Journal articles on the topic 'Tournaments, 1937'

Association football is one of the most popular sports with more than 265 million players worldwide and 209 national associations. The climax on the calendar is the FIFA World Cup, an international football competition contested by the men’s national football teams of the member nations. This championship has been held every four years since the first tournament in 1930 with exceptions in 1942 and 1946 due to World War II. Women too have a World Cup tournament that started in 1991 and is held every four years. The purpose of this commentary is to analyze the downward trend in scoring at World Cup tournaments from 1930 to 2010, with the aim of providing coaches, educators and sport scientists with possible reasons for the decline.

The Mitropa Cup founded in 1927 was the most important professional football tournament of the interwar period. It was organized by the international Mitropa Cup committee, which was formed of leading protagonists from Central Europe such as Hugo Meisl. This Central European Cup was played out between different combinations of the leading clubs from the participating countries: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Switzerland. German teams did not take part in the Mitropa Cup, because the DFB did not accept professional football teams at that time. With this sport historical background the study shows in which way the Mitropa Cup (as well as other tournaments) profoundly influenced the construction of economic and social space, and how it influenced the perception of the German Mitropa company. While it has been claimed that Meisl and his comrades could build on the sponsorship of the German restaurant and sleeping car company Mitropa, the parallel investigation of railway history through primary sources and sport history proves that no such relationship has existed, and furthermore, because of an international treaty the Mitropa was not allowed to provide services beyond Germany and several defined destinations. Thus, the discursive and spacial significance of both the Mitropa Cup’s football-based definition of Central Europe, and the Mitropa company as one of the two European players in sleeping and restaurant car services (the other being the French-Belgian CIWL/ISG), forms a historical coincidence.

Pembelajaran yang kurang bervariasi pada siswa kelas VII-B SMP PGRI 6 Malang menyebabkan siswa bosan dalam pembelajaran, sehingga siswa cenderung menjadi pendengar saja. Hal ini mengakibatkan hasil belajar siswa tidak sesuai dengan KKM yang telah ditetapkan. Oleh karena itu, perlu digunakan metode pembelajaran menarik yang dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan penerapan pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT yang dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar matematikapada siswa kelas VII-B SMP PGRI 6 Malang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK). Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VII-B SMP PGRI 6 Malang dan peneliti yang bertindak sebagai guru. Prosedur pengumpulan data yang digunakan meliputi tes tulis, observasi, dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan meliputi mereduksi data, menyajikan data dan menarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa presentase ketuntasanhasil belajar matematika meningkat dari 63,6% siswa yang tuntas pada siklus I menjadi 83,3% siswa yang tuntas pada siklus II.Dengan demikian, peningkatan hasil belajar siswa sebesar 19,7%,sehingga terbukti bahwa model pembelajaran Teams Games Tournament mampu meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika siswa.

The paper discusses a tournament-helm from Lullingstone Church, Kent, which was identified as ‘English … of the first quarter of the sixteenth century’ by the late Sir James Mann in a paper read at a meeting of the Society, at which it was exhibited, on 22 October 1931. It was not then noticed that the helm is struck twice with the well-known mark of an armourer who was working for the Habsburg Court in Brussels in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A possible identification of the owner of the mark is given together with a reassessment of a group of related helms from funerary achievements in this country once thought to be English.

The paper discusses a tournament-helm from Lullingstone Church, Kent, which was identified as ‘English … of the first quarter of the sixteenth century’ by the late Sir James Mann in a paper read at a meeting of the Society, at which it was exhibited, on 22 October 1931. It was not then noticed that the helm is struck twice with the well-known mark of an armourer who was working for the Habsburg Court in Brussels in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A possible identification of the owner of the mark is given together with a reassessment of a group of related helms from funerary achievements in this country once thought to be English.

Context Basketball has remained a popular sport for players and spectators in the United States since before the first National Collegiate Athletic Association men's championship tournament in 1939. Background Routine examinations of men's basketball injuries are important for identifying emerging temporal patterns. Methods Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 athletic seasons were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differences in injury rates. Results The overall injury rate was 7.28 per 1000 athlete exposures, with competition rates twice those of practices (injury rate ratio = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.93, 2.22). Injuries to the ankle (22.2%), knee (13.0%), head/face (11.3%), and hand/wrist (10.1%) accounted for most reported injuries, with sprains (30.4%), contusions (14.3%), and strains (13.9%) most commonly reported. Ankle sprain rates initially trended upward and decreased between 2017–2018 and 2018–2019; concussion rates remained relatively stable during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019. Conclusions Findings suggest that common injury rates are trending downward relative to previous study findings.

In 1949 the Irish branch of the Women’s League of Health and Beauty travelled to Stockholm, Sweden to take part in the second annual Lingiad Festival. Created the previous decade to celebrate the gymnastic system of Per Henrik Ling established in the early nineteenth-century, the Festival was a multisporting cultural event open to groups from around the world. One such group was the Women’s League of Health and Beauty. Founded in London in 1930 by the Irish-born Mary Bagot Stack, the League marked the decade’s most expansive form of exercise for women. Owing to the League’s Irish connection, the first League branch came to Belfast in 1930 and was followed by a Dublin branch some years later. Open to women across the life cycle, the League was targeted at both the working woman and the stay-at-home mother. Where previous studies have examined the creation of the League in Ireland, this piece focuses on the League’s appearance at the 1949 Lingiad. Despite numerous appeals for government funding, the League was forced to raise its own funds for the trip, a point which rankled many journalists both before and after the tournament. There was an inherent tension in the League’s involvement. On the one hand, it offered new opportunities for female exercise and provided a fillip for further engagement. That withstanding, the ongoing difficulties experienced by the League in actually making it to Lingiad highlighted the secondary, and often forgotten, nature of women’s exercise in Ireland at this time. Using memoirs, film and newspaper articles, the piece positions the League’s Lingiad trip as symbolic of both the advances and restrictions inherent in women’s exercise in mid twentieth-century Ireland.

<p>Pembelajaran secara konvensional membuat siswa cepat bosan dan tidak berminat untuk mengikuti pembelajaran dengan maksimal. Permasalahan yang timbul adalah bagaimana jika menggunakan model pembelajaran yang dapat mengaktifkan siswa. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) Bagaimana pembelajaran kooperatif TGT (<em>Team Game Tournament</em>) dapat meningkatkan minat belajar konsep sistem gerak pada manusia pada siswa kelas VIIID SMP Negeri 1 Bandungan tahun pelajaran 2013/2014. (2) Bagaimana pembelajaran kooperatif TGT dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar konsep sistem gerak pada manusia pada siswa kelas VIIID SMP Negeri 1 Bandungan tahun pelajaran 2013/2014. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk (1) Mendeskripsikan peningkatan minat belajar konsep sistem gerak pada manusia melalui pembelajaran kooperatif TGT pada siswa kelas VIIID SMP Negeri 1 Bandungan tahun pelajaran 2013/2014. (2) Mendeskripsikan peningkatan hasil belajar konsep sistem gerak pada manusia melalui pembelajaran kooperatif TGT pada siswa kelas VIIID SMP Negeri 1 Bandungan tahun pelajaran 2013/2014. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (Action Research) yang dirancang melalui dua siklus yaitu dengan prosedur: (1) Perencanaan (Planning), (2) Pelaksanaan tindakan (Acting), (3) pengamatan (Observing), (4) refleksi dalam tiap-tiap siklus (reflecting). Hasil penelitian ini adalah pembelajaran dengan kooperatif TGT dapat meningkatkan minat belajar siswa yang ditunjukkan dengan parttisipasi dalam pembelajaran sebesar 81,76 %, dan dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas VIIID tahun pelajaran 2013/2014 sebesar 19,7 %. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian direkomendasikan untuk diadakan penelitian lanjutan mengenai pembelajaran dengan model kooperatif TGT yang dapat meningkatkan aktifitas belajar siswa.</p>

Abstract We compare, through a laboratory experiment using salient financial incentives, misrepresentations of performance under target-based compensation with those under both a linear piece-rate and a tournament-based bonus system. An anagram game was employed as the experimental task. Results show that productivity was similar and statistically indistinguishable under the three schemes. In contrast, whether one considers the number of overclaimed words, the number of work/pay periods in which overclaims occur, or the number of participants making an overclaim at least once, target-based compensation produced significantly more cheating than either of the other two systems. While earlier research has compared cheating under target-based compensation with cheating under non-performance-based compensation, which offers no financial incentive to cheat, this is the first study that compares cheating under target-based schemes to cheating under other performance-based schemes. The results suggest that cheating as a response to incentives can be mitigated without giving up performance pay altogether.

Out-standing! Danish Tennis Club and the Tennis Player Leif RovsingOn April 13, 1917 the Danish newspaper B.T. published an article about the nationally renowned Danish tennis player, Leif Rovsing, who was planning to build a magnificent tennis hall. Personally funding the project, he referred to the tennis hall as a ‘World-Sports-Establishment’ to be built on land he had found close to Copenhagen. On May 5, 1917 the Danish Football Association (DBU) excluded Rovsing from all clubs under their auspices and banned him from participating in all Danish tournaments due to “presumed homosexuality”. This was the starting point for Rovsing to realise the dream he had described in B.T. In cooperation with architect Henry Madsen he built the out-standing tennis hall, Dansk Tennis Club. From an architectural point of view, the 43,5 m long and 23,5 m wide tennis hall is an original piece of sports architecture worldwide, with its smallmuntined windows, providing the hall with an intake of daylight, which sheds a soft parallel light over the courts without blinding the players. The hall also came into being with a gentleman’s study, plush sofas, china over the doors, and wall decorations from Egypt and Bali. It is these unexpected juxtapositions that made Dansk Tennis Club so unusual at the time – and to this day.

Many engineering and industrial constrained optimization problems can be modeled as mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problems e.g. heat and mass exchange networks, reactor-separator networks, batch plant design and scheduling, flow sheeting etc. The global optima in such problems are ill-conditioned due to the involvement of continuous and discrete variables, nonlinearities and non-convexities.This research work concerns the development of a modified GA and to apply it to find the solutions of several difficult MINLP problems. The modified GA utilizes tournament selection, SBX cross-over, polynomial mutation and variable elitism operators, along with distance based dynamic penalty with anti-distortion. The algorithm has been programmed in MATLAB. Six MINLP problems, which emerged from the optimal design of sequential multi-product batch plants, and considered as difficult ones in literature, were successfully solved. The solutions thus obtained are either comparable or better than those available in literature. The above combination of various schemes in modified GA helps in achieving faster convergence to global optimum with comparatively less violation of constraints; population size required is also less. The effect of various parameters on the convergence to global optimum has also been studied along with setting of various parameters. In future, efforts may be devoted to search proper merging strategy of quality operators for the design of a general purpose and robust GA so as to use it for a variety of engineering, specifically process engineering problems, more effectively.

Lincolnshire, England. The crowd cheer when the ball breaks loose. From one end of the field to the other, the players chase, their snouts hovering just above the grass. It’s not a case of four legs being better, rather a novel way to attract customers to the Woodside Wildlife and Falconry Park. During the matches, volunteers are drawn from the crowd to hold goal posts at either end of the run the pigs usually race on. With five pigs playing, two teams of two and a referee, and a ball designed to leak feed as it rolls (Stevenson) the ten-minute competition is fraught with tension. While the pig’s contributions to “the beautiful game” (Fish and Pele 7) have not always been so obvious, it could be argued that specific parts of the animal have had a significant impact on a sport which, despite calls to fall into line with much of the rest of the world, people in Australia (and the US) are more likely to call soccer. The Football Precursors to the modern football were constructed around an inflated pig’s bladder (Price, Jones and Harland). Animal hide, usually from a cow, was stitched around the bladder to offer some degree of stability, but the bladder’s irregular and uneven form made for unpredictable movement in flight. This added some excitement and affected how ball games such as the often violent, calico matches in Florence, were played. In the early 1970s, the world’s oldest ball was discovered during a renovation in Stirling Castle, Scotland. The ball has a pig’s bladder inside its hand-stitched, deer-hide outer. It was found in the ceiling above the bed in, what was then Mary Queens of Scots’ bedroom. It has since been dated to the 1540s (McGinnes). Neglected and left in storage until the late 1990s, the ball found pride of place in an exhibition in the Smiths Art Gallery and Museum, Stirling, and only gained worldwide recognition (as we will see later) in 2006. Despite confirmed interest in a number of sports, there is no evidence to support Mary’s involvement with football (Springer). The deer-hide ball may have been placed to gather and trap untoward spirits attempting to enter the monarch’s sleep, or simply left by accident and forgotten (McGinnes in Springer). Mary, though, was not so fortunate. She was confined and forgotten, but only until she was put to death in 1587. The Executioner having gripped her hair to hold his prize aloft, realised too late it was a wig and Mary’s head bounced and rolled across the floor. Football Development The pig’s bladder was the central component in the construction of the football for the next three hundred years. However, the issue of the ball’s movement (the bounce and roll), the bladder’s propensity to burst when kicked, and an unfortunate wife’s end, conspired to push the pig from the ball before the close of the nineteenth-century. The game of football began to take its shape in 1848, when JC Thring and a few colleagues devised the Cambridge Rules. This compromised set of guidelines was developed from those used across the different ‘ball’ games played at England’s elite schools. The game involved far more kicking, and the pig’s bladders, prone to bursting under such conditions, soon became impractical. Charles Goodyear’s invention of vulcanisation in 1836 and the death of prestigious rugby and football maker Richard Lindon’s wife in 1870 facilitated the replacement of the animal bladder with a rubber-based alternative. Tragically, Mr Lindon’s chief inflator died as a result of blowing up too many infected pig’s bladders (Hawkesley). Before it closed earlier this year (Rhoads), the US Soccer Hall of Fame displayed a rubber football made in 1863 under the misleading claim that it was the oldest known football. By the late 1800s, professional, predominantly Scottish play-makers had transformed the game from its ‘kick-and-run’ origins into what is now called ‘the passing game’ (Sanders). Football, thanks in no small part to Scottish factory workers (Kay), quickly spread through Europe and consequently the rest of the world. National competitions emerged through the growing need for organisation, and the pig-free mass production of balls began in earnest. Mitre and Thomlinson’s of Glasgow were two of the first to make and sell their much rounder balls. With heavy leather panels sewn together and wrapped around a thick rubber inner, these balls were more likely to retain shape—a claim the pig’s bladder equivalent could not legitimately make. The rubber-bladdered balls bounced more too. Their weight and external stitching made them more painful to header, but also more than useful for kicking and particularly for passing from one player to another. The ball’s relatively quick advancement can thereafter be linked to the growth and success of the World Cup Finals tournament. Before the pig re-enters the fray, it is important to glance, however briefly, at the ball’s development through the international game. World Cup Footballs Pre-tournament favourites, Spain, won the 2010 FIFA World Cup, playing with “an undistorted, perfectly spherical ball” (Ghosh par. 7), the “roundest” ever designed (FIFA par.1). Their victory may speak to notions of predictability in the ball, the tournament and the most lucrative levels of professional endeavour, but this notion is not a new one to football. The ball’s construction has had an influence on the way the game has been played since the days of Mary Queen of Scots. The first World Cup Final, in 1930, featured two heavy, leather, twelve-panelled footballs—not dissimilar to those being produced in Glasgow decades earlier. The players and officials of Uruguay and Argentina could not agree, so they played the first half with an Argentine ball. At half-time, Argentina led by two goals to one. In the second half, Uruguay scored three unanswered goals with their own ball (FIFA). The next Final was won by Italy, the home nation in 1934. Orsi, Italy’s adopted star, poked a wildly swerving shot beyond the outstretched Czech keeper. The next day Orsi, obligated to prove his goal was not luck or miracle, attempted to repeat the feat before an audience of gathered photographers. He failed. More than twenty times. The spin on his shot may have been due to the, not uncommon occurrence, of the ball being knocked out of shape during the match (FIFA). By 1954, the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) had sought to regulate ball size and structure and, in 1958, rigorously tested balls equal to the demands of world-class competition. The 1950s also marked the innovation of the swerving free kick. The technique, developed in the warm, dry conditions of the South American game, would not become popular elsewhere until ball technology improved. The heavy hand-stitched orb, like its early counterparts, was prone to water absorption, which increased the weight and made it less responsive, particularly for those playing during European winters (Bray). The 1970 World Cup in Mexico saw football progress even further. Pele, arguably the game’s greatest player, found his feet, and his national side, Brazil, cemented their international football prominence when they won the Jules Rimet trophy for the third time. Their innovative and stylish use of the football in curling passes and bending free kicks quickly spread to other teams. The same World Cup saw Adidas, the German sports goods manufacturer, enter into a long-standing partnership with FIFA. Following the competition, they sold an estimated six hundred thousand match and replica tournament footballs (FIFA). The ball, the ‘Telstar’, with its black and white hexagonal panels, became an icon of the modern era as the game itself gained something close to global popularity for the first time in its history. Over the next forty years, the ball became incrementally technologically superior. It became synthetic, water-resistant, and consistent in terms of rebound and flight characteristics. It was constructed to be stronger and more resistant to shape distortion. Internal layers of polyutherane and Syntactic Foam made it lighter, capable of greater velocity and more responsive to touch (FIFA). Adidas spent three years researching and developing the 2006 World Cup ball, the ‘Teamgeist’. Fourteen panels made it rounder and more precise, offering a lower bounce, and making it more difficult to curl due to its accuracy in flight. At the same time, audiences began to see less of players like Roberto Carlos (Brazil and Real Madrid CF) and David Beckham (Manchester United, LA Galaxy and England), who regularly scored goals that challenged the laws of physics (Gill). While Adidas announced the 2006 release of the world’s best performing ball in Berlin, the world’s oldest was on its way to the Museum fur Volkerkunde in Hamburg for the duration of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The Mary Queen of Scot’s ball took centre spot in an exhibit which also featured a pie stand—though not pork pies—from Hibernian Football Club (Strang). In terms of publicity and raising awareness of the Scots’ role in the game’s historical development, the installation was an unrivalled success for the Scottish Football Museum (McBrearty). It did, however, very little for the pig. Heads, not Tails In 2002, the pig or rather the head of a pig, bounced and rolled back into football’s limelight. For five years Luis Figo, Portugal’s most capped international player, led FC Barcelona to domestic and European success. In 2000, he had been lured to bitter rivals Real Madrid CF for a then-world record fee of around £37 million (Nash). On his return to the Catalan Camp Nou, wearing the shimmering white of Real Madrid CF, he was showered with beer cans, lighters, bottles and golf balls. Among the objects thrown, a suckling pig’s head chimed a psychological nod to the spear with two sharp ends in William Golding’s story. Play was suspended for sixteen minutes while police tried to quell the commotion (Lowe). In 2009, another pig’s head made its way into football for different reasons. Tightly held in the greasy fingers of an Orlando Pirates fan, it was described as a symbol of the ‘roasting’ his team would give the Kaiser Chiefs. After the game, he and his friend planned to eat their mascot and celebrate victory over their team’s most reviled competitors (Edwards). The game ended in a nil-all draw. Prior to the 2010 FIFA World Cup, it was not uncommon for a range of objects that European fans might find bizarre, to be allowed into South African league matches. They signified luck and good feeling, and in some cases even witchcraft. Cabbages, known locally for their medicinal qualities, were very common—common enough for both sets of fans to take them (Edwards). FIFA, an organisation which has more members than the United Nations (McGregor), impressed their values on the South African Government. The VuVuZela was fine to take to games; indeed, it became a cultural artefact. Very little else would be accepted. Armed with their economy-altering engine, the world’s most watched tournament has a tendency to get what it wants. And the crowd respond accordingly. Incidentally, the ‘Jabulani’—the ball developed for the 2010 tournament—is the most consistent football ever designed. In an exhaustive series of tests, engineers at Loughborough University, England, learned, among other things, the added golf ball-like grooves on its surface made the ball’s flight more symmetrical and more controlled. The Jabulani is more reliable or, if you will, more predictable than any predecessor (Ghosh). Spanish Ham Through support from their Governing body, the Real Federación Española de Fútbol, Spain have built a national side with experience, and an unparalleled number of talented individuals, around the core of the current FC Barcelona club side. Their strength as a team is founded on the bond between those playing on a weekly basis at the Catalan club. Their style has allowed them to create and maintain momentum on the international stage. Victorious in the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship and undefeated in their run through the qualifying stages into the World Cup Finals in South Africa, they were tournament favourites before a Jabulani was rolled into touch. As Tim Parks noted in his New York Review of Books article, “The Shame of the World Cup”, “the Spanish were superior to an extent one rarely sees in the final stages of a major competition” (2010 par. 15). They have a “remarkable ability to control, hold and hide the ball under intense pressure,” and play “a passing game of great subtlety [ ... to] patiently wear down an opposing team” (Parks par. 16). Spain won the tournament having scored fewer goals per game than any previous winner. Perhaps, as Parks suggests, they scored as often as they needed to. They found the net eight times in their seven matches (Fletcher). This was the first time that Spain had won the prestigious trophy, and the first time a European country has won the tournament on a different continent. In this, they have broken the stranglehold of superpowers like Germany, Italy and Brazil. The Spanish brand of passing football is the new benchmark. Beautiful to watch, it has grace, flow and high entertainment value, but seems to lack something of an organic nature: that is, it lacks the chance for things to go wrong. An element of robotic aptitude has crept in. This occurred on a lesser scale across the 2010 FIFA World Cup finals, but it is possible to argue that teams and players, regardless of nation, have become interchangeable, that the world’s best players and the way they play have become identikits, formulas to be followed and manipulated by master tacticians. There was a great deal of concern in early rounds about boring matches. The world’s media focused on an octopus that successfully chose the winner of each of Germany’s matches and the winner of the final. Perhaps, in shaping the ‘most’ perfect ball and the ‘most’ perfect football, the World Cup has become the most predictable of tournaments. In Conclusion The origins of the ball, Orsi’s unrepeatable winner and the swerving free kick, popular for the best part of fifty years, are worth remembering. These issues ask the powers of football to turn back before the game is smothered by the hunt for faultlessness. The unpredictability of the ball goes hand in hand with the game. Its flaws underline its beauty. Football has so much more transformative power than lucrative evolutionary accretion. While the pig’s head was an ugly statement in European football, it is a symbol of hope in its South African counterpart. Either way its removal is a reminder of Golding’s message and the threat of homogeneity; a nod to the absence of the irregular in the modern era. Removing the curve from the free kick echoes the removal of the pig’s bladder from the ball. The fun is in the imperfection. Where will the game go when it becomes indefectible? Where does it go from here? Can there really be any validity in claiming yet another ‘roundest ball ever’? Chip technology will be introduced. The ball’s future replacements will be tracked by satellite and digitally-fed, reassured referees will determine the outcome of difficult decisions. Victory for the passing game underlines the notion that despite technological advancement, the game has changed very little since those pioneering Scotsmen took to the field. Shouldn’t we leave things the way they were? Like the pigs at Woodside Wildlife and Falconry Park, the level of improvement seems determined by the level of incentive. The pigs, at least, are playing to feed themselves. Acknowledgments The author thanks editors, Donna Lee Brien and Adele Wessell, and the two blind peer reviewers, for their constructive feedback and reflective insights. The remaining mistakes are his own. References “Adidas unveils Golden Ball for 2006 FIFA World Cup Final” Adidas. 18 Apr. 2006. 23 Aug. 2010 . Bray, Ken. “The science behind the swerve.” BBC News 5 Jun. 2006. 19 Aug. 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5048238.stm>. Edwards, Piers. “Cabbage and Roasted Pig.” BBC Fast Track Soweto, BBC News 3 Nov. 2009. 23 Aug. 2010 . FIFA. “The Footballs during the FIFA World Cup™” FIFA.com. 18 Aug. 2010 .20 Fish, Robert L., and Pele. My Life and the Beautiful Game. New York: Bantam Dell, 1977. Fletcher, Paul. “Match report on 2010 FIFA World Cup Final between Spain and Netherlands”. BBC News—Sports 12 Jul. 2010 . Ghosh, Pallab. “Engineers defend World Cup football amid criticism.” BBC News—Science and Environment 4 Jun. 2010. 19 Aug. 2010 . Gill, Victoria. “Roberto Carlos wonder goal ‘no fluke’, say physicists.” BBC News—Science and Environment 2 Sep. 2010 . Hawkesley, Simon. Richard Lindon 22 Aug. 2010 . “History of Football” FIFA.com. Classic Football. 20 Aug. 2010 . Kay, Billy. The Scottish World: A Journey into the Scottish Diaspora. London: Mainstream, 2008. Lowe, Sid. “Peace for Figo? And pigs might fly ...” The Guardian (London). 25 Nov. 2002. 20 Aug. 2010 . “Mary, Queen of Scots (r.1542-1567)”. The Official Website of the British Monarchy. 20 Jul. 2010 . McBrearty, Richard. Personal Interview. 12 Jul. 2010. McGinnes, Michael. Smiths Art Gallery and Museum. Visited 14 Jul. 2010 . McGregor, Karen. “FIFA—Building a transnational football community. University World News 13 Jun. 2010. 19 Jul. 2010 . Nash, Elizabeth. “Figo defects to Real Madrid for record £36.2m." The Independent (London) 25 Jul. 2000. 20 Aug. 2010 . “Oldest football to take cup trip” 25 Apr. 2006. 20 Jul. 2010 . Parks, Tim. “The Shame of the World Cup”. New York Review of Books 19 Aug. 2010. 23 Aug. 2010 < http://nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/aug/19/shame-world-cup/>. “Pig football scores a hit at centre.” BBC News 4 Aug. 2009. August 20 2010 . Price, D. S., Jones, R. Harland, A. 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ملخص البحث: هذه المقالة تُعْنى بدراسة صورة البطولة في قصة "أحراج يعبد" بقلم روضة الهدهد، فمشاهدُ القصة مستوحاة من الواقع وبطلُها عزّ الدين القسَّام الذي قام بأدوار بطولية متعدّدة؛ أمّا مكانُ الحَبْكة ففلسطين وزمانُها بين عام 1920-1935م، والحَبْكةُ نفسها تتمثل في سلسلة من دراما المقاومة والتضحية وبذل الغالي والنفيس في سبيل تحرير الأرض والوطن والشعب من اليهود والصهاينة المغتصبين. وترمي هذه المقالة إلى وضْعِ عرضٍ تحليلي لقصة بطولية معاصرة واقعية بين أيدي القراء وخاصةً الأطفال منهم، والغرض من ذلك ربطُ القراءِ بواقعهم الذي يُعاينونه؛ وتربيةُ وغرسُ عنصر التضحية في نفوس أطفالنا منذ نعومة أظفارهم من جهةٍ، وتوعيةُ شبابنا في بذل المُهج والأموال في سبيل الحفاظ على الكرامة واسترداد الحقوق وخاصة ً الأراضي المحتلة في فلسطين من جهة أخرى. تُعنى المقالةُ أيضاً بالإطار النظري للقصة. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن هناك نقصاً في نماذج الأبطال الذين نتمثل بهم في مؤلفاتنا، وأن الشهيد عزّ الدين القسَّام قد نال شهادته، وأظهر بطولته في القتال ضدّ اليهود وإخوانه الذين كانوا أمثلة حيّة يحتذى بهم، كل الأبطال في هذه القصص العشرة يتصفون بالبطولة الجهادية، وهم الأبطال المجاهدون. الكلمات المفتاحية: البطولة- الشهيد – المجاهد – المثقّف - القروية. Abstract: This article investigates the images of heroic figures in Rawdah al-Hudhud’s short story, entitled The Forest of Yaʿbud. Izzedine al-Qassam, the protagonist in the story performs the heroic roles of a martyr, combatant, intellectual, countryman, nationalist and educator who feed the minds of his disciples and followers with knowledge and their souls with love of sacrifice. The plot of the story whose setting is Palestine and which occurred between 1920 -1935 consists of a series of drama replete with resistance, sacrifice, and dedication of the most precious thing for the sake of liberating one’s homeland and people from the Jews and Zionist occupation. Thus, the article presents the readers with an analytical presentation of a heroic-driven story taken from facts of our contemporary life insofar as to bring the readers closer to the reality they live. This article is also concerned with the theoretical framework of the story whereby the researcher sets to define some concepts contained in it. To fulfill this, the researchers apply the analytical approach whereby all heroic scenes in the story are analyzed. The study found that there is a shortage in the Champions models who represents them in books, and the Martyr Izzedine al-Qassam had obtained his testimony, showed heroism in the fight against the Jews with his brothers, whom were living examples to follow them, all the heroes in these ten stories are characterized tournament jihadist, they are heroes Mujahideen. Key words: Heroic - Martyr - Mujahid - Dducator - Rural. Abstrak: Makalah ini merupakan kupasan terhadap gambaran watak-watak keperwiraan di dalam cerpen nukilan Rawdah al-Hudhud berjudul ‘Aḥrāj Ya‘bud (Hutan ya‘ud). ‘Izuddīn al-Qassām protagonis cerita menonjolkan kepelbagaian watak yang meliputi seorang shahid, pejuang, cendiakiawan, negarawan, pejuang nasionalis dan juga seorang pendidik menyemaikan jiwa-jiwa murid dan pengikutnya dengan pengetahuan serta kecintaan terhadap pengorbanan. Plot penceritaan berlatarkan Palestin sekitar tahun-tahun 1920 sehingga 1935 yang mengandungi beberapa drama yang penuh dengan penentangan, pengorbanan dan dedikasi kepada tanahair tercinta untuk memerdekakan penduduknya daripada pendudukan Yahudi dan regim Zionis. Oleh itu, makalah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa cerita yang penuh nilai keperwiraan ini dengan memberikan kerangka yang berteraskan kepada fakta-fakta semasa untuk mendekatkan pembaca kepada realiti kehidupan mereka. Kajian ini juga mengambil kira kerangka teoretikal cerita tersebut untuk tujuan mentakrifkan beberapa konsep yang terkandung di dalamnya. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, pendekatan analitikal digunapakai dengan menganalisa keseluruhan babak keperwiraan cerita. Kajian mendapati terdapat kekurangan dalam model-model perwira yang ditampilkan oleh penulis; Izzudin al-Qaasam adalah seorang wira yang telah mendapat shahid, menunjukkan keberanian bersama dengan rakan-rakan perjuangannya dalam menentang Yahudi sehingga menjadi ikon yang menjadi inspirasi perjuangan generasi seterusnya; kesemua wira-wira di dalam kesepuluh-sepuluh cerita tersebut mempunyai watak wira yang berjihad oleh itu mereka dianggap sebagai wira-wira jihad. Kata kunci: keperwiraan –shahid – pejuang jihad – pendidik – pendalaman.