Dissertations / Theses: 'Tourism theory'

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Alghamdi, A. "Explicit and implicit motivation towards outbound tourism : a study of Saudi tourists." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/96/.

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ABSTRACT In this thesis, the researcher investigates the implicit and other motivations for Saudi outbound tourism. The Saudi Arabian outbound tourism market is recognised as one of the biggest tourism expenditure. Despite this, research relating to the motivations for Saudi outbound tourism, especially the implicit motives is sparse. It is in response to this that the researcher carried out this study and additionally, examined the influence of Saudi culture, demographic variables and tourists motivations on destination selection. This study employs a model entitled “Integration Model of Explicit and Implicit Motives” of Push and Pull Factors developed by the researcher to examine the explicit and implicit motives of Saudi outbound tourism. Data was collected from 486 Saudi outbound tourists (81% of the total sample) who travelled to three destinations (Bahrain, Egypt and France). Factor analyses were conducted to identify tourism motivation and cultural factors of Saudi society. Pearson correlation was used to find the relationship between push and pull factors of tourism motivation (explicit and implicit) and the relationship between Saudi culture and push and pull factors of tourism motivation (explicit and implicit). A series of ANOVA and T-tests were employed to examine the influence of demographic variables on tourism motivations. Logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression were used to find out the influence of tourism motivations, cultural factors and demographic variables on destination selection. The results of the factor analyses of explicit motives in this study identified seven push factors and four pull factors. The six push factors (intrinsic desire) extracted were: 'escape', 'prestige', 'social and sport', 'experience and excitement', 'enjoying natural resources', 'knowledge' and 'relaxation'. The four pull factors (attributes of destination) identified as underlying dimensions were 'expenditure', 'outdoor activities', 'natural and historical' and 'weather and environment'. In relation to the implicit motives, the factor analysis identified two push factors and three pull factors. The push factors were 'alcohol and sex desires' and 'fun and freedom desires'. On the other hand, the pull factors were 'alcohol and sex attractions', 'drugs attraction' and 'fun and freedom attractions'. The factor analysis of cultural items resulted in seven underlying domains, that include 'uncertainty avoidance', 'individualism', 'differences of groups in society (power distance)', 'social interdependence (collectivism)', 'helping others (collectivism)', 'inequalities and hierarchy (power distance)' and 'family relationship (collectivism)'. The Pearson's correlation analyses found significant correlations between the majority of push and pull dimensions in both explicit and implicit motives in all destinations. Moreover, the Pearson's correlation revealed a significant correlation between tourism motivations (push and pull factors), in both explicit and implicit motives, with cultural factors in all destinations under study (Bahrain, Egypt and France). The results of ANOVA and T-tests indicate significant differences in tourist's motivations according to the differences in demographic variables of tourists (age, income education, gender and martial statues). In other words, the demographic variables have an influence on tourism motivations. The findings of logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression indicate that the tourism motivations, cultural factors and demographic variables have an influence on destination selection. Moreover, the researcher carried out 25 interviewees This was in order to validate the results that were obtained from the quantitative approach regarding to tourism motivation of Saudi outbound tourists (explicit and implicit), cultural factors that describe the Saudi society, and to confirm the usefulness of using the third person technique to investigate sensitive issues. The results obtained from the interviews are similar to the results obtained from the questionnaires (quantitative approach). In relation to the usefulness of using the third person technique in investigating sensitive issues, the result of the interviews revealed that the third person technique has proved as one of the acceptable technique to get information about sensitive issues especially with countries that have values grounded on their religious heritage.

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McGehee, Nancy G. "Alternative Tourism: A Social Movement Perspective." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28122.

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This study develops and tests a theoretical model drawing on social psychological and resource-mobilization perspectives of social movement theory to explain changes in social movement participation and support for activism among Earthwatch Expedition volunteers. The social psychological perspective of social movements recognizes the role of self-efficacy and consciousness-raising for the participation in and success of social movement organizations. The resource mobilization perspective of social movements stresses rationality and the importance of funding and networks for the success of social movement organizations. Utilizing these two theoretical perspectives as my foundation, I hypothesize that participation in an Earthwatch Expedition increases volunteers' participation in social movement organizations in ways such as making monetary donations, voting with the organization's platform in mind, or attending rallies and marches. I also hypothesize that volunteers will increase their support for others who participate in these same types of activities. Earthwatch Expeditions are a form of alternative tourism in which volunteers participate in any of 126 different types of 10-14 day research-oriented expeditions that may include evaluating the health of a coral reef, studying maternal health among west African women, assessing the killer whale population off the coast of Puget Sound, or recording oral history in Dominica. I conducted pre- and post-trip surveys in June and July of 1998, resulting in 363 completed surveys. I analyzed data using multiple regression to discover relationships between pre-trip and post-trip measures of social movement participation, activism support, networks, self-efficacy, and consciousness-raising. In other words, I explored ways in which an alternative tourism experience like Earthwatch can change a person's ideas about their own social movement participation, the social movement activities of others, their perceived ability to overcome obstacles in order to implement social change, and their awareness of social issues. Results suggest that participation in an Earthwatch Expedition has a positive effect on volunteers' social movement participation, their awareness of social issues, their networks, and their ability to overcome obstacles, but little effect on activism support.
Ph. D.

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Xin, Shuang. "The theory and practice of conceptual research in tourism." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2017. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/814163/.

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There is currently much debate about how knowledge of tourism can and indeed should be produced. Tourism knowledge production is criticised to rely too much on Western values with limited research methods. Although tourism, as a field of study is considered as demonstrating a notable “critical turn” in recent years with the evidence of several books and journals published in response to this trend, the situation is not really as optimistic as it seems to be. This study seeks to redress this issue. The first part of the study-the theory of conceptual research in tourism- contributes to the “methodological turn”. It focused on conceptual research which is an existing research strategy but has been somewhat overlooked in the methodological studies especially in tourism field. The idea originated from the process of identifying the research type and a proper research method for the research question that makes the concept(s) as the research object. By reviewing the methodological literatures, the rationale and existing definitions of conceptual research were discussed and presented. A sample of 471 tourism journal articles was determined to examine the conceptual research in tourism. The quantitative content analysis revealed that conceptual research is somewhat overlooked in the tourism research academy. The qualitative content analysis developed a typology of twelve conceptual research approaches in conceptual research by analysing 46 pure conceptual research articles. Based on the discussions and analysis, conceptual research in tourism was defined and nine quality issues of conceptual research were illustrated. The second part of the study –the practice of conceptual research (the reinterpretation of sustainable tourism in the light of Confucianism and Taoism) - is the advocating of the “cultural turn” which lags behind the “methodological turn”. The twelve conceptual research approaches developed in the first part were applied to analyse the concepts of Confucianism, Taoism and sustainable tourism. The definitions, developments and clarifications of Confucianism, Taoism and sustainable tourism were presented. Eleven Confucian values, three Taoist values and seven existing sustainable tourism principles were abstracted. And then the Confucian and Taoist values were translated to sustainable tourism with the results of the sustainable tourism principles were reinterpreted and sustainable tourism was reconceptualised in the light of Confucianism and Taoism.

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Zhang, Junshu. "Why Consumers Disclose Their Tourism Experiences on Tourism Social Networking Sites: Multiple Theoretical Perspectives." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6607.

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Tourism social networking sites (SNSs) are websites that provide users with templates for describing their travel experiences and an infrastructure to share such travel posts with a network of like-minded individuals. Tourism SNSs represent an important advertising channel for the tourism industry, as they may assist travelers in selecting destinations and planning vacations on the basis of other travelers’ experiences, which may further stimulate travel and generate income for the tourism industry (Yazdanifard & Yee, 2014). User-generated content (UGC) in the form of travel posts is the core offering and key success factor of tourism SNSs. Travel posts constitute a valuable resource that attracts users to these websites, and they serve as a key data feed into the data mining process that is used to develop travel products on tourism SNSs. However, one problem with tourism SNSs is that their users, especially the new ones, do not publish their travel experiences on these SNSs as often as they do on traditional SNSs, such as Facebook. This may result in a lack of content and, therefore, a loss of potential consumers and, consequently, revenue. Therefore, a study on self-disclosure behavior in writing travel posts may contribute to understanding the reasons why this problem exists and help tourism SNSs improve their service accordingly. The author used multiple theoretical perspectives (social exchange theory and social cognition theory) to develop a comprehensive self-disclosure framework. The framework was tested by using a partial least squares based structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach with data from 443 participants recruited from the two most popular Chinese tourism SNSs: Qyer.com and mafengwo.cn. The findings show that self-disclosure behavior on tourism SNSs was significantly affected by self-benefit, positive feedback from other users, social benefits, rewards, tourism SNSs’ security mechanism, and ease of use. However, habit and motive did not have a statistically significant effect on self-disclosure behavior. Moreover, self-disclosure behavior positively affected electronic word of mouth (EWOM) relating to the tourism SNSs. Finally, the findings have theoretical and practical implications, and the thesis ends with a discussion of the limitations of this study and suggestions for future research.

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Jägerlind, Puuri Sofia, Martin Henriksson, and Johansson Johannes Brun. "Eco-labelling on Package Tours : A study about sustainable tourism." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12718.

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Background: The tourism industry is one of the largest industries in the world, with annual revenues exceeding US$ 850 billion. Because of the size and nature of the industry, tourism is seen as one of the largest contributors to the negative effects on the environment today. Within the tourism industry, there exist more than 70 eco-labels representing various environmental standards. However, none of them are widely used within the tourism industry.

Purpose: This thesis investigates how the use of the two eco-labels Svanen and Green Globe affect Swedish students’ perception of a package tour marketing campaign. It investigates how students’ perceptions of advertisement differ between advertisement for package tours with and without incorporated eco-labels.

Method: The study uses a mixed method with a sequential explanatory strategy. The quantitative part consists of a survey and the qualitative part consists of follow up interviews with a number of interviewees who are all respondents in the quantitative part. This thesis primarily focuses on the quantitative part, which consists of three questionnaires, one of which contains an advertisement for Ving, and two which used the same advertisement but which have been manipulated to include Green Globe and Svanen respectively.

Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that students’ perception of advertisement does not differ between the advertisement not using an eco-label and the ones manipulated to include Green Globe or Svanen. The reasons to why the perception does not differ are explained by eco-labels having failed in communicating what they stand for. Students have limited financial resources, which constrains them from behaving in an environmentally friendly way. In addition, the advertisement including eco-lables is congruent with the students’ perception about the brand Ving as an environmentally friendly company. There is however factors that indicate that eco-labelling in the tourism industry can work as a partial solution for a more sustainable future.

Bakgrund: Turismindustrin är en av de största industrierna i världen, med årliga inkomster på över US$ 850 miljarder. På grund av storleken och dess påverkan, anses turismen vara en av de största orsakerna till den negativa utvecklingen av miljön. Inom turismindustrin existerar mer än 70 miljö märkningar som representerar olika miljöstandarder. Dock har inga av dem sett någon större användning inom turismindustrin.

Syfte: Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka hur användning av de två miljömärkningarna Green Globe och Svanen påverkar studenters uppfattning av en reklamkampanj för charter resor. Den undersöker hur studenters uppfattning om reklam för charter resor skiljer sig mellan reklam som använder miljömärkning och den som inte gör det.

Metod: Denna studie använder en blandad metod med en sekventiell strategi. Den kvantitativa delen består av enkätundersökningar och för den kvalitativa delen används intervjuer med några deltagare från den kvantitativa delen. Störst fokus ligger på den kvantitativa delen som består av tre olika enkäter, en som innehåller en reklam bild på Ving, och två som manipulerats att innehålla Green Globe respektive Svanen.

Slutsats: Slutsatsen av studien är att studenters uppfattning om annonserna inte skiljer sig mellan annonsen utan miljömärkning och de som manipulerats med Green Globe eller Svanen. Anledning till att uppfattningen inte skiljer sig kan förklaras av att miljö märkningarna har misslyckats med att kommunicera vad dem står för. Studenterna har begränsade ekonomiska resurser och detta begränsar dem att uppföra sig på ett miljövänligt sätt. Dessutom överrensstämmer reklamen som innehöll miljö märkning med studenternas uppfattning om varumärket Ving som ett miljö vänligt företag. Det finns dock faktorer som tyder på att miljömärkning inom turistnäringen kan fungera som en del av lösningen för en mer hållbar framtid.

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Lidberg, Maria. "New Sustainable Tourism in theory and practice : The use of sustainability guidelines for a tourism venture in Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1134.

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The overall aim of this qualitative study is to investigate the area of new sustainable tourism in theory and practice. The theoretical part, which consisted of a literature study, was made to help find the essence of new sustainable tourism. To bring out tourisms impact on society and environment in practice, a case study was made during an excursion with Södertörn University College to Babati in Tanzania. Semi structured interviews were held with people in Babati. The excursion is being evaluated according to WTO’s sustainable tourism development guidelines and management practices, and finally, these guidelines are analysed. The result of the literature study showed that there is no absolute true core in new sustainable tourism. It is a highly subjective judgment if a tourism venture is sustainable or not, depending on personal values, ideology and personal interests. There is features commonly associated and used in new sustainable tourism, like the sustainability of the three pillars of sustainable development, and the focus on the local, educational and conservational effects, but the essence is subjective. The evaluation of the excursion showed that it is by two third a sustainable tourism venture. It is the economic part that fails, since the guidelines put much focus on stable employments and frequency; ingredients that the excursion lacks. The analysis of the WTO guidelines resulted in confusion. They could be both very useful, but also very poor, according to how they were interpreted and used. The results highly depend on the user. Positive is that the guidelines address all pillars of sustainable development equal, and that the interaction between host and guest gets highlighted. Shortages are that the guidelines lack a gender perspective, a historical and political sensibility, a place specific flexibility and a perspective of inter- and intra-generational equity.

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Sharpley, Richard A. J. "'Sustainable tourism development' : a theoretical and empirical analysis." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268010.

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Safari, Sara [Verfasser]. "Towards a multilevel theory of destination branding culture : advancing theory building in tourism management / Sara Safari." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2015. http://d-nb.info/1074968433/34.

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Wen, Dusu. "AN EXPLORATION OF HERITAGE TOURISM BY USING THE BRAND PERSONALITY THEORY." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1627655242220898.

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Han, Xiliang. "Chinese tourists' intentions to visit South Africa: an extended model of the theory of planned behaviour." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020945.

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The South African National Department of Tourism has recently initiated the National Tourism Sector Strategy aimed at developing a sustainable tourism economy, and making the country a Top 20 global tourism destination by 2020.China is one of South Africa’s major non-African sources of tourist arrivals. To ensure a growing share of this booming market, South African tourism scholars and practitioners have to pay close attention to the behaviour of Chinese outbound tourists, particularly their destination choice behaviour. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)– an extension of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)– can serve as a basis for researching destination choice. According to the TPB literature, intention is the most immediate and important determinant of behaviour. Three direct predictors of intention, namely, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control, are functions of latent behavioural, normative, and control beliefs, respectively. The TPB is parsimonious but open to the inclusion of additional predictors if there is evidence that these predictors may explain a significant proportion of the variance in intention and behaviour after the basic predictors (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control) have been accounted for. The current research successfully extended the TPB model for predicting potential Chinese tourists’ intentions to visit South Africa by adding two additional variables: travel motivation and travel constraints. The push-pull motivation framework discussed in the study postulates that people travel because they are pushed by internal forces (inner needs) and pulled by external forces (destination attributes). Typical barriers to travel include intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints. The new model makes an important contribution to the literature on destination choice, and provides South Africa’s destination marketers with suggestions for attracting and serving Chinese tourists. In addition, the research shows that both travel motivation and travel constraints can be used as bases for segmenting the outbound Chinese tourist market interested in visiting South Africa. A survey approach and a structured questionnaire distributed electronically to the online panel members of a Chinese market research company were instrumental in collecting the empirical data for the study. The questionnaire was originally written in English and translated into Chinese (Mandarin) via a blind translation-back-translation method. Attitude, subjective norms, perceived control, and visit intention were all operationalised as unidimensional and used scales adapted from previous studies. New scales were developed for travel motivation and travel constraints– both operationalised as multidimensional. Quota sampling, used to identify respondents aged 18 or older and living in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, resulted in 630 usable questionnaires obtained from 1,510 sent invitation e-mails, yielding a response rate of 41.7%. The raw data collected were prepared through the sequential steps of editing, coding, and filing, and then analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive analysis suggested that broadening personal horizons, viewing the natural scenery, and seeing something different were the top motives for visiting South Africa, while language, fear of crime, and lack of travel companions were the top barriers to visiting South Africa. According to the factor analysis, travel motivation had three underlying dimensions – learning, escape, and aesthetics and appreciation, while operational, risk and fear, and social barriers were three underlying dimensions of travel constraints. Regression analysis showed that the proposed extended TPB model had higher predictive power for visit intention than both TRA and TPB models; the basic predictors – attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control – all had a significant impact on visit intention; and in terms of the additional predictors, learning, operational constraints, and social constraints had a significant impact on visit intention. The analysis of variance indicated that travel frequency and age were the most profound background factors with an influence on the extended TPB model. Finally, cluster analysis resulted in two market segments with distinct profiles, that is, High-Motivation/ Low-Constraint (HMLC) tourists and Low-Motivation/High-Constraint (LMHC) tourists. Based on the theoretical and empirical findings of the current research, it is recommended that destination marketers in South Africa: advertise specific benefits of touring South Africa, namely, increasing knowledge, relieving stress, and enjoying high environmental quality, to advance Chinese residents’ perceptions of the country; develop tourism experiences that can be taken in a week or shorter to cater for the unique annual leave and public holiday policy in China; launch a media relations campaign in China to ensure that the facts about South Africa are communicated without distortion; collaborate with other destination stakeholders such as government and businesses, to actively attract and retain Chinese tourists for example by educating the public about Chinese culture and training employees to improve the quality of service; target the HMLC tourists via the Internet (particularly the social media) and by developing holiday packages that include activities related to cultural tourism, rest and relaxation, and nature-based tourism; and target the LMHC tourists by cooperating with local travel agencies and by developing holiday packages that highlight the diversity of tourism activities and offer value-added products/services.

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Camilleri, Mark Anthony. "Creating shared value through strategic CSR in tourism." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6564.

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Literature review about corporate social responsibility (CSR) suggests that there are organisational benefits to be gained from unintentional discretionary expenditure in laudable behaviour. With this in mind, the methodology integrates insights from the ‘stakeholder theory’ and the ‘resource-based view theory of the firm’ to sharpen the strategic base for CSR investment. Quantitative and qualitative research techniques have been used to discover how business organisations are creating shared value for themselves and for society. The main study was carried out amongst hotel enterprises in Malta. The quantitative analysis tested the relationship between Strategic CSR (in terms of the organisational benefits) against the firms’ commitment, behaviour and resources devoted to CSR. Secondly the qualitative phase of this study involved an analysis of interviews with owner-managers across the Maltese hospitality industry and with experts who are responsible for setting policies in the tourism regulatory context. The results have indicated that responsible behaviour led to the firms’ financial performance and market standing, effective human resources management and operational efficiencies. Following the empirical findings a model representing the ‘creation of shared value’ for business and society has been put forward.

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Ahmed, Mohamed. "Actor-network theory, tourism organizations and the development of sustainable community livelihoods." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2899.

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Research on existing actor-networks has focused traditionally on outcomes, achievements and success at the expense of a detailed consideration of their formation and ability to function. In recognition of this lacuna, this study examined the formation and functioning of tourism-related actor-networks involved in environmental protection and the management of tourism in the coastal city of Hurghada, Egypt. More specifically, it applied the actor-network theory (ANT). In particular, the study applied its four moments of translation – problematization, interessement, enrolment and mobilization – and used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to analyse the influencing factors, whether positively or negatively, and the degree to which the creation and operations of such collaborations were successful. This study employed a sequential, explanatory mixed-methods design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 510 employees of tourism-related organizations involved in managing tourism’s environmental impacts on Hurghada. Also, the researcher conducted fourteen semi-structured interviews with the managers and assistant managers of tourism-related organizations involved in environmental protection and the management of tourism. The SEM’s findings revealed the existence of a number of tourism-related actor-networks which were attempting to safeguard local community livelihoods through environmental protection, and of four key factors – trust, coordination, commitment, and communication – which were damaging their formation, functioning and outcomes. This study contributed to theory since it enhanced our knowledge and understanding of the relationships between four previously unconnected bodies of literature. These were, namely, ANT, tourism-related organizations, environmental governance, collaboration, and environmental protection. The study highlighted, also, the factors, both positive and negative, which influenced the formation and functioning of tourism actor-networks involved in managing tourism’s environmental impacts on Hurghada. In practical terms, this study analysed the role of tourism-related organizations in order to identify their main strengths and weaknesses In addition, the researcher considered how partnership networks could consolidate the strengths and overcome the weaknesses of the tourism-related organizations involved in environmental protection and the management of tourism in Hurghada. Also, this study will help these tourism-related organizations, through such networks, to adopt suitable activities, policies, strategies and laws for protecting the assets relating to the local community’s livelihoods. Therefore, knowing the key success factors of collaborative networks and good governance will help these networks of tourism-related organizations to improve their performance in terms of assisting Hurghada’s local community and the poor people in particular.

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Wenner, Gemma Antonine. "Marijuana-tourism| Disruptive Innovation for Small Island Developing States." Thesis, University of Maryland University College, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13428534.

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The Caribbean region consists of many small island developing states (SIDS) that are dependent on a sun, sea, and sand (3-S) tourism product. These SIDS are facing declining competitiveness vis-à-vis other tourism destinations and need to differentiate and rejuvenate their tourism product offerings. This study investigates the extent to which marijuana-tourism can lead to disruptive innovations (DI) in SIDS that are tourist dependent. A systematic review, using 53 research articles and a thematic synthesis analyzing seven different themes: (1) demographic profile of marijuana users and potential market size, (2) marijuana-tourism motivations, (3) common uses of marijuana, (4) types and structures of legal and regulatory frameworks, (5) cultivation, distribution, and marketing factors, (6) economic impacts of legalized recreational marijuana; and (7) adverse health and safety impacts were elaborated. The principal findings are that the regulatory framework for legalization acts as a mediating variable for defining the scope and structure of marijuana-related businesses and tourism niches that appear. When the recreational regulatory framework permits private competition, as evidenced in the early pioneering jurisdictions, significant economic benefits have resulted and at the same time social and health costs have been attenuated to date. In the context of SIDS, legal regimes are still largely prohibitionist, and in a few instances, partial liberalization has occurred. As liberalization progresses, structural and governance challenges exist that may moderate benefits. Further research is needed in many areas, given that the liberalization of marijuana laws is a recent phenomenon. More research is needed in areas, such as in-depth economic and social impacts analysis; the profile, composition, and expenditure patterns of marijuana tourists; the comparative advantages of different regulatory frameworks; and the public health and safety impacts for residents, marijuana tourists, and hospitality sector workers.

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Boley, Bertram Bynum. "Sustainability, Empowerment, and Resident Attitudes toward Tourism: Developing and Testing the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS)." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51756.

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Research on resident attitudes towards tourism and sustainability are two of the most ubiquitous and important topics within tourism research. This study sought to contribute to these fields of research in four specific ways. First, this study suggested Weber's theory of formal and substantive rationality as a theory capable of explaining the complexity inherent in resident attitudes toward tourism because of its incorporation of the economic and non-economic factors influencing rationality. The inclusion of Weber as a theoretical framework is also presented as a theory useful for bringing Social Exchange Theory (SET) back to its original focus on 'all' the costs and benefits associated within the host/guest relationship. The second and third contributions of the study stem from taking the previously conceptual constructs of psychological, social, and political empowerment and developing them into reliable and valid measurement scales. After validation, the three sub-scales were tested in a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), which demonstrated them to be construct valid based upon tests of convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity. These scales were subsequently included as antecedents to residents' perceptions of tourism's impacts, as well as their overall support for tourism in a Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis. The SEM analysis found all three dimensions of empowerment to have significant relationships with perceptions of tourism's positive and negative impacts with the construct of psychological empowerment being the only empowerment dimension to have a direct and significant relationship with 'support for tourism'. Lastly, the study expanded these areas of research through conducting the study across three counties with varying emphasis placed on sustainable tourism. Floyd, Botetourt, and Franklin County, Virginia were selected for sampling based upon their homogeneity in regards to tourism product, per capita tourism expenditures and economic condition and their heterogeneity in regards to emphasis on sustainable tourism. Nine hundred surveys were distributed across the three counties with 703 ultimately used in the analysis. The results partially confirmed the hypothesis that resident attitudes toward tourism differ by a county's emphasis on sustainable tourism. Future research needs to further investigate sustainable tourism's influence on residents' attitudes toward tourism.
Ph. D.

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Kassem, Mohammed Fathy El-Sayed Mohammed. "Marketing of tourism : an investigation of the application of marketing concepts and practices in promoting Egypt as a tourist destination in Britain and Ireland." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23766.

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The success of marketing physical products has led many scholars to suggest that marketing is a universal activity which can be applied with equal success to the sale of services. The purpose of this research is to examine the relevance and contribution of marketing to the tourism sectors in general, and the extent to which marketing concepts and modern marketing practices have been accepted and implemented by the Egyptian Tourism Bodies, and the British and Irish tour operators in promoting Egypt as a tourist destination in Britain and Ireland in the particular. A thorough examination of the literature regarding the applicability of marketing concepts and techniques to all tourism related sectors as well as the similarities and/or differences between goods marketing and services (tourism) marketing was carried out, based upon which specific hypotheses have been formalised and tested. The empirical investigation was carried out in the period between May and the end of October, 19 84. Two studies were conducted in order to verify the existence of the so-called marketing oriented philosophy in the Egyptian tourism related sectors, and the British and Irish tour operating companies offering Egypt as a tourist destination in Britain and Ireland. The first study was conducted with the British and Irish tour operators. Two questionnaires were distributed to all 34 British and Irish tour operators promoting visits to Egypt. The first questionnaire aimed at investigating their familiarity with Egypt as a tourist destination from which it was hoped to assess the marketing efforts of the Egyptian Tourism Bodies. The second one aimed at examining the marketing activities undertaken by tour operators to promote Egypt as a tourist destination. Another study was conducted with the actual British tourist customer of Egypt. A pre-tour questionnaire was distributed to 750 visitors who were going to Egypt in order to determine what image and expectations they have about the country. A post-tour questionnaire was distributed to another 750 visitors who were coming back from Egypt in order to assess their level of satisfaction with the country as a tourist destination. The findings of the field work reveal that the Egyptian Tourism Bodies are far from becoming marketing oriented and they have a long way to go to make effective use of marketing concepts and techniques. Thus, the marketing concept, with its total integration of business activities designed to provide customer satisfaction at a profit, is not wholly adopted and implemented by the British and Irish tour operators in promoting Egypt as a tourist destination. In addition, there is still room for possible improvement in many areas in order to fulfil the existing/potential customers' needs and maintain their satisfaction.

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Li, Dan. "The diffusion study on Chinese outbound tourism —Based on “diffusion of innovations” theory." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-105535.

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From 1983 in which year Chinese people started being allowed to travel to the first outbound destination to nowadays that more than 150 countries have signed the ADS (approved destination status) with Chinese government, Chinese outbound tourism had a great progress in 32 years. During these years, more and more Chinese tourists could be seen in different places in the world. In 2014, the number of Chinese outbound tourists firstly achieve to over 100 million. The numbers are predicted to continue by 2020. It is meaningful to put Chinese outbound tourism as an object and discover its future development. Therefore, the aim of this study is set as to analyse the future diffusion of Chinese outbound tourism. The available theoretical foundation is diffusion theory (Rogers, 2003). Its mature and practical theoretical system guides the research framework of this study. This theory is reliable for analysing and discussing the diffusion of Chinese outbound tourism from some aspects such as S-shaped curve, communication channels, adopter classification, etc. A questionnaire survey and some hypothetical indicators are designed in this study to fulfil the aim and research questions. Results are described from several aspects. The analysis of results prove that Chinese outbound tourism could be reckoned as an innovation. Finally, conclusions show that Chinese outbound tourism is currently going through the developing process between ‘innovators’ and ‘early adopters’. If the influencing factors which derived based on diffusion theory could be developed or solved positively, it is possible for Chinese outbound tourism to develop continually following the S-shaped curve in the future. The influencing factors has been studied out. They are the communication channels, the conscious gap between people who live in cities and people who live in towns and villages, the wealth gap between rich people and poor people. Not many related implementations are given out in this study, which needs future researches to explore.

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Emragea, Mageda Rizig. "An exploration of tourism development theory and potential educational responses in Eastern Libya." Thesis, University of Derby, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/215209.

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Tourism in many developing countries has experienced rapid growth over the past three decades. This exponential growth fostered a plethora of methods and lessons learned from others' experiences that have gone through similar paths of tourism development. The identification of obstacles that relate to socio-economic, cultural and environmental impacts has been challenged, and have been challenging. It seems from these case debates that tourism education is an essential tool in rural development, especially when it is intended to introduce tourism to rural areas and simultaneously to ensure sustainable rural tourism as an essential component of the national economy. The significance of this study is that it provides a case study of identification, evaluation and potential implementation of the relationships between development theory and educational responses. The context is provided from research carried out into rural tourism development in Eastern Libya, and how the institutions of tourism education can contribute towards preparing tourism employees with the skills required, and knowledge of the various aspects of rural tourism. However, research on rural tourism in developing countries in general, and in Libya in particular, is characterized by the lack of literature and insufficient data, and even when the data is available; it is often unreliable, fragmented and misleading. The aim of the study was to improve and develop the quality and services of rural tourism in Eastern Libya in order for it to become a sustainable and attractive destination. This was achieved by investigating the major obstacles to the development of rural tourism, and by providing appropriate alternatives to the current status quo and projected pathways for development. This was predicated upon close cooperation between the higher institutions of tourism and tourism sector based locally in Eastern Libya. The cooperation and communication between these sectors was not found to be mirrored when viewing the sector nationally and internationally. The thesis combines the findings from descriptive, analytical and inferential critical analysis, within an informative historical background on tourism in general and rural Libyan tourism in particular. The target area for this study was Eastern Libya; however, the findings and policies are proposed to be adapted for other rural regions in Libya with special consideration to the geographical variations among these regions. The success of the study was based upon the understanding of the cultural dimension from a Libyan national's perspective as this meant the process was achievable. It was important to get an unbiased local impression of the potential impacts of change in order to factor this into the development process. The findings of this study indicate that the institutions of tourism education can contribute towards preparing tourism employees with the necessary skills and techniques, knowledge and competencies to reduce the gap between what is taught and what should be taught in the tourism institutes, However, in order to achieve this some of the deficiencies of the present training programmes need to be further investigated and solutions identified. In addition co-operation between tourism higher institutions and other tourism sectors nationally and internationally need be increased if tourism education is to flourish and initial and in-service training of tourism employees to be improved

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Lee, Seungwoo. "Volunteer Tourists' Intended Behavior Using the Revised Theory of Planned Behavior." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26151.

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Volunteer tourism as an alternative to mass tourism has grown significantly since the 1970s, sparking research interest in the subject. However, there is little research that has examined future potential volunteer touristsâ various perceptions, needs and wants. The purpose of this study was to understand how and in what way various potential volunteer touristsâ beliefs, including attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy and motivation, influence their future intended participation in a volunteer tourism experience using the revised theory of planned behavior. Moreover, the potential moderating effect of past volunteer tourism experience was examined as well. The study collected 291 usable responses from potential volunteer tourists who were active members of volunteer tourism organizations. The study used second order confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling and hierarchical multiple regression analysis to test study hypotheses. The study also used meta-analysis to examine the effect size of the predicting variables and compared it with that of previous tourism research. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that two constructs, both attitudes and subjective norms, appeared to be statistically significant, while self-efficacy and motivation were not statistically significant in predicting potential volunteer touristsâ intended participation. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis found a moderating effect of past volunteer tourism experience on motivation toward intended participation in a negative direction. In addition, the motivation factor â altruismâ moderated in a negative direction. Meta-analysis found a large effect of attitudes, a medium effect of subjective norms, and a small effect of self-efficacy in relation to intended participation. In conclusion, the results did not validate the theory of planned behavior in the context of volunteer tourism research. Interestingly, the theory of reasoned action was found to be validated. Implications for volunteer tourism providers and organizations are also discussed.
Ph. D.

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Malone, Sheila. "Understanding the role of emotion in ethical consumption : a tourism context." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13619/.

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This thesis investigates the role of emotion in an ethical consumption context. It responds to a call by many researchers for greater knowledge of ethical issues in the field of marketing and consumer behaviour. This interest has emerged from a growth in ethical consumption practices despite hard economic times. The limitations of the renowned intention-behaviour gap highlight that such practices cannot be wholly explained by rational processes alone. However, little attention has been afforded to the impact of non-rational factors such as emotion. By examining the concept of emotion, this study addresses previously ignored consumption phenomena identified in the experiential perspective of consumer behaviour. More specifically, this thesis concentrates on tourism as an experiential consumption encounter and as a prototypical moral platform on which ethical practices has resulted in a plethora of alternative tourism offerings. This study employs semi-structured interviews with self-defined ethical tourists using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach. This approach helped uncover participants' subjective experiences, their meaning and how they make sense of these encounters. The findings of this thesis demonstrate the difficulties experienced by the participants in communicating emotional experiences. As a result, they tended to use the senses to describe these encounters, thereby reflecting deeply engaging and emotional consumption experiences. The pivotal role emotion plays in the participants' ethical decision making is evident as it helps reaffirm an ethical sense of self, thereby influencing future ethical behaviours. Within the consumption experience, emotion appeared as a source of hedonic value often expressed through escape experiences and its concomitant feelings of freedom, through a sense of mutual benefit and in the challenge and achievement bestowed in the experience itself. Furthermore, the relationship between positive and negative emotions is evident highlighting the transformational effect of positive emotions and the influential impact of negative emotions on ethical consumption choices. The main contributions of this study are threefold. First, it contributes to the ethical literature by demonstrating ethical consumption to be a hedonic experience. It highlights emotion's key function in motivating, influencing, evaluating and engaging the participants with their consumption experiences. In particular, it contributes to the literature on ethical tourism as it highlights that the participants' desire to engage in ethical tourism is not only motivated by self-reflection based on their ethical beliefs and values, but also because of how these experiences make them feel. These feelings stem from an intrinsic enjoyment bestowed in choosing an ethical alternative and in the experience itself. Consequently, ethical tourism is regarded as a superior quality experience and a more meaningful consumption encounter. Second, this thesis contributes to the experiential perspective of consumer behaviour, by providing a greater understanding of the concept of emotion in an ethical consumption context. It identifies the central role of emotion prior to, during, and after decision-making in an ethical context. In addition, it demonstrates the motivational and influential role positive emotion has in promoting ethical behaviour, and the reinforcing role negative emotion has in discouraging unethical behaviour. Third, the thesis highlights the significance of pride as a consumption emotion, due to its impact on both a personal and an emotional level, and its ability to influence the individual's ethical decision-making processes. Finally, as a research context, the practical implications of this thesis are evident in their ability to influence marketing strategies employed in the tourism industry and their role in inform policy-makers is illustrated. Implications for future research are also considered.

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King, Karen Deborah. "An evaluation of a tourist role scale technique as a foundation for the development of theory and practice of tourism marketing strategies." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312154.

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Mariussen, A. "A grounded theory of affiliate marketing performance measurement in the tourism and hospitality context." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2012. http://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/907e34ff-7d07-51ea-18af-cdda2678bba4/1.

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Although the measurement of offline and online marketing is extensively researched, the area of online performance measurement still presents a number of unaddressed gaps, such as fragmented research and predominance of practitioner-driven measurement approaches. With a focus on affiliate marketing in tourism and hospitality, this thesis addressed these gaps and evaluates the effectiveness of practitioner-led online performance assessment. More precisely, the study explores a potential shift in affiliate marketing measurement practices, and develops a theory of affiliate marketing performances measurement in tourism and hospitality. Relying on a grounded theory research strategy, the work undertakes qualitative analysis of 72 online forum discussions, 37 interviews and 40 questionnaires with the major affiliate marketing stakeholder groups from the tourism and hospitality industry - merchants, affiliates, affiliate networks and affiliate agencies. The findings of the thesis add value to both theory and practice. The theoretical contribution of the research is twofold. First, the work furthers the broader marketing theory and in particular the distribution and promotion literature by exploring an under-researched online marketing channel - affiliate marketing - that can be employed for both promotion and distribution purposes. The study provides a detailed description of an affiliate marketing ecosystem and defines the key affiliate marketing constructs. Second, the work contributes to the performance measurement research by developing a substantiative theory of affiliate marketing performance measurement in tourism and hospitality. From the practitioner perspective, the work brings value by proposing a change in existing performance measurement practices and offering a process-oriented model of performance measurement in affiliate marketing, which details the phases and steps that managers can undertake in assessing performance. To further the findings, future research can explore the applicability of the proposed model to other industry sectors and online channels, and can develop the proposed substantive theory to a formal theory by employing other research methods, for example case studies and action research.

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Chen, Wanli. "Game-theoretic investigation into competition and coordination in tourism supply chains for package holidays." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39558290.

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Chen, Wanli, and 陳琬麗. "Game-theoretic investigation into competition and coordination in tourism supply chains for package holidays." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39558290.

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Heron, Graeme. "Exploring alternative models of localisation in food supply chains : a theory of constraints approach." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2011. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/4395/.

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Local food and the localisation of food are beset by many problems in the UK. We have still yet to agree on a consensus view of the term ‘local food’ despite the call for an enforceable definition. The continued absence of rules around products and their relative spatial determinacy has lead to the development of both fluid, and subjective interpretations around the term ‘local’, as well as a willingness by key actors to readily conflate ‘local’ with ‘regional’ as a pluralistic device in a market worth £4.6 billion in sales from farm shops and farmers’ markets alone. This research sets out to identify and diffuse the problems we have in defining what local food is, and presciently, what it may become. The research itself utilises a qualitative multiple case study approach, engaging with a final cohort of 23 producers of similar products, but at different scales of supply, and across a broad geographic spread of England. In encompassing areas which do not have a reputation for local food, the research mitigates against previous micro-analytical research and adds both construct and internal validity to its data, gathered by semi-structured interviews, process mapping and questionnaires. Template analysis is used as a data extraction tool in this research, which seeks to provide disambiguation around the sector and suggest a way forward which has the potential to offer greater derived benefit to current and future stakeholders.

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Zhang, Jiaying, and jiaying zhang@rmit edu au. "Understanding Host Community Attitudes towards Tourism and Resident-Tourist Interaction: A Socio-Behavioural Study of Melbourne's Urban-Rural Fringe." RMIT University. Management, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080801.144715.

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The fast development of the tourism industry has created both positive and negative impacts on host communities. Reacting to these impacts, host residents hold various attitudes towards tourism and tourists. It has come to common agreement that a supportive host community plays a vital role in the successful and long-term development of community tourism. In order to explain the antecedents of community attitudes towards tourism, researchers have investigated the topic from both the extrinsic perspective (such as stage-based models) and the intrinsic perspective (such as the Social Exchange Theory). Nevertheless, there are still several important research gaps and deficiencies within the existing literature. First, the influence of psychological factors (personality) on attitudes towards tourism is somewhat neglected. Second, when examining the relationship between community attitudes towards tourism and the influential factors, the majority of previous studies do not distinguish the orthogonal dimensions of attitudes (such as positive dimension and negative dimension). Third, the existing literature has not addressed the issue of whether specific attitudes towards tourism will lead to a corresponding behaviour when interacting with tourists, and what other factors are determinant in host-guest interactive behaviour. Aiming to address such research gaps and deficiencies, this study has a major objective of developing a theoretical model (encompassing attitude element) to understand the antecedents of host-guest interaction. A quantitative approach was employed for the entire project. A self-administrated questionnaire survey was used to collect primary data. A total of 878 useful questionnaires were returned for analyses. Stratification sampling methods were utilized in communities where population database was accessible, while random sampling methods were used in other communities. The findings from this study confirmed the two major hypotheses in terms of community attitudes towards tourism. First, there was a significant relationship between an individual's personality and his/her attitudes towards tourism. Residents being high on Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Agreeableness traits and low on the Neuroticism trait tended to be more positive towards tourism than their counterparts. Second, while some factors were found to be influential on both positive and negative dimensions of attitudes towards tourism, others only demonstrated influences on one dimension. The Resident-Tourist Interaction Model developed in this study provided a comprehensive theoretical framework in modelling and predicting host residents' interactive behaviour towards tourists. Drawing on the evaluation results of three leading behavioural theories belonging to the school of cognition, the Model identified attitudinal, volitional, social, motivating and habitual factors for the prediction of resident-tourist interactive behaviour. Motivating factor (intention) was the critical and immediate element for action, which, in turn, was best predicted by subjective norms. External factors (gender, age and personality traits) only moderated the predictive power of the Model by less than two percent. The Model was valid and reliable for the current data. The present study advanced resident-tourist interactive behavioural study by establishing a sound theoretical framework. It also consolidated the body of knowledge in understanding community attitudes towards tourism. Findings from this study have significant practical implications for community tourism planning and management.

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Moriarty, John. "A theory of benchmarking." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1085.

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Benchmarking is a well established and respected mechanism that contributes to organisational improvement. Its epistemology demonstrates it to be theoretically underdetermined with literature focusing on pragmatism and praxis. Benchmarking's critics hold it to be a-theoretical; failing to provide its practitioners with a reliable basis for distinguishing between effective and ineffective efforts. The purpose of this thesis is to review Benchmarking's epistemology and identify the necessary or sufficient methodological elements contributing to its effectiveness and to establish them within an acceptable theoretical framework. A causal approach is applied to the objectives of organisational benchmarking's current definitions and implementation frameworks. The resulting theoretical framework is then validated against current exemplary benchmarking praxis to explain its effectiveness and satisfy historical criticisms. Central to the approach is the application of supervenience and entailment relationships between benchmarking parties within the umbrella of Peircean Causation to determine the feasibility of a benchmarking proposition. Benchmarking's a priori effectiveness (sufficiency) can be established from an organisational axiom and five logical conditions. This research establishes a new encompassing definition of benchmarking reduces its typology to a single consistent form and establishes an Effective Benchmarking Process that explains current practices and addresses historical criticisms. These logical conditions also explain the effectiveness of empirical frameworks such as the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and ISO 9000. A theoretical foundation for benchmarking provides a platform for extending the theory of organisational improvement. It also has significant potential to enhance organisational sustainability by reducing wasted effort. This research focuses on the causal linkages between benchmarking and organisational sustainability. The research establishes a new definition of benchmarking, specifies necessary and sufficient conditions for its application and frames practitioner efforts within an Effective Benchmarking Process (EBP).

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Cavalheiro, Mariana Brandão. "Understanding smart tourism destination: evidence from a smart city project implementation in an international tourism destination." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/19309.

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O rápido aumento da população urbana apresenta novos desafios para a administração de cidades em todo o mundo. No entanto, com a adoção generalizada de tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC), um número crescente de iniciativas estão sendo implementadas para aliviar essa tensão ao tentar transformar os centros urbanos em cidades inteligentes. Paralelamente ao conceito de cidades inteligentes, uma variação específica deste conceito emergiu no setor de turismo, cunhado na ideia de destinos turísticos inteligentes (DTI). Com base na experiência de Armação dos Búzios (RJ, Brasil), esta pesquisa explora algumas questões cruciais ao processo de transformação de um destino turístico em inteligente. De fato, os principais destinos turísticos estão implementando cada vez mais as TIC para enriquecer as experiências dos turistas e, como resultado, melhorar a competitividade do destino. Apesar do crescente número de iniciativas de DTI em diferentes países, a literatura existente permanece incipiente sobre esse fenômeno crescente. Assim, o primeiro artigo desta tese propõe um modelo teórico – o Smart Destinantion Development Model - visando indicar um caminho estratégico que um destino turístico deveria seguir para se tornar inteligente. Ao discutir a ideia de DTI, argumentamos que, além de aumentar a competitividade do destino, um projeto de DTI deve basear-se em um paradigma sustentável para criar valor público para a comunidade local. O segundo trabalho, desenvolvido sob a perspectiva da teoria Ator-Rede, está focado em investigar o processo de implementação do projeto de cidade inteligente de Armação dos Búzios, denominado Cidade Inteligente Búzios (CIB). Além disso, essa pesquisa também tentou entender o papel do contexto na implementação de um projeto de cidade inteligente. Nossas descobertas revelam que o projeto da cidade inteligente estudado foi principalmente motivado pela regulação pública e decisões, que caracterizamos como de cima para baixo, praticadas através das interações de seus participantes Após reconhecer o papel dos atores envolvidos no projeto CIB, bem como suas motivações, o terceiro artigo analisou o mesmo projeto usando o modelo SDDM. Desta forma, o artigo III visa investigar se, no processo de implementação do projeto da cidade inteligente, Armação dos Búzios também buscou se tornar um DTI. Nossos resultados mostraram que, apesar das oportunidades que surgiram com a infraestrutura tecnológica trazida pelo projeto da cidade inteligente, o setor de turismo de Armação dos Búzios não conseguiu se tornar mais eficiente. Assim, o último artigo provou que as TIC não irão atuar por si só para melhorar a experiência dos turistas. Na verdade, há uma cadeia de valor turístico muito complexa que precisa ser organizada e envolvida com uma visão estratégica comum, antes que a tecnologia se torne útil para aumentar a competitividade do destino turístico.
The rapid increase in urban population poses significant challenges to the administration of cities throughout the world. However, with the widespread adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT), a growing number of initiatives are being implemented to alleviate such strain by attempting to transform urban centers into Smart Cities. Parallel to the concept of Smart City, a specific variation of this concept is emerging in the Tourism sector, which regards the idea of Smart Tourism Destinations (STD). Drawing upon Armação dos Búzios (RJ, Brazil) experience, this research explores some key issues to be addressed in the process of transforming a tourism destination into a smart one. In fact, mainstream tourism destinations are increasingly implementing ICTs to enrich tourists' experiences and, as a result, improve the competitiveness of the tourism destination. Despite the growing number of STD initiatives in different countries, the extant literature remains silent on this growing phenomenon. As such, the first article of this thesis proposes a theoretical model – The Smart Destination Development Model – aimed at indicating a strategic path that a tourism destination should follow to become a smart one. By discussing the idea of STD, we argue that besides enhancing the destination competitiveness, an STD project should be grounded on a sustainable paradigm in order to create public value for the hosting community. The second paper, developed under the Actor-Network theory perspective, is focused on investigating the implementation process of the smart city project that took place in Armação dos Búzios, named Cidade Inteligente Búzios (CIB). Additionally, this research also attempted to understand the role of context in the implementation of a smart city project. Our findings reveal that the smart city project studied was primarily motivated by public regulation and mainstream decisions we characterized as top-down decisions implemented through interactions of project participants. After acknowledging the role of actors involved the CIB project, as well as their motivations, the third article has studied the same project using the SDDM. In this way, article III aims at investigating if in the process of implementing the smart city project, Armação dos Búzios also sought to become a STD. Our results have shown that, despite the opportunities that emerged with the technological infrastructure brought by the smart city project, the tourism sector of Armação dos Búzios was not able to become more efficient. Thus, the last paper has proven that ICT will not act by itself in improving the tourists’ experience. In fact, there is a very complex touristic value chain that needs to be organized, and be engaged with a common strategic vision, before technology becomes useful to increase the tourism destination competitiveness.

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Säubert, Hannes. "Partnering versus Mergers & Acquisitions : Theory and an Exploratory Case Study in the Tourism Industry /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014624963&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Pyke, Sarah Janine. "A systems theory approach to the well-being effects of tourism in the United Kingdom." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2017. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/29625/.

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The synergy between the fields of public health and tourism around the emerging theme of well-being is evident from global, European Union (EU) and United Kingdom (UK) perspectives. It is suggested that a vision where public health and tourism strategy are allied will not only contribute to a region economically in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment, but will also provide sustainable well-being for residents and tourists alike. As a result, there is potential for well-being to be incorporated as a resource to create new products. Research on the well-being impacts of tourism is limited and there remains a dearth of literature on the significance of these benefits. Therefore, to better understand this area there is a need for a more in-depth exploration and analysis. As a result, the aim of this research is to critically investigate the well-being effects of tourism on the individual within the UK. This study employs an exploratory mixed methodological research approach whereby the first empirical study (inductive stakeholder focus groups) contributed to the development of the second empirical study (deductive consumer questionnaire). Focus groups (n=11) were used to understand how tourism investors view the concept of well-being in relation to tourism and the potential to adopt it as a tourism product resource. Findings validated by a wider group (n=50) exposed the barriers and enablers of implementing well-being in this way. The potential for businesses and policymakers to transform these barriers into enablers was also identified. In addition, study findings were mapped onto the study’s theoretical framework (a systems theory approach, a model extracted from the public health sector and applied here in a tourism context). A postal questionnaire (n=240) was utilized to measure the well- being effects of tourism guided by elements of a systems theory approach. Results indicate that infrastructure and health/tourism services together with the tourist’s expectations of the holiday lead to increased well-being in terms of an individual’s relationships with family and friends as well as their emotional well-being. This research makes a contribution to knowledge by using a systems theory approach to quantitatively measure the well-being effects of tourism on the individual. It is a challenge taking a model from one discipline and transferring it to another therefore the limitations of the systems theory approach are debated. From an academic perspective the interdisciplinary nature of this research is innovative and demonstrates how tourism and public health can be brought together, which is an emerging area of interest. Moreover, research findings provide a more holistic view of tourism and well-being, as the well-being impacts on mainstream tourism are examined. The research influences policy by identifying the appropriate links among tourism, well-being and policy with the potential to create healthier, more sustainable communities at tourism destinations. Finally, data from this research aids tourism/business practice and development by embedding a well-being philosophy for tourist destinations whereby tourism can be promoted and marketed as a healthy lifestyle experience due to the positive benefits that may be realized.

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Jones, Calvin. "The economic significance of tourism and of major events : analysis, context and policy." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2006. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54087/.

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Several papers reference my contribution to the critical development of Tourism Satellite Accounting techniques in nations and regions, in order to measure the economic contribution of visitor activity in a consistent and comparable manner.

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Delivani, Eleni. "Tourism as an alternative engine of economic growth : the case of Greece : a Kaldorian approach." Thesis, University of York, 1991. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4261/.

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Reddy, Sumanth Gopala. "Medical tourism in India: an exploratory study." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16193.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Geography
Bimal K. Paul
Medical tourism comprises a phenomenon where over five million patients a year are traveling across international borders to obtain various forms of health care. Most of these patients travel from developed countries to developing countries, seeking highly invasive medical treatments to less invasive and recreational medical procedures. By the year 2012, the medical tourism industry generated over $100 billion with over 50 countries making it a priority in trade for their country. With active government promotions, India has become one of the leading destinations for medical tourism. The objective of this research was to answer the questions: 1) how do the attitudes and behaviors of patients towards the concept of medical tourism influence their decision to become a medical tourist; 2) why do medical tourists seek treatment in India; and 3) what are the issues and challenges they face before coming to India as well as while in India. Interviews of thirty-four foreign patients were conducted in six sites spread across the South-Indian cities of Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Chennai which revealed useful information in addressing the research objectives. The three most important reasons that these medical tourists chose India for their treatments were: 1) the high quality of the doctors and medical facilities in India, 2) the affordable cost of treatments, and 3) the availability of specific treatments that might not have been available in their home countries. Patients also researched the topic thoroughly before they came to India. Knowledge was gained primarily from the Internet, print media, television shows and friends. Overall, the patients had very positive attitudes towards medical tourism. Most of them felt that they could get treatment because of their positive opinion on medical tourism, their ability to get treatment if they desired, and support from their families and loved ones.

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Wang, Jiayi. "Understanding Cleveland as a Sports Destination: an Empirical Study of Brand Personality Theory." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1460986522.

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Berenaliev, Yzatbek. "Le tourisme au Kirghizstan : enjeux d'un développement durable." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENE005/document.

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L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier les conséquences que génère le tourisme dans un pays « jeune » et en voie de développement comme le Kirghizstan. Avec son héritage soviétique, il se développe en intégrant les règles du marché. Le tourisme de masse attire plus d'un million de touristes chaque été au lac de montagne d'Issyk-Koul. La population locale, de moins de 300 000 habitants, propose des services à destination des touristes. La source de son attractivité particulière, et en même temps sa fragilité, est son écosystème unique. De ce fait, notre problématique se situe à l'intersection des questions en relation avec l'écologie (écosystème très fragile), l'économie (population locale très dépendante du tourisme) et la gestion des ressources environnementales par les structures étatiques. Dans ce document, nous posons la question : la mise en place d'un tourisme durable à Issyk-Koul, au Kirghizstan, est-elle possible ? La qualité des institutions du pays permettra-t-elle de l'accompagner et la soutenir ? Dans notre étude, le contexte kirghize sera analysé à travers la théorie des institutions. Le tourisme au Kirghizstan se développe rapidement mais de façon chaotique, sans réglementation ni soutien de la part de l'Etat. Tandis que les « règles » sont éditées et acceptées officiellement, elles ne sont pas respectés ni par les entreprises, ni par la population. La mise en place et la réalisation des « règles » apparaissent comme un élément important, lié à la faiblesse des institutions, car souvent peu développées. Nous expliquerons cette situation, d'un côté, par la particularité du secteur touristique pluridisciplinaire, qui reste difficilement gérable par des acteurs publics inexpérimentés ; et d'autre part, nous mettrons en évidence la quasi-absence des politiques publiques (au niveau national et local) pour la promotion du tourisme à l'international et son développement. Le travail de recherche consiste non seulement à définir les problèmes et les risques que peut causer le tourisme, mais aussi tenter d'apporter les solutions et des voies d'amélioration sur la gouvernance, où l'intervention des organismes publics est cruciale. Dans ce nouveau marché touristique qui prend de plus en plus d'ampleur, le concept de tourisme durable peut aider le Kirghizstan à devenir une destination internationale à long terme. Nous essayons de réorienter le tourisme de masse qui se développe actuellement vers le tourisme durable. Le tourisme actuel à Issyk-Koul exige une forte participation et intervention des organismes étatiques afin d'orienter le tourisme dans une voie durable. D'importants investissements dans le développement d'infrastructures touristiques seront vains si elles mettent en péril la qualité environnementale du site d'Issyk-Koul
The thesis is about researching of the consequences of the tourism development in the Kyrgyzstan. The Kyrgyz tourism has a soviet history as well as a development appropriating the market rules, where the tourism had taken his place. The mass tourism attracts more than one million persons to the mountain lake named Issyk-Kul on 1600 meters above the sea level. The advantage and at the same time it's weakness is the unique nature of the lake. The confrontation appeared between the ecology (fragile environment), the economy (local population very dependent from tourism) and the control of natural resources by government structure. From this perspective, the author is answering the question: is it possible to develop the sustainable tourism in Issyk-Kul, in Kyrgyzstan? Could the local institutions realize and establish the new rules of a sustainable development? The author tries to answer these questions and to understand the local process with the new institutional theory, for the reason that the tourism is developing well but in the chaotic way without support and regulation of the government. In reality, the «rules» were edited and accepted officially but in the realization stage, they are not respected by the population and local organizations. The institutions are being weak are not much developed. The author will try to explain this situation by the originality and complexity of the tourist sector and by absence of the State governance (in local and national level) in the tourism promotion in international area and without any helps/supports for local tourism companies. This thesis tries not only to definite problems and risks of tourism but to give solutions and ways to ameliorate the State governance, policy and interventions which are important for any tourist sector. In this new market, Kyrgyz tourism can find excellent place with the concept of sustainable tourism and become a competitive international destination in the long-term perspective

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Huh, Jin. "Tourist Satisfaction with Cultural / Heritage Sites: The Virginia Historic Triangle." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32742.

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Cultural/heritage tourism is the fastest growing segment of the tourism industry because there is a trend toward an increased specialization among tourists. This trend is evident in the rise in the volume of tourists who seek adventure, culture, history, archaeology and interaction with local people (Hollinshead, 1993). Especially, Americans' interest in traveling to cultural/ heritage destinations has increased recently and is expected to continue. For example, cultural/heritage sites are among the most preferred tourism experiences in America. (Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 1998) The recent studies about cultural/heritage tourism focused on the characteristics of tourists who visited cultural/heritage destinations. The study attempts to investigate the relationship between cultural/heritage destination attributes and tourist satisfaction, and to identify the relationship between cultural/heritage destination attributes and tourist satisfaction in terms of selected tourists' demographic characteristics and travel behavior characteristics. The expectancy-disconfirmation theory provided a conceptual framework for this study. The expectancy-disconfirmation theory holds that consumers first form expectations of products or service performance prior to purchasing or use. Subsequently, purchasing and use convey to the consumer beliefs about the actual or perceived performance of the product(s) or service(s). The consumer then compares the perceived performance to prior expectations. Consumer satisfaction is seen as the outcome of this comparison (Clemons & Woodruff, 1992). The study area for this study was Virginia Historic Triangle (Williamsburg, Jamestown, and Yorktown). Virginia Historic Triangle has been called the largest living museum in the world. Furthermore, it is one of America's popular vacation destinations, attracting more than 4 million tourists each year. The data of this study were collected from the on-site survey method. The sample population for this study was composed of tourists who visited Virginia Historic Triangle between June and August in 2001. The survey was conducted at five different sites in the Virginia Historic Triangle. Out of 300 questionnaires, 251 were usable. Therefore, the data from 251 respondents were analyzed in this study. Appropriate statistical analyses such as frequencies, descriptive, factor analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regressions, Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) were used according to respective objectives and descriptors. The factor analysis was conducted to create correlated variable composites from the original 25 attributes. Using factor analysis, 25 destination attributes resulted to four dimensions: General Tour Attraction, Heritage Attraction, Maintenance Factors, and Culture Attraction. These four factors then were related with overall satisfaction. Correlation analysis revealed that four factors were correlated with tourists' overall satisfaction. The multiple regression analysis revealed that there was relationship between cultural/heritage destination attributes and tourists' overall satisfaction. MANOVA revealed that there was significant difference between derived factors in relation to only total household income and the length of stay among 10 demographic and travel behavior characteristics. ANOVA revealed that there is a significant difference in the overall satisfaction of tourists by gender, past experience, and decision time to travel. Finally, MANCOVA revealed that only one of the control variables (past experience) controlled the relationship between the overall satisfaction of tourists and derived factors. Based upon the results of this study, several recommendations can be made to increase tourists' satisfaction with the Virginia Historic Triangle. First, comprehending what tourists seek at cultural/heritage attractions will help tourism marketers better understand their customers. Second, identifying which attributes satisfy the tourist who visit cultural/heritage destinations will help tourism planners develop appropriate strategies to attract their customers and serve them effectively. Third, knowing who the satisfied tourists are may help reduce marketing costs and maintain cultural/heritage destinations' sustainability.
Master of Science

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Kaehu, Catherine. "Stakeholder Collaboration Strategies in the Hawaii Tourism Industry." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5207.

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Travel and tourism are concepts that date back to 3000 B.C. with globalization extending possibilities of travel to people across the world. Addressing stakeholder concerns is especially important in promoting the development of sustainable tourism contributing to the protection of Earth's natural resources and long-term sustainability of tourism businesses through collaboration and participation. This qualitative case study incorporated a strategic stakeholder management framework, focusing on exploring strategies that Hawaii tourism industry leaders use for increasing stakeholder participation in sustainable tourism development. The population consisted of individuals across 6 categories of Hawaii tourism industry stakeholders identified as visitors, residents, government or public servants, representatives of academic institutions, tourism business owners, and special interest groups. Data triangulation occurred through semistructured interviews of 10 participants, comprehensive review of archival data and government statistical data, and organizational documents. Data analysis included both manual and multiple systemic coding for each sources of data. Three thematic strategies emerged: establishing relationship management, consistent and effective communication, and partnership programs with a variety of stakeholders. Within establishing relationship management, participants articulated conflict resolution as the most critical and challenging aspect to successful stakeholder collaboration strategies. This research has implications for social change by offering enhancement to relationships necessary to develop sustainable tourism options, ultimately bolstering the local economy while fostering protection of natural and cultural resources.

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Bäck, Sabina. "Volunteer Tourism : How the public opinion has changed and how Post-development ideas are shaping the discourse on volunteer tourism." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80096.

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Volunteer tourism is a globally, popular and well-known field in which anyone may participate. During recent years the industry has increasingly received some criticism, in contrast to the otherwise quite commonly positive view of it. Hence, this thesis is taking a closer look at the industry and the discourse surrounding it and how the public opinion has changed during the last years. It will bring into light the impact volunteer tourism has both on the local communities and the volunteer tourists themselves. This will be done with respect to the following cases; positive, critical and seeing both sides of the discourse. The data derives from secondary and tertiary sources, the majority from articles from four of the world’s biggest newspapers. Post-Development theory will be used to identify the ideas regarding the discourse, which will be done with an approach of structured, focused comparison and critical discourse analysis. Additionally it will aim to identify the pros and cons with volunteer tourism and discuss why one of the perspectives might require more attention than it has had up until now. Significantly though, it will aim to provide the reader with an overall and objective view of the field.

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Blomgren, Elin, and Sofie Ljungström. "Youth Tourism : – Impacts on places from a consumer perspective." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-70782.

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Although youth tourism is an increasingly relevant subject little research have been done regarding the segment’s own perception of their impacts. A consumer perspective was assumed to examine in what ways youth tourism impact places. This study adopts a deductive approach reviewing existing literature regarding youth tourism, impact and place. A case study concerning how youth travellers perceive and evaluate their own impacts was conducted using mixed-methods. Data sources include a survey and in-depth interviews concerning sociocultural, economic, and environmental items. The study concludes that what impacts youth tourism has on places are subject to the place’s current state and ability to host youth travellers. The number of youth travellers and their behaviour determines the local and global sociocultural, economic and environmental impacts that youth tourism has on places. This paper is considered a pre-study that contributes to the development of theory regarding youth tourism.

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Ewen, Mark Andrew. "Sustainable development through tourism : conflicts between theory and practice : the case of the Annapurna region of Nepal." Thesis, Bucks New University, 2007. http://bucks.collections.crest.ac.uk/9910/.

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This research investigated the conflicts that existed between the theory and policies of tourism as a tool for sustainable development, and the reality of their implementation in the Ghorepani and Tatopani areas of Annapurna, Nepal. It studied the attitudes, values, and practices (with reference to tourism and sustainable development) of the various actors in tourism in the area, and the environmental contexts and processes at work. The current theory and policy underpinning measures to implement tourism and sustainable development in the area was examined. Conclusions were subsequently drawn about the impact of present policies and theory on sustainable development and sustainable tourism on the area. An interpretivist paradigm provided the basis for this study, with elements of a critical social science approach included. An emic approach enabled the researcher to uncover the specific understandings and actualities of stakeholders, along with the underlying environmental structures and conditions of sustainable development through tourism in the area. These factors, along with the interrelationships between them, formed the basis of a fieldwork period whereby data was gained from key stakeholders through the utilisation of a variety of interviewing and observational techniques. This study contributes further to the debate surrounding the use of tourism as a tool for sustainable development. It finds that the traditional but naïve western dualist assumptions of tourism impacts as propounded by research, policy, and management do not account for the processes in which tourism is working on and through actors and their communities in the Tatopani and Ghorepani areas of Nepal (and vice versa). It consequently finds that sustainable development, when interpreted as a western construct, can be seen to be occurring to a limited and beneficial degree in the areas, but also at a cost to the communities involved which is not being recognised.

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Lee, Jun Ho, and Noel Mattar. "Analysis of Macroeconomic Variables Affecting International Tourism Consumption in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254280.

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There is an evident trend of growing tourism in the world. Tourism in Sweden is gaining more economic and social attention. The main purpose of this thesis is to discover what macroeconomic variables contribute to the annual international tourism income in Sweden. A multiple linear regression approach over a time period of 1978-2017 is used for the analysis. The final results show that GDP is the major macroeconomic factor that drives the annual international tourism income in Sweden across all time periods. NOK-SEK exchange rate seem to another relevant variable in the long term from 1978-2017, but not in shorter periods of time. USD-SEK exchange rate and unemployment rate hold no significant relevance to the international tourism consumption in Sweden for all time. The devaluation of Swedish krona in 1992 did not change the relationship between these variables and the response variable. However, these results can be unstable due to the limited number of observations used in the analysis, and therefore, we recommend other regression approaches, such as panel data regression, for this subject.There is an evident trend of growing tourism in the world. Tourism in Sweden is gaining more economic and social attention. The main purpose of this thesis is to discover what macroeconomic variables contribute to the annual international tourism income in Sweden. A multiple linear regression approach over a time period of 1978-2017 is used for the analysis. The final results show that GDP is the major macroeconomic factor that drives the annual international tourism income in Sweden across all time periods. NOK-SEK exchange rate seem to another relevant variable in the long term from 1978-2017, but not in shorter periods of time. USD-SEK exchange rate and unemployment rate hold no significant relevance to the international tourism consumption in Sweden for all time. The devaluation of Swedish krona in 1992 did not change the relationship between these variables and the response variable. However, these results can be unstable due to the limited number of observations used in the analysis, and therefore, we recommend other regression approaches, such as panel data regression, for this subject.
Det finns en märkbar trend av växande turism världen över. Turismen in i Sverige får allt mer ekonomisk och social uppmärksamhet. Syftet med detta arbete är att finna vilka makroekonomiska variabler som bidrar till de årliga intäkterna av internationell turism i Sverige. För analysen används multipel linjär regression över tidsperioden 1978-2017. Det slutgiltiga resultatet visar att BNP är den dominanta makroekonomiska faktorn som är drivande i de årliga intäkterna av internationell turism i Sverige, detta oavsett tidsperiod. Valutakursen NOK/SEK verkar vara signifikant i det långa loppet, från 1978-2017, men inte under de kortare tidsperioderna. Valutakursen USD/SEK och arbetslösheten är båda icke signifikanta variabler för internationell turism konsumtion i Sverige över alla tidsperioder. Devalveringen av den svenska kronan år 1992, förändrade inte relationen mellan de sistnämnda variablerna och y -variabeln. Dock kan dessa resultat vara ostabila på grund av de begränsade antalet observationer som använts i analysen och därför rekommenderar vi andra regressions modeller till detta ämne, såsom "panel data regression".

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Santos, Glauber Eduardo de Oliveira. ""Modelo gravitacional do turismo: proposta teórica e estudo empírico dos fluxos turísticos no Brasil"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27148/tde-12032005-122024/.

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Este estudo objetiva compreender a dinâmica origem-destino dos fluxos turísticos a partir de seus fatores causais. Para explicar esse fenômeno, são propostas algumas adaptações dos princípios da gravitação social, constituindo o Modelo Gravitacional do Turismo (MGT). São, inicialmente, estudados os já existentes modelos teóricos e estatísticos que visam a explicar o turismo, além das pesquisas já desenvolvidas sobre a aplicação dos modelos gravitacionais ao turismo. Em seguida, as proposições do MGT são desenvolvidas por meio de discussões verbalizadas, da construção de um diagrama e de descrições matemáticas. Por fim, a validade do MGT é testada por um estudo estatístico empírico dos fluxos turísticos domésticos no Brasil. As conclusões do estudo apontam para a validade do modelo, indicando que a dinâmica origem-destino dos fluxos turísticos pode ser explicada com base na interação das forças repulsiva, atrativa e de atrito definidas pelo estudo.
This study intends to understand the origin-destination dynamics of the tourism flows, based on their causal factors. To explain this phenomenum, the paper proposes some adaptations of the social gravitation principles to the tourism activity, leading to the Tourism Gravitational Model (MGT). Initially, it studies the theoretical and statistical existing models that intend to explain the tourism activity, as well as researches on the application of gravity models to tourism. Then, the propositions of MGT are developed through verbalised argumentations, a diagram construct and a mathematical description. At last, the validity of MGT is tested through an empirical statistical study of domestic tourism flows in Brazil. The conclusions point to the validity of the proposed model, evidencing that the origin-destination dynamics of tourism flows can be explained from the interaction of the repulsive, attractive and friction forces defined by the study.

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Salim, Al Mazro'ei Lubna Badar. "Questioning women's empowerment through tourism entrepreneurship opportunities : the case of Omani women." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2017. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/995563.

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This thesis adopts critical feminist theory, which is a combination of both critical theory and feminist theory, to explore the nature and experiences of Omani women involved in tourism entrepreneurship with particular regard to empowerment. Several studies have identified the potential role of tourism entrepreneurship to empower women due to the many benefits that it provides. However, this potential, and the extent that it empowers women, has been questioned. A review of the literature on women in tourism entrepreneurship reveals that there are several issues that have theoretical and practical implications for women's empowerment through this activity. Furthermore, a review of the development studies literature indicates that there are many prevailing issues and debates surrounding the concept of women's empowerment thatmerit further investigation. The fieldwork for this research took place in Oman during 2013-‐2014 and included an examination of a hosting group, sewing group and a number of women tourism entrepreneurs. Participant observations and semi-structured/unstructured interviews were conducted to collect information about these women. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the collected information and to develop three ethnographic case studies. The findings of this research reveal that tourism entrepreneurship does not inevitably bring about empowerment for Omani women. It is far from being an activity for women's individual and collective empowerment, given that the scope for such remains dependent on the embedded environment and is influenced by the nature of tourism enterprise work. An empirically informed conceptual framework was developed from the data to present this phenomenon. A grounded conceptualization was also developed from the data to conceptualize the process of women's empowerment for Omani women in tourism entrepreneurship. Theoretical implications of the findings areidentified in relation to the appropriate use of the concept of women's empowerment in tourism research. Practical implications of the findings are also identified in relation to local and international tourism organisations that utilises tourism entrepreneurship opportunities for women's empowerment purposes.

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Zahra, Anne. "Regional Tourism Organisations in New Zealand from 1980 to 2005: Process of Transition and Change." The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2554.

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This thesis is a historical case study tracing the establishment and evolution of Regional Tourism Organisations (RTOs) in New Zealand. It describes their role, structure and functions and the political processes that have influenced how they have operated and changed from 1980 to 2005. RTOs are examined in the context of government policies, local and national politics and tourism private and public sector relationships. RTOs were central to many of the key recommendations of the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2010 (NZTS 2010) released in 2001. The NZTS 2010 attempted to address a range of tourism policy gaps created by a policy vacuum in the 1990s whereby the public and private tourism sectors focused mainly on international marketing. This strategy shaped government policy during this decade. The research findings show that although public and private sector institutional arrangements impacting on RTOs have changed, there remains, as in the past, no uniformity in their role, structure, functions and their future financial and political viability remains insecure. The NZTS 2010 raised destination management and its alignment with destination marketing as a major policy issue that needed to be addressed in the decade leading up to 2010 with RTOs having a pivotal role. A generic regional destination management model is presented. Structures and processes incorporated into this model include: a national destination management tourism policy; support for tourism by local government at the national level; a well defined destination management team; community collaboration; and tourism being integrated into the wider planning processes of local government. The model identified requisite building blocks to support regional destination management such as: the provision of staff and financial resources for regional tourism; the building of a high tourism profile in the community; the availability of statistics and research data at the regional level; local government planners acknowledging the impacts of tourism; and the existence of a legal mandate for tourism at the regional and/or local government level. When applying this model to the New Zealand context, it was found that a number of the structures and processes required for effective regional destination management were lacking, such as regional statistics and research data, staffing and financial resources for both RTOs and local government, the ability of council planners to understand and integrate tourism into the wider planning processes and a legislative mandate for tourism. The thesis concluded that a vacuum remains in the alignment of destination marketing and management. The historical and political processes of RTO change were also examined in the context of chaos and complexity theory. Chaos and complexity theory provided a complementary and different means to view change. This thesis also presented the opportunity to reflect upon the research process which led to the adoption of a multi-paradigmatic and bricoleur research methodology. Further reflexivity and reflection towards the end of the research process articulated ontological and epistemological philosophical investigations that underlay the multi-paradigmatic approach. A model is presented emphasising that a multi-paradigmatic research approach rests on ultimate reality (metaphysics) which informs the ontology. The model then highlights that ontology precedes and directs epistemology and that both inform the multi-paradigmatic research framework.

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Agrodimou, Anamela. "Wellness tourism: through the lens of millennials' attitude : An exploratory qualitative study." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45428.

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Abstract Background: In recent years a rising concern towards health enhancement activities has been prominent across populations, leading to the emergence of a multi-dollar industry, namely the wellness industry, which spans across a wide spectrum of sectors, ranging from organic food to tourism. In fact, wellness tourism has been growing at an exponential rate, generating high revenues, forecast to rise. Given that millennials have been gradually replacing former generations, in volume size, it becomes evident why this age cohort has garnered massive media attention worldwide. Purpose: Nevertheless, although wellness tourism industry has sparked the attention of academic scholars and industry professionals, scant academic research has been conducted on the wellness travel attitude of this age cohort. Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine the attitude of millennials’ towards wellness travelling. Method: For the purpose of this study, a qualitative research comprised of 11 in-depth semi-structured interviews was conducted within a sample of individual’s aged 23-35. Conclusion: The results of this research indicated that this generational segment displayed a particular travel attitude towards wellness tourism, which can be understood from a cognitive, affective, and conative angle. Overall, the main cognitive associations and thoughts with wellness tourism entailed the notion of relaxation, and health-enhancement, whilst the core emotions experienced ranged from inner fulfillment, and happiness to nostalgia and serenity. The main benefits sought involved, escape from daily life and stress relief, which are consistent with prior studies. It was clear from this study that millennials are price-sensitive, and they cherish the variety of activities along with the novelty of experiences when travelling for wellness. This research also sheds light on the most frequently employed travel platforms and channels of communication, which can provide tourism marketing specialists and industry professionals with constructive recommendations in terms of advertising and communication of wellness travel offerings. However, due to time constraints, this study was subject to certain limitations, which hinder the generalizability of results across broader populations and diverse wellness travelers. Future research is thus much anticipated and needed to dig deeper into this lucrative market.

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Jones, Bertram O'Brian. "Community-Based Tourism| An Exploratory Study of Barbados." Thesis, Walden University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10124241.

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Tourism, Barbados’s primary industry, declined substantially from the outset of the 2008 global recession, triggering an economic slump in the local economy. The purpose of this exploratory study was to explore the views of 20 Barbadian tourism executives regarding the ability of community-based tourism (CBT) to resuscitate Barbados’s tourism industry. The participants included 10 from the government and 10 from the business sector; all possessed knowledge of CBT and worked with tourism for at least 10 years. Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation constituted the conceptual framework of this study. Participants were recruited by snowball and purposive sampling. Data were collected using an interview guide with semistructured interview questions, an audio recorder, and interview notes. The collected data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis, which involved collating the most cited codes into potential themes and developing thematic maps. The major themes that emerged from the data analysis of the private sector included the use of CBT as a means to solidify social relationships among locals and tourists and its ability to encourage repeat vacations. The major themes that materialized from interviewing the government workers included the need for the education of residents regarding the importance of their roles as stakeholder participants and the obligation by the relevant officials to stem any potential for criminal activity that could occur through CBT implementation. Repeated vacations through CBT could give rise to positive social change in the island by generating increased foreign currency injections and improving the social well-being of Barbadians and the Barbados economy.

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Eriksson, Johan, and Edström Maria Stenbäck. "“If we zigzag in the middle, it’s OK” : En fältstudie som undersöker turismens påverkan på balinesisk religion och kultur." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100020.

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[“If we zigzag in the middle, it’s OK”] The purpose of the following study is to examine the relationship between tourism and religion in a Balinese context. We look specifically at changes in religious practice, culture and mentality, as well as how religious philosophy is used as a tool for limiting the negative impact of tourism. The methods used are semi-structured interviews and participant observations. Central themes in the following essay are globalization in the form of tourism, westernization, subsystem theory and capitalism, which also make up the theoretical framework. By using this framework we have been able to conclude that tourism does indeed impact religious practice, culture and mentality on Bali. This impact is mainly focused around issues regarding a change in sacrificial practices, environmental changes and a sense of weakening of the communal mentality. We have also been able to identify a shift from a traditionally practice-oriented religion towards a more cognitively based religious understanding.

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Coggins, Andrew Oscar Jr. "What makes a passenger ship a legend: The future of the concept of legend in the passenger shipping industry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30012.

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Cruising, a ten million plus passenger, multi-billion dollar, world-wide industry, is one of tourism's fastest growing sectors. With many new ships entering the market each year, ships must capture the public imagination in order to compete. Over the years the ships that have done this have become legends. This study investigates the qualities necessary for a passenger ship to be identified as a legendary ship and asks how companies make their ships stand out as legends. This study proposes that legendary ships, "grand hotels of the sea," are extensions of other hospitality and tourism legends. Using the Grounded Theory Approach, in which the theory emerges from data, notable ships and their properties were identified from the literature. Integration of categories, factors, and their constituent properties under a Constant Comparative Method created a model of the legendary ship. A Delphi Panel tested and confirmed these properties as well as the study's initial model. It also produced a pool of legendary ships and additional properties. The results were further validated by the passenger shipping public using a world-wide electronic survey. Respondents rated intangible properties such as "External Appearance," "Internal Layout," "Quality of Service and Cuisine," "Funnel Design and Shape," "Repeat Passenger Patronage," "Legacy," "History," "Media Attention," "Speed," "Marine Technology," and "Route;" and the tangible properties of "Facilities, Fittings, and Furnishings," "Size," "Speed," "Marine Technology," and "Non Marine Technology," on their importance and named up to ten ships they considered legendary. Factor analysis was used to divide the properties into four composite factors - "Attractiveness," "Significance," "Power," and "Competitive Advantage." Cluster analysis of the ships produced four legend classifications - "Grand Legends," "Legends," "Demi Legends," and "Personal/Local Legends." Results confirmed the thesis that legendary status is based on superiority across a combination of factors. Those with more intangible properties were found to be stronger, with "Attractiveness," and "Significance" being the strongest. Significantly, no modern cruise ships placed in the top three legend classifications; except Queen Mary 2, built, marketed, and viewed as an ocean liner; indicating that the public views ocean liners and cruise ships as distinct entities.
Ph. D.

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Galliford, Mark. "Transforming the tourist : Aboriginal tourism as investment in cultural transversality." 2009. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/92157.

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The thesis is an examination of Aboriginal cultural tourism based on interviews with national and international tourists. The research found that the opportunity for tourists to share personal intimacy with Aboriginal people often outweighed the attraction to the cultural aspects of the tours and that this can contribute to the discourse of reconciliation.

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Kuei, Peng Yun, and 彭雲貴. "The Study of Tourism Industry Development on Peipu Township from Tourism Impact Theory." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18409099667492686246.

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碩士
中華大學
行政管理學系研究所碩士班
95
The Study of Tourism Industry Development on Peipu Township from Tourism Impact Theory ABSTRACT With the transition of the industrial structure and social style, and the economic development, to pursue the quality of the life becomes an important issue for people on Taiwan. The development of tourism became an important policy for all level of governments, and that makes Taiwan to appear a new sense. At the same time, the implementation of tourism policy would cause enormous impacts which may be good or bad for original residents. Therefore the development of tourism must to simultaneously consider the feelings of resident and reduce its negative impact. By this case can let the “increase of tourism’’ issue become prosperous. Because of the rich of cultural property cause the prosperous tourism in Beipu township now, it has been the main develop region of the’’Da-ai area’’ including Peipu, E-mei and Bao-shan. This research is based on environmental impact which is quantification by using differential point views. The abstract of the study which is verified by reasonable supposition showed in below. 1. The perspective of economy: If the development of tourism satisfies the benefits of resident, the development can be permitted. However, for the persons who can’t obtain any benefits would detest the development. They feel that their lives are persecuted by tourism. The success or fail of tourism policy based on the distribution of benefits. 2. The perspective of environment The development of tourism is a disaster for environment and the resident in Beipu region. They feel that the original peaceful life would disappear. The graceful scenery is only a beautiful fantasy. The artificial development and its side effect make the resident to worry their environment. Therefore the relevant environmental protection policy and the public opinion would be an important issue. 3. The perspective of society The effect of external commercial behavior would change the opinion and commercial style of resident gradually. Utilitarianism and unconcern substituted the concern of personal relationship. The relationship of people would transfer coldness from enthusiasm gradually. .This change wakes up the social consciousness, and it would decide the direction of tourism industry development of Peipu . Key words：Tourism Impact Theory、Tourism Industry Development、Da-ai-area、Peipu Township

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Xiaomei, Huang. "Apply Hofstede’s national cultural dimension theory to analyze chinese tourist behaviors in Portugal tourism." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/12698.

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Abstract:

With the globalization, the development of outbound travel experience rapidly grew in recent decades. International tourism has become the largest industry in the world. It is the new engine for economic development in many countries. Cross-cultural tourism has brought great benefit to the destination countries. On the other side, it also brings some negative effects between the tourists and the natives. Culture is one of the important factors on promoting the cross-cultural tourism but also becomes one of the barriers in its development. For Chinese tourists, Portugal is an emerging travel destination. Portugal tourism has natural advantages but also market disadvantages. It is very important for Portugal, which has limited resources, to use reasonable strategies on satisfying Chinese tourists’ demands and spreading local cultures. In this study, I use Hofstede’s national cultural dimension theory and some empirical studies to analyze the cultural differences between Portugal and China, and try to find out how cultures influence tourists behaviors. Finally, I try to provide some suggestions to help Portugal develop a sustainable tourism in order to attract more Chinese tourists and increase their satisfaction. In addition, it could be a model for the travel destinations to explore new tourist markets with different cultures.
Com a globalização, a viagem transnacional também se desenvolve rapidamente. Além de ser a maior indústria do mundo, a indústria da viagem internacional também é um novo motor para o desenvolvimento económico de muitos países. Enquanto que a viagem transnacional traz vários lucros para os países de destino, as diferentes culturas entre os visitantes e os países de destino também causa muitos efeitos negativos. A cultura é um fator principal que promove a viagem transnacional, mas também é um obstáculo que impede o seu desenvolvimento. Para os visitantes chineses, Portugal é um novo destino de viagem, que tem as suas vantagens e desvantagens no desenvolvimento da indústria turística. Como aproveitar de forma razoável os recursos locais para atender os visitantes chineses, proteger e divulgar a cultura local é muito importante para Portugal, que é um país com recursos limitados. O texto combina a teoria transcultural de Hofstede e as práticas de outros estudiosos para analisar a diferença cultural entre Portugal e a China, a fim de estudar os efeitos de um contexto cultural diferente no comportamento de turistas. Com base nisso, propõem-se sugestões que possam atender as necessidades de turistas chineses, aumentar a sua satisfação da viagem a Portugal e ao mesmo tempo, divulgar o desenvolvimento sustentável da indústria turística de Portugal. Além disso, este estudo também serve como um modelo de referência para os mercados emergentes com culturas diferentes dos outros destinos de viagem.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tourism theory'

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