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Journal articles on the topic 'Towed Hydrophone Arrays'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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1

Cho, Yohan, Yub Je, and Weui-Bong Jeong. "A miniaturized acoustic vector sensor with PIN-PMN-PT single crystal cantilever beam accelerometers." Acta Acustica 4, no. 5 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/aacus/2020017.

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Directional sound detection using vector sensors rather than large hydrophone arrays is highly advantageous for target detection in SONAR. However, developing highly sensitive and compact vector sensors for use in a system whose size is limited has been a challenging issue. In this paper, we describe a miniaturized acoustic vector sensor with piezoelectric single crystal accelerometers for the application in towed line arrays. A mass-loaded cantilever beam accelerometer with a [011] poled PIN-PMN-PT single crystal shows a better signal-to-noise ratio compared to accelerometers with other piezoelectric materials because of its superior piezoelectric properties in the 32 direction. We suggested a sufficiently compact vector sensor by using a cylindrical hydrophone with 10 mm in diameter as a housing of the single crystal accelerometers. Two single crystal accelerometers were orthogonally mounted inside the cylindrical hydrophone to detect direction of sound in the transverse plane of the line array. The receiving voltage sensitivity of the accelerometers and hydrophone was −199 and −196 dB, respectively, at 3 kHz. The directional cardioid beams generated by summing the omnidirectional beam from the hydrophone and the dipole beam from the accelerometers were validated over the entire operating frequency.

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2

Douglass, Alexander S., Warren T. Wood, Benjamin J. Phrampus, and Shima Abadi. "The effects of array design on acoustic data collected during marine seismic reflection surveys." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (2022): A241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011194.

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Marine seismic reflection surveys provide an abundance of acoustic data that are potentially useful for an array of analyses within and in addition to geoacoustic studies. A single cruise typically produces thousands to tens of thousands of acoustic events, with hundreds of hydrophones recording each event over towed arrays that can span up to 15 km or more. However, the structure of the airgun source arrays and the receiver arrays is typically not obvious from the data alone and the pre-processing of the data may yield misleading results if not properly accounted for. Generally, the acoustic source consists of an array of airguns configured such that the acoustic energy is focused towards the ocean floor, significantly impacting the relative intensity of the direct and reflected paths. Additionally, each array channel output typically consists of multiple hydrophone outputs, which are not individually available, averaged to generate a single channel output. Understanding the impact of these constructions is crucial for many analyses, such as mitigation of airgun pulse impacts on marine mammals. Here, we quantify the impact that these factors have on the output data and provide an analysis of this influence for an experimental case. [Work supported by ONR.]

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3

Tang Bo, 唐波, 黄俊斌 Huang Junbin, 顾宏灿 Gu Hongcan, and 毛欣 Mao Xin. "Distributed Feedback Fiber Laser Hydrophone Used in Towed Line Arrays." Chinese Journal of Lasers 43, no. 5 (2016): 0505005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201643.0505005.

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4

Gruden, Pina, Eva-Marie Nosal, and Erin M. Oleson. "Automated tracking of multiple acoustic sources with towed hydrophone arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 149, no. 4 (2021): A17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0004387.

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5

Lapucci, Tommaso, Luigi Troiano, Carlo Carobbi, and Lorenzo Capineri. "Soft and Hard Iron Compensation for the Compasses of an Operational Towed Hydrophone Array without Sensor Motion by a Helmholtz Coil." Sensors 21, no. 23 (2021): 8104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238104.

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Usually, towed hydrophone arrays are instrumented with a set of compasses. Data from these sensors are utilized while beamforming the acoustic signal for target bearing estimation. However, elements of the hydrophone array mounted in the neighborhood of a compass can affect the Earth’s magnetic field detection. The effects depend upon the materials and magnetic environment present in the vicinity of the platform hosting the compass. If the disturbances are constant in time, they can be compensated for by means of a magnetic calibration procedure. This process is commonly known as soft and hard iron compensation. In this paper, a solution is presented for carrying out the magnetic calibration of a COTS (Commercial Off the Shelf) digital compass without sensor motion. This approach is particularly suited in applications where a physical rotation of the platform that hosts the sensor is unfeasible. In our case, the platform consists in an assembled and operational towed hydrophone array. A standard calibration process relies on physical rotation of the platform and thus on the use of the geomagnetic field as a reference during the compensation. As a variation on this approach, we generate an artificial reference magnetic field to simulate the impractical physical rotation. We obtain this by using a tri-axial Helmholtz coil, which enables programmability of the reference magnetic field and assures the required field uniformity. In our work, the simulated geomagnetic field is characterized in terms of its uncertainty. The analysis indicates that our method and experimental set-up represent a suitably accurate approach for the soft and hard iron compensation of the compasses equipped in the hydrophone array under test.

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6

Fan, Hailin, Wenxiang Nie, Shuai Yao, et al. "A high-order time-delay difference estimation method for signal enhancement in the distorted towed hydrophone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 156, no. 3 (2024): 1996–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0029021.

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In passive sonar systems, deviations from an ideal linear configuration can significantly impair the beamforming performance of towed hydrophone arrays. This paper presents a method aimed at improving the underwater acoustic signals in the presence of array distortion. The method is centered on a high-order time-delay difference estimation technique utilizing time-frequency autofocus. Initially, a detailed signal model is established that captures the distinctive characteristics of distorted arrays. Subsequently, an algorithm is introduced for high-order time-delay difference estimation to enhance signal fidelity by leveraging phase information within narrowband components originating from incidental acoustic sources. Additionally, a quality metric to evaluate these components is introduced, facilitating the practical implementation of the method. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through both simulation and experimental results, demonstrating its superiority over existing techniques. Importantly, this method does not require prior knowledge of the distortion pattern, making it adaptable to various non-linear array configurations.

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7

Norris, Thomas F., and Tina M. Yack. "Towing the line: Line-transect based density estimation of whales using towed hydrophone arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136, no. 4 (2014): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4900106.

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8

Zha, Zijie, Xi Yan, Xiaobin Ping, Shilong Wang, and Delin Wang. "Deblurring of Beamformed Images in the Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Using Deep Learning-Based Deconvolution." Remote Sensing 16, no. 13 (2024): 2411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16132411.

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A horizontal towed linear coherent hydrophone array is often employed to estimate the spatial intensity distribution of incident plane waves scattered from the geological and biological features in an ocean acoustic waveguide using conventional beamforming. However, due to the physical limitations of the array aperture, the spatial resolution after conventional beamforming is often limited by the fat main lobe and the high sidelobes. Here, we propose a method originated from computer vision deblurring based on deep learning to enhance the spatial resolution of beamformed images. The effect of image blurring after conventional beamforming can be considered a convolution of beam pattern, which acts as a point spread function (PSF), and the original spatial intensity distributions of incident plane waves. A modified U-Net-like network is trained on a simulated dataset. The instantaneous acoustic complex amplitude is assumed following circular complex Gaussian random (CCGR) statistics. Both synthetic data and experimental data collected from the South China Sea Experiment in 2021 are used to illustrate the effectiveness of this approach, showing a maximum 700% reduction in a 3 dB width over conventional beamforming. A lower normalized mean square error (NMSE) is provided compared with other deconvolution-based algorithms, such as the Richardson–Lucy algorithm and the approximate likelihood model-based deconvolution algorithm. The method is applicable in various acoustic imaging applications that employ linear coherent hydrophone arrays with one-dimensional conventional beamforming, such as ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing (OAWRS).

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9

Barkley, Yvonne M., Karlina P. B. Merkens, Megan Wood, Erin M. Oleson, and Tiago A. Marques. "Click detection rate variability of central North Pacific sperm whales from passive acoustic towed arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 4 (2024): 2627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0025540.

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Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is an optimal method for detecting and monitoring cetaceans as they frequently produce sound while underwater. Cue counting, counting acoustic cues of deep-diving cetaceans instead of animals, is an alternative method for density estimation, but requires an average cue production rate to convert cue density to animal density. Limited information about click rates exists for sperm whales in the central North Pacific Ocean. In the absence of acoustic tag data, we used towed hydrophone array data to calculate the first sperm whale click rates from this region and examined their variability based on click type, location, distance of whales from the array, and group size estimated by visual observers. Our findings show click type to be the most important variable, with groups that include codas yielding the highest click rates. We also found a positive relationship between group size and click detection rates that may be useful for acoustic predictions of group size in future studies. Echolocation clicks detected using PAM methods are often the only indicator of deep-diving cetacean presence. Understanding the factors affecting their click rates provides important information for acoustic density estimation.

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10

Hanson, M. Bradley, Marla M. Holt, Candice Emmons, et al. "The development and use of towed hydrophone arrays to inform Southern Resident killer whale Critical Habitat in outer coastal waters." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 149, no. 4 (2021): A39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0004454.

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11

Gruden, Pina, Yvonne Barkley, and Jennifer L. McCullough. "Insights into acoustic behavior of false killer whales." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (2022): A74—A75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010703.

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The Hawaiian Archipelago is home to three distinct populations of false killer whales ( Pseudorca crassidens), including one currently listed as endangered. These delphinids are known to interact with fishing gear, leading to whale mortality or injury. Hence, it is critical to assess the abundance of these populations typically achieved through visual-based sighting surveys. However, these surveys are complicated by a number of biases and uncertainties specific to this species. Passive acoustics could aid in monitoring of their population status, but the knowledge is limited about the patterns in their acoustic repertoire and behavior, which hinders our ability to derive reliable acoustics-based abundance estimates. Here, we discuss insights into the acoustic behaviour of false killer whales in the wild, gained by simultaneous tracking of both narrowband whistles and broadband echolocation clicks from towed hydrophone arrays. The results indicate a diverse acoustic behaviour between different subgroups within the same encounter, where 23.8% of subgroups (N total = 408) only echolocate, 18.9% only whistle, and 57.3% emit both types of vocalizations. Such increased understanding of false killer whale vocal behavior can contribute information from passive acoustic data for management and conservation purposes.

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12

Kukshtel, Natalie, Ying-Tsong Lin, and Glen Gawarkiewicz. "Localization of an acoustic autonomous underwater vehicle using multi-channel back-propagation methods." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (2023): A302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018933.

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Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are extremely useful tools for studying the acoustics of complex ocean environments due to their ability to detect environmental changes with greater spatial resolution than fixed moorings. During the New England Shelf Break Acoustics (NESBA) experiments in May 2021, an AUV system was deployed to collect acoustic data for investigating the local biological, physical, and geological oceanography. This acoustic AUV system was comprised of a modified REMUS 600 vehicle, a hull-mounted 3.5 kHz transducer, and a towed multi-channel hydrophone array. Along mission profiles where the AUV is fully submerged but too shallow for bottom-lock navigation, one challenge is accurate localization of the AUV. Localization was performed in post-processing using multi-channel back-propagation methods applied to AUV source signals received at mooring hydrophones in the NESBA network as well as ship-towed sound source signals received at the AUV-towed array. Uncertainty in the localization estimates due to spatiotemporal sound speed changes was investigated, and hydrophone mooring tilt angle was determined by minimizing the localization uncertainty. Following localization, this AUV acoustic data was used to investigate local seafloor sub-bottom properties and the acoustic effects of biological scattering layers and varying physical oceanography. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]

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13

Hepp, J. S. "Encapsulated hydrophone element for towed hydrophone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 4 (1996): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.417856.

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14

Premus, Vincent E., Philip A. Abbot, Vitaly Kmelnitsky, Charles J. Gedney, and Ted A. Abbot. "A wave glider-based, towed hydrophone array system for autonomous, real-time, passive acoustic marine mammal monitoring." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 3 (2022): 1814–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0014169.

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An autonomous surface vehicle known as a wave glider, instrumented with a low-power towed hydrophone array and embedded digital signal processor, is demonstrated as a viable low-noise system for the passive acoustic monitoring of marine mammals. Other key design elements include high spatial resolution beamforming on a 32-channel towed hydrophone array, deep array deployment depth, vertical motion isolation, and bandwidth-efficient real-time acoustic data transmission. Using at-sea data collected during a simultaneous deployment of three wave glider-based acoustic detection systems near Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary in September 2019, the capability of a low-frequency towed hydrophone array to spatially reject noise and to resolve baleen whale vocalizations from anthropogenic acoustic clutter is demonstrated. In particular, mean measured array gain of 15.3 dB at the aperture design frequency results in a post-beamformer signal-to-noise ratio that significantly exceeds that of a single hydrophone. Further, it is shown that with overlapping detections on multiple collaborating systems, precise localization of vocalizing individuals is achievable at long ranges. Last, model predictions showing a 4× detection range, or 16× area coverage, advantage of a 32-channel towed array over a single hydrophone against the North Atlantic right whale upcall are presented for the continental shelf environment south of Martha's Vineyard.

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15

DING Peng, 丁朋, 黄俊斌 HUANG Junbin, 庞彦东 PANG Yandong, 周次明 ZHOU Ciming, 顾宏灿 GU Hongcan та 唐劲松 TANG Jinsong. "弱反射光纤光栅水听器拖曳线列阵". ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 50, № 7 (2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20215007.0706004.

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16

Lasky, M., R. D. Doolittle, B. D. Simmons, and S. G. Lemon. "Recent Progress in Towed Hydrophone Array Research." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 29, no. 2 (2004): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2004.829792.

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17

Hull, Andrew J. "A Technique to Measure the Breathing Wave Speed in a Towed Array." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 116, no. 2 (1994): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930419.

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A method is developed for measuring the breathing wave speed in a towed array. The front of the array is longitudinally vibrated, producing aft-traveling wave energy that is detected by measuring the transfer function of a hydrophone channel and a forward bulkhead-mounted accelerometer. The transfer function is composed of two distinct wave types: an extensional wave and a breathing wave. The breathing wavelengths are much shorter than the extensional wavelengths; therefore, the local minimum associated with the first breathing wave null across the hydrophone channel can be identified. Because the frequency at which this null occurs and the length of the hydrophone channel are known, the breathing wave speed can be calculated.

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18

WU, Chao-Jung, Chiao-Ming PENG, Jian-Wu LAI, et al. "Underwater Positioning Analysis and System Establishment of the Towed Underwater Hydrophone Array System." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, no. 4 (2023): 4781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0680.

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The aim of this study is to establish an underwater towed hydrophone array detection and positioning system, which serves as a rescue device for detecting flight recorders in the event of a maritime accident. By using Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) to calculate the azimuth of the underwater locator beacon (ULB) which is located inside the black box, the position of the flight recorder can be obtained. The underwater towed hydrophone array detection and positioning system was tested for a three-day experiment in the waters off the southwest coast of Taiwan. The azimuth of the sound source was determined by using two frequencies generated by different types of underwater locator beacons (37.5 kHz and 8.8 kHz) and post-processing. The accuracy of the positioning was achieved by controlling the depth of the underwater hydrophone array. This study can deduce the location of the underwater locator beacon through subsequent positioning analysis, which can be used by search and rescue teams in the future to improve the efficiency of the rescue process.

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Schinault, Matthew E., Max Radermacher, Jesse Segel, and Purnima Ratilal. "Optimizing hydrophone-preamplifier systems: Theoretical design, computational analysis, and experimental validation for towed array applications." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (2024): A349—A350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027792.

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Hydrophone response parameters greatly influence the design of pre-amplifier and analog to digital conversion (ADC) components. Here, we show a comprehensive methodology for the modeling of hydrophone response, focusing on the theoretical, computational, and experimental approach for low and high frequency SONAR applications. Theoretical calculation of hydrophone response based on electromechanical properties is compared with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and experimental measurement. An electrical equivalent hydrophone simulator Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) circuit is constructed based on admittance and susceptance measurements to represent the transducer's electrical behavior for testing pre-amplifier and ADC response without the presence of environmental or hydrophone noise. This model facilitates a systematic approach to towed array front-end design with hardware in the loop to update models to improve performance prediction. Measurements of the constructed transducer system validate the theoretical and computational models, providing insights into real-world performance.

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20

Bruno, F. A., M. Janneh, A. Gunda, et al. "Fiber Optic Hydrophones for towed array applications." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 160 (January 2023): 107269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2022.107269.

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21

Meng, Zhou, Wei Chen, Jianfei Wang, Xiaoyang Hu, Mo Chen, and Yichi Zhang. "Recent Progress in Fiber-Optic Hydrophones." Photonic Sensors 11, no. 1 (2021): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-021-0618-5.

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AbstractFiber-optic hydrophone (FOH) is a significant type of acoustic sensor, which can be used in both military and civilian fields such as underwater target detection, oil and natural gas prospecting, and earthquake inspection. The recent progress of FOH is introduced from five aspects, including large-scale FOH array, very-low-frequency detection, fiber-optic vector hydrophone (FOVH), towed linear array, and deep-sea and long-haul transmission. The above five aspects indicate the future development trends in the FOH research field, and they also provide a guideline for the practical applications of FOH as well as its array.

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22

Huang, Xiaodi, and Desheng Chen. "A novel architecture of fibre-optic interferometric hydrophone." MATEC Web of Conferences 283 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928301001.

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The fibre-optic interferometric hydrophone has been widely used in ocean acoustic applications. There are many different hydrophone systems in use. They can generally be classified as hull mounted, towed, or fixed (bottom mounted and vertical) array systems. Different optical architectures have evolved for each of the areas, which make a good case study on what aspects of a particular application influence the optical architecture. A novel architecture of fibre-optic hydrophone based on PMDI is theoretically and experimentally discussed in this paper. A novel optical configuration is proposed, and the modulation and demodulation system is built. A series of experiments are designed to analyse the characteristics of this system. The results of the experiments show that this type of fibre-optic interferometric hydrophone array has many advantages such as low noise, a large dynamic range.

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23

Wu, Qisong, and Youhai Xu. "A Nonlinear Data-Driven Towed Array Shape Estimation Method Using Passive Underwater Acoustic Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 2 (2022): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14020304.

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Large-aperture towed linear hydrophone array has been widely used for beamforming-based signal enhancement in passive sonar systems; however, its performance can drastically decrease due to the array distortion caused by rapid tactical maneuvers of the towed platform, oceanic currents, hydrodynamic effects, etc. In this paper, an enhanced data-driven shape array estimation scheme is provided in the passive underwater acoustic data, and a novel nonlinear outlier-robust particle filter (ORPF) method is proposed to acquire enhanced estimates of time delays in the presence of distorted hydrophone array. A conventional beamforming technique based on a hypothetical array is first used, and the detection of the narrow-band components is sequentially carried out so that the corresponding amplitudes and phases at these narrow-band components can be acquired. We convert the towed array estimation problem into a nonlinear discrete-time filtering problem with the joint estimates of amplitudes and time-delay differences, and then propose the ORPF method to acquire enhanced estimates of the time delays by exploiting the underlying properties of slowly changing time-delay differences across sensors. The proposed scheme fully exploits directional radiated noise targets as sources of opportunity for online array shape estimation, and thus it requires neither the number nor direction of sources to be known in advance. Both simulations and real experimental data show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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24

Shi Sheng-Guo, Yu Shu-Hua, Shi Jie, and A Gen-Mao. "Flow-induced noise calculations for vector hydrophones in towed arrays." Acta Physica Sinica 64, no. 15 (2015): 154306. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.64.154306.

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25

Wu, Su, Junbin Huang, Yandong Pang, Jiabei Wang, and Hongcan Gu. "Direction-Finding Study of a 1.7 mm Diameter Towed Hydrophone Array Based on UWFBG." Sensors 24, no. 13 (2024): 4300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24134300.

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This paper investigates a 1.7 mm diameter ultra-weak fiber Bragg grating (UWFBG) hydrophone towed array cable for acoustic direction finding. The mechanism of the underwater acoustic waves received by this integrated-coating sensitizing optical cable is deduced, and it is shown that the amplitude of its response varies with the direction of the sound wave. An anechoic pool experiment is carried out to test the performance of such a hydrophone array. The test array is a selection of six sensing fibers, each of which is coiled into 9 cm diameter fiber ring suspended in the water to receive acoustic signals. An average sensitivity of −141.2 dB re rad/μPa at frequencies from 2.5 kHz to 6.3 kHz was achieved, validating the detection of the azimuth of underwater acoustic waves. The ultra-thin towing cable system, with free structure, high sensitivity, and underwater target-detection capability has demonstrated great potential for future unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) applications.

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26

Taweesintananon, Kittinat, Martin Landrø, Jan Kristoffer Brenne, and Aksel Haukanes. "Distributed acoustic sensing for near-surface imaging using submarine telecommunication cable: A case study in the Trondheimsfjord, Norway." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 5 (2021): B303—B320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0834.1.

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Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) transforms submarine telecommunication cables into densely sampled seismic receivers. To demonstrate DAS applications for seismic imaging, we have used an optical cable on the seafloor in the Trondheimsfjord, Norway, to record seismic data generated by a controlled seismic source. The data are simultaneously recorded by a towed hydrophone array and the fiber-optic cable. Following our data processing methods, we can produce seismic images of the seafloor and underlying geologic structures from the hydrophone array and DAS data. We find that the hydrophone and DAS data have a comparable signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, DAS images can be improved by using a seismic source that has sufficiently large energy within the frequency range matching the spatial resolution of DAS. The temporal resolution of the DAS images can be improved by minimizing the crossline offset between seismic sources and the DAS cable. The seismic images from DAS can be used to support geohazard analysis and various subsurface exploration activities.

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27

Yun Zhaoqing, 运朝青, 罗洪 Luo Hong, 胡正良 Hu Zhengliang, and 胡永明 Hu Yongming. "A Fiber Optic Hydrophone Used for Thin Line Towed Array." Acta Optica Sinica 32, no. 12 (2012): 1206004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201232.1206004.

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28

TANG Bo, 唐波, 黄俊斌 HUANG Jun-bin, 顾宏灿 GU Hong-can, and 毛欣 MAO Xin. "Experimental Research on DFB Fiber Laser Hydrophone Towed Line Array." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 46, no. 4 (2017): 406004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20174604.0406004.

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29

Odom, Jonathan, and Jeffrey Krolik. "Heading and hydrophone data fusion for towed array shape estimation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (2013): 3525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4806339.

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30

Joh, Chi Young. "Supporting structure of hydrophones for towed array sonar system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113, no. 5 (2003): 2383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1584116.

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31

Schinault, Matthew E., and Purnima Ratilal. "An end-capped lead zirconate titanate broadband hydrophone theoretical calculation and electroacoustic measurement for towed array applications." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (2022): A296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016333.

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Hydrophone transducers for towed array applications require low self-noise, small form factor and a linear frequency response below 50 kHz for general purpose long-range ocean sensing. The design specification for this hydrophone application has several aspects including acoustic sensitivity, frequency response, dissipation factor, and physical size. A comprehensive noise model informs filter design for pre-amplifiers after the piezoelectric element. Theoretical calculation of pressure to voltage conversion is made here by estimating the Free-Field Voltage Sensitivity (FFVS) using methods from R.A. Langevin and G.W. McMahon. Using these methods to achieve the desired design specification, we use two cylindrical ceramics with a split electrode poled in the radial direction with series stacked ceramics using end caps with air backing to increase sensitivity and reduce overall size. An experiment is carried out to measure the resonant modes using a simple impedance measuring circuit which then can be used to estimate FFVS linearity. These results are compared with theoretical calculation for hydrophone response of resonant modes and results from measurement circuit.

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32

Peng, Chengyan, and Xueliang Zhang. "A dynamic depth estimation method for towed optical fiber hydrophone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 5 (2018): EL399—EL404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5039414.

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33

Duncan, Alec J., Darryl McMahon, and Alessandro Ghiotto. "Acoustic tracking of towed-array hydrophone positions during tow-vessel maneuvers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111, no. 5 (2002): 2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4778195.

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34

Holmes, Jason D., William M. Carey, James F. Lynch, Arthur E. Newhall, and Amy Kukulya. "An autonomous underwater vehicle towed hydrophone array for ocean acoustic measurements." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 4 (2005): 2624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4778383.

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35

Wu, Qisong, Hao Zhang, Zhichao Lai, Youhai Xu, Shuai Yao, and Jun Tao. "An Enhanced Data-Driven Array Shape Estimation Method Using Passive Underwater Acoustic Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (2021): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091773.

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Beamforming-based signal enhancement technologies in passive sonar array processing often have poor performance due to array distortion caused by rapid tactical maneuvers of the towed platform, oceanic currents, hydrodynamic effects, etc. In this paper, an enhanced data-driven shape array estimation formulation is proposed using passive underwater acoustic data. Beamforming based on a hypothetically ideal array is firstly employed to perform the detection of narrow-band components from sources of opportunity, and the corresponding phases of these detected narrow-band components are subsequently extracted to acquire time-delay differences. Then, a weighted outlier-robust Kalman smoother is proposed to acquire enhanced estimates of the time-delay differences, since the underlying properties of slowly changing time-delay differences in the hydrophone array and diverse signal to interference and noise ratios in multiple narrow-band components are explored; and its Cramer–Rao Lower Bound is also provided. Finally, the hydrophone array shape is estimated based on the estimated time delay differences. The proposed formulation fully exploits directional radiated noise signals from distant underwater acoustic targets as sources of opportunity for real-time array shape estimation, and thus it requires neither the number nor direction of sources to be known in advance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in simulations and real experimental data.

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36

Holt, Scott A. "Distribution of Red Drum Spawning Sites Identified by a Towed Hydrophone Array." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137, no. 2 (2008): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/t03-209.1.

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Guo Zhen, 郭振, 高侃 Gao Kan, 杨辉 Yang Hui, 代志国 Dai Zhiguo, 吴昺炎 Wu Bingyan, and 张俊 Zhang Jun. "20-mm-Diameter Interferometric Hydrophone Towed Array Based on Fiber Bragg Gratings." Acta Optica Sinica 39, no. 11 (2019): 1106003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201939.1106003.

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Ferguson, Brian G. "Beamforming towed array data when knowledge of the hydrophone positions is imperfect." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93, no. 4 (1993): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.406136.

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MA, Yuanliang. "Matched field noise suppression: Principle with application to towed hydrophone line array." Chinese Science Bulletin 48, no. 12 (2003): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/03ww0006.

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Thode, Aaron M., Thomas Norris, and Jay Barlow. "Rapid estimation of dolphin whistle bearings using a sparse towed hydrophone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106, no. 4 (1999): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.427417.

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Ma, Yuanliang, Shefeng Yan, and Kunde Yang. "Matched field noise suppression: Principle with application to towed hydrophone line array." Chinese Science Bulletin 48, no. 12 (2003): 1207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03183938.

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Holmes, Jason D., William M. Carey, and James F. Lynch. "Shallow‐water waveguide characterization using an autonomous underwater vehicle‐towed hydrophone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 5 (2006): 3346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4786457.

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43

Real, Gaultier, Kay L. Gemba, Kathrine Lamy, and Thomas Kacel. "ALMA 2022 experiment : Source paramater estimation comparison betweenLFM and MLS waveforms." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (2023): A374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019226.

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For underwater source localization, accurate estimation of the time of flight (or travel time) is required and the observed waveform may include Doppler (waveform dilation). The source waveform, thus, needs to be sensitive to estimate both time of flight and Doppler. In this study, we compare two waveforms : Linear Frequency Modulated sweeps (LFMs) and Maximum Length Sequences (MLSs) with identical center frequency (6 kHz) and bandwidth (2 kHz). During an at-sea experiment conducted in March 2022 near in the Mediterranean Sea, near the coast of Toulon, a mobile source transmitted the two waveforms, recorded by a 192-hydrophone moored bilboard array. The source-array distance ranged from 2.5 to 8 km, and the source was towed at a constant speed (∼1.5 m/s) and depth (∼50m). The analysis of the gathered data shows that the MLS waveform outperforms the LFM waveform for estimating time of flight (uncertainty reduced by a factor 4) and radial velocity (uncertainty reduced by a factor 20). Preliminary results focus on single hydrophone processing, but possible applications to 2D array processing are discussed for localizing the source in range-dependent environments.

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Knight, Andrew. "Flow noise calculations for extended hydrophones in fluid‐ and solid‐filled towed arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 1 (1996): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.415891.

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Yang, Kunde, Qiulong Yang, Peng Xiao, Xuegang Li, Rui Duan, and Yuanliang Ma. "Flow Noise Calculation and Experimental Study for Hydrophones in Fluid-Filled Towed Arrays." Acoustics Australia 45, no. 2 (2017): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40857-017-0086-7.

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Yang, Meijiao, Dong Han, and Ning Li. "Noise Suppression of Towed Line Array Sonar Platform Based on Spatial Filtering Technique." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2363, no. 1 (2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2363/1/012005.

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The problem of interference caused by the radiated noise of the towed line array sonar platform to the hydrophone line array and the formation of detection blind area in the direction of the end head of the line array is addressed. In this paper, the optimal spatial matrix filter is designed using the plane wave array manifold, the platform radiation noise copy vector, and the weighted coefficient matrix. Through iteration of the weighted coefficient matrix, the null matrix filter achieves the effect of equalizing the response of each direction of the far-field plane wave signal under the condition of zero response constraint of the platform radiation noise. The method of generalized singular value simplified decomposition is used to analyze and check the correctness of the optimal solution of the filter in theory. From the simulation results, the filter with iterative calculation is more effective in processing far-field plane waves and the signal has lower distortion.

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Yack, Tina M., Jay Barlow, and John Calambokidis. "Real‐time detection and tracking of beaked whales using a towed hydrophone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129, no. 4 (2011): 2535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3588406.

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Holmes, Jason D., William M. Carey, D. Keith Wilson, James F. Lynch, and D. Keith Wilson. "Results from an autonomous underwater vehicle towed hydrophone array experiment in Nantucket Sound." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 2 (2006): EL15—EL21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2219106.

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Weglein, Arthur B., and Bruce G. Secrest. "Wavelet estimation for a multidimensional acoustic or elastic earth." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 7 (1990): 902–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442905.

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A new and general wave theoretical wavelet estimation method is derived. Knowing the seismic wavelet is important both for processing seismic data and for modeling the seismic response. To obtain the wavelet, both statistical (e.g., Wiener‐Levinson) and deterministic (matching surface seismic to well‐log data) methods are generally used. In the marine case, a far‐field signature is often obtained with a deep‐towed hydrophone. The statistical methods do not allow obtaining the phase of the wavelet, whereas the deterministic method obviously requires data from a well. The deep‐towed hydrophone requires that the water be deep enough for the hydrophone to be in the far field and in addition that the reflections from the water bottom and structure do not corrupt the measured wavelet. None of the methods address the source array pattern, which is important for amplitude‐versus‐offset (AVO) studies. This paper presents a method of calculating the total wavelet, including the phase and source‐array pattern. When the source locations are specified, the method predicts the source spectrum. When the source is completely unknown (discrete and/or continuously distributed) the method predicts the wavefield due to this source. The method is in principle exact and yet no information about the properties of the earth is required. In addition, the theory allows either an acoustic wavelet (marine) or an elastic wavelet (land), so the wavelet is consistent with the earth model to be used in processing the data. To accomplish this, the method requires a new data collection procedure. It requires that the field and its normal derivative be measured on a surface. The procedure allows the multidimensional earth properties to be arbitrary and acts like a filter to eliminate the scattered energy from the wavelet calculation. The elastic wavelet estimation theory applied in this method may allow a true land wavelet to be obtained. Along with the derivation of the procedure, we present analytic and synthetic examples.

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Douglass, Alexander S., Warren T. Wood, Benjamin J. Phrampus, and Shima Abadi. "Effects of sub-seabed characteristics on acoustic transmission loss in seismic reflection surveys." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (2022): A213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016049.

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Marine seismic reflection surveys are used to study the composition of the seabed and sub-seabed by recording reflections of the field generated by an airgun array from the seafloor with a towed horizontal streamer. The abundance of data within a single survey and the number of publicly available surveys provides substantial opportunity for data-driven acoustic analysis. Here, we consider data from surveys that were conducted off the coasts of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, covering portions of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and the Queen Charlotte Fault. Throughout the experiments, data was collected at depths ranging from 200 m to 3 km, typically using a 15 km long towed streamer containing 1200 hydrophone groups with 12.5 m spacing. With these datasets, there is a breadth of opportunity for studying the impacts of various seabed features on acoustic propagation. This talk will explore the impacts of seabed and sub-seabed characteristics, bathymetry, reflectivity, etc., on acoustic transmission loss. The data from these experiments, corrected for array design impacts, will be compared directly with computational propagation models. [Work supported by ONR.]

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