Relevant bibliographies by topics / Town planning

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Town planning'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Town planning"

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Sun, Li Ping. "Research on Solutions to Small Town Planning and Construction in Inner Mongolia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 590–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.590.

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There are many problems existing in small town planning in Inner Mongolia. After analyzing the causes of these problems, some solutions to them are put forward, such as, strengthen the control of the planning and work out the perfect town planning system, carry out the strategy of sustainable development, keep personality of the town and highlight town features, speed up the construction of key town and drive the rapid development of small towns, etc.
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Reid, Richard. "The End of Imperial Town Planning in Upper Canada." Articles 19, no. 1 (August 5, 2013): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017576ar.

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In the years following the War of 1812 imperial officials, for reasons of strategic and domestic concern, founded a series of towns along the route from Kingston to the Ottawa River. Three of the "military settlements", Perth, Richmond and Lanark, reflected aspects of an earlier town planning tradition in Upper Canada and enjoyed a limited success as the nuclei for a certain type of society A fourth town, By town, was founded with less planning but quickly became the major urban centre in the Ottawa Valley Conflicting aims of the military planners and the towns civilians made By town's experience very different from the other three towns.
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Liu, Da Peng, and Hong Wei Wang. "Cultural Town: Small Town Planning and Construction Based on Mongolian and Yuan Culture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.556.

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Mongolian and Yuan culture is the culture system which is interactive with original nomadic culture and ZhongYuan farming culture forming, whose elements, symbols and connotation is used effectively in planning and construction of small towns is reflected in the display with a town image and the key point of a town charm objectively. It is necessary to analysis the relation with the Mongolian and Yuan cultural elements and small towns as an opportunity to plan and construct the small towns of Mongolian and Yuan culture. This is the latest annotation to cultural town, and it is the language and way to express of the characteristics in small towns.
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Thakur, Mr Harshal Rajendra. "Sustainable Green Town." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4027–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35974.

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Aim of this research paper is to design and implement the sustainable term for the town planning with low resources and high output, as well there benefit to environment. Town planning in ancient India of Indus towns have demonstrated the most ancient town planning in the world among the most common and universal types of town planning (Mohenjo-Daro). Increase in population, Development or innovation leads to great use of natural resources, which may disturb the environmental cycle. Though green resources are not sufficient but they are long lasting and environmental friendly. Energy sources from Sun, wind and water are clean sources which are future, with proper use. To find various sources (types such as minor and major sources) of energy and implement with exigency, for sustainable strategic planning.
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Hebbert, Michael. "Town planning versusurbanismo." Planning Perspectives 21, no. 3 (July 2006): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665430600731153.

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MITCHELL, E. R. "TOWN PLANNING CONSULTANT." Australian Planner 23, no. 2 (June 1985): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1985.9657252.

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Powell, Tony. "Real Town Planning." Urban Policy and Research 21, no. 1 (March 2003): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0811114032000062173.

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Yu, Fei Fei, Gui Yuan Li, and Yue Li. "Research on Landscape Design and Tourism Spatial Layout in Mountainous Towns." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2783.

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It is a planning measure for tourism small town to achieve a balanced landscape ecology and tourism functions, taking the mountainous town landscape planning and tourism space layout both merging into account. This paper analyzes and summarizes the mountainous towns tourism landscape resources features and planning principle, with specific cases on the rural tourism elaborates the space layout, so as to mountainous towns tourism to provide a more comprehensive planning ideas.
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Sun, Ming. "Study on Eco-Planning of Coal Town Special Land Based on Extenics." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 1108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.1108.

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At present, the coal town special land mainly includes subsided, goaf and gangue etc, these lands for ecological restoration and reconstruction is coal town planning research hot spot. The article based on the Extenics method, with the resource exhaustion town theory as a foundation, to coal town special land as empirical research object, through the depth of coal town of space development trends and development orientation, puts forward the gangue land ecological adjustment mode, coal goaf and subsided development countermeasures. Through to the coal town special land ecological adjustment of spatial structure of towns thinking clarify coal optimization idea the feasibility, for cold to coal town of land development to provide certain reference.
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Jebavý, M. "A relationship between the verdure system and land use planning of a small town." Horticultural Science 34, No. 4 (January 7, 2008): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1895-hortsci.

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Small towns are defined as towns with the population not exceeding 15,000 (20,000) residents. They are organisms that can be embraced visually, mostly with the clearly demarcated area. Residents know their small town very well, the majority of buildings and structures is constructed at a reasonable scale and architectonic dominants allow easy orientation. Verdure in a small town is either a separate functional space (park, landscaped area, forest, scattered green vegetation) or it is associated with another function (residential green spaces, green spaces of housing estates, line verdure, verdure of self-retained areas – sports grounds, cemeteries, schools, etc.). The verdure of a small town is formed to make up a system. It may be realised but its functionality may be diminished by barriers of different type. Verdure significantly contributes to the image of a small town and its particular spaces. From the recreation aspect it is important to create near and easily accessible green spaces that may be used for the short- or long-time recreation of residents and visitors; the good connection of the urban verdure system with suburban landscape is desirable. To accentuate the basic landscape values and to realise the potential of the verdure system of a small town it is advisable to use the system of land-use planning while the landscape plan becomes its integral part.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Town planning"

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Papit, Judith L. "Minoan Town Planning." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/214820.

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Art History
Ph.D.
"Prehistoric Town Planning in Crete" was published in 1950 by Richard Hutchinson. He determined there was no evidence of town planning on Minoan Crete except for two instances. Hutchinson's approach compared the layout of the few excavated Minoan towns to other contemporary sites, such as Kahun, Egypt and Harrappa, India. These towns were laid out in grid-like squares, on flat, level ground. Compared to these sites the settlements on Crete appeared as an amalgamation of disorganized, organic growth. More than half a century has elapsed between Hutchinson's article and this study. Within that time many more Minoan sites and towns have been excavated and published. This greater corpus offers an opportunity to examine Minoan town planning with a new eye. This greater number of excavated Minoan towns allows for a study of town planning by comparing Minoan communities to one another. When an investigation is done comparing sites within Crete only, a pattern starts to emerge. To accomplish this analysis nine elements of Minoan town planning are defined, examined at individual sites, and compared among settlements. These nine elements are: 1. A street system adhering to the natural contours of the land 2. Buildings arranged in irregular, attached blocks defined by the street system 3. A large plateia or centrally located community court easily accessible from all parts of the town 4. Other open public spaces throughout the settlement 5. An elite building near the plateia 6. Public buildings in which there is no habitation 7. Semi-public buildings 8. Built fortifications 9. Extramural dependencies, which are structural features or natural areas outside the borders of the town proper but are an integral part of the community This comparison elucidates a very specific and existing type of Minoan town planning. It began at least as early as Early Minoan II and reached its apogee in Late Minoan I. What at first glance looks random, is not. Minoan towns were laid out within the constraints of the local landscape and with the desired aesthetic. The result was a lifestyle in LM I far beyond subsistence living.
Temple University--Theses
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Gilley, Clayton E. "The Lynn town planning study." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/897519.

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This creative project has provided an example of a community participatory planning process in a small town setting. In this study the process specified by The Small Town Planning Handbook by Daniels, Keller And Lapping (1988) was compared to and supplemented by other contemporary small town and general planning literature. The specified process was designed to be a self help means for a small town to plan and subsequently compile an abbreviated town plan ("Miniplan"). The process was then applied to the Town of Lynn, Indiana as a case study. This study includes discussion and analysis of the study process as it occurred and resulted in several lessons learned. The most significant conclusion is that small towns cannot entirely plan on a self help basis. A visiting planner (eg. circuit rider or consultant) or a trained facilitator is necessary to guide the process. The resulting town planning study document (plan) is appended to this study for reference.
Department of Urban Planning
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Lau, Chi-ting. "Community planning : an alternative approach of planning /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13814229.

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Lam, Shu-tsook Kitty. "Redevelopment of a new town case study of Tsuen Wan town centre /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1988. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42574122.

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Olomola, A. O. "Town planning law and administration in Nigeria : A critique of the Nigerian town and country planning law." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378834.

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Chakraborty, Mahadeb Thakur. "Study of Barasat town:its problems and planning for future development." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1238.

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Lee, Helen, and 李麗芳. "New towns in old places: rethinking the new town development strategy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31260299.

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Honiball, Wallace. "Erf 217, Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13130.

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Includes bibliographical references.
Laugier’s Primitive Hut from 1755 depicts reason as a muse enthroned upon the ruins of the classical orders, pointing towards nature as a way forward. Similarly, in 1841 Joseph Paxton designed a glass conservatory at Chatsworth for the tropical Victoria regia water lily, which literally referenced the lily pad veins as structural system. This preoccupation with nature as a design generator continues in the 20th century with digital tools that derive architectural form using biomimicry, in the work of R & Sie. All these projects are based on a dialectic relationship between architecture and nature, where the particular model of nature is translated into form. This relationship in landscape architecture is discussed through the idea of the biomorphic. Applied as a guiding principle to investigate vegetation and plant form in the 17th Century Company’s Gardens arguing that the generation of the biomorphic can be adjusted to serve as a mechanism to understand plant form in terms of effect.
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Chau, Pui-see. "Urban form and space considerations in urban development : towards west rail /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21041337.

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Wells, Ian. "Town centre management : a future for the high street? An analysis of town centre management schemes, 1987-1990." Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305645.

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Books on the topic "Town planning"

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Wainscoat, Rachel Elizabeth. Town planning. Derby: Derbyshire College of Higher Education, 1990.

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1948-, Greed Clara, ed. Social town planning. London: Routledge, 1999.

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Hugh, Stretton, ed. Compassionate town planning. [Liverpool]: Liverpool University Press, 1994.

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Laterrasse, Jean. Transport and Town Planning. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119579502.

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Dahlberg, Johan. Town building and planning. Stockholm, Sweden: Antikvariat Antiqua, 1996.

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Yiangoullis, Othon. Town planning in Cyprus. Nicosia: [s.n.], 1999.

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Hayek, Friedrich A. von. Housing and town planning. [London]: Selsdon Group, 1989.

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1948-, Greed Clara, and Allinson John, eds. Implementing town planning: The role of town planning in the development process. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman, 1996.

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Jörg, Sierig, ed. Town planning and town development in Middle East. Stuttgart: IRB Verlag, 1991.

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Jörg, Sierig, ed. Town planning and town development in Latin America. Stuttgart: IRB Verlag, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Town planning"

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Heidenreich, Sharon. "Town Planning." In Englisch für Architekten und Bauingenieure – English for Architects and Civil Engineers, 15–31. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36030-6_2.

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Heidenreich, Sharon. "Town Planning." In Englisch für Architekten und Bauingenieure - English for Architects and Civil Engineers, 15–28. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-26052-1_2.

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Heidenreich, Sharon. "Town Planning." In English for Planning and Building Professionals, 15–31. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39961-0_2.

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Hall, Tony. "Introduction." In Town Planning, 1–7. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367257491-1.

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Hall, Tony. "Conclusion." In Town Planning, 93–96. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367257491-10.

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Hall, Tony. "The Big Stuff – Planning Gets Started." In Town Planning, 8–21. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367257491-2.

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Hall, Tony. "The First Big Issues – Houses and Infrastructure." In Town Planning, 22–29. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367257491-3.

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Hall, Tony. "More Big Issues – Employment and the Regions." In Town Planning, 30–36. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367257491-4.

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Hall, Tony. "More Big Issues – Health, Environment and the Countryside." In Town Planning, 37–43. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367257491-5.

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Hall, Tony. "More Big Issues – Getting Around." In Town Planning, 44–52. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367257491-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Town planning"

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Khilei, Jyotsna Mayee, Ullash Kumar Rout, and Lipika Nanda. "Power planning of sundargarh town." In 2017 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsp.2017.8286634.

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Shan, X. Z., W. Cheng, and Y. S. Liu. "Planning Strategies of Town Transport System of Huaide Town from Green Perspective." In The 5th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Urban Planning (CEUP2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813225237_0099.

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Pavlečková, Michaela. "MUNICIPAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE BOHEMIAN KING PŘEMYSL OTAKAR II. The origins of the town of Polička and its geographical and urban importance in the context of the medieval urban network." In International Urban Planning Research Seminar. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Grup de Recerca en Urbanisme, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.12806.

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Medieval towns played a significant role in the political and administrative development of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Although their emergence on our territory was considerably delayed compared to other European states, in which their continuity can often be traced back to ancient times, their importance is not diminished in any way. The aim of this study is to present the reasons for the creation of the medieval urban network of the Bohemian Kingdom, especially during the time of the king of Bohemia Přemysl Otakar II, whose person is strongly associated with the initiation of the foundation of towns and their development. As an example, attention will be focused on the East Bohemian town of Polička, which, with its location and internal layout, vividly demonstrates the motives that led Přemysl Otakar II to such an extensive foundational work. Keywords: municipal foundations, historical urbanism, Polička, Czech Republic
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Wang, Fang, and Li Wang. "Research on Old Dwellings in Yiqian Town." In International Conference On Civil Engineering And Urban Planning 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412435.093.

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Papamihali, Eva. "Town planning terminology and civilization in Albania." In The 4th Virtual International Conference on Advanced Research in Scientific Areas. Publishing Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18638/arsa.2015.4.1.793.

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Yang, Xumei, and Cuihong Wu. "Fengjing Town Tourism Site Planning and Design." In 2010 International Conference on Internet Technology and Applications (iTAP). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itapp.2010.5566199.

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Fistola, R. "Ecourbanistica: toward a new sustainable town planning." In THE SUSTAINABLE CITY 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sc100031.

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Liu, Chen. "Research on the renewal strategy of ancient town based on the authenticity of subject and object from multiple perspectives -- a case study of Longxing ancient town." In 57th ISOCARP World Planning Congress. ISOCARP, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/szkrqjcq.

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Takaseki, Urara. "Town management in a Period of Urban Growth: A Modern Twist to the Traditional Japanese Jichi-kai Town Management Model Found in Azabu District of Minato Ward, Tokyo." In 57th ISOCARP World Planning Congress. ISOCARP, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/gxauw3dm.

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Rao, C. K., and X. F. Zhao. "Study on Town Planning based on the Small City Cultivation: A Case Study of Zhouquan Town, Tongxiang City." In The 5th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Urban Planning (CEUP2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813225237_0005.

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Reports on the topic "Town planning"

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Granath Hansson, Anna, and Hjördís Guðmundsdóttir. Remote Work in Smaller Towns: Possibilities and uncertainties. Nordregio, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2024:51403-2503.

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Has remote work post-pandemic expanded the influence of Nordic capitals on surrounding towns? Through case studies in five Nordic towns, the report focused on how remote work opportunities influence small-town attractiveness, population retention, and planning strategies. It explores the effects on populations, urban-rural landscapes, and planning needs. The findings reveal a shift in population dynamics, with people moving from capitals to smaller towns, leveraging remote work's flexibility. This shift presents opportunities and challenges for regional development, highlighting the need for further research to navigate the complexities of remote work's long-term implications. Despite remote work becoming common, the study found little proof that remote work opportunities have made these towns more attractive. Remote or hybrid work can attract new populations and highly qualified personnel, enhancing towns' attractiveness without necessarily increasing the population. Ongoing research is needed to fully understand remote work's potential and inform policy and planning to attract new residents and visitors.
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Shebek, Nadiia, and Oleksandr Olkhovets. Progressive Technologies in Design of Town Planning and Land-scape Recreational Objects Made of Floating Modular Elements. PІDVODNІ TEHNOLOGІЇ, June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31493/uwt1909.1901.

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Haysom, Gareth, Jane Battersby, Jane Weru, Luke Metelerkamp, and Nomonde Buthelezi. Integrating food sensitive planning and urban design into urban governance actions. TMG Research gGmbH, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35435/2.2022.9.

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TMG’s Urban Food Futures programme closes its scoping phase with a series of reports summarising the main insights lying the foundation for the next phase of action research. This working paper, written in collaboration with partners African Centre for Cities (ACC), FACT and Muungano AMT, argues that for the progressive realization of the right to food in urban settings, food sensitive planning and urban design must be integrated into urban governance actions. Findings from Ouagadougou, Nairobi, and Cape Town indicate the necessary steps that need to be taken toward more food-sensitive planning: clearly defining the mandate to govern urban food systems by national and local governments; drawing from community knowledge and experience for strategic thinking around food systems, and politicising urban food system issues to create the momentum needed in holding relevant authorities accountable.
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Kwon, Heeseo Rain, Heeyoun You, and Sang Keon Lee. Korea's Pursuit for Sustainable Cities through New Town Development: Implications for LAC: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and th. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006999.

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Under rapid urbanization that took place from around 1960 to 1990, the Republic of Korea has been facing various urban problems such as the expansion of urban slum, traffic congestion and environmental pollution. Among the various responses to these challenges, New Town development can be regarded as one of the most successful and effective strategies, which hasover 50 years of development history in five phases. Korea's New Towns were developed with three main purposes according to the periodic needs: industry support, housing supply, and nationwide balanced development. Phase I New Towns (1962-81) responded to the country's need for industry promotion. Phase II (1967-86), Phase III (1989-95) and Phase IV (2001-present) New Towns were built in response to the severe lack of housing emerged due to over-concentration in the capital and later its metropolitan area, by providing large-scale housing inside Seoul, in the outer ring of Seoul, and in the Capital Area respectively over time. Finally, the most recent Phase V New Towns (2005-present) provided response to the issue of equitable and balanced development across the country. These development yielded outcomes such as housing market stabilization, improvement of housing condition, securement of public and green spaces, economic effect on related industries, and expansion of urban infrastructure. The paper suggests three success factors of Korea's New Town development. First is feasible planning and concrete implementation strategies that enabled the implementing organizations to overcome conflicts and carry on with the project until completion. The second factor is institutional driving force and legal support which involved establishing a dedicated bureau, defining clear organizational structure and stakeholder roles, and providing timely Acts to support the land acquisition and construction. The third success factor is reasonable land acquisition methodologies which evolved over time from Land Readjustment to Publically Management Development. This paper also presents Sustainable New own Design Criteria as an important implication for the LAC to consider, which includes social, economic and environmental sustainability that pursue outcomes such as social inclusion, self-sufficiency, connectivity, green space and smart resource management. Exchanging these experience of Korea and promoting mutual cooperation would be highly valuable for the cities in LAC to minimize the trial and error and maximize the success factors experienced by Korea as an attempt to relieve the challenges of rapid urbanization they are faced with at present. In this regard, it is anticipated that Korea can actively share its accumulated New Town experience and knowledge and act as one of the promising development partners of the countries in LAC.
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Guðmundsdóttir, Hjördís, Maja Brynteson, and Sigrid Jessen. Should I stay or should I go? Early career mobility and migration drivers. Nordregio, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/wp2023:71403-2511.

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Where do young people wish to settle down, and why? Recent data show a high level of internal migration among young adults in the Nordic region, with a striking differences in migration intensities between people in their 20s compared to people in their 30s. Exploring current trends in mobility is vital for regional integration and prosperity, planning provisions and projections. The attraction of young individuals from urban areas and university towns to non-metropolitan regions is an important source of economic growth for many regions. The review of young people's mobility behaviour in the early career stage in the Nordic countries highlights that migration decisions are influenced by a set of various push and pull factors, working simultaneously. It is important to understand the background of the mover, where the behavior of the mover is impacted by educational background and industrial specialisation, geographical origin, gender, income-level and civic status. Learning more about current migration drivers and migration aspirations of the early career cohorts in the Nordic countries will help policymakers to shape the future of Nordic labour markets and better prepare the future labour supply and demands in rural areas. This working paper present the main findings from previous studies on migration drivers and will serve as a baseline for the data collection on migration history and migration aspirations of young people in the Nordic countries.
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Lind, Jeremy. Politics and Governance of Social Assistance in Crises From the Bottom Up. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.004.

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This paper reviews existing perspectives on the politics and governance of social assistance in crises from the bottom up – from sub-national regions (or states/provinces) down to districts, sub-districts, towns, and villages. It begins by examining recent literature on the politics of social protection, which is mostly based on assessment of political dynamics and relationships in settings that are peaceful and only minimally affected (or unaffected) by conflict-related violence. Key insights from political economy analysis of humanitarian assistance, alongside the ‘political marketplace’ – a more recent concept used to understand governance in fragile and conflict-affected settings (FCAS) – are introduced to deepen understanding of politics specifically in situations where statehood is both limited and negotiated. The second part of the paper reviews various insights into sub-national and local governance, focusing on the role of non-state actors in provisioning and distribution at the edges of state power, delivery configurations in these settings, and the rationalities of local governance and ‘real implementation’. Understanding the arrangements and dynamics of governance sub-nationally and locally is essential for designing and planning the provision of social assistance in ways that are more likely to be politically and socially acceptable while also being inclusive and delivering value for money. The conclusion draws together these various perspectives on politics and governance from the bottom up to consider the implications and questions for further research on social assistance in crises.
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7

Journeay, M., P. LeSueur, W. Chow, and C L Wagner. Physical exposure to natural hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330012.

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Natural hazard threats occur in areas of the built environment where buildings, people, and related financial assets are exposed to the physical effects of earth system processes that have a potential to cause damage, injuries, losses, and related socioeconomic disruption. As cities, towns, and villages continue to expand and densify in response to the pressures of urban growth and development, so too do the levels of exposure and susceptibility to natural hazard threat. While our understanding of natural hazard processes has increased significantly over the last few decades, the ability to assess both overall levels of physical exposure and the expected impacts and consequences of future disaster events (i.e., risk) is often limited by access to an equally comprehensive understanding of the built environment and detailed descriptions of who and what are situated in harm's way. This study addresses the current gaps in our understanding of physical exposure to natural hazards by presenting results of a national model that documents characteristics of the built environment for all settled areas in Canada. The model (CanEM) includes a characterization of broad land use patterns that describe the form and function of cities, towns, and villages of varying size and complexity, and the corresponding portfolios of people, buildings and related financial assets that make up the internal structure and composition of these communities at the census dissemination area level. Outputs of the CanEM model are used to carry out a preliminary assessment of exposure and susceptibility to significant natural hazard threats in Canada including earthquake ground shaking; inundation of low-lying areas by floods and tsunami; severe winds associated with hurricanes and tornados; wildland urban interface fire (wildfire); and landslides of various types. Results of our assessment provide important new insights on patterns of development and defining characteristics of the built environment for major metropolitan centres, rural and remote communities in different physiographic regions of Canada, and the effects of ongoing urbanization on escalating disaster risk trends at the community level. Profiles of physical exposure and hazard susceptibility described in this report are accompanied by open-source datasets that can be used to inform local and/or regional assessments of disaster risk, community planning and emergency management activities for all areas in Canada. Study outputs contribute to broader policy goals and objectives of the International Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2015-2030; Un General Assembly, 2015) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR 2015-2030; United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction [UNDRR], 2015), of which Canada is a contributing member. These include a more complete understanding of natural hazard risk at all levels of government, and the translation of this knowledge into actionable strategies that are effective in reducing intrinsic vulnerabilities of the built environment and in strengthening the capacity of communities to withstand and recover from future disaster events.
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Douglas, K., J. V. Barrie, T. Dill, T. Fralic, and N. Koshure. 2021004PGC cruise report: mapping Salish Sea marine geohazards, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329621.

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The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) undertook marine fieldwork onboard the Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) Vector to locate and map potential geohazards and geological features in the Salish Sea in the interest of public safety from August 11-18, 2021. This work was conducted under the Natural Resources Canada Marine Geoscience for Marine Spatial Planning (MGMSP) and the Public Safety Geoscience Programs. The GSC had observed multiple potential faults in existing data near Central Haro Strait, Stuart Channel, South of Hornby Island and near Cape Lazo through existing CHIRP and multibeam bathymetry data but required further data to quantify their activity and potential seismic risk (Barrie et al, 2021). In addition to fault activity, the GSC had detected numerous large underwater landslide deposits in Howe Sound and Saanich Inlet. The GSC required further data to constrain volumes and timing of slide activity. In English Bay the origin and evolution of a field of pockmarks was poorly understood. In Burrard Inlet, the survey required a better understanding of frequency of landslides as well as depth of sediment in order to understand natural sediment depositional rates. The research expedition included deep-tow system (DTS) sub-bottom surveys and multibeam water column and bathymetric surveys in each of these areas to better understand these marine geohazards and processes. Hydrographic surveys were completed by the Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) at night in Pylades Channel and near Point Grey to maximize use of ship time. Weather was good, seas were calm, and good quality data were collected. The data collected will be made publicly available and have the potential to contribute to building codes and to help communities in their decision-making and understanding of risks.
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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter, et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.

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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.
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