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Nieken, Petra. "Tournaments, risk and careers /." Aachen : Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/993053238/04.
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Wu, Maoguo. "Promotion tournaments and hierarchy." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=192271.
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This thesis studies promotion tournaments and hierarchy, through both theoretical and empirical means. The data set utilised through- out the thesis for empirical tests consists of a large panel gathered from a major British financial sector firm. The data set has very detailed and consistent data on job levels, which are particularly well suited for studies of transitions across levels. The thesis first investigates one main assumption of the tournament theory, i.e., hierarchy is relatively fixed, and finds support in empirical results that external hiring number, promotion into level number, promotion out of level number, and exit number are closely related. The thesis then extends the conventional tournament model to a multi-contestant multi-prize setting and sets out to test the theoretical model predictions. Following the predictions, an empirical model of promotion probabilities is tested. Fixity of hierarchy, proxied by external hiring rate and exit rate, along with conventional promotion determinants, are included in the estimation. The results shed light on a distinct finding that fixity of hierarchy plays an important role in promotion outcomes, i.e., vacancies influence promotion probabilities, and incentives vary closely with promotion probabilities. The relation between incentives and promotion probabilities can be characterised as a hump shape. The results also indicate that promotion requirement would even get weakened if a large number of vacancies emerged. The thesis also compares two alternative promotion rules, tournaments versus standards. The theoretical model argues that tournaments and standards have similar incentive effect on inducing effort. In tournaments, maximal incentive occurs for intermediate promotion rates, and lower incentive occurs for lower and higher promotion rates. In standards, maximal incentive occurs when the standard is set so that the chance of promotion is a half, and lower incentive occurs when the standard is set so that the chance of promotion is far from a half. The empirical tests address the extent to which promotions within organisations are driven by relative comparisons of worker performance and comparisons of worker performance against absolute standards. The results provide evidence that relative comparisons become more important at higher hierarchical levels.
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Coregliano, Leonardo Nagami. "Flag algebras and tournaments." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-12082015-093248/.
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Alexander A. Razborov (2007) developed the theory of flag algebras to compute the minimum asymptotic density of triangles in a graph as a function of its edge density. The theory of flag algebras, however, can be used to study the asymptotic density of several combinatorial objects. In this dissertation, we present two original results obtained in the theory of tournaments through application of flag algebra proof techniques. The first result concerns minimization of the asymptotic density of transitive tournaments in a sequence of tournaments, which we prove to occur if and only if the sequence is quasi-random. As a byproduct, we also obtain new quasi-random characterizations and several other flag algebra elements whose density is minimized if and only if the sequence is quasi-random. The second result concerns a class of equivalent properties of a sequence of tournaments that we call quasi-carousel properties and that, in a similar fashion as quasi-random properties, force the sequence to converge to a specific limit homomorphism. Several quasi-carousel properties, when compared to quasi-random properties, suggest that quasi-random sequences and quasi-carousel sequences are the furthest possible from each other within the class of almost balanced sequences.<br>Alexander A. Razborov (2007) desenvolveu a teoria de álgebras de flags para calcular a densidade assintótica mínima de triângulos em um grafo em função de sua densidade de arestas. A teoria das álgebras de flags, contudo, pode ser usada para estudar densidades assintóticas de diversos objetos combinatórios. Nesta dissertação, apresentamos dois resultados originais obtidos na teoria de torneios através de técnicas de demonstração de álgebras de flags. O primeiro resultado compreende a minimização da densidade assintótica de torneios transitivos em uma sequência de torneios, a qual provamos ocorrer se e somente se a sequência é quase aleatória. Como subprodutos, obtemos também novas caracterizações de quase aleatoriedade e diversos outros elementos da álgebra de flags cuja densidade é minimizada se e somente se a sequência é quase aleatória. O segundo resultado compreende uma classe de propriedades equivalentes sobre uma sequência de torneios que chamamos de propriedades quase carrossel e que, de uma forma similar às propriedades quase aleatórias, forçam que a sequência convirja para um homomorfismo limite específico. Várias propriedades quase carrossel, quando comparadas às propriedades quase aleatórias, sugerem que sequências quase aleatórias e sequências quase carrossel estão o mais distantes possível umas das outras na classe de sequências quase balanceadas.
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Nieken, Petra. "Tournaments, risk and careers." Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/993053238/04.
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Williamson, Craig W. "Tournament-associated mortality and the effects of culling in Wisconsin black bass (Micropterus spp.) tournaments /." Link to full text, 2007. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2007/williamson.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stevens Point, 2007.<br>Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Master of Science in Natural Resources, College of Natural Resources. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-81).
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Ales, Janez. "Automorphism groups of Walecki tournaments." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0027/NQ51834.pdf.
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Winzen, Stefan. "Close to regular multipartite tournaments." kostenfrei, 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974007501.
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Souza, Junior Celso Vila Nova de. "Tournaments in the public sector." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22538.
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Wood, Kathryn L. B. "Multipartite tournaments and the push operation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0009/MQ41390.pdf.
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Nieken, Petra [Verfasser]. "Tournaments, Risk and Careers / Petra Nieken." Aachen : Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/116131167X/34.
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Alshaikh, Rana Ali. "Upset Paths and 2-Majority Tournaments." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/356.
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In 2005, Alon, et al. proved that tournaments arising from majority voting scenarios have minimum dominating sets that are bounded by a constant that depends only on the notion of what is meant by a majority. Moreover, they proved that when a majority means that Candidate A beats Candidate B when Candidate A is ranked above Candidate B by at least two out of three voters, the tournament used to model this voting scenario has a minimum dominating set of size at most three. This result gives 2-majority tournaments some significance among all tournaments and motivates us to investigate when a given tournament can be considered a 2-majority tournament. In this thesis, we prove, among other things, that the presence of an upset path in a tournament allows us to conclude the tournament is realizable as a 2-majority tournament.
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Daniel, Luca <1995>. "Paired Comparison Modelling of Sport Tournaments." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15874.
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Forecasting the results of sport tournaments is a topic of considerable interest. This thesis focuses on statistical modelling of football matches. The methodology discussed in the thesis stems from a cumulative logit extension of the traditional Bradley-Terry model for paired comparison data. The modelling approach includes the home-field effect and memory components that account for the current form of the players indirectly described through the fantasy football quotes. Maximum likelihood and shrinkage methods are considered for model fitting. The methodology is tested with simulation studies and illustrated with an application to the past season (2018/19) of Serie A.
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Montanus, Munro. "The relationship between performance (tournament progression), daily stress and perceived exertion in male participants of professional squash tournaments." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20341.
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Squash is a popular sport that is played by over 15 million people in 120 countries. Squash is a sport requiring extreme levels of fitness and skill to be proficient at. Squash being a high impact, fast sport that relies on consistency, strength and skill, players often experience stress. This stress is mainly due to the intensity of the matches, but also due to the short duration of the tournaments, which places a lot of pressure on the participants to do well. Stress in sport has been shown to be a critical component in the performance of an individual athlete as well as in team sports. Stress in sport may be categorised as competitive and organisational as well as acute. Not being able to cope with stress may have varied affects for athletes. These include increased anxiety and aggression; decreased enjoyment and self-esteem; and most importantly a decrease in performance expectations and performance difficulties. Furthermore, if an athlete believes he or she cannot resolve the demands of the competitive environment, negative physical and emotions can affect performance. The ability to compete with the presence of different stressors is thus necessary for an athlete to perform at his or her best. Aim and objectives The specific objectives were to establish whether a) Anthropometric and demographic characteristics, b) Daily Stress as measured by the Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) and c) Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) as measured by the Borg Scale were associated with competition performance as measured by winning/losing games in national squash tournaments.
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Tan, Ta Sheng. "Higher order tournaments and other combinatorial results." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610761.
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Joffrion, Justin L. Parreiras Sérgio O. "Essays on incentives in rank-order tournaments." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2770.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 10, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics." Discipline: Economics; Department/School: Economics.
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Greene, Ryan A. "The economic impact of the 2000 Bellsouth Atlanta Golf Classic." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28643.
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Ao, Suqin. "Aspects of chromatic numbers and rankings in tournaments." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0007/NQ30260.pdf.
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Panagopoulos, Andreas. "Innovations and tournaments in an endogenous growth framework." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429517.
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Cheney, Gina Marie. "REALIZING TOURNAMENTS AS MODELS FOR K-MAJORITY VOTING." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/327.
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A k-majority tournament is a directed graph that models a k-majority voting scenario, which is realized by 2k - 1 rankings, called linear orderings, of the vertices in the tournament. Every k-majority voting scenario can be modeled by a tournament, but not every tournament is a model for a k-majority voting scenario. In this thesis we show that all acyclic tournaments can be realized as 2-majority tournaments. Further, we develop methods to realize certain quadratic residue tournaments as k-majority tournaments. Thus, each tournament within these classes of tournaments is a model for a k-majority voting scenario. We also explore important structures specifically pertaining to 2- and 3-majority tournaments and introduce the idea of pseudo-3-majority tournaments and inherited 2-majority tournaments.
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Kurniawan, Meinanda. "Mutual fund tournaments, style drift and active returns." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/123513/1/Meinanda%20Kurniawan%20Thesis.pdf.
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In this thesis, I investigate the effect of annual fund tournaments on intra-year style drift ("tournament-induced style drift") as well as its immediate effect on the fund's year-end active return (volatility). Based on a large sample of 2,194 active U.S. equity funds with a specific style from 2003 to 2014, I find the relation between style drift and tournament rank is convex, with funds appearing in the top and bottom performance quartiles having higher subsequent style drift. This finding is consistent with the convex flow-performance relation identified by Chevalier and Ellison (1997).
I also document the first evidence on tournament-induced style drift. Funds in the top quartile of the mid-year tournament ranking (interim tournament winners) reduce their style drift in the latter half of the year. Conversely, funds in the bottom quartile of the mid-year tournament ranking (interim tournament losers) increase their style drift in the second half of the year. This finding suggests that style drift is a short-run behavior affected by tournament rankings.
Examination of the performance effect of style drift shows that it leads to economically significant higher active return volatility. However, its effect on active return is economically insignificant. Style drift in the second half of the year by interim tournament winners and losers also have economically insignificant effect on year-end active return. Therefore, style-shifting does not create value for investors, just more risk. By viewing style drift in the context of annual fund tournaments, I shed light on the driver of style drift and its immediate consequences on the fund's active return (volatility).
The results of this thesis suggest that mutual fund investors must consider style consistency together with performance when selecting funds.
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Ding, Wei [Verfasser]. "Essays on Auctions, Tournaments, and Imperfect Competition / Wei Ding." Aachen : Shaker, 2012. http://d-nb.info/106904816X/34.
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Ding, Wei [Verfasser]. "Essays on Auctions, Tournaments, and Imperfect Competition / Wei Ding." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1016099401/34.
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Fang, Dawei. "Theoretical studies of tournaments and the venture capital industry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669733.
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This thesis consists of three essays. In essay 1, we examine the optimal contract design in the venture capital (VC) industry when a general partner (GP) cannot commit to putting effort into an existing partnership. We show that the first-best contract, a layered debt issued to investors, induces the GP's efficient investment decision and prevents him from diverting effort from the partnership, but its feasibility depends on economic conditions and on whether the GP's ability is observed. The model suggests a procyclical pattern of investment funding and a countercyclical pattern of industrial performance. Moreover, new GPs' fundraising and performance are more sensitive to business cycles than those of established ones. In essay 2, we study investment duration of a VC fund based on a simple agency conflict between a GP and investors. A short duration financing arrangement can minimize agency conflicts but may offer investors rents. When the rents offered to investors are too large, which may occur when the rate of return of a successful investment is high, the GP has an incentive to use less efficient but rent-saving financing arrangements. We show that there can be cases in which the GP uses a long investment duration financing arrangement or is willing to have the fund capital-constrained. In essay 3, we study contests where, subject only to a capacity constraint on mean performance, contestants, facing a rank-dependent payoff function, choose arbitrary performance distributions. In the case of symmetric capacity, we derive closed-form solutions for equilibrium performance distributions and analyze the effect of contest structure on equilibrium behavior. We show that equilibrium performance distributions are never dispersion-maximizing and are always right-skewed when the contest is selective. When contestants' capacities are private information, contests serve as a selection mechanism. We analyze the effect of changing contest parameters on strategies, payoffs, and contest selection efficiency and study the selection properties of different contest designs.
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Ananchuen, Watcharaphong. "Graphs with prescribed adjacency properties." Thesis, Curtin University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1570.
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A graph G is said to have property P(m,n,k) if for any set of m + n distinct vertices there are at least k other vertices, each of which is adjacent to the first m vertices but not adjacent to any of the latter n vertices. The class of graphs having property P(m.n,k) is denoted by ζ(m,n,k). The problem that arises is that of characterizing the class ζ(m,n,k). One particularly interesting problem that arises concerns the functionP(m,n,k) = min{υ(G) : G є ζ(m,n,k) }.In Chapter 2, we establish some important properties of graphs in the class ζ(m,n,k) and a lower bound on p(m,n,k). In particular, we prove thatp(n,n,k) ≥ 4n-1 (2(n+k) + ½ (3 = (-1)n+k+1} + 1/3 l 1/3One of the results in Chapter 2 is that almost all graphs have property P(m,n,k). However, few members of ζ(m,n,k) have been exhibited. In Chapter 3. we construct classes of graphs having property P(l,n,k) . These classes include the cubes, "generalized" Petersen graphs and "generalized" Hoffman-Singleton graphs.An important graph in the study of the class ζ(m,n,k) is the Paley graph Gq defined as follows. Let q = l(mod 4) be a prime power. The vertices of Gq are the elements of the finite field IFq. Two vertices a and b are joined by an edge if and only if their difference is a quadratic residue, that is a - b = y2 for some y є IFq. In chapter 4, we prove that for a prime p = l(mod 4), all sufficiently large Paley graphs GP satisfy property P(m.n,k). This is established by making use of results from prime number theory.In Chapter 5 , we establish, by making use of results from finite fields, the adjacency properties of Paley graphs of order q = pd , with p a prime.For directed graphs, there is an analogue of the above adjacency property concerning tournaments. A tournament Tq of order q is said to have property Q(n,k) if every subset of n vertices of Tq is dominated (if there is an arc directed from a vertex u to a vertex v, we say that u dominates v and that v is dominated by u) by at least k other vertices.Let q = 3(mod 4) is a prime power. The Paley tournament Dq is defined as follows. The vertices of Dq are the elements of the finite field IFq. Vertex a is ioined to vertex b by an arc if and only if a - b is a quadratic residue in Fq. In Chapter 6, we prove that the Paley tournament Dq has property Q(n,k) wheneverq > {(n - 3)2n-1 + Z}G + kZn - 1. A graph G is said to have property P*(rn,n,k) if for any set of rn + n distinct vertices of G there are exactly k other vertices, each of which is adjacent to the first m vertices of the set but not adjacent to any of the latter n vertices. The class of graphs having property P*(m.n,k) is denoted by S*(m,n.k). The class S*(m,n,k) has been studied when one of m or n is zero. In Chapter 7, we show that, for m = n = 1, graphs with this property (k + t)' + 1, are the strongly regular graphs with parameters ( k + t,t - 1,t) for some positive integer t. For rn 2 1, n 2 1, and m + n 2 3, we show that, there is no graph having property P*(m.n,k), for any positive integer k. The first Chapter of this thesis provides the motivation, terminology. general concepts and the problems concerning the adjacency properties of graphs. In Chapter 8 . we present some open problems.
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Herrington, Twyla. "Socioeconomic Characteristics of Coastal Pelagic Fishing Tournaments in South Florida." NSUWorks, 2011. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/203.
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Highly migratory species (HMS) are targeted in numerous recreational fishing tournaments in the Florida Straits and very important to the total directed fisheries for these species. Sailfish Istiophorus platypterus and wahoo Acanthocybium solandri are primary coastal pelagic fish species, found in similar shelf-edge habitats, targeted in these recreational tournaments. The economic importance of these tournaments is unknown, as is the probable overlap between tournament fisheries by anglers targeting this species.
A voluntary mail survey was administered to two sailfish tournaments and one wahoo tournament within the Florida Straits during the 2009/2010 season. Questions were organized into four sections: general fishing activity and experience, tournament experience, fishing techniques, and personal angler characteristics. Response rates for the participating tournament were as follows: Stuart Sailfish Club Light Tackle Sailfish Tournament (SSCLT), 23.3%, Silver Sailfish Derby (SSD) 44.2%, and Bahamas Wahoo Championship (BWC) 33.0%. All participating tournaments represented an overwhelmingly male population (SSCLT 92.9%; SSD 94.7%, BWC 100%), the majority of which were residents of Florida. Sailfish was listed as the preferred target species for the participating sailfish tournament anglers with wahoo being listed as the preferred target species for wahoo tournament participants. All anglers in both sailfish tournaments responded yes to participation in the upcoming year’s tournament with only 50% of wahoo participants answering yes to this question for next year’s participation.
Average tournament expenditures and economic contributions were part of the results from this study. All tournaments showed highest expenditures under gas and oil for boats. The SSCLT tournaments average for oil and gas totaled $2,785.00 for the tournament, the highest of the three tournaments surveyed. Lodging was shown to be the least important of all categories with averages ranging between $325-$700 per tournament. The direct economic contribution from each tournament as whole to the local economy were as follows: SSD- $425,109; SSCLT- $866,189; Wahoo-$71,550. These numbers correspond to the total tournament participation numbers with the highest contribution and participation being the SSCLT tournament. Understanding angler preferences and expenditure patterns will help tournament directors and local fisheries management agencies better understand the economic importance and management implications in South Florida.
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Chandrasekhar, Karthik. "BOUNDING THE NUMBER OF COMPATIBLE SIMPLICES IN HIGHER DIMENSIONAL TOURNAMENTS." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/math_etds/63.
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A tournament graph G is a vertex set V of size n, together with a directed edge set E ⊂ V × V such that (i, j) ∈ E if and only if (j, i) ∉ E for all distinct i, j ∈ V and (i, i) ∉ E for all i ∈ V. We explore the following generalization: For a fixed k we orient every k-subset of V by assigning it an orientation. That is, every facet of the (k − 1)-skeleton of the (n − 1)-dimensional simplex on V is given an orientation. In this dissertation we bound the number of compatible k-simplices, that is we bound the number of k-simplices such that its (k − 1)-faces with the already-specified orientation form an oriented boundary. We prove lower and upper bounds for all k ≥ 3. For k = 3 these bounds agree when the number of vertices n is q or q + 1 where q is a prime power congruent to 3 modulo 4. We also prove some lower bounds for values k > 3 and analyze the asymptotic behavior.
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Yumoto, Yuji. "Risk Preference, Correlation Choice, Sabotage, and the Design of Promotion Tournaments." NCSU, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05112003-105037/.
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I examine properties of worker behavior under promotion tournaments, and discuss their implications for the design of promotion tournaments. Given their tasks, workers will decide how much effort they exert. In addition to this decision-making, they have the opportunity to decide their approaches to perform their tasks within their delegated authority. I define the term approach as a method, way, procedure, plan or project to perform his task, into which a worker infuses his effort. Through their approach choices, they can control the riskiness and correlation of their performances. It is shown that under the loser-selecting tournament, which means the promotion ratio is more than one-half, workers prefer a low risk approach or a common approach which peers also know well; on the other hand, under the winner-selecting tournament, which means the promotion ratio is less than one-half, they prefer a high risk approach or their own original approaches. These results suggest that the loser-selecting tournament is more efficient than the winner-selecting tournament in terms of the cost for implementing high efforts of risk-averse workers. I rigorously show this in the case of three workers. I argue that the winner-selecting tournament is better suited for the upper job levels or for firms in innovative and immature markets or industries; on the other hand, the loser-selecting tournament is better suited for the lower job levels or for firms in stable, mature, or strictly regulated markets or industries. Furthermore, I investigate properties of sabotage under tournaments. Under the one-winner tournament, each worker attacks his peers so as to minimize the maximal value of their expected performances. The sabotage operates to create more homogeneity. Under the one-loser tournament, each worker intensively attacks one peer so as to minimize the minimal value of his peers' expected performance. One worker is intensively attacked by all peers. I argue that the one-loser tournament is more subject to damage by sabotage than the one-winner tournament.
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Mboumba, Grace Ntahinta. "The tourism impacts of the 2012 Confederation of African Football (Caf) Nations Cup in Gabon." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2685.
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Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.<br>Sport tourism events have been recognised as a very important niche market offering great opportunities for countries worldwide. Because of their ability to provide urban, regional and national developments, every country around the globe is increasingly battling to host these events. This study focuses on the tourism impacts of major sport events in the African developing context, the aim being to close the gap currently existing in the literature regarding the subject. The main objective of the study was to determine the tourism impacts of the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations (AFCON) in Gabon”.
The study adopted a quantitative research approach (descriptive design) to obtain data and findings. Questionnaires were split according to the two match venues (Libreville and Franceville) and administered to visitors. Respondents were remoulded during the course of the event. Despite some negative impacts highlighted and others aspects investigated; the most important finding of the study revealed that Gabon successfully hosted the event which turned out to be good for local communities and contributed to their development.
Conclusively, the study confirms that major sport events such as the Africa Cup of Nations have indeed the potential to develop tourism, provide new business opportunities and benefit residents of local communities.
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DUARTE, ALEXANDRE ROCHA. "REFEREE ASSIGNMENT IN SPORT TOURNAMENTS: MONO AND MULTI-CRITERIUM ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=13381@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>A otimização em esportes é uma área que reúne diversas aplicações relacionadas
ao planejamento e gestão de atividades esportivas. Diversas técnicas
de otimização combinatória têm sido aplicadas, por exemplo, à construção
de tabelas de torneios e à análise do desempenho de equipes em competições.
Um problema que surge no contexto da organização de competições
esportivas consiste na determinação de quais árbitros atuarão em cada partida
de um determinado torneio. Diversas regras devem ser observadas no
processo de atribuição de árbitros, que em geral envolve também a consideração
de vários objetivos. Esta tese tem como objetivo principal apresentar
um estudo sobre um problema de atribuição de árbitros, comum a
várias ligas esportivas amadoras. Demonstra-se que a versão de decisão do
problema estudado é um problema NP-completo. Considera-se inicialmente
duas variantes mono-objetivo do PAA, que diferem uma da outra pela função
objetivo adotada. Propõe-se modelos de programação linear inteira que
permitem uma abordagem exata para a resolução de instâncias de pequeno e
médio portes. Com o intuito de tratar instâncias de tamanho real, propõe-se
também abordagens aproximadas de resolução baseadas na metaheurística
Iterated Local Search (ILS). Uma vez que o PAA tem origem em aplicações
reais, ligadas a processos de tomada de decisões, é natural que envolva a consideração de diversos objetivos, muitas vezes em conflito. Tal fato motivou a investigação do uso de técnicas de otimização multi-critério que possam ser utilizadas na construção de um sistema de suporte a decisão e aplicadas a uma variante bi-objetivo do PAA, que considera simultaneamente as duas
funções objetivo utilizadas nas variantes mono-objetivo estudadas. Abordagens de resolução exata e aproximada para esta variante bi-objetivo são propostas e seus resultados discutidos.<br>Optimization in sports is a field of increasing interest. Combinatorial optimization
techniques have been applied e.g. to game scheduling and playoff
elimination. A problem that arises in competition management is the assignment
of referees to games already scheduled. There are a number of
rules and objectives that should be taken into account when referees are
assigned to games. We address two mono-objective versions of a Referee
Assignment Problem (RAP) common to many amateur leagues of sports
such as soccer, baseball, and basketball. The problem is formulated by integer
programming and its decision version is proved to be NP-complete. To
tackle real-life large instances of the RAP, we propose a three-phase heuristic
approach based on a constructive procedure, a repair heuristic to make
solutions feasible, and a local search heuristic to improve feasible solutions,
based on the metaheuristic iterated local search. Numerical results on realistic
instances are presented and discussed. This work also investigates the
solution of a bi-objective version of the RAP, which combines both objective
functions used in the mono-objective versions. Exact and heuristic approaches
are proposed to solve this bi-objective version and its computational
results are discussed.
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Jonsson, Rickard. "Swiss Tournaments : Webbapplikation för att skapa och hantera turneringar med Swiss-formatet." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39138.
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The goal with this project has been to develop an application where a user can create and manage tournaments that uses the Swiss format. The application would consist of one display page that can be used to show the current state of the tournament for all the competitors, and one admin page where a user can update match results and generate a new round of matches. The application has been developed with Node.js on the server side and the JavaScript library React on the client side. All the React code is written in the modern way with functional components and the usage of React Hooks. The document based database MongoDB has been used for the application. Real time-updates has been implemented with the library Socket.IO The project has led to a well-functioning application where a user can create och manage a tournament and where all the updates are done in real time in a neat and smooth way. The creator of the tournament can share both the admin page and the display page to other people who want to see the tournament result by sharing the link to the specific tournament.<br>Målet med denna projektuppgift har varit att utveckla en applikation där användare kan skapa och hantera turneringar som använder sig av Swiss-formatet. Applikationen skulle bestå av dels en uppvisningssida som kan användas till att visa upp turneringens aktuella resultat för medtävlande och dels en administrationssida där en användare kan uppdatera matchresultat och generera en ny omgång matcher. Applikationen har utvecklats med Node.js till serversidan och JavaScript-biblioteket React på klientsidan. All React-kod är skriven med funktionskomponenter och React Hooks, vilket är det moderna sättet att utveckla i React på. Som databas till applikationen har en dokumentbaserad databas använts: MongoDB. Realtidsuppdateringarna har möjliggjorts med hjälp av biblioteket Socket.IO. Projektet har lett till en väl fungerande applikation där en användare kan skapa och hantera en turnering, och där alla uppdateringar sker i realtid på ett snyggt och smidigt sätt. Skaparen av turneringen kan dela med sig både administrationssidan och uppvisningssidan till andra personer som vill se turneringsresultaten genom att dela länken till den specifika turneringen.
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Ananchuen, Watcharaphong. "Graphs with prescribed adjacency properties." Curtin University of Technology, School of Mathematics and Statistics, 1993. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15499.
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A graph G is said to have property P(m,n,k) if for any set of m + n distinct vertices there are at least k other vertices, each of which is adjacent to the first m vertices but not adjacent to any of the latter n vertices. The class of graphs having property P(m.n,k) is denoted by ζ(m,n,k). The problem that arises is that of characterizing the class ζ(m,n,k). One particularly interesting problem that arises concerns the functionP(m,n,k) = min{υ(G) : G є ζ(m,n,k) }.In Chapter 2, we establish some important properties of graphs in the class ζ(m,n,k) and a lower bound on p(m,n,k). In particular, we prove thatp(n,n,k) ≥ 4n-1 (2(n+k) + ½ (3 = (-1)n+k+1} + 1/3 l 1/3One of the results in Chapter 2 is that almost all graphs have property P(m,n,k). However, few members of ζ(m,n,k) have been exhibited. In Chapter 3. we construct classes of graphs having property P(l,n,k) . These classes include the cubes, "generalized" Petersen graphs and "generalized" Hoffman-Singleton graphs.An important graph in the study of the class ζ(m,n,k) is the Paley graph Gq defined as follows. Let q = l(mod 4) be a prime power. The vertices of Gq are the elements of the finite field IFq. Two vertices a and b are joined by an edge if and only if their difference is a quadratic residue, that is a - b = y2 for some y є IFq. In chapter 4, we prove that for a prime p = l(mod 4), all sufficiently large Paley graphs GP satisfy property P(m.n,k). This is established by making use of results from prime number theory.In Chapter 5 , we establish, by making use of results from finite fields, the adjacency properties of Paley graphs of order q = pd , with p a prime.For directed graphs, there is an analogue of the above adjacency property concerning tournaments. A tournament Tq of order q is said to have property Q(n,k) if every subset of n vertices of Tq is dominated (if there is an arc directed from ++<br>a vertex u to a vertex v, we say that u dominates v and that v is dominated by u) by at least k other vertices.Let q = 3(mod 4) is a prime power. The Paley tournament Dq is defined as follows. The vertices of Dq are the elements of the finite field IFq. Vertex a is ioined to vertex b by an arc if and only if a - b is a quadratic residue in Fq. In Chapter 6, we prove that the Paley tournament Dq has property Q(n,k) wheneverq > {(n - 3)2n-1 + Z}G + kZn - 1. A graph G is said to have property P*(rn,n,k) if for any set of rn + n distinct vertices of G there are exactly k other vertices, each of which is adjacent to the first m vertices of the set but not adjacent to any of the latter n vertices. The class of graphs having property P*(m.n,k) is denoted by S*(m,n.k). The class S*(m,n,k) has been studied when one of m or n is zero. In Chapter 7, we show that, for m = n = 1, graphs with this property (k + t)' + 1, are the strongly regular graphs with parameters ( k + t,t - 1,t) for some positive integer t. For rn 2 1, n 2 1, and m + n 2 3, we show that, there is no graph having property P*(m.n,k), for any positive integer k. The first Chapter of this thesis provides the motivation, terminology. general concepts and the problems concerning the adjacency properties of graphs. In Chapter 8 . we present some open problems.
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Hallgren, Frej. "Technical performance on ATP top level, future level and Swedish youth national level male tennis tournaments : Notational analysis of point characteristics in three different tournaments on three different performance levels." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-4614.
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Aim and research questions To investigate technical performance in three different tennis competitions (ATP Masters AM, Falu Future, FF & Swedish youth national championships, YNC) by collecting data of point characteristics. Are there any differences or similarities between the competitions analyzed concerning type of shots or shot combinations used, from which hitting zone on the tennis court the shots or shot combinations are hit and the placement of the different shots when scoring points? Are there any differences or similarities between the competitions analyzed concerning number of valid shots over the net in a rally? Are there any differences or similarities between the competitions analyzed concerning number of errors (forced and unforced) and winning shots committed in matches? Method The sample consisted of a total of 24 matches with 40 different players from three different tournaments which were analyzed using notational analysis software (Dartfish, version 8, Switzerland). Total number of points analyzed were 3154 (AM, n = 968, FF, n = 1068, YNC, n = 1118). Data were compiled in Excel (2013) and descriptive analyses were performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 24. Statistical analyses looking for overall significant differences between the groups were made using Chi square cross tab test. Due to the number of statistical tests that were performed for each domain in the post hoc test, an adjusted significance level of p < 0.001 was used to reduce the risk of Type 1 error. Results Significant differences were observed between groups for serve placement, shot used after hitting a serve, type of 2nd last and last shot used, hitting zone and placement by the point winner on last shots. Rallies of longer duration were significantly more frequent in the AM & FF groups compared to the YNC group. Concerning serve outcome, serve return, return placement, shot after serve placement, shot combinations, length on 2nd last and last shot, unforced, forced errors and winners no statistical differences were observed between groups. Conclusion This study indicates that higher demands are placed on placement accuracy in the ATP masters and Falu Future tournaments, specifically for the serve, but also for groundstrokes compared to the Swedish youth national championships tournament. This knowledge can be used to identify technical skills and physiological abilities that are important to practise in order to improve performance in tennis on different levels.
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Grüter, Steffen [Verfasser]. "Arc pancyclicity in multipartite tournaments & GTECS – an application in crystallography / Steffen Grüter." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1067260919/34.
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Grüter, Steffen [Verfasser]. "Arc-pancyclicity in multipartite tournaments & GTECS – An application in crystallography / Steffen Grüter." Aachen : Shaker, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2015020110656.
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Whitbread, Rachael Elizabeth. "Tournaments, jousts and duels : formal combats in England and France, circa 1380-1440." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5473/.
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This thesis examines the interplay between tournaments, jousts and single combats – here described collectively as formal combats – as ceremonial, military and political events within the context of late medieval Anglo-French history, circa 1380-1440. This was a period of particular interest in Anglo-French relations, beginning with the accessions of Richard II of England (1377) and Charles VI of France (1380), and encompassing alternating periods of warfare and truce, including the truce of Leulinghen and the resumption of open hostilities in the fifteenth century. It ends with the retaking of Paris by Charles VII and subsequent French military gains. This period also saw developments in formal combats themselves as the individual joust continued to increase in popularity and pas d’armes were more frequently organised on the continent. This thesis utilises a range of sources from both England and France - including heraldic material, manuals of knighthood, chronicles and biographies - to examine how formal combats were perceived both by those who recorded them, and those who participated in them. The study of violence is often focused on the battlefield. Contemporary narrators however, placed formal combats on a spectrum of violence that also included warfare and battle. These events provide important opportunities to analyse late medieval attitudes to violence, the rules governing violent interactions, and how formal combats as violent acts could enhance martial reputation. Formal combats were recorded and remembered within a martial career to accentuate the honour of the participant, and were presented to idealise martial values and as didactic tools for encouraging the emulation of specific martial figures. Participation in formal combats gave men the opportunity to demonstrate their manhood through the practice of martial skills, the display of prowess, and the acquisition and maintenance of honour. Examining the roles that women played in these events also demonstrates how they interacted with discourses of honour and violence in the later medieval period, as ceremonial participants and witnesses.
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Wills, Andrew Johan. "Abacus-Tournament Models of Hall-Littlewood Polynomials." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64427.
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In this dissertation, we introduce combinatorial interpretations for three types of HallLittlewood polynomials (denoted Rλ, Pλ, and Qλ) by using weighted combinatorial objects called abacus-tournaments. We then apply these models to give combinatorial proofs of properties of Hall-Littlewood polynomials. For example, we show why various specializations of Hall-Littlewood polynomials produce the Schur symmetric polynomials, the elementary symmetric polynomials, or the t-analogue of factorials. With the abacus-tournament model, we give a bijective proof of a Pieri rule for Hall-Littlewood polynomials that gives the Pλ-expansion of the product of a Hall-Littlewood polynomial Pµ with an elementary symmetric polynomial ek. We also give a bijective proof of certain cases of a second Pieri rule that gives the Pλ-expansion of the product of a Hall-Littlewood polynomial Pµ with another Hall-Littlewood polynomial Q(r) . In general, proofs using abacus-tournaments focus on canceling abacus-tournaments and then finding weight-preserving bijections between the sets of uncanceled abacus-tournaments.<br>Ph. D.
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Hallahan, Terrence Anthony, and terry hallahan@rmit edu au. "Issues in investment risk: a supply-side and demand-side analysis of the Australian managed fund industry." RMIT University. Economics, Finance and Marketing, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20061206.095924.
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The investment management industry has proven to be a fertile ground for theoretical and empirical research over the past forty years, particularly in relation to the nature and quantification of risk. However, the dominance of the U.S. industry has meant that much of the academic research has focused on the U.S. market. This thesis investigates aspects of investment risk using alternative data to that used in much of the prior published research. This thesis contains an extensive analysis of aspects of risk related to both the demand side and the supply side of the managed funds market in Australia. Among the demand side characteristics, attitudes towards risk and their impact on asset allocation decisions will be an important determinant of investors' financial well-being, particularly in retirement. Accordingly, the first part of the thesis examines the financial risk tolerance of investors, exploring the relationship between subjective financial risk tolerance and a range of demographic characteristics that are widely used as a basis for heuristically derived estimates of investors' attitudes towards financial risk. The second part of the thesis contains an analysis of the supply side of the industry, focusing on risk-shifting behavior by investment fund managers. Since the time when performance and risk-shifting behavior of fund managers was first put under the spotlight 40 years ago, it is possible to identify an evolving strand in the research where performance assessment is examined within the framework of the principal-agent literature. One focus that has emerged in this literature is the adaption of the tournament model to the analysis of investment manager behavior, wherein it is hypothesized that fund managers who were interim losers were likely to increase fund volatility in the latter part of the assessment period to a greater extent than interim winners. Against this background, the second part of the thesis examines risk-shifting behavior by Australian fund managers. Both the ability of fund managers to time the market and the applicability of the tournament model of funds management to a segment of the Australian
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Leitner, Christoph, Achim Zeileis, and Kurt Hornik. "Is Federer Stronger in a Tournament Without Nadal? An Evaluation of Odds and Seedings for Wimbledon 2009." Department of Statistics and Mathematics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2009. http://epub.wu.ac.at/180/1/document.pdf.
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Wimbledon is one of the most popular annual sports tournament. In the Gentlemen's Single 2009 the top seeded and defending champion Rafael Nadal withdrew from the tournament due to injury days prior to the tournament. Here, we try to analyze the effects of Nadal's withdrawal especially on the ability/strength of the main competitor Roger Federer by using bookmakers expectancies to estimate the unknown abilities of the players and compare them for two different odds sets. The comparison shows that the bookmakers did not incorporate Nadal's withdrawal adequately, assigning too high expected winning probabilities to Federer and Murray.<br>Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics
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Travers, Brian J. "New results for Z-cyclic generalized whist tournaments and Z-cyclic generalized whist frames /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2004. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3135919.
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Coniglio, Christine L., Austin Smith, Abdulmalek Bursais, Julia Kirkpatrick, Justin Taylor, and Jeremy A. Gentles. "Training Loads of a Division I Conference Volleyball Tournament." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5832.
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Yin, Fangyan. "Grow tennis in China : How to popularize professional tennis tournaments in China through customer engagement." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76970.
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As a highly commercialized sport, tennis is growing rapidly in the Chinese market. With robust economic growth and various supports from the government, China is becoming more and more valuable in the eyes of professional tennis tournament organizers. Nevertheless, those tournaments do not receive the same amount of popularity as they do in other countries like US and Japan. The purpose of this paper is finding effective ways to improve the popularity of professional tennis tournaments in China from the aspect of customer engagement. Comments from people who are closely involved in the events will be the most relevant empirical material for this study, because they are the group engaged in, or most likely to be engaged in the event. The comments collected will be coded and compared with theories in the field of customer engagement. A conceptual model and practical suggestions will be provided as the result of study.
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Tuzilova, Kristyna. "Pre-play interactive trading in tennis: probability to win a match in Grand Slam tournaments." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21760.
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With the recent innovations in technology, sports betting became more accessible to
any bettor, professional or not. An analysis of tennis and models applicable on the
estimation of the result of men’s tennis matches in Grand Slam tournaments allowed us
to identify a model with the capacity to predict the result with a 76,02% accuracy. The
selected model was applied on a case study, using Betfair as an example of an
‘exchange’ platform. This approach allows us to compare the estimated odds and the
odds present at the betting market in such a way that the predictive ability of the model
is assessed. Further developments are suggested in the conclusion; Resumo:
Negociação interativa pré-jogo no mercado de apostas de ténis: probabilidade de
ganhar um jogo em torneios do Grand Slam
Com os mais recentes avanços tecnológicos, a aposta desportiva tornou-se acessível
para qualquer tipo de apostador, quer amador, quer profissional. Uma análise ao caso
específico do ténis, baseada na aplicação de modelos para resposta binária ao resultado
de um jogo de ténis masculino durante o torneio do Grand Slam, permitiu-nos
identificar um modelo com a capacidade de prever o resultado para 76,02% dos jogos.
O modelo seleccionado foi aplicado num estudo de caso, usando Betfair como exemplo
de uma plataforma de apostas. O modelo permite-nos comparar as probabilidades estimadas e as probabilidades existentes no mercado de apostas, e identificar se a
previsão do resultado de um determinado jogo vai ao encontro das expectativas do
mercado. Desenvolvimentos adicionais são sugeridos na conclusão.
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Brumlik, Alexander P. "An Examination Of Effort: An Experimental Approach." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/econ_diss/92.
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This dissertation studies issues associated with various topics related to a worker’s effort. For example, I explore how different wage incentives affect a worker’s productivity. I explore how exogenous shocks, what we often refer to as “luck,” can affect a worker’s motivation. In addition, I explore how different wage contracts destroy cooperation and can lead to destructive activities such as cheating and sabotage, as well as how these activates, in turn, affect productivity. Finally, in the last chapter, I analyze behavioral issues related to fairness and altruism in tournaments, and how these behaviors affect worker’s effort.
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Pauline, Gina. "Primary motives of golf volunteers." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1344202.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the primary motives of golf volunteers at the Professional Golf Association (PGA) Championship and Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) Solheim Cup event. The current study consisted of eight hundred and seventy seven participants (N=877) which included 470 volunteers from the PGA Championship and 407 volunteers from the Solheim Cup. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and the Sport Volunteer Motivation Scale prior to serving as a volunteer for the respective golf event. Descriptive statistics revealed purposive motives was the most highly endorsed motive for PGA Championship and Solheim Cup volunteers. External motives proved to be endorsed the least among the participants. The demographic makeup of the volunteer population consisted of 56.3% males and 43.7% females. Respondents ages ranged from 18 to 84 years old, with a mean age of 55.5 years old. In regards to ethnicity, the volunteers were predominantly Caucasian (96.2%) and the majority (75.1%) reported a household income over $75,000. A series of 2 X 2 MANOVA's revealed significant differences by gender, women scored significantly higher than men on purposive, egoistic, external, and leisure motives. Significant differences were found for household income as those with an income of less than $75,000 had higher motives for material, external, leisure, and egoistic factors. Significant differences were also found for age as those younger than 56 years old had higher motives for material, leisure, and egoistic factors. A 2 X 5 MANOVA revealed a significant effect for highest degree earned, for the egoistic motive, volunteers who received a Bachelor's, Associate's, or High School/GED degrees were significantly greater than those volunteers who received a Doctoral degree. Solheim Cup volunteers had significantly higher motives than PGA Championship volunteers for all five factors. The results of the present study indicated the demographic makeup of the volunteer population needs to be examined in relationship to volunteer motivation as volunteers have different motives which must be considered for giving their time, effort, and energy to a respective sport event. Recommendations for future research examining sport event volunteer motives are also discussed.<br>Department of Educational Studies
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Leitner, Christoph, Achim Zeileis, and Kurt Hornik. "Bookmaker Consensus and Agreement for the UEFA Champions League 2008/09." Department of Statistics and Mathematics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2009. http://epub.wu.ac.at/900/1/document.pdf.
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Bookmakers odds are an easily available source of ``prospective" information that is thus often employed for forecasting the outcome of sports events. To investigate the statistical properties of bookmakers odds from a variety of bookmakers for a number of different potential outcomes of a sports event, a class of mixed-effects models is explored, providing information about both consensus and (dis)agreement across bookmakers. In an empirical study for the UEFA Champions League, the most prestigious football club competition in Europe, model selection yields a simple and intuitive model with team-specific means for capturing consensus and team-specific standard deviations reflecting agreement across bookmakers. The resulting consensus forecast performs well in practice, exhibiting high correlation with the actual tournament outcome. Furthermore, the teams' agreement can be shown to be strongly correlated with the predicted consensus and can thus be incorporated in a more parsimonious model for agreement while preserving the same consensus fit.<br>Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics
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Li, Xi. "The impact of mega-sporting events on stock markets a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business (MBus), 2007." Abstract. Full dissertation, 2007.
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Scheel, Friedrich [Verfasser]. "The economics of individual behavior in competitive environments : empirical evidence from real-life tournaments / Friedrich Scheel." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1059440520/34.
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Van, den Berg Pieter Hendrik. "Match analysis of the 2006 and 2008 Super 14 rugby union tournaments / P.H. van den Berg." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5106.
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Video analysis and more specifically, computer notational analyses (CNA), are considered by many scientists to be of great value for research purposes. It has also provided proof of the ability and contribution of CNA to evaluate the way match-play in a sport such as rugby has evolved through the years and to determine which performance indicators (PIs) are present in this sport code. CNA can also assist in determining the influence of such PIs on match performance. Based on this research application, rugby union turning professional in 1995 and the regular introduction of new laws in the game brought about the necessity for a more scientific approach in rugby union match analysis. This led the research team to the following objectives: To determine a) The effect of the experimental law variations (ELVs) introduced in rugby during 2008 on the PI-s; b) The frequency of the different PIs during matches played in the 2006 season; and c) The ability to evaluate performance (match outcome) and ranking of the teams.
All the Super 14 rugby games (n=370) in the 2006 and 2008 seasons were recorded on video and analysed. The following PIs were analysed: turn-overs, percentage good scrums, percentage good line-outs, percentage tackles made, drop goals, penalty goals, rucks lost, rucks won, tries scored, line breaks, passes made, turnovers, off-loads in the tackle, meters gained, penalties conceded, kicks from hand and percentage tries converted.
Descriptive statistics were calculated of each PI for each of the rugby teams, followed by independent t-tests to determine significance of differences between the 2006 and 2008 data. Additionally, forward stepwise discriminant analysis and forward stepwise multiple regression analysis were performed to determine which of the PIs influenced the ranking and performance of the different teams. Due to the fact that this was an inferential study, significance of differences were reflected by practical significance as determined by means of effect sizes.
With regard to the ELVs, the study determined that a large practical significant decrease occurred in the frequency of serums and line-outs from the 2006 to 2008 competition. In contrast to this, the number of tackles made, meters gained and penalties conceded all showed a large practically significant increase over the same compared competition seasons.
Meters gained, kicks 'from hand, line breaks and percentage tackles made were identified as the PIs which discriminated most accurately between successful and less successful Super 14 rugby union teams. Furthermore, meters gained, kicks from hand and line breaks were identified as the PIs which emerged as the best predictors (practical significant) of team ranking among the Super 14 rugby union teams during the competition.
In conclusion, the results from this study therefore outlined the importance of the different PIs as predictors of performance and the ranking of the Super 14 rugby union teams. The increase in action activities and decrease in static activities between the 2006 and 2008 season suggests that the IRB have succeeded in addressing their objective of increasing the appeal of the game with the introduction of the ELVs.<br>Thesis (M.A. (Sport Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Webb, Ben. "Problems related to the Zermelo and Extended Zermelo Model /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd368.pdf.
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Ntloko, Ncedo Jonathan. "Multi-stakeholder approach to planning into 2010 FIFA World Cup initiatives : a case of a non-host area in South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2365.
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Thesis (DTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.<br>The hosting of mega-events such as the 2010 FIFA World CupTM create expectations from the host nation, especially in the host cities. This is largely due to the impacts associated with the hosting of such events. Planning is perceived to be at the centre of successful hosting of such events. Planning also assists in making sure that benefits from such events are maximised and costs minimised. Events like the 2010 FIFA World CupTM do not only require high level planning but also a multi-stakeholder approach. With South Africa and the continent hosting the FIFA World CupTM for the first time since its inception, expectations were rising from both host and non-host areas. The study investigates a multi-stakeholder approach to planning on the 2010 FIFA World CupTM initiatives conducted by a non-host area - Cape Winelands District Municipality (CWDM), Western Cape, South Africa. The location of the CWDM is less than 45 minutes from the host city (Cape Town). By virtue of its close proximity, the CWDM positioned itself to leverage from the event as a result of possible spill-over effects. The study was driven mainly by five objectives. These include the identification of 2010 FIFA World CupTM planning initiatives, assessment of planning initiatives in relation to beneficiation of local municipalities, gaining an understanding of ways in which various stakeholders are involved in the planning initiatives, ascertaining ways in which various stakeholders perceive the benefits/spill-over effects and examining the alignment, integration and co-ordination of the 2010 FIFA World CupTM planned initiatives in the CWDM. In pursuing these objectives, both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the collection of data. Respondents included residents (n=1 250), established businesses (n=108) and CWDM officials (n=5), using stratified random sampling, convenient sampling and purposive sampling, respectively. A total of 1 363 questionnaires were administered among the respondents of the study.