Academic literature on the topic 'Tow truck services'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tow truck services"
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Matsyi, Olha, and Albina Holovach. "Development of information web-service for providing services." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 94 (December 16, 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2021.94.0.166.
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Problem. Today the most relevant topic is the creation of websites. This is because almost any field of activity, whether related to goods or services, requires information-based promotion. The main purpose of the site is to tell the users about the company's data. There are different ways of informing on the Internet, but usually they all come down to one thing – a website. A website is a collection of electronic documents combined into a single address. With the growth of technology, websites are becoming not just a collection of documents, but also a presentation of a number of technologies that are used both to attract attention and to add various features, not only exciting but also convenient, that allow the user to stay on the site. That is why the article discusses the features and methods of developing a web service based on angular technology for ordering a tow truck service centering on the capabilities of modern browsers.
 Goal. This article examines the process of creating a web service based on Angular technology to order a tow truck service centering on the capabilities of modern browsers. The problems of work with services are considered and the necessity of creation of this service is substantiated. Methodology. An analysis of technologies and systems for the creation of this software, taking into account the support of work on mobile devices is made. The scheme of functioning of the service is developed and its structure is considered. The structure of the service software is developed and substantiated, separate schemes for each of the submitted pages are considered. Practical meaning. This service is designed to provide tow truck services, thanks to which every driver can easily order a tow truck at any time, which will reduce the time to find a tow truck. The necessary software was installed on the computer during the development of the information service. In the process of long-term software development, more and more dangerous factors appear on the PC, which affect the health and damage of the most vulnerable systems of the body. In an emergency, the computer must be turned off immediately.
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Astuti, Soekma Yeni, and Yanuaresti Kusuma W. "MAKNA REPRESENTAMEN KENDARAAN PADA FILM ANIMASI ANAK CAR TOONS COMPILATION: KAJIAN SEMIOTIKA C.S. PEIRCE." SEMIOTIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Sastra dan Linguistik 24, no. 1 (2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/semiotika.v24i1.36442.
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Car Toons Compilation is an animated film by the YouTube channel First Toons which contains a compilation of episodes of Car Toons, including A Tow Truck, A Water Truck, and A Tractor. Car Toons tells a different story in each episode but still includes car elements. This study aims to discuss the semiotic understanding of the animated film by using Peirce's semiotic theory, especially icons, indexes, and symbols. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with descriptive analysis, which emphasizes the process of semiosis with the meaning of the relationship between signs or representamen in the elements of animated films and their benefits for children. The study results show that the animated films A Tow Truck, A Water Truck, and A Tractor have imaginary icons, namely visuals based on similarities to reality. The Tow Truck's indexicality as a saviour for a breaking car has a symbol of a towing tool that has a tip like a fishing hook on the back of the truck. The indexicality of the Water Truck is used to save alive whales even though they are on land. The blue object is a symbol of water. Tractor truck indexicality that agricultural land can be planted due to tractor services, its symbolism is that the animation of land with plants is agricultural land. Based on this discussion, the meaning of representamen provides benefits for children in the form of understanding the types of trucks and their uses.
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Yogarayan, Sumendra, Afizan Azman, Wai Wai Ko, et al. "Vehicle Service Locator Using GPS and Cloud Service on Android Platform." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.40 (2018): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.40.24430.
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Location-based services are becoming a part of everyday life especially with the development of mobile communication, which include navigation systems, emergency services, tour planning or even finding the most convenient restaurant around. They have been playing an important role in providing necessary services efficiently with the use of Global Positioning System (GPS). When it comes to vehicle servicing, the problems faced by the users still remain especially in case of emergency breakdown mostly in finding the nearest services available. Consequently, this gives the encouragement to come out with a solution, which would help users ease their process of solving such problems. Vehicle Service Locator (VSL) allows user to locate the nearest tow trucks available, towing services and nearest vehicle service centers according to user’s location data obtained via GPS and provides directions based on the user's current location. Â
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Malikul, Ahmad, Andi Armayudi Syam, and Andi Baso Sangirang. "Pemanfaatan Teknologi Terhadap Peningkatkatkan Kualitas Pelayanan Posyandu Pada Puskesmas Tanah Toa Kecamatan Kajang Kabupaten Bulukumba." Kybernology : Journal of Government Studies 4, no. 2 (2024): 240–53. https://doi.org/10.26618/kjgs.v4i2.16929.
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Efforts to improve the quality of service are something that must be done by every agency, both public and private. Tanah Toa Health Center is an agency or institution that always strives to improve the quality of its services to get satisfaction for the people who use its services in the health sector. The use of technology is also pursued by Tanah Toa Health Center staff. Toa in improving the quality of its services, such as ensuring the quality of services provided to mothers and children at each posyandu handled by Tanah Toa health center officers. The aim of this research is to describe the use of technology to improve the quality of Posyandu services at the Tanah Toa Community Health Center, Kajang District, Bulukumba Regency. The methodology used in this research is qualitative research, namely research strategies and techniques used to understand the phenomena that occur by collecting as many in-depth facts as possible, the data is presented in verbal form, not in the form of numbers. The results of this research show that the services provided by Tanah Toa Community Health Center officers after utilizing technology in an effort to improve the quality of services, especially the services provided to mothers and children at each posyandu handled have shown good results, the first being measuring the height and weight of the baby, on inputting the height and weight measurement results, the data is immediately integrated and produces the ideal age for babies who have a certain height and weight and secondly it can confirm the routine of the mother and baby who carry out regular examinations (documentation and track records), The benefit is that community health center officers can find out in reel time about mothers and children who routinely check the health condition or growth of mothers and children. The conclusion of this article is that the use of technology in Posyandu handled by the Tanah Toa Community Health Center which consists of 23 posyandu located in 5 villages has shown a positive impact in increasing efficiency and quality of service, so that mothers and children can be assured of getting good health services.
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Morad, Mohammed, Shifra Shvarts, Joav Merrick, and Jeffrey Borkan. "The Influence of Israel Health Insurance Law on the Negev Bedouin Population — A Survey Study." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.06.
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The extension of universal health service insurance to national populations is a relatively new phenomenon. Since 1995, the Israeli National Health Insurance Law (NHIL) has provided universal health services to every resident, but the effect of this law on health and health services among minorities has not been examined sufficiently. The goals of this study were to track some of the first changes engendered by the NHIL among the Negev Bedouin Arabs to examine the effects of universal health care services. Methods included analysis of historical and health policy documents, three field appraisals of health care services (1994, 1995, 1999), a region-wide interview survey of Negev Bedouins (1997), and key informant interviews. For the interview survey, a sample of 515 households was chosen from different Bedouin localities representing major sedentarization stages. Results showed that prior to the NHIL, a substantial proportion of the Negev Bedouins were uninsured with limited, locally available health service. Since 1995, health services, particularly primary care clinics and health manpower, have dramatically expanded. The initial expansion appears to have been a marketing ploy, but real improvements have occurred. There was a high level of health service utilization among the Bedouins in the Negev, especially private medical services, hospitals, and night ambulatory medical services. The NHIL brought change to the structure of health services in Israel, namely the institution of a national health system based on proportional allocation of resources (based on size and age) and open competition in the provision of quality health care. The expansion of the pool of potential members engendered by the new universal coverage had profound effects on the Health Funds' attitudes towards Negev Bedouins. In addition, real consumer choice was introduced for the first time. Although all the health care needs of this rapidly growing population have yet to be met fully, the assurances under the Law and the new level of competition promise a higher level of service in the future.
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Sreekumar, Nandita, and Shoney Sebastian. "Indoor Location Tracking Using Time of Arrival Estimation Method." International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control 10, no. 2 (2020): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210327909666190409143804.
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Background & Objective: Location-based services enable collection of location-oriented information which finds use in various fields. Methods: With its utility found in so many applications, various localization techniques are adopted to improve these services. One such property of a signal which is used for these estimations is known as ‘Time of Arrival’ property. The ‘Time of Arrival’ property of a signal is the time difference for a signal to go from the transmitter to the receiver. The most common application is to navigate through places, finding or tracking your personal belongings, targeted advertisements by knowing the nearby popular places and various other services like augmented reality gaming among others. Results & Conclusion: Through this paper, we demonstrate a method to track the location of a mobile sensor node using Trilateration algorithm with the help of Time of Arrival (ToA) property of signals. The time of arrival of packets at each node is recorded and data collected from the simulation of a wireless sensor network for this experiment is spread across various distributions to find the optimum statistical inference.
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Kiselyova, M. S. "Legal regulation of an emergency lane creation during a traffic accident: international experience." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 6 (February 18, 2023): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.06.48.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the experience of such countries as Germany, India, Austria, the USA, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Canada in the field of legal regulation of the creation of an emergency lane on roads during traffic accidents.
 Emergency and rescue services, ambulance, fire protection, police are important components of providing emergency assistance during a traffic accident.
 The efficiency of emergency services, which must reach the scene of a traffic accident in a short period of time, in addition to subjective factors (the driver's psychological unreadiness/unwillingness to give priority to the vehicle), is significantly affected by the flaws of the road transport infrastructure, but the most - by a large number of vehicles causing numerous traffic jams. The problem of an emergency lane creation during traffic accidents is extremely relevant to rescuing victims.
 It is proved that the emergency lanes on the roads almost double the probability of avoiding fatal consequences caused by traffic accidents.
 By definition, the emergency lane is a free lane on the road intended for vehicles with priority. Such vehicles include: ambulances, firetrucks, police vehicles, tow trucks.
 Since the procedure and specifics of the emergency lane creation in foreign countries are fixed in legislation provided by the Traffic Rules or other normative legal acts, drivers may be sentenced to the following types of punishment for non-compliance: fine, penalty points, deprivation of a driver's license, imprisonment.
 Global experience suggests that the issues with the emergency lane creation and compliance monitoring should be regulated by the state bodies. Such approach contributes to the strict compliance with the traffic rules and therefore to the efficient and timely work of emergency and rescue services, ambulances, fire brigades, traffic police, etc.
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Wilmink, I. R., and L. H. Immers. "Deriving Incident Management Measures Using Incident Probability Models and Simulation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1554, no. 1 (1996): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155400123.
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Incidents cause a large part of congestion and subsequent costs. Incident management is aimed at preventing the occurrence of incidents as well as minimizing the impact of incidents that occur. Two elements of incident management are addressed: the modeling of the incident occurrence probability for freeway sections and the modeling of the logistics of incident removal by various emergency services (tow trucks, ambulances, etc.). Models are presented that relate incident probabilities to road and traffic variables such as number of lanes, type of section (e.g., weaving sections), and traffic volumes and composition. These models give insight into the factors determining incident frequencies and may be used to design incident prevention measures. The results indicate that, for example, the splitting up of weaving sections into a series of joins and forks may be a very effective way to reduce the number of incidents. Traffic characteristics and the number of lanes also play important roles. These incident probability models can be used to generate the input for a logistics model. Such a model is presented. It was developed to test the effectiveness of various procedures aimed at minimizing incident duration. Examples of such procedures are the optimal location of emergency and recovery vehicles, given the spatial pattern of incident occurrence; optimal assignment of such vehicles to incidents; and various strategies for going from the vehicle's station to the incident site. These strategies include the permission to use the shoulder lane for emergency services. Experiments with the models for a heavily trafficked part of the Dutch freeway network indicate that a combination of such strategies can reduce incident congestion costs by nearly one-half.
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HRYTSYUK, M., O. PASICHNYK, and T. SKRYPNYK. "PLANNING INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE BEST WAY TO DELIVER CARGO WITH THE HELP OF THE TRAVELLING SALESMAN PROBLEM SOLVER." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 287, no. 4 (2020): 22–27. https://doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2020-287-4-22-27.
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The Internet has made it possible to transfer most areas of activity online, as well as solve various types of problems without leaving home. As a result, many innovative projects have emerged that have simplified and improved routines. Freight transportation in Ukraine occupies the largest share among all types of transport services. The minimum part of the carriers involved in this process works on a contractual basis with large enterprises-customers. Other market participants interact with customers without signing long-term cooperation agreements. This option of bilateral partnership is extremely risky because the search for a customer or carrier on the bulletin boards can end in a meeting with fraudsters. As a result, the transport organization is left without earnings, and the customer loses the cargo. Many drivers working in trucking companies are thinking about starting a business in this field, but in order to be independent of the transport company, it is not enough to own a truck, as one of the main services provided by transport companies in the search. orders. Given that the orders placed by companies do not always meet the expectations of drivers, and the place of loading can be in the tens or even hundreds of kilometres from the location of the driver. Not all companies reimburse the fuel used to get to the place of loading. As a result, drivers are required to pay for the services of the operator, as well as to compensate out of pocket to get to the place of loading, which significantly reduces their income. Therefore, an information system was developed to plan the best way to deliver the goods using the task of a salesman. This service provides routing in accordance with the initial data (start and end point) and restrictions (intermediate points of the route, time restrictions, mass and size, etc.). The information system also contains a built-in cost calculator that takes into account the length of the route and the weight of the cargo.
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Walczak, Marta. "An Assessment of Dog Behaviour with Regard to Scientific Research Findings." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 2, no. 2 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000128.
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Dogs have been used in the field of law enforcement for over 100 years . Despite advances in the overall performance of police officers due to improved training methods and use of various innovative devices, it is hard to imagine a fully effective police force operating without the involvement of specialist dog - handler teams. T he uniformed services generally hold in high regard the role that a well - trained canine team can play, serving as an essential deterrent to criminal activity, as well as assisting police departments in the locating of illegal drugs and explosives, in track ing fugitives and with finding missing persons or locating bodies . An understanding of general dog behaviour and interaction with different environments are essential elements, not only in the case of assessing candidate suitability for different types of training programme but also for behaviour evaluation of a companion animal. The ever - increasing demand for both working and pet dogs has seen the study of dog behaviour find itself a niche position in the realm of scientific research.
Books on the topic "Tow truck services"
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Helmick, Dwight O. Tow Truck Advisory Committee report to the legislature 2002. Dept. of the California Highway Patrol, 2002.
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Illinois. Dept. of Employment Security. Distribution & warehousing services. Illinois Dept. of Employment Security, 2001.
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Weidenbach, Kristin. Mailman of the Birdsville Track: The story of Tom Kruse. Hodder, 2003.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Special investigation report: Medium/heavy truck wheel separations. National Transportation Safety Board, 1992.
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Michigan. Office of the Auditor General. Audit report: Performance audit of the Bureau of Health Services Review, Medical Services Administration, Department of Social Services, October 1, 1989 through April 30, 1993. The Office, 1995.
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Florida. Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability. OPPAGA justification review: Law Enforcement Program should pursue outsourcing, track case outcomes, integrate information systems. Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability, 2003.
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Michigan. Office of the Auditor General. Audit report: Performance audit of the Adult Services Administration, Department of Social Services, January 1, 1988 through February 28, 1990. The Office, 1991.
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Michigan. Office of the Auditor General. Audit report: Mental Health Services, Bureau of Health Care Services, Department of Corrections, October 1, 1984 through June 30, 1989. The Office, 1990.
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Cevelev, Aleksandr. Inventory and procurement management (rail transport). INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. https://doi.org/10.12737/2080065.
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The textbook outlines theoretical and practical issues of methodology of logistics and logistics of railway transport supply. The issues of practical activity of determining the need for material and technical resources of the track economy, inventory management and procurement, forecasting inventory volumes, as well as the introduction of a lean production system in the supply economy of the open Joint Stock company "Russian Railways" (JSC "Russian Railways"), aimed at providing unified approaches to the organization of the development and implementation of lean projects, are considered in detail production. Examples of calculating the estimated effect of optimizing the cost of purchasing goods, works and services are given. Based on the results of theoretical research on the logistics of railway transport, the program of measures for the development of the process approach and business intelligence systems has been updated, various methods for improving operational efficiency in the supply system have been identified, the concept of using artificial intelligence in Russian Railways has been formed, as well as various algorithms for calculating indicators of the procurement and supply process. Meets the requirements of the latest generation of federal state standards of higher education. For students studying in the specialties "Corporate Management", "Economics", "Logistics and supply chain management" and those interested in the economics of railway transport and supply logistics, it will also be useful to managers and specialists of JSC "Russian Railways".
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Michigan. Office of the Auditor General. Audit report: Financial related audit of the Medicaid payment process, Medical Services Administration, Department of Social Services, October 1, 1986 through December 31, 1988. The Office, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Tow truck services"
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Martín-Pulido, Eduardo, Alexis Quesada-Arencibia, and Carmelo R. García. "Pervasive System for the Local Tow-Truck Service." In Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence. Context-Awareness and Context-Driven Interaction. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03176-7_45.
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Cockburn, Cynthia. "The Manpower Services Commission and the Issue of Sex Equality." In Two-Track Training. Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18673-0_4.
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Thomas, Douglas S. "Economic Impact of Improved Service-Life Prediction for Seams in Low-Slope EPDM Roofing." In Ideas to Impact: How Building Economic Standards Keep You on Track. ASTM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp158620140035.
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Grosseck, Gabriela, Laura Maliţa, and Mădălin Bunoiu. "Higher Education Institutions Towards Digital Transformation—The WUT Case." In European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_35.
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Abstract New emerging digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, augmented reality, cloud computing, blockchain, robotization, the Internet of Things, big data, etc. have produced a powerful disruptive effect in almost all areas of our existence and have radically changed the way we live, work, learn or relax. Without consciously realizing it, everyone is adapting to the digital era. As nothing “escapes” the all-encompassing digital transformation, higher education follows track too. So, it is natural to ask ourselves: what are the higher education institutions doing to keep up with this rapidly evolving digital world? In this paper, we present the case of West University of Timişoara as an example of good practice in dealing with the effects of digital transformation on the university and its academic community (teachers, students, administrative staff). Our goal is to gain an understanding of what is being proposed through the institutional development strategy, and what is actually happening in our university from the digitalization perspective. Thus, we conduct an exploratory research using a quantitative approach that involves a survey applied to students enrolled in different study programs, at different levels. We focus on their opinion about how our university can prepare and transform in order to adopt an integrated digital approach, looking into topics like: technology-enabled services, digital enrollment of students, digitization of the administrative processes, implementation of digital procedures to offer recommendations or file complains, digital curricula, new modes of digital learning delivery, etc. Our findings reveal that West University of Timişoara must take significant steps towards the implementation of digital transformations, while, however, remaining watchful and cautious of the hidden implications of this process.
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Khayat, Kevin. "Effective partnerships with community groups." In Oxford Guide to Low Intensity CBT Interventions. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199590117.003.0057.
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"Chapter 57 considers how and why local community and voluntary groups can contribute to providing LI CBT. Many large regional or national voluntary organizations have a strong track record in mental health service provision (e.g. Rethink, Mind, and Cruse in the UK), but such groups are not the focus here, since LI CBT is a natural extension to their current range of services. Rather, this chapter considers how and why larger providers—whether public, private or voluntary sector—ought to consider incorporating the knowledge and skills of small, local groups."
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Verhulst, Stefaan. "The United Kingdom." In Regulating the Changing Media. Oxford University PressOxford, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198267812.003.0004.
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Abstract One major characteristic of the UK is its gradualism; despite all predictions of revolution and profound change, UK media development is generally slow but continuous. A recent report published by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) stated that the main characteristic of the so-called ‘Information Society’ is a general uncertainty about its shape. This uncertainty is only too obvious if the track records of other technologies are considered. Implementation of ISDN, EC-promoted unified telecoms, high definition television, UK cable television, a UK fibre-optic network, etc, has dragged on for years. The former Minister for Information and Technology predicted in 1982 that ‘by the end of the decade multi-channel cable television will be commonplace countrywide ... TV will be used for armchair shopping, banking, calling emergency services and many other services’.
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Sime, Stuart. "12. Responding to a Claim." In A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198838593.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses the procedure for defendants responding to the claim. A defendant who intends to contest proceedings must respond to the claim by filing an acknowledgment of service and/or by filing a defence. Defended claims become subject to the court’s case management system, with the court making provisional track allocation decisions, followed by the parties filing directions questionnaires. If a defendant fails to make any response to a claim a default judgment is usually entered within a relatively short period after service.
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Sime, Stuart. "12. Responding to a Claim." In A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198858386.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses the procedure for defendants responding to the claim. A defendant who intends to contest proceedings must respond to the claim by filing an acknowledgment of service and/or by filing a defence. Defended claims become subject to the court’s case management system, with the court making provisional track allocation decisions, followed by the parties filing directions questionnaires. If a defendant fails to make any response to a claim a default judgment is usually entered within a relatively short period after service.
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Sime, Stuart. "12. Responding to a Claim." In A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192859365.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses the procedure for defendants responding to the claim. A defendant who intends to contest proceedings must respond to the claim by filing an acknowledgment of service and/or by filing a defence. Defended claims become subject to the court’s case management system, with the court making provisional track allocation decisions, followed by the parties filing directions questionnaires. If a defendant fails to make any response to a claim a default judgment is usually entered within a relatively short period after service.
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Sime, Stuart. "12. Responding to a Claim." In A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192844521.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses the procedure for defendants responding to the claim. A defendant who intends to contest proceedings must respond to the claim by filing an acknowledgment of service and/or by filing a defence. Defended claims become subject to the court’s case management system, with the court making provisional track allocation decisions, followed by the parties filing directions questionnaires. If a defendant fails to make any response to a claim a default judgment is usually entered within a relatively short period after service.
Conference papers on the topic "Tow truck services"
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Kırca, Serkan, Fatma Yağmur Erbaş, Sedat Cebesoy, Buse Özkanat, Aysun Yıldırım, and Ceren Yıldırım. "Optimization of Roadside Assistance Tow Truck Services Provided to Insured Individuals with Traffic and Comprehensive Insurance Policies." In 2024 9th International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering (UBMK). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ubmk63289.2024.10773565.
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Martin, Evandro R. "30 Years Lifetime with No Maintenance Needed in Splash Zones!!!" In LatinCORR 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/lac23-20440.
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Extended Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a proven coating system that can perform for more than 30 years corrosion protection with no maintenance in splash zones. This coating system technology, Special Flake Glass Polyester (SFGP) has been reintroduced in the new edition of Norsok M501 for paint system 7A and 7D emphasizing that very high durability has been experienced with glass flake polyester coatings. Polyesters are extremely tough and durable polymers used in aircraft, vehicle, and marine construction, even fake marble kitchen table-top can be made of polyesters. For this paper we will be talking about a special flake glass polyester technology (SFGP) that uses chemically resistant and inert C-Glass glass flakes as reinforcement to significantly increase its overall durability while improving its barrier properties. SFGP comes with a long track record in jobs at offshore and onshore facilities and has the most extensive 3rd Party Verification for products of its kind and purpose with proven protection after 30 years of service. This paper will present this long track record and third party testing as evidence that the technology can surpass its years in service to extend the life of assets to beyond 40 years. The tests carried out by independent laboratories and verified by third parties gives evidence of reduced life cycle costs and extended lifetime performance. Some examples will be presented showing high adherence after 35 and 22 years of service in splash zone areas of offshore assets. Fingerprint tests proven the technology applied 35 years ago was the same used today and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) proved the coating with 35 years applied in the asset is still working and protecting the asset. Some other tests and features of the technology will be presented.
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Larsen, Jan, Lisbeth Rischel Hilbert, and Pernille J. Raahauge. "Effect of Intervention History on Corrosion State of Production Tubulars." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05525.
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Abstract Less than one year after recompletion, a producing well was shut in due to penetrating wall thickness loss in the API 5CT L80 Type 1 top completion. The short service life included a history of numerous coil tubing jobs, several shut-in periods and only limited production periods. The root cause of a longitudinal local wall thickness loss of approximately 7 mm in 10 months was examined. No indications of wear were detected on the examined tubular and on the basis of the geometries of the longitudinal track and the coil, respectively, the coil itself cannot have induced the penetrating tracks by metal-metal contact. The API 5CT L80-13Cr pup joints were also corroded, indicating a possible effect of oxygenated seawater. A plausible explanation for the failure mode is that the numerous coil tubing operations caused local mechanical damage to protective scale and iron sulfides exposing the bare metal in a track, thereby facilitating localization of corrosion on the inside surface of the tubular. The controlling degradation mechanism is corrosion due to aggressive fluids, including untreated, oxygen-containing seawater used during the interventions. It is essential that the prescribed treatment of seawater with corrosion inhibitor, oxygen scavenger and biocide is followed in all cases and during all interventions.
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Al-Harthi, A. S. M., J. G. de Jong, and S. Huizinga. "Evaluating the SCC Chloride Limit for UNS S31603 in Sour Service." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02676.
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Abstract ISO15156 / NACE MR0175 1 Part 3 table A.2 allows pH2S = 1bar up to 60°C with “any” chloride concentration and pH for the use of UNS S31603. Hence, it was recommended to evaluate UNS S31603 for the flow lines, trunk lines and equipment in one of the projects in the Middle East. A detailed program of laboratory testing was designed which consisted of duplicate Cyclic Slow Strain Rate Tests (CSSRT) to verify the ISO15156 / NACE MR0175 1 limits for sour service cracking resistance of UNS S31603. It included representative environmental conditions for the application. Testing was planned to be carried out first on UNS S31603 plate produced according to ASTM A240 2 specification and later during the detailed design project phase on specimens containing a weld. The testing program started with the validation of the ISO limit for UNS S31603 and continued with application specific conditions. Cyclic Slow Strain Rate Tests (also known as Ripple Strain Rate Tests, RSRT) were conducted at a third party laboratory as per NACE Corrosion/97 paper P97058 3. The test matrix included nine (9) sour environments and the testing sequence was determined by the test results. This resulted in only three (3) environments being tested. It was concluded that accepting “any chloride concentration” for UNS S31603 as per ISO15156 / NACE MR0175 Part 3 table A.2 is too optimistic since testing at 1 bar H2S at 60 °C with 230,000 mg/kg NaCl gave a fail result. Lowering the concentration to 132,000 mg/kg NaCl gave a pass, showing this concentration to be acceptable. To arrive at a less conservative limit than this concentration testing at intermediate chloride levels is required. The current testing program concluded that UNS S31603 stainless steel cannot be used under at least some of the expected operating conditions (represented by cases 1-6 in Table 2).
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Sprick, Conor, and Steve Liebhart. "Corrosion Rate of an Inorganic Zinc-Rich Primer with and without a Topcoat." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00283.
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Inorganic zinc-rich primers (IOZ) have been widely used over the last half-century as one of the best options for corrosion protection of carbon steel in atmospheric service environments where pH is relatively neutral. These primers have maintained a reputation for decades, supported by a quality track record in the lab with the most stringent qualification testing criteria established to date, as well as proven real-world performance in the field. Despite being one of the best options available, significant strides in advancing the overall performance of these primers have not been observed. Top-coating an inorganic zinc-rich primer may improve performance but also has the potential to result in problems unless further studies are conducted to ensure the topcoat works in favor of the combined coating system. This study monitors the corrosion rate and other electrochemical responses of an IOZ over time in ASTM(1) B1171 salt fog exposure to evaluate its behavior with and without an inorganic topcoat, as well as to standalone hot-dipped galvanized steel.
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Abbott, Benny “Benjy”, and Kim Krueger. "Polyurea Clarified." In SSPC 2018. SSPC, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2018-00001.
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Abstract The use of an Aromatic Polyurea lining in an effluent wastewater clarifier tank in Idaho in the Spring of 2017. This clarifier is owned by one of the world’s largest privately held companies with a proven track record in the Wastewater Industry. The clarifier is constructed out of carbon steel for the wall sections with about 4,000 square feet (372 square meters) of surface area. The floor of the clarifier is concrete and was not coated during the project as the coating on the concrete floor was still in good overall condition. The steel walls however had been experiencing prolonged corrosion problems over many years and a solution to the problem needed to be found. In the past the clarifier owner had tried several different lining systems that only provided them with 5-7 years of service life at best before the lining would have to be removed and replaced. This was getting to be too costly and they looked for a solution that would give them a longer working service life and give added corrosion protection to the steel substrate of the tank walls of the clarifier. It is important that this clarifier has an operation life as long as possible as it is used to treat and reuse water used for washing potatoes and cleaning the processing facility’s equipment. 2.1 million pounds of potatoes is processed every 24 hours at this location with a total of 2 million gallons of water used and processed every 24 hours.
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Mast, Timothy, Campbell Neighborgall, Masood Taheri, Carvel Holton, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Considerations for Sensor Selection for Detecting Top-of-Rail (TOR) Lubrication." In 2020 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2020-8028.
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Abstract Continued research into the development of prototype optics based Top-of-Rail (TOR) Lubricity sensors has led to the discovery of benefits and drawbacks of different optical sensing technologies. Sensors of many different types have been investigated for their ability to detect track lubricants including Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR), laser, and LED emitters. The individual performances of these different methods do not always translate directly when adapted for track lubricity measurements. This paper intends to unpack some of these conclusions and their specific relationships to the application for Top-of-Rail condition based monitoring in a revenue service environment. Railroads use rail lubricants to reduce curving forces that contribute to rail and wheel wear and to increase train efficiency. Top-of-Rail Friction Modifiers (TORFM) and flange grease are applied to the rail by train wheels passing through wayside applicators. TORFM is inherently different from flange grease in that it is an engineered lubricant designed to manage the coefficient of friction to an optimal value for traction and braking forces while reducing lateral forces that contribute to wheel and rail wear. While track lubricants provide a compelling benefit for the railroads, there is a fair amount of ambiguity as to how much should be applied to the track, how far they carry down the track from the point of application, and how long they last beyond the time of application. The empirical methods that are currently available are ad hoc, imprecise, and subject to a large amount of error. It is desired to have sensors that can provide some level of objective assessment of the amount of lubricant available on the rail. Such a sensor can be used to answer many of the tor lubrication questions that currently remain unanswered. A wide array of laboratory tests are carried out in this study to highlight the ability of several different optical sensors to detect track lubricants in a variety of environmental conditions. These tests are designed to determine the feasibility of each sensor and highlight any issues that may arise during field application. The tests serve as a prelude to field testing the sensors in a revenue service environment. The results of the study indicate that precision optical methods are able to detect the presence of TORFM on the rail surface although some optical methods are more robust in their ability to perform in adverse conditions than others.
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Mast, Timothy, Yu Pan, Carvel Holton, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Intermediate Distance Testing of Optical Top-of-Rail (TOR) Lubricity Sensors on a Remote-Controlled Rail Cart." In 2021 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2021-58347.
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Abstract The primary intent of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and utility of a laser-based measurement unit for qualitative assessment of the presence and amount of Top-of-Rail Friction Modifier (TOR or TORFM), at reasonably high speeds and over long distances in the field. As a capstone to this phase of development, a series of field tests were conducted on revenue service track in partnership with a local Class 1 railroad. For these tests, the Third Generation Rail Lubricity Sensor was mounted on a Remote-Controlled Rail Cart and tested continuously over several miles of track. This longer window is able to cover the domain of multiple wayside applicators over a distance of more than 3 miles, the expected carry distance of TORFM. The results of this testing demonstrate the capacity of optical sensors to measure and evaluate track lubricity. The signal characteristics at or near wayside applicators demonstrate a clear impulse from the heavy lubricant close to the applicator. Further, by collecting continuous data down track from a wayside applicator it is possible to observe several novel ways in which the TORFM and flange grease carries beyond the point of application. One such example is a clear spike in track lubricity when entering or exiting curves caused by the lateral shift of the wheelsets drawing fresh lubricant previously out of contact with the rail into contact creating a “phantom applicator” effect. These observations are crucial to understanding in detail the way the TORFM and flange grease is carried down track. They are also essential to creating predictive models for most effective application of friction modifiers to specific track geometries.
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Vithani, Anand R., Graydon F. Booth, Anand Prabhakaran, et al. "Freight Truck for Higher Speed Operations." In 2010 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2010-36244.
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The current freight railroad operations are restricted to a maximum speed of 80 mph partly due to lateral instability of conventional freight trucks at higher speeds. The three-piece truck, a workhorse of the railroad industry for over 100 years, and its variations are susceptible to hunt at 50–55 mph when empty and 90–100 mph in loaded conditions. Design attempts to increase high-speed stability generally lead to diminished curving performance and increased risk of derailment. In this paper we describe a true pendulum suspension based freight truck that is designed to achieve stable operations up to 150 mph without compromising curving performance. The truck’s performance has been analyzed using an industry standard vehicle dynamics simulation tool. The AAR MSRP M-1001 Chapter 11 ‘Service-Worthiness Tests and Analyses For New Freight Cars’ were used to qualify the design where applicable. Traditional tread brakes are supplemented with axle-mounted disc brakes to provide safe braking capabilities beyond 110 mph. Two full-size 70-ton prototypes have been assembled using off-the-shelf and fabricated components. Yard tests have shown that the truck curves properly even under very tight curving conditions.
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Darter, Michael. "Long-Term Performance of Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement with Rapid Strength Concrete On California Highways." In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/2rh2xidw.
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Rapid Strength Concrete (RSC) slabs on six California jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) highway projects were surveyed. These projects had been previously surveyed in 2008 at 3-years of age and by 2018 had reached a service life of 13-years. Of the initial 5430 slabs examined in 2008, a total of 1493 RSC slabs, located on 12 traffic lanes, were observed and distress types recorded again in 2018. These slabs included both CTS and 4x4 RSC located in both inner and outer lanes. Only a small percentage (1.4%) of the 5,430 RSC slabs exhibited any distress in 2008 after 3-years' service and the increases were small over the next 10 years of service with the exception of transverse fatigue cracks. The transverse (top down fatigue) type of cracking had the highest percentage and largest increase of any distress type. The heavy truck outside lanes exhibited 21% transversely cracked RSC slabs and the inner passing lanes 3%. The outer truck lanes carried over 3 times more trucks than inner lanes. The RSC slabs were mostly 200-223 mm thick and thus susceptible to fatigue damage. The overall performance of the RSC slabs (both CTS and 4x4 RSC materials) were similar and considered to be outstanding over 13 years with a large majority expected to survive many more years.
Reports on the topic "Tow truck services"
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Egemen Okte, Aravind Ramakrishnan, Qingwen Zhou, and Watheq Sayeh. Truck Platooning on Flexible Pavements in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-010.
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Truck platoons have many benefits over traditional truck mobility. Truck platoons have the potential to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption between 5% and 15%, based on platoon configuration. In Illinois, trucks carry more than 50% of freight tonnage and constitute 25% of the traffic on interstates. Therefore, expected fuel savings would be significant for trucks. Deployment of truck platoons within interstate highways may have a direct effect on flexible pavement performance, as the time between consecutive axle loads (i.e., resting time) is expected to decrease significantly. Moreover, platoons could potentially accelerate pavement damage accumulation due to trucks’ channelized position, decreasing pavement service life and increasing maintenance and rehabilitation costs. The main objective of this project was to quantify the effects of truck platoons on pavements and to provide guidelines to control corresponding potential pavement damage. Finite-element models were utilized to quantify the impact of rest period on pavement damage. Recovered and accumulated strains were predicted by fitting exponential functions to the calculated strain profiles. The results suggested that strain accumulation was negligible at a truck spacing greater that 10 ft. A new methodology to control pavement damage due to truck platoons was introduced. The method optimizes trucks’ lateral positions on the pavements, and an increase in pavement service life could be achieved if all platoons follow this optimization method. Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis were conducted for fully autonomous, human-driven, and mixed-traffic regimes. For example, for an analysis period of 45 years, channelized truck platoons could save life cycle costs and environmental impacts by 28% and 21% compared with human-driven trucks, respectively. Furthermore, optimum truck platoon configuration could reduce life cycle costs and environmental impacts by 48% and 36%, respectively, compared with human-driven trucks. In contrast, channelized traffic could increase pavement roughness, increasing fuel consumption by 15%, even though platooning vehicles still benefit from reduction in air drag forces. Given that truck platoons are expected to be connected only in the first phase, no actions are required by the agency. However, in the second phase when truck platoons are also expected to be autonomous, a protocol for driving trends should be established per the recommendation of this study.
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Xu, Xun, Shiqi Ou, Tianduo Peng, et al. The Potential Role of Truck-Hailing and Operational Efficiency Improvement in Decarbonizing China’s Medium- and Heavy-Duty Road Freight Transport. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2025. https://doi.org/10.30573/ks--2025-dp04.
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Truck-hailing is a relatively new Uber-like business model that connects road freight carriers with shippers via mobile apps. First appeared around 2013, it has achieved fast market uptake in China, involving almost 8 million commercial trucks annually by the end of 2023. With China being one of the world’s largest road transport carbon emitters, it is crucial to understand the potential climate implications of this emergent trend. Here we utilize a large national proprietary truck-hailing sample and a transport-energy-emission model to explore the potential role of truck-hailing and logistics improvement under multiple scenarios. We found that under optimistic scenarios, logistics improvements as a potential result of high market penetration of truck-hailing services could significantly reduce road freight emissions in China, and there could be potential synergies between logistics improvements and technological advancement. We also found that operational performance limitations (range and capacity) of zero-emission vehicles could have moderate emission impacts.
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Egemen Okte, Aravind Ramakrishnan, Qingwen Zhou, and Watheq Sayeh. Truck-Platoonable Pavement Sections in Illinois’ Network. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-002.
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Truck platooning has many benefits over traditional truck mobility. Literature shows that platooning improves safety and reduces fuel consumption between 5% and 15% based on platoon configuration. In Illinois, trucks carry more than 50% of freight tonnage and constitute 25% of the traffic on interstates. Deployment of truck platooning within interstate highways would result in significant fuel savings, but may have a direct impact on flexible pavement performance. The channelization of the platoon and reduced rest time between consecutive loads would accelerate the damage accumulation at the channelized position. Ultimately, this would lead to pavement service life reduction and a subsequent increase in maintenance and rehabilitation costs. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to quantify the effects of platooning on flexible pavements and provide guidelines for the state of Illinois by considering the aforementioned factors. Although the benefits of platooning are quantifiable, not every truck route is platoonable. For efficient platooning, trucks need to travel at a constant high speed for extended distances. The integrity of the platoon should be preserved because interfering vehicles would compromise the platooning benefits and road safety. An introduced high-level approach considers the volume/capacity of a roadway and the expected number of highway exit and entry conflicts. Using these parameters, each roadway section is assigned a level of platoonability, ranging from one to five—with five being the highest. A framework was developed to analyze the Illinois highway network. It was found that 89% of the network highway is platoonable under average capacity conditions.
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Iyer, Ananth V., Steven R. Dunlop, Olga Senicheva, et al. Improve and Gain Efficiency in Winter Operations. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317312.
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This report analyzes the current service level of winter operations in Indiana and explores opportunities to optimize performance. We analyze data regarding winter operations managed by INDOT and provide specific quantified estimates of opportunities to improve efficiency while also managing costs. For our exploration, we use data provided by INDOT sources, qualitative insights from interviews with INDOT personnel, literature survey data and benchmarking information, salt and supplier data analysis, and simulation. As part of our research, we developed a simulation model to visually represent the impact of alternate management of trucks for snow removal and a dashboard to understand the impact. Our analysis suggests the following: (1) opportunities exist to coordinate salt delivery by suppliers and combine local city salt purchases with INDOT’s purchases to save costs, (2) adjusting routes will reduce deadhead, (3) understanding truck maintenance and truck locations improves performance, and (4) incorporating critical locations into snow route planning will meet service thresholds. These insights provide implementable recommendation initiatives to improve winter operations performance. The simulation tool developed in this project simulates various weather events to draw insights and determine appropriate resource allocations and opportunities for improving operational efficiency. The report thus provides a quantifiable approach to winter operations that can improve the overall service level and efficiency of the process.
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Gómez Vidal, Analía, Fabiana Machado, and Darcia Datshkovsky. Water and Sanitation Services in Latin America: Access and Quality Outlook. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003285.
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Tracking progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is critical to evaluate how far the water and sanitation sector is from achieving these targets, and to guarantee that the solutions and strategies implemented get everyone closer to them. But this is not a simple task. To truly assess collective progress towards achieving SDG 6 (and all other goals), it is fundamental to count on standardized measures that help track all types of access, their reliability, and their quality. Existing data tend to lack comparability across sources and locations because they rely on different definitions and categories. Samples are often not representative of all groups within the population. More developed areas are more likely to collect data, which results in the overrepresentation of groups that enjoy better services. Still in some areas and for some categories of information data is not available at all. In response to these challenges, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) partnered with the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) to gather nationally representative and comparable data in 18 countries in the region. The goal of this effort was to provide an initial outlook of the current landscape of water and sanitation services in the region, using two batteries of questions in the LAPOP questionnaire for the 2018-2019 wave. The main message that arises is that the Latin American and the Caribbean region faces a wide range of challenges, that vary both across and within countries. Some areas face the primary challenge of closing access gaps, while others display higher deficiency in service quality, such as continuity. The gaps in quality of services, in particular, are not clearly perceived by users. In general, levels of satisfaction with the services received is quite high among the population, much higher than warranted by the objective measures of service quality. This raises important issues for accountability in the sector. If users are mostly satisfied with the current state of affairs, it is unlikely they will pressure governments and utilities to improve service delivery. A more in-depth analysis is required to understand the reasons behind these opinions and possible ways to raise awareness.
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Adsit, Sarah E., Theodora Konstantinou, Konstantina Gkritza, and Jon D. Fricker. Public Acceptance of INDOT’s Traffic Engineering Treatments and Services. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317280.
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As a public agency, interacting with and understanding the public’s perspective regarding agency activities is an important endeavor for the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT). Although INDOT conducts a biennial customer satisfaction survey, it is occasionally necessary to capture public perception regarding more specific aspects of INDOT’s activities. In particular, INDOT needs an effective way to measure and track public opinions and awareness or understanding of a select set of its traffic engineering practices. To evaluate public acceptance of specific INDOT traffic engineering activities, a survey consisting of 1.000 adults residing within the State of Indiana was conducted. The survey population was representative in terms of age and gender of the state as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The survey was administered during the months of July and August 2020. Public awareness regarding emerging treatments not currently implemented in Indiana is low and opposition to the same new technologies is prominent. Older or female drivers are less likely to be aware of emerging treatments, and older drivers are more likely to oppose potential implementation of these treatments. Although roundabouts are commonplace in Indiana, multi-lane roundabouts remain controversial among the public. Regarding maintenance and protection of traffic during work zones and considering full or partial roadway closure, public preference is for partial closure; this preference is stronger in rural areas. The public equally agrees and disagrees that INDOT minimizes construction related traffic delays. Approximately 76% of Indiana drivers believe themselves to above average drivers, while an additional 23% believe themselves to be average. Driver perceptions of average highway speeds speed are not aligned with posted speed limit as the perceived average speed on Indiana’s urban freeways and rural and urban state highways is considerably higher than the actual speed limit.
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Sinsay-Villanueva, Leih Maruss, and Aniceto Jr Orbeta. Embracing Challenges, Envisioning Solutions: Advancing Teacher Education and Development in the Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/pn2023.22.
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Written for the Second Congressional Commission on Education and based on existing research, this Policy Note looks at the current state of teacher education and development in the Philippines. It finds serious issues such as underperforming teacher education institutions (TEIs), inadequate and often misguided professional development systems, and an unclear career progression track. It recommends ensuring that pre-service teacher quality is sustained and translated into in-service teaching quality. Specifically, it urges the government to incentivize teacher education, address TEI quality issues, implement professional development plans responsive to teachers’ needs, and develop coherent and integrated pre-service and in-service training systems.
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Al Ghassani, Rashid. Enhancing Crisis Management Frameworks and Supervision of the Islamic Financial Services Industry. Islamic Development Bank Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55780/re24044.
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While the Islamic financial services industry has thus far been fortunate to avoid a large-scale crisis, valuable lessons can be learned from conventional finance in order to effectively manage any potential future challenges. Until now, the Islamic finance sector has a good track record of successfully resolving isolated issues at the national level in a timely and measured manner. This experience provides a strong foundation upon which to build robust crisis management protocols. The nature and pace of a crisis can vary significantly depending on the affected sector and the level of interdependence within that system. Banking crises, for instance, tend to unfold rapidly due to the vital role of liquidity. The ease with which assets can be withdrawn and the resulting impact on confidence further accelerates such financial emergencies. While the last three decades have witnessed a multitude of such events, a closer examination reveals both common threads and crucial distinctions. One common element across these crises is the erosion of trust in financial institutions. This can be triggered by excessive risk-taking, a mismatch between assets and liabilities, or external economic shocks. When confidence declines, deposit withdrawals escalate, creating a liquidity crisis that can quickly spiral out of control. The speed and severity of this phenomenon is often magnified by the interconnectedness of the modern financial system.
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Pérez Urdiales, María, and Carolina Tojal Ramos Dos Santos. Water Expenditure, Service Quality and Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013248.
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Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries have made notable progress in reducing income inequality; however, the extent to which water and sanitation may foster inequalities remains unclear. In this sector, disparities emerge as lower-income households may encounter reduced access to clean water, utilize less water, or bear a disproportionately higher financial burden than higher-income households. In this paper, we investigate latter source of inequality in the water and sanitation sector in LAC. We analyze and compare inequality measures for water expenditures and income for Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Uruguay using survey data from the Americas Barometer of the Latin American Opinion Project (LAPOP). Our descriptive analysis indicates that low-income households allocate a larger proportion of their income to water expenditures compared to high-income households. By comparing the water concentration curve to the Lorenz curve for each country, we find that water expenditures are generally more equitably distributed than income, leading to an unequalizing effect, as households spend similar amounts regardless of income level. Additionally, we demonstrate that total water expenditures, encompassing tap water, bottled water, and water delivered by trucks, align more closely with income distribution than tap water alone in Brazil, Costa Rica, and Uruguay, whereas the opposite is true for Colombia. These disparities may be attributed to water tariff subsidies and the higher consumption of bottled water among wealthier households.
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Mark, Tami L., William N. Dowd, and Carol L. Council. Tracking the Quality of Addiction Treatment Over Time and Across States: Using the Federal Government’s “Signs” of Higher Quality. RTI Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.rr.0040.2007.
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The objective of this study was to track trends in the signs of higher-quality addiction treatment as defined by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Addiction, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. We analyzed the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services from 2007 through 2017 to determine the percent of facilities having the characteristics of higher quality. We analyzed the percent by state and over time. • We found improvements between 2007 and 2017 on most measures, but performance on several measures remained low. • Most programs reported providing evidence-based behavioral therapies. • Half or fewer facilities offered medications for opioid use disorder; mental health assessments; testing for hepatitis C, HIV, and sexually transmitted diseases; self-help groups; employment assistance; and transportation assistance. • There was significant state-level variation across the measures.