of the research – The paper strengthens several theoretical arguments. First, indicating the amalgamation of different tourists’ behaviors formed in a path-dependent order. One stage is planning the travel, another is during their stay and finally when building their attachment. Furthermore, attachment relate to future choices.

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Melita, Asantael W. "Assessing the Visitors Motivation and Satisfaction in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area." World Journal of Social Science Research 2, no. 2 (August 19, 2015): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v2n2p160.

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<p><em>Tourism Industry in Sub Sahara Region has been operating on competition poses basing on the same resources which are wildlife and nature as the products in service. Many of the areas to visit by the tourists are still natural and some of them are exist under diminishing status because of the use since establishment.</em><em> </em><em>That needs resources engineering to motivate the tourists who wish to visit and are mostly changing the tourism tests all the time. Tanzania has about 30% of its territorial land for Natural resources where tourism is basically commenced. Tourism is a leading industry that contributes about 7.1% to the Tanzania GDP; therefore it needs some resources rehabilitation and re-designed to motivate the visitations.</em><em></em></p><p><em>Ngorongoro Conservation being one of the protected areas in Tanzania gets about half of the tourists (611,767 by 2014) who visit Tanzania (1,410,156 by 2014). The resources for tourism are in different status i.e.</em><em>,</em><em> Developed and Over utilized, Developed and Underutilized, Undeveloped and over utilized, Undeveloped and underutilized. These are the areas that needs status evaluation and developed to motivate the visitors for more stay in the Ngorongoro area and realize more revenue gains</em><em>.</em></p><p><em>With 725 questionnaires collected during survey, visitors category identified and their expectations were measured and all that revealed the fact that the Ngorongoro resources needs rehabilitation (Push factor) to motivate the visitors to select the area as a destination to visit (pull factor). Capacities for a tourist buy a vacation were measured through income of the respondents which is important factor during resources development to motivate the tourists. The response from Non residents respondents were 40% who they earned less than $50,000/year, which is more than those under 29 years old (33%) and 77% earned under $100,000/year. Only 7% claimed an income over $250,000/year which would be considered upper middle to wealthy in Western societies.</em><em></em></p><p><em>With the income status, awareness of the Ngorongoro as destinations were measured and level of package for visitation were measured. </em><em>The findings revealed that most of the visitors know the Ngorongoro from Tour Operators package or programs (29.2%) of the respondents against the NCAA trade fairs and Expo attending campaign (2.2%). The marketing strategies for Ngorongoro Conservation area should look the possibilities to creating imagination impacts to the visitors before their arrivals to the NCA. It was further discovered that there is no enough efforts have been put on resourced development and use of the available resources to motivate the tourists. More effort is required for marketing the unique resources available in Ngorongoro Conservation Area; convince more stay of the tourists, accruing more revenue and maneuver the a challenge over the tourism threats identified in the area.</em></p>

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Yusuf, Salama, and Mshenga Machano Ali. "Tourism and Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Tanzania." International Journal of Asian Social Science 8, no. 12 (2018): 1130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2018.812.1130.1138.

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Kinemo, Ross E. J. "Tourism Business and Human Needs in Tanzania." Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society 6 (1995): 831–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/iabsproc1995673.

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Kweka, Josaphat, Oliver Morrissey, and Adam Blake. "The economic potential of tourism in Tanzania." Journal of International Development 15, no. 3 (2003): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.990.

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Kanje, Patrokil, Goodluck Charles, Elly Tumsifu, Lena Mossberg, and Tommy Andersson. "Customer engagement and eWOM in tourism." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights 3, no. 3 (March 17, 2020): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhti-04-2019-0074.

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PurposeThe purpose of this article is to examine the role of customer engagement (CE) on electronic word of mouth (eWOM) behavior among vacationers in Tanzania. The article disaggregates CE into cognitive process, affection and behavior and integrates eWOM passing into the eWOM concept.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 278 vacationers who had used social media before and/or during their trip in Tanzania was used. They were drawn at three major airports in Tanzania when exiting the destination. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed relationships.FindingsIt is revealed that both the affective CE and behavioral CE positively relate to vacationers' eWOM seeking, giving and passing behaviors in tourism-related sites. On the other hand the cognitive CE relates positively only with eWOM passing behaviors.Research limitations/implicationsThe varied relationship of the three CE dimensions (cognitive, affective and behavioral) with eWOM behaviors further confirms the multi-dimensionality of CE and the enduring psychological connection of individuals beyond participation in activities.Practical implicationsCE is multifaceted and enduring and thus managers should take a long-term, enduring and multidimensional perspective in facilitating CE development. Different content appeals are needed in facilitating CE in online platforms as CE dimensions relate variedly with eWOM behaviorsOriginality/valueThe study links CE and eWOM in a novel way by disaggregating CE and integrating the eWOM passing component into the eWOM concept in tourism-related social media sites.

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Salazar, Noel B. "Touristifying Tanzania." Annals of Tourism Research 33, no. 3 (July 2006): 833–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.03.017.

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Kinyondo, Abel, and Riccardo Pelizzo. "Tourism, Development and Inequality: The Case of Tanzania." Poverty & Public Policy 7, no. 1 (March 2015): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pop4.92.

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Mgonja, John T. "The Nature of Tourism Education Programs in Developing Countries: The Case of Tanzania." Tourism Review International 23, no. 1 (October 2, 2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427219x15561098338295.

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This article reviews the nature of tourism education programs in Tanzania. The results reveal that tourism education in the country is a relatively recent phenomenon with the oldest program being offered in 2000. As such, the programs are still evolving and tend to reflect more entry-level training. Specifically, diplomas and certificates are the major credentials offered and no institution in the country offers a terminal degree in a tourism-related field (i.e., doctorate degree). Hence, doctoral education needs to be acquired outside the country, which can represent a meaningful constraint on the ability to efficiently and effectively train instructors. Given this review of tourism education programs in Tanzania, additional research is recommended to further examine the quality of the programs as well as to conduct a comparative analysis with other developing countries in the region.

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Mlozi, Shogo, and Ossi Pesämaa. "Developing reciprocal exchanges for tourism investors." Tourism Economics 23, no. 6 (September 15, 2016): 1184–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816616668106.

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This article is based on a unique sample of 111 tourism investors in Tanzania. Investors have a significant role in establishing services and supporting continuance in local tourism networks. As important as investors are, many of them overlook relationships they may find abundant but not meaningful. Many investors shift relationships when meaningful ideas or other outcomes no longer feed into the relationship. Relationships could thus be seen as gradual processes in which meaningful exchanges cement the relationships together. At the entry stage, investors select partners they trust or focus on identifying a specific style characterized by partner-related criteria. These expectations typically depend on the motives or reasons investors enter relationships. We suggest that investors’ relationships develop from motives toward defined selection criteria as the basis for a continued exchange defined by their reciprocal orientation. Thus, a theoretical model is presented with constructs such as hard and soft motives, trust and network awareness, partner selection criteria, and reciprocal orientations. We hope these findings may illustrate how policymakers in Tanzania can support investor relationships and nurture them toward a long-term exchange.

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Burgoyne, Chris, and Kevin Mearns. "Managing stakeholder relations, natural resources and tourism: A case study from Ololosokwan, Tanzania." Tourism and Hospitality Research 17, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358416639088.

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This manuscript investigates the complexities and challenges in the management of the Ololosokwan community conservation area in Northern Tanzania. The conservation area is adjacent to the Serengeti National Park, just south of the Tanzanian-Kenyan Border where nomadic Maasai Pastoralists are free to cross international borders in search of grazing for their cattle. The Ololosokwan community is faced with the difficulties of managing a number of conflicting land-uses and community aspirations while striving toward the maintenance of a successful and sustainable community conservation area in collaboration with a private tourism operation. Benefit sharing was found to be an effective way in which to heal negative stakeholder engagements of the past, and active participation in the development of community livelihoods was found to be a more meaningful pursuit in this cause than merely sharing money. Despite opportunities for stakeholders to show that they are willing to work together, existing conflict is likely to continue as stakeholders still mistrust each other and often align themselves with groups that share common interests.

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Loeng, Martin. "Foreigners, fakes and flycatchers: stereotypes, social encounters and the problem of discomfort on the street in Arusha, Tanzania." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 14, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-10-2019-0182.

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Purpose This paper aims to contribute to research on the interrelations between urban tourism, travelling and landscapes. It shows how young visitors to the tourism-reliant city of Arusha, northern Tanzania, experience and interpret discomfiting encounters with street sellers by drawing on stereotypes circulating in guidebooks, online forums and in the tourism industry. In turn, such re-interpreted encounters are increasingly seen as problematic for the city’s development of urban tourism. Design/methodology/approach The author draws on extensive ethnographic fieldwork with tourist-product street sellers in Arusha and Moshi, Tanzania in 2015–2017. With detail-oriented focus on social interaction and communication, the author has used participant observation and interviews to understand the perspectives and actions involved. Complementing this, the author draws on interviews with tour companies and local authorities to connect everyday occurrences with broader political, economic and urban transformations. Findings This paper explores the interrelation between changing urban landscapes, gentrification and burgeoning urban tourism by highlighting not only how streets are created and sought to be re-created but how also re-interpreted stories and stereotypes fundamentally influence how it is understood by local authorities. As the consumption of place, shopping and foreigners’ experiences take centre stage in Arusha’s urban development project, practices and people that are re-interpreted as causes of discomfort, become objects of ordering and discipline. Originality/value This paper emphasizes that the social encounters beyond dichotomies of host–guest relationships are a fruitful and important means of investigating how “encounters” connect space to power, the street to urban planning and mundane on-the-street interactions to processes of transformation and gentrification. This paper presents a reading of “landscapes” not as a text, but as a series of encounters that catch our attention when and where they break our norms, or the norms of others.

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Wamboye, Evelyn F., Peter John Nyaronga, and Bruno S. Sergi. "What are the determinants of international tourism in Tanzania?" World Development Perspectives 17 (March 2020): 100175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100175.

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Wade, Derek J., B. C. Mwasaga, and Paul F.J. Eagles. "A history and market analysis of tourism in Tanzania." Tourism Management 22, no. 1 (February 2001): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(00)00019-4.

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Anderson, Wineaster. "Cultural tourism and poverty alleviation in rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania." Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 13, no. 3 (July 17, 2014): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2014.935387.

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Mkwizu, Kezia H. "Perception of Bao as Sports Tourism: Evidence from Tanzania." South Asian Journal of Tourism and Hospitality 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sajth.v1i2.39.

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Bashagi, A., and E. Muchapondwa. "What Actions Could Boost International Tourism Demand for Tanzania?" Studies in Economics and Econometrics 33, no. 2 (August 1, 2009): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10800379.2009.12106469.

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Jani, Dev. "Segmenting Inbound Tourists Using Destination Image." Tourism 69, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37741/t.69.1.4.

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The purpose of this study was to segment inbound tourists to Tanzania using destination image. A self-administered structured questionnaire was conveniently distributed to inbound tourist to Tanzania in two major international airports in Tanzania. The questionnaire captured destination image using a five point Likert type scale while the demographics, sources of travel information, and travel behavior were captured using dichotomy or multiple choice questions. A total of 625 dully filled questionnaires were used for data analysis. A factor-cluster analysis was used in analyzing the data, with factor analysis serving in reducing the items into few dimensions that were subsequently subjected to stepwise cluster analysis. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to explore the possible numbers of clusters followed by hierarchical cluster analysis (k-means) that confirmed the appropriate number of clusters. A three cluster solution was obtained with follow up one way ANOVA, t-tests, and Chi-square indicating statistical significance differences between the clusters basing on travel motives and travel behavior. The findings offer practical implications to destination managers on the use of destination image in marketing destinations to different tourist segments. This study explored the possible tourist segments basing on destination image of less researched African context.

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Lwoga, Noel Biseko. "Heritage proximity, attitudes to tourism impacts and residents’ support for heritage tourism in Kaole Site, Tanzania." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 42, no. 42 (December 1, 2018): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2018-0037.

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Abstract This study examines determinants of residents’ support for tourism by testing a model based on the social exchange and material culture theories. The model proposes that perceptual heritage proximity influences residents’ attitudes to positive and negative impacts of tourism, which in turn influence residents’ support for tourism. The model was tested using data gathered from a sample of 256 local residents in Kaole Village, Tanzania. Results from structural equation modelling indicate that heritage proximity has an influence on attitudes to the impacts of tourism, which in turn influence support. The findings imply that heritage proximity serves as a point of reference for residents’ evaluation of tourism, which is critical in fostering support. Findings confirm the relevance of the heritage proximity concept in explaining support for tourism. The study provides recommendations to better engage the residents in tourism development. Suggestions for future research are provided.

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Bukheti Kilonzo, Kiagho. "Rock Art and Tourism in Tanzania: In Search for Innovations." Academica Turistica 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26493/2335-4194.10.69-81.

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Anderson, Wineaster, and John J. Sanga. "Academia–Industry Partnerships for Hospitality and Tourism Education in Tanzania." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education 31, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2018.1480959.

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36

de Boer, Diederik, and Meine Pieter van Dijk. "Success Factors for Community Business Wildlife Tourism Partnerships in Tanzania." European Journal of Development Research 28, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 555–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2015.23.

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YATSUKA, Haruna. "Attitude of the Hadza Hunter-Gatherers toward Tourism in Tanzania:." Journal of African Studies 2017, no. 92 (December 31, 2017): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa.2017.92_27.

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Bayno, Plasidi Marcel, and Dev Jani. "Residents’ attitudes on the contribution of cultural tourism in Tanzania." Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 16, no. 1 (July 19, 2016): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2016.1211663.

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Kyara, Valensi Corbinian, Mohammad Mafizur Rahman, and Rasheda Khanam. "Tourism expansion and economic growth in Tanzania: A causality analysis." Heliyon 7, no. 5 (May 2021): e06966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06966.

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Melita, Asantael Williams. "The Relationship between Tourism and Socio-Economic Aspects of the Maasai in Ngorongoro Conservation, Tanzania." Business and Management Horizons 2, no. 1 (June 24, 2014): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v2i1.5860.

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Tourism Industry by its nature in the World, it is the trait that cannot be separated from the social life of the communities as it is practised on their territorial lands that they depend for their socio-economic aspects. That strong relationship has caused rapid growth of tourism activities to developing countries and led to new national and international expectations for tourism as an agent of socio-economic development. The World GDP contributions from tourism by 2013 grew to 3.1% and contribute to 101 million jobs, and in Tanzania total contribution to GDP was 12.7% where by contributed 4.9% direct and total employment contribution were 11.2% and 3.8% direct of the total employment. In Ngorongoro Conservation Area with a population of about 87,851 residents from Maasai, Datoga and Hadzabe tourism contributed to 92% of the total economy of the area where by 8% was from other sources and 48% total community economy and 29.2% direct to people and 9.7% of total employment. The findings revealed that major relationship of the tourism and socio-economic based on economic activities contributions (livestock services), Social services (education, healthy, culture and life style), resources ownerships and infrastructure developments. The paper considered community survey of 120 local residents from 4 wards of the NCA, examines whether tourism has direct relationship to the Socio-economic aspects of the residents of the area and the levels of the contributions to their development. I found that regardless a claimed little contribution to their economy; many people appreciated the social and economic changes related to the tourism of the area.

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Chang, B.-Y., M. J. Magobe, and Y. B. Kim. "E-commerce applications in the tourism industry: A Tanzania case study." South African Journal of Business Management 46, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v46i4.109.

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Tourism which is regarded as information intensive sector is the mostly affected sector by technology revolution and its traditional trading structures have been totally changed. The adoption and use of e-commerce in tourism sector is regarded as a tool to widen market reach and improve efficiency and effectiveness of business operations. The degree of impact of e-commerce use on business performance depends on the intensity of its usage in organization’s key value-chain activities. However, the intensity of e-commerce use is influenced by technological, organizational and environmental (TOE) contextual factors. Based on TOE model and the existing literature on post-adoption use of e-commerce, a set of factors that affect the intensity of e-commerce use in Tanzanian tourism sector was identified. A survey was conducted with 181Tanzanian tourism firms that have already adopted e-commerce and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that the scope of e-commerce use has a positive impact on business performance in terms of improved internal processes, competitive position, customer service delivery, overall business performance and increased customer base. The scope of e-commerce use is affected positively by pressure intensity and perceived benefits and negatively by barriers to e-commerce use. The findings have highlighted key areas that require immediate actions from both the government and private sector in order to promote a successful growth of e commerce in the country.

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Bogale, Mekonnen, Muluken Ayalew, and Wubishet Mengesha. "The Competitiveness of Travel and Tourism Industry of Sub-Saharan African Countries in the World Market." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 10(1), no. 10(1) (February 28, 2021): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajthl.19770720-91.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate competitiveness of Travel and Tourism industry of Sub-Saharan African countries in the world market. The study used Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA) and Relative Trade Advantage (RTA) indexes as a measure of competitiveness based on secondary data from ITC trade database covering between 2000 and 2019. The findings of the study revealed that SSA countries like Mauritius, South Africa, Seychelles and Namibia have competitive T&T industry consistently in the years between 2000 and 2019. However, SSA countries such as Botswana, Tanzania, Senegal, Kenya and Rwanda have competitiveness vary by years. Moreover, South Africa has highest comparative advantage followed by Tanzania and Mauritius. The study provided valuable information to industry leaders, policy makers, business owners and international organizations such as UN and UNESCO to design appropriate strategies and systems aiming to sustain and improve travel and tourism industry competitiveness in SSA countries. It is the first study in applying NRCA and RTA indexes to investigate the competitiveness of T&T Industry in SSA countries. Keywords: Competitiveness; export; import; performance; tourism; travel

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Mlozi, Shogo. "Loyalty program in Africa: risk-seeking and risk-averse adventurers." Tourism Review 69, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-10-2013-0057.

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Purpose – This article aims to test the relationship between expected attractiveness-satisfaction-loyalty for international adventure tourists visiting Tanzania. The proposed model is based on travel consumer behavior theoretical constructs extracted from the literature. Design/methodology/approach – This article aims to test the relationship between expected attractiveness-satisfaction-loyalty for international adventure tourists visiting Tanzania. The proposed model is based on travel consumer behavior theoretical constructs extracted from the literature. Findings – The findings for overall model differed from the moderating factors of high risk, low risk, first-time visit and repeat visit. Also, the results are interesting when satisfaction is tested as a mediator. Practical implications – Practitioners could consider the fact that repeat visits may change tourists’ perceptions toward destination and may even increase their inclination to take on risks. This may impact innovation of consumer products in tourism. Also, policy makers could benefit on how loyalty programs can be developed to increase performance. Originality/value – The study offers specific strategic recommendations toward different groups of tourists (i.e. first-time, repeat visitors, risk averse, risk seeking) and proposes logic for setting up a loyalty program as a long-term strategy for success.

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Charnley, Susan. "From Nature Tourism to Ecotourism? The Case of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania." Human Organization 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.64.1.u8fer0aap3ceg4a1.

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This paper examines what is needed to transform nature tourism to protected areas into ecotourism, having genuine social benefits and serving as a tool for sustainable community development. It draws on the case of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania’s most visited protected area, and a multiple land use zone inhabited by the pastoral Maasai peoples. I argue that for ecotourism to promote sustainable development in communities that are its supposed beneficiaries, three fundamental conditions must be met. First, opportunities to capture the economic benefits of tourism must be structured in a way that is culturally appropriate, and therefore accessible to the target population. Second, for communities to benefits from ecotourism, they need secure land tenure over the area in which it takes place, as well as the ability to make land use decisions for that area. Third, tourism benefits to local communities must be more than economic; they must promote deeper social and political justice goals that, if left unaddressed, restrict peoples’ ability to enjoy the economic benefits of tourism. Without these elements, the conservation outcomes of ecotourism are likely to be less favorable.

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Slocum, Susan L., Kenneth F. Backman, and Kenneth L. Robinson. "Tourism Pathways to Prosperity: Perspectives On the Informal Economy in Tanzania." Tourism Analysis 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/108354211x12988225900045.

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de Boer, Diederik, and Meine Pieter van Dijk. "Erratum: Success Factors for Community Business Wildlife Tourism Partnerships in Tanzania." European Journal of Development Research 28, no. 2 (July 30, 2015): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2015.56.

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Fabian, Steven. "East Africa's Gorée: slave trade and slave tourism in Bagamoyo, Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 47, no. 1 (April 2013): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2013.771422.

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Mgonja, John T., Agnes Sirima, Kenneth F. Backman, and Sheila J. Backman. "Cultural community-based tourism in Tanzania: Lessons learned and way forward." Development Southern Africa 32, no. 3 (February 13, 2015): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2015.1010710.

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49

Nelson, Fred. "Blessing or curse? The political economy of tourism development in Tanzania." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20, no. 3 (April 2012): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.630079.

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50

Maione, Carol. "Quantifying plastics waste accumulations on coastal tourism sites in Zanzibar, Tanzania." Marine Pollution Bulletin 168 (July 2021): 112418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112418.

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