Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Town planning health worker'

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The paper deals with issues related to the implementation of the town planning health in the cities and of the urban planning to order the accelerated growth of the cities. It relates the action of the sanitary engineer, Francisco Saturnino de Brito and the town planner engineer Francisco Prestes Maia and their influence in the transformation of the urban space of Campinas. The city, located in the inland area of the state of São Paulo, had his origin from the establishment of troops that followed in the direction of the goldmines. It became a town in the cycle of the sugar cane and since then was in intense process of development, with the consolidation of the coffee complex, when its population was devastated by three big consecutive outbreaks of the epidemic of yellow fever. The paper compares some innovative proposals of Saturnino de Brito, in the condition Chief Sanitary District Commission of the State of São Paulo; and of Prestes Maia, the Urban Improvement Plan. It concludes that the urban planning is fundamental to control the natural growth of the cities, avoiding the major problems.
Aborda as questões relacionadas à implantação do urbanismo sanitarista nas cidades e do planejamento urbano, com intuito de ordenar o crescimento acelerado das cidades. Relata a atuação do engenheiro sanitarista, Francisco Saturnino de Brito e do engenheiro urbanista Francisco Prestes Maia e a influência no processo de transformação do espaço urbano de Campinas. A cidade, localizada no interior do estado de São Paulo, teve sua origem a partir do estabelecimento de tropas que seguiam em direção às minas de ouro. Constituiu-se como vila no ciclo da cana de açúcar e estava em processo intenso de modernização, com a consolidação do complexo cafeeiro, quando teve sua população dizimada por três grandes surtos consecutivos da epidemia de febre amarela. O trabalho compara algumas propostas inovadoras feitas por Saturnino de Brito, na condição de Chefe do Distrito da Comissão Sanitária do Estado de São Paulo; e de Prestes Maia, no Plano de Melhoramentos Urbanos. Conclui que o planejamento urbano é fundamental para direcionar o crescimento natural das cidades, antecipando a resolução dos principais problemas.

This dissertation reports on an evaluation of the home visiting programme of the SACLA Rehabilitation Worker project against the background of the socio-economic context of the community and the history of the project. The evaluation had two aims. Firstly, it aimed to highlight the programme's strengths and weaknesses so that the work could become both more efficient and more effective. Secondly, it aimed to establish whether the SACLA rehabilitation project is an effective model of a community based rehabilitation project on which other local projects could be based. Quantitative data was collected by interviewing the caregivers of disabled children who were involved in the project. In-depth interviews with the rehabilitation workers provided qualitative data which was used to confirm the validity of some of the quantitative data. The foremost findings were that the mothers were very positive about the support received from the RWs. The majority of the caregivers remembered the activities that they had been taught by the RWs and performed them well. Poor communication with the caregivers and a lack of skills on the part of the RWs gave rise to a number of problems. A number of changes highlighted by the evaluation were suggested. In conclusion, the project was found to be an effective model of local community based rehabilitation on which other projects could be based.

Magister Artium (Medical Anthropology) - MA(Med Ant)
Women are the principle providers of their families when it comes to issues of health care, even though their health needs and efforts are neglected. The contributions that they make to health development seem to be undervalued, and their working conditions ignored. Societies depend heavily on women as role players in the welfare of their families and of national economics together with their physical well-being which determines the ability to be productive. The study has provided an overview of the experiences of women concerning primary health care and the quality of service in Nolungile PHC Khayelitsha, Cape Town. Primary health care (PHC) forms an integral part both of the country‘s health system and the overall social and economic development of the community. Central to the PHC approach is full community participation in the planning, provision, control and monitoring of services. Priority has to be given to the improvement of women‘s social and economic status.A much neglected perspective in health issues is that, a number of questions arise from the provision of PHC. Does PHC rely on the contribution of women and if so, why women? Women in their communities have joined their hands together as community health workers, educating community members on issues of health. The study has provided an insight of the work that women are doing in their communities, and how do they give meaning to their experiences in PHC. The study also answered questions that raise fundamental issues on gender stereotyping and disparities in PHC. The study gave me an opportunity to work closely with the women while observing the challenges that they are facing and how to they overcome them in the daily lives.Changes are called towards the attitudes of health care providers working in the formal and nonformal sectors. The provision of health education for women ultimately empowers them as health educators for the community.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-106).
[Background]The IUD is a highly effective, reliable, and safe contraceptive method that is under-utilised in many countries due to persistent fears that it causes pelvic infection. Reliable evidence of the safety of this contraceptive method has not been enough to effect a change in use. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and acceptability of the IUD among clients and providers in the Family Planning services in Cape Town and to attempt to identity obstacles to use. [Methods] A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted at eight Family Planning clinics in Cape Town. Two hundred and sixteen clients aged between 18 and 50 years, and 30 providers from the same clinics, were interviewed using structured questionnaires. [Results] Awareness of the IUD among clients was low - 81 women (41%) had heard of this contraceptive method. Ever and current use were very low. Only 9 women (4%) had ever used an IUD and 3 women were still using this method. Both the women who were interested in using this method in the future (n=77; 36%) and the women who were ambivalent or not interested in future use (n=139; 64%) cited a lack of knowledge as an obstacle to use. Although most providers were aware of the availability of the IUD (n=26; 87%). their factual knowledge was limited. Infection (n=14; 47%) and increased menstrual bleeding (n=12; 40%) were frequently mentioned as disadvantages. Referrals for and insertions of the IUD were low, and this method was often not discussed with women considering tubal ligation. Providers identified lack of client knowledge, myths and rumours among clients, lack of skilled providers to insert the device, and lack of promotion of the IUD, as significant obstacles to greater use of this method. [Conclusion] Although the IUD is available in the public sector services, it is not being utilized. Better education of both clients and providers is essential in order to improve accessibility and acceptability of this highly effective and cost effective contraceptive method.

Health care providers can play a significant role in empowering women to make informed decisions when selecting suitable contraceptive methods during contraceptive counselling. This study explores the experiences and perceptions of primary health care providers delivering contraceptives services in Cape Town to gain a deeper understanding of the delivery of contraceptive services. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted at five public primary health care facilities in urban areas in Cape Town, South Africa. Eligible participants included primary health care providers providing contraceptive services and willing to participate in the study. The qualitative software package NVivo was used to sort and manage data. Data was analysed using a thematic analysis approach. Overall, providers emphasized supporting women in contraceptive decision-making. Sexual and reproductive health training increased providers confidence to deliver appropriate contraceptive services. Furthermore, contraceptive prescribing practices were also influenced by medical eligibility criteria and women's preferred bleeding patterns. However, contraceptive prescribing practices were also influenced by providers' attitudes towards younger and older women. Challenges experienced by providers when providing contraceptive services included: contraceptive stockouts; time constraints of employed women accessing the service; and work pressure due to providing other health services. Health care providers play a critical role in facilitating women's right to accessing high quality contraceptive services. Providers in the study perceived themselves as negotiators during contraceptive counselling by considering both women's preferences and provider recommendations for contraception, whilst enabling women to make informed contraceptive decisions through provision of reproductive health information. Consequently, shifting contraceptive counselling to focus on shared decision-making may encourage autonomy during decision-making and help to limit the influence of provider attitudes on contraceptive prescribing and counselling.

Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
South Africa comes from an apartheid local government system that was structured to divide citizens socially, economically, spatially, and racially to ensure that only a small minority of South Africans benefited from development. However since 1994 with the democratisation of our country, local government departments have undergone a number of transformation processes, which saw the country steadily moving away from the apartheid local government system. Representation is one of the main foundations of a non-racist, non-sexist and democratic society and achieving it is regarded as a necessary precondition to legitimise the public service to drive it towards equitable service delivery. The most prominent response to achieve a representative public service was the Employment Equity Act (No 55 of 1998), which became operational on 9 August 1999. Essentially the Act calls for a complete prohibition of unfair discrimination against all employees and requires that all designated employers undertake affirmative action measures to ensure that suitably qualified people from designated groups have equal employment opportunities. There are therefore many arguments in favour of AA and many against it, making it a formidable and complex task, especially in the South African context. However it is important to understand the reason for enactment of employment equity legislation in the workplace in terms of South Africa‟s history of discrimination and the resultant inequalities. The manner in which employment equity and affirmative action is introduced and handled in the organization can have a great influence on the perception and attitude of staff towards the topic. It therefore becomes imperative to grasp the understanding of staff on employment equity and related issues to measure if any progress was made and how to possibly improve on present practices in the organisation. Against this background this study investigated the perception and attitude of the City of Cape Town Health staff towards employment equity. The requirements of the EEA were discussed and used as the benchmark for success of implementation. The study included the review of relevant secondary sources of information but primary data was also obtained through the use of questionnaires comprising of semi structured questions to achieve this objective. The main findings from the secondary data revealed that AA is still necessary as a corrective tool, because our playing fields are far from leveled, however the reality is we have a great shortage of skills that is impacting on our global competitiveness which calls for a shift in thinking regarding the government‟s present approach. 4 In addition the research also identified as a designated employer, the City of Cape Town has fulfilled the legislative requirements, in that all its policies are consistent with the requirements of the EEA. The main findings of the primary data obtained from the questionnaires recognized that senior management of the City Health directorate is committed to EE, but falls short of an effective communication plan regarding the relevant issues of EE, there is little focus on disabled appointments and many employees indicated other criteria outside 'suitably qualified' (as defined in the EEA) plays a large role in the promotion of employees.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African Government of National Unity, through its adoption of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) in 1994, committed itself to the development of a District Health System (DHS) based on the Primary Health Care (PHC) approach as enunciated at Alma Ata in 1978. This approach is the philosophy, on the basis of which many health systems around the world have been reformed, and out of which has developed the concept of the DHS. District-based health systems are now applied successfully in many countries, and have been adapted to a wide variety of situations, from developing countries on our own continent, to more sophisticated systems elsewhere. A National Health System based on this approach is as concerned with keeping people healthy as it is with caring for them when they become unwell. The concepts of "caring" and "wellness" are promoted most effectively and efficiently by creating decentralised comprehensive management units of the health system, adapted to cater for local needs. These units will provide the framework for our district-based health system, in which a district health authority can take responsibility for the health of the total population in its area. This population-based model allows for constant assessment and monitoring of health problems in the district, the facilities and system provided, and leads to efficient and rational planning. The researcher conducted interviews with key stakeholders, used structured questionnaires and observation and reviewed the relevant National and Provincial documentation and performed a literature review, to assess the feasibility of implementing DHS in the City of Cape Town. The main findings of this research are that the City of Cape Town does have the capacity to implement and sustain the DHS, that it is necessary to implement the DHS in the CCT in order to improve the quality of life of the population, and that there is enough personnel to take the process forward. The main recommendations include the need for training of staff, the promotion of communication and transparency in relation to finances and an ongoing support system from the provincial and national health departments. The research assignment has revealed that the move towards DHS has the blessings of the top management and politicians of the eeT. In addition, it has been established that the Cï.T possesses good infrastructure, technical skills, and human resource capacity. There is also willingness on the part of the unions to take this process forward. There are also challenges that need to be addressed, such as difficulties around staff attitudes, and the training of officials so as to accommodate the requirements of a comprehensive primary health care system, effective and efficient utilisation of available resources and change management.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-afrikaanse regering van nasionale-eenheid het met die aanvaarding van die Herekonstruksie en Ontwikkelings program (Hop) in 1994, Suid Afrika tot die ontwikkeling van gesondheidsdistrik stelstel verbind. Hierdie stelsel is gebaseer op die primere gesondheidsorg (POS) benadering wat te Alma Alta in 1978 geformuleer is. Die POS is die dryfkrag agter die verandering van verskeie gesondheidstelsels die wereld oor. Vanuit hierdie POS het die distriksgesondheidstelsel ontwikkel. Hierdie distriksgesondheidstelsel word tans suksesvol in baie lande toegepas en is aanpasbaar by verskillende omstandighede, van die Afrika kontinent tot meer gesofistikeerd stelsels op ander kontinente. 'n Nasionale gesondheidstelsel gebaseer op hierdie benadering is ewe besorg om mense gesond te hou asook om na hulle om te sien wanneer hulle ongesond is. Die begrippe van besorgheid en welsyn word effektief en doeltreffend bevorder deur die skepping van n gedesentraliseerde omvattende bestuurseenheid van die gesondheidstelsel wat aangepas is vir plaaslike behoeftebevrediging. Hierdie eenhede voorsien die raamwerk vir n eie distriksgebaseerde gesondheidstelsel, waarbinne die distriksgesondheidsregeerders verantwoordelikheid vir die gesondheid van die totale bevolking en hul gebied aanvaar. Hierdie bevolkingsgebaseerde model laat toe vir voortdurende beoordeling en monitering van gesondheidsprobleme binne die distrik. Dit bepaal watter beskikbare fasiliteite en dienste voorsien moet word sodat doeltreffende en rasionele beplanning kan geskied. Navorsing is onderneem om die lewensvatbaarheid van die implementering van n distrikgesondheidstelsal binne die stad Kaapstad, met 'n speciale fokus op finansiele en menslike hulpbronne, te bepaal. Die navorser het gebruik gemaak van 'n gestruktureerde vraelys en literatuurstudie om die lewensvatbaarheid tydens die implementering van die distrikgesondheidstelsel vir die stad Kaapstad te bepaal. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking met betrekking tot hierdie navorsing is dat die stad Kaapstad oor die vermoe beskik om 'n distrikgesondheidstelsel te implementeer en te onderhou ten einde die lewenskwaliteit van mense te verseker. Daar is verder bevind dat daar genoeg personeel is om hierdie proses te voltooi. Die belangrikste aanbeveling sluit in die opleiding van personeel, die bevordering van kommunikasie en deursigtigheid in verhouding tot finansies en voortdurende ondersteuning vanaf provinsiale en nasionale gesondheids departmente.

The appeal of Allport&rsquo
s Contact Hypothesis lies in the simplicity of its core principle, which holds that contact between different groups may serve to reduce prejudices. Contact needs to meet key conditions, i.e. equal power, cooperation towards a common goal and institutional support. Support has been found for the Contact Hypothesis in its original form and for those contacts which fail to meet the specified conditions. This study sought to explore whether contact, in forms different to those traditionally defined by the Contact Hypothesis, i.e. exposure, had any bearing on group prejudice. The prejudice and its underlying negative attitudes of interest, were those informed by HIV and AIDS stigma. HIV and AIDS stigma, defined as a discrediting quality and informed by social processes, is of particular concern as it impedes prevention, treatment and care efforts in South Africa&rsquo
s response to the HIV and AIDS epidemic. The health care context is often an area where Persons Living with HIV (PLHIV) are confronted with HIV and AIDS stigma. The research aims were thus to explore the extent of HIV and AIDS stigma amongst health care workers, the forms of exposure to PLHIV and the relationship between exposure and HIV and AIDS stigma. A quantitative, survey design was employed to accomplish these aims and to test formulated hypotheses, which were based on current literature and the core principle of the Contact Hypothesis. The sample consisted of 202 health care workers in the Cape Town metropole. Data analyses revealed the existence of low to moderate levels of HIV and AIDS stigma and also found that most of the sample had exposure to PLHIV in either its individual forms or overall form. Bivariate correlations revealed negative relationships between forms of exposure, overall exposure and stigma.

Assignment (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Primary Health Care (PHC) approach is currently receiving tremendous attention worldwide as a mechanism to ensure effective and efficient public health services. The concept has evolved from the Alma Ata conference (1978). Since then many countries began to reorient their health services to achieve the goals of availability, accessibility and affordability of health care for all citizens and a number of management issues came to the forefront. Therefore, the provision of comprehensive PHC services is the key aspect to improving health services. A district health system has been identified as an ideal model for comprehensive PHC services to all the citizens in South Africa. Public health services in the Cape Metropolitan Area are characterised by functional fragmentation. Two public authorities render Primary Health Care services, namely the: Provincial Administration of the Western Cape through CHSO, and the Municipal Health Department. The fragmented nature of the public health services, which result in poor coordination of service delivery between the two health authorities, compromises the quality of service delivery. Historically, PHC services in the Cape Metropolitan Area - and indeed in the whole South Africa - have developed in a skewed manner. This work is an attempt at conceptualising the implications and consequences of this skewed health development. South Africa is presently undergoing fundamental reform, which has brought the PHC into disarray of fundamental change. Since the South African health care system is a highly complex institution, attempts have been made to critically analyse those aspects and features of inequality, inaccessibility, and inequity. Among these is the historical and present development of Cape Metropolitan Area health care and the structural features it assumed with the passing of time, trends and characteristics. In order to examine the theory in practice, the evolvement of PHC in the Cape Metropolitan Area will be analysed. The analysis highlights how different political formations have affected the development of PHC services and points out obstacles and limitations throughout the process, which had to be dealt with. Transformation of the existing health services, based on the principles of PHC, requires the redressing the imbalances of the past. Therefore, the integration of the two health authorities into one entity would best achieve the principles of district health system and will ensure comprehensive PRe.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Primêre Gesondheidsorg benadering geniet tans wereldwyd erkenning as 'n meganisme om doeltreffende openbare gesondheidsdienslewering te versker. Die konsep, wat ontwikkel en gegroei het uit die Alma Ata-konferensie van 1978, is reeds deur verskeie regerings ge-implementeer ten einde die doelwitte van beskikbaarheid, toeganklikheid en bekostigbaarheid van gesondheidsorg vir alle landsburgers te verseker. Die voorsiening van omvattende Primêre Gesondheidsorgdienste word erken as 'n noodsaaklike middelom gesondheidsorg te verbeter. Die Distrikgesondheid-stelsel is geidentifiseer as 'n ideale model vir die implementering van omvattende Primêre Gesondheidsorgdienste in Suid Afrika. Publieke Gesondheidsdienste in die Kaapse Metropolitaanse-gebied word gekenmerk deur die feit dat dit funksioneel gefragmenteer is. Twee publieke owerhede, te wete die Provinsiale Administrasie van die Wes Kaap en die Kaapse Stadsraad lewer Primêre Gesondheidsorgdienste, wat aanleiding gee tot swak koordinering met die gevolg dat dienslewering daaronder ly. Primêre Gesondheidsdienste in die Kaapse Metropolitaansegebied, soos in die res van Suid Afrika, het op 'n onlogiese, skewe manier ontwikkel Hierdie werk is 'n poging om die gevolge en implikasies van die onlogiese, skewe gesondheids-ontwikkeling te konseptualiseer. Daar is gepoog om die uiters gekompliseerde gesondheidsdiens-stelsel in Suid Afrika krities te analiseer met spesifieke verwysing na die kenmenrke van ongelykheid, ontoeganklikheid en onbillikheid. Dit sluit die historiese en huidige ontwikkeling van gesondheidsorg in die Kaapse Metropolitaanse gebied en die strukturele kenmerke in wat deur die loop van jare as gevolg van verskeie invloede en neigings sigbar geraak het. Die ontwikkeling van Primêre Gesondheidsorg in die Kaapse Metropolitaanse-gebied word ge-analiseer ten einde bogenoemde teorie in die praktyk te bevestig. Die analise beklemtoon die invloed van verskillende politieke rolspelers op ,die ontwikkeling van Primêre Gesondheidsorgdienste en bevestig die struikelblokke en beperkings wat deurentyd opgeduik het. Transformasie van gesondheidsdienste soos dit tans daaruit sien, gegrond op die beginsels van Primêre Gesondheidsorg, vereis dat die ongelykhede van die verlede aangespreek word. Die integrasie van die twee gesondheidsdiensowerhede sal die beginsels van die Gesondheidsdistrik-stelsel verwesenlik, wat daartoe sal aanleiding gee dat omvattende Primêre Gesondheidsorg 'n werklikheid word.

Thesis (MPA (Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The accessibility of anti-retroviral drugs to patients and families affected by HIV and AIDS, and the affordability of these drugs, have been challenges to the Du Noon community in the Cape Peninsula. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of primary health care services in addressing HIV/AIDS in the light of these challenges. The focus was on patients registered on the ARV programme and who were receiving treatment at Du Noon Clinic. Interviews were conducted with 15 groups of 10 patients each using a patient questionnaire. During these interviews qualitative and quantitative data were gathered and secondary data was used for quantitative analysis. The results that the data analysis yielded are in keeping with the hypothesis that the HIV/AIDS programme is effective in meeting the needs of the HIV/AIDS patients of Du Noon. After content analysis of qualitative data, two themes related to patient satisfaction emerged: positive and negative feelings that were categorised as satisfied and not satisfied with the service. Most often noted was the feeling of satisfaction with the services rendered at the clinic and that the staff were helpful. The staff rendering the service were also satisfied with the kind of service offered to the patients, but were dissatisfied with the allocation of resources. An increase in enrolment figures of patients was noted in the statistical analysis for the period 2004-2008 with 1,018 patients registered. The statistics illustrate the linear tendency in the enrolment of patients, which indicated the accessibility and affordability of the service.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geredelike toegang tot en die bekostigbaarheid van anti-retrivorale middels (ARM’s) vir pasiënte en families wat deur MIV en VIGS aangetas is, is ‘n uitdaging vir die Du Noon-gemeenskap in die Kaapse Skiereiland. Die doel van die studie was om die doeltreffendheid van primêre gesondheidsorgdienste te bepaal wanneer MIV/VIGS aangespreek word. Die fokus is op geregistreerde pasiënte wat die ARM-program volg en behandeling by die Du Noon Kliniek ontvang. Met behulp van ‘n pasiëntevraelys was onderhoude met 15 groepe van 10 pasiënte elk gevoer. Tydens hierdie onderhoude is kwalitatiewe data versamel en vir kwantitatiewe analise was sekondêre data aangewend. Die resultate wat uit die data analise verkry was, strook met die hipotese dat die MIV/VIGS-program doeltreffend is om die behoeftes van die pasiënte en die gemeenskap van Du Noon aan te spreek. Nadat ‘n inhoudsanalise van die kwalitatiewe data onderneem was, het twee temas rakende positiewe en negatiewe gevoelens – gekategoriseer as tevrede en nie tevrede nie – ten opsigte van die gelewerde diens na vore getree. Veral die gevoel van tevredenheid teenoor die diens gelewer by die kliniek en die personeel as behulpsaam, is opgemerk. Die personeel wat die diens lewer, was ook tevrede met die diens wat aan die pasiënte gelewer word, maar was ontevrede oor die toekenning van hulpbronne. By die statistiese analise is ‘n toename in die inskrywingsgetalle deur pasiënte waargeneem. Toename in inskrywingsgetalle deur pasiënte is gemerk in statistiese analise van 2004 - 2008, met 1,018 pasiënte geregistreer. Die statistiek het die lineêre tendens toegelig ten aansien van die inskrywing van pasiënte wat die toeganklikheid en bekostigbaarheid van die diens uitbeeld.

Thesis (MCurr)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Nurse managers are responsible to staff different hospital units and departments with sufficient, trained and experienced personnel. Most critical care units in the private healthcare in South Africa are staffed below maximum workload levels and additional staff is supplemented when needed. Current staffing management strategies comprises the application of the patient acuity score, the utilisation of contracted agency staff and ward staff who assist occasionally in the critical care unit (CCU). The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of critical care nurses regarding staffing management within critical care units in private health care institutions in the Western Cape. The following objectives were set to: - explore the experiences of CCNs regarding staffing management strategies such as o the patient acuity score o the employment of ad hoc agency staff and o the utilization of ward staff A descriptive design with a qualitative approach was applied. A sample size of n=15 was drawn from a total population of N=377, using purposive sampling technique. A pilot-test was also completed. The trustworthiness of this study was assured with the use of Lincoln and Guba’s criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. All ethical principles were met. The findings of the study demonstrated that nurses perceive the workload in critical care units as heavy. The utilisation of the acuity score does not really assist in relieving the workload as managers tend not to consider the staffing requirements as predicted by the acuity score due to budget constraints. The enrolled nurses who assist occasionally in the critical care unit require supervision as well as ongoing development to ensure safe and quality patient care. Yet agency nurses were perceived as either extraordinary good or incompetent.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verpleegbestuurders het die verantwoordelik om verskillende hospitaaleenhede en departemente met voldoende opgeleide en ervare personeel te voorsien. Die meeste kritieke sorgeenhede in Suid-Afrika word met minder as dan die maksimum werkladingsvlak beman en addisionele personeel word aangevul wanneer nodig. Huidige personeelbestuurstrategieë behels die toepassing van die pasiënt akuïteit telling, die gebruik van ingekontrakteerde agentskap-personeel en saalpersoneel wat per geleentheid in die kritiekesorgeenheid help. Die doel van die studie was om die ervaringe van kritieke-sorgverpleegsters ten opsigte van personeel bestuur binne die kritiekesorgeenhede in die privaat gesondheidsorginstellings in die Weskaap, te ondersoek. Die volgende doelwitte is gestel: - Om die ervaringe van kritieke-sorgverpleegsters aangaande personeelbestuur-strategieë te ondersoek, soos: o die pasiënt akuïteit telling o die gebruik van agentskapverpleegpersoneel en o die gebruik van saal personeel, te ondersoek ’n Beskrywende kwalitatiewe studie is toegepas. ’n Steekproef van n=15 is uit ’n totale populasie van N=377 getrek deur die doelgerigte steekproeftegniek te gebruik. ’n Loodstoetsing van die semi-gestruktureerde vraelys is ook gedoen. Die betroubaarheid van hierdie studie was verseker deur van Lincoln en Guba se kriteria vir geloofwaardigheid, oordraagbaarheid, betroubaarheid en bevestigbaarheid gebruik te maak. Daar is aan alle etiese vereistes voldoen. Die bevindings van die studie toon dat die verpleegpersoneel die werklading in die kritiekesorgeenheid as veeleisend ervaar. Die aanwending van die pasiënt akuïteit-telling dra nie werklik by tot verligting van die werklading nie, aangesien bestuurders weens begrotingsbeperkings neig om nie die personeelbenodigdhede soos deur die akuïteit-telling voorspel in ag neem nie. Die ingeskrewe verpleegsters wat per geleentheid in die kritieke-sorgeenheid hulp verleen, benodig toesig asook volgehoue ontwikkeling ten einde veilige en kwaliteit pasiëntsorg te verseker. Die agentskapverpleegpersoneel is egter as baie bekwaam of onbevoeg beskou.

O objetivo principal foi verificar a existência de grandes e pequenos empreendedores capitalistas privados na produção da habitação para o trabalhador no período na cidade de São Paulo, entre 1942 e 1964. O problema habitacional é antigo, e em muito se deve ao fato de que o trabalhador não tenha sido integrado plenamente à sociedade. Os mercados formal e informal do trabalho caminharam em paralelo, o mesmo ocorrendo com o mercado formal e informal da habitação. Os principais aspectos conjunturais detectados no período são: a Segunda Guerra Mundial; o debate nacional sobre o tema do desenvolvimento; a dívida externa; a inflação (que afetou fortemente o padrão de consumo do trabalhador, sua capacidade de poupança e, ao mesmo tempo, todo o complexo da indústria da construção); a industrialização e as migrações internas. Na cidade de São Paulo, verificaram-se os fenômenos de verticalização do centro e horizontalização de suas periferias, juntamente com a metropolização. Como metodologia empregada, recorreu-se à bibliografia especializada, e como fontes primárias, optou-se por percorrer as coleções de revistas econômicas e anúncios de jornais. Após 1942, a iniciativa privada, retraiu-se temporariamente do mercado de locação, contudo, não abandonou as opções de investimento habitacionais anteriores, como os cortiços e as vilas operárias. Atuou principalmente em quatro frentes de investimento voltadas para o trabalhador: venda de casas térreas e sobrados; kitchnettes; edifícios em condomínios; e loteamentos periféricos.
The aim of this research was to verify the existence of big and small private capitalist entrepreneurs in the housing production for workers in São Paulo, between 1942 and 1964. The housing problem is old and it is due very much to the fact that the worker never was fully integrated to Brazilian society. The formal and informal labor market developed simultaneously as the same way it occured with the formal and informal housing market. The major historic features in the period were: the Second World War, the debates about the topic of development, external debt, inflation (that affected strongly the consumption pattern of the workers, their capacity to save money, and at the same time the whole building industry complex), the industrialization, and the internal migration. In the city of São Paulo, there was the phenomena of verticalization downtown and horizontalization at the peripheries, along the metropolization process. Specialized bibliography was studied, and as primary sources, we have consulted the collections of economy periodicals and the real state advertisement in the newspapers. After 1942, the private enterprise stopped to invest in the rental market for a short time, however, it did not abandon the prior housing options of investments before, as shantytowns or cortiços and workers´ villages. The private enterprise has acted mainly in four fields of investment with the focus on the workers housing: sale of one or two storey houses; kitchnettes; condominium buildings, and periphery lots.

Throughout the twentieth century so-called Poor Whites caused anxiety in countries where racial domination was crucial, such as South Africa, the colonies of European empire and the United States. The Poor Whites were troubling for a number of reasons, not least because they threatened white prestige and the entire system of racial control. The efforts of various governments, organisations and experts to discipline, control and uplift the group necessarily disadvantaged other races. These controls, such as colour bars and Jim Crow laws, had an enormous effect on the countries where the Poor Whites were seen as a problem. The results can still be seen in the profoundly unequal contemporary racial landscape, and which is given expression by protest groups such as Black Lives Matter. Yet the efforts to manage the Poor Whites have thus far been examined on a national basis — as a problem of the United States, or of South Africa, to name just the most significant locales and regimes. This dissertation attempts to expand our understanding of the geography of the Poor Whites by arguing that the ‘Poor White Problem’ was a transnational concern rooted in racial interests that transcended national concerns. The racial solidarity displayed by so-called ‘white men’s countries’ was also extended to the Poor Whites. Efforts to control and discipline the population were thus in service of the white race as a whole, and ignored national interests and national borders. The transnational management of the Poor Whites was done through a network of transnational organisations such as the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation, as well as the careering experts they employed. The dissertation argues that these attempts constituted a transnational ‘governmentality’ according to which these organisations and their experts attempted to discipline a Poor White population that they viewed as transnational in order to uphold white prestige and tacitly maintain both global and local racial systems. This dissertation examines some of the ways in which Poor Whites were disciplined and racially rehabilitated. It examines health and sanitation, education and training, housing standards and the management of urban space, and finally photographic representation.

Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas
O trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a qualidade de vida na cidade de Tupaciguara – MG e propor diretrizes para o planejamento urbano. A partir dos objetivos específicos definidos, conhecer a realidade socioambiental de Tupaciguara, analisar qualidade de vida no município e discutir planejamento urbano voltado para qualidade de vida. Para alcançar os resultados esperados iniciou com revisão bibliográfica, sobre urbanização, planejamento urbano e qualidade de vida, cidades sustentáveis, saudáveis e pequena cidade. A partir da revisão buscou realizar um diagnóstico para conhecer o município de Tupaciguara, com foco na área urbana, desde sua formação socioespacial, o contexto populacional, as condições ambientais, análise espacial e sociocultural, economia, as moradias, o planejamento e a gestão urbana. Além desse levantamento foi possível realizar uma análise comparativa da qualidade de vida com municípios da Mesorregião do Triângulo Mineiro/ Alto Paranaíba – MG com população total entre 10.000 a 30.000 habitantes. Em seguida realizou-se uma discussão acerca do planejamento em Tupaciguara com proposta de diretrizes. Os resultados alcançados foram, em primeiro momento descrição dos pontos positivos e negativos, que auxiliou na construção da matriz FOFA que indicou as ações prioritárias, entre elas, gestão mais adequada da área ambiental de Tupaciguara. Em segundo lugar identificação dos cenários atual e desejado que serviu de base para confecção da tabela de diretrizes. Ao final dos resultados conclui-se que em Tupaciguara, a qualidade de vida é mediana, sendo necessário uma maior atenção na área ambiental e de saúde, para que a cidade busque promover uma melhor qualidade de vida para a população.
The aim of this study is to analyze the life’s quality at Tupaciguara-MG and to propose guidelines for urban planning. One of the specific objectives, is to know the socialenvironmental reality at Tupaciguara. Other objective is to analyze the life’s quality at the city and discuss urban planning focused on life’s quality. The study began with literature review; about urbanization, city planning and urban life’s quality, sustainable cities healthyand small town. A diagnosis to know the city was done based on the bibliographic discussion, focusing on urban area, since its formation, the socio-spatial context of population, environmental conditions, and socio-spatial analysis, economics, housing, urban and planning management. In addition to this, a comparative analysis of quality of life was made with municipalities at Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba-MG region, those which have total population between 10,000 to 30,000 inhabitants. Afterwards was discussed about planning at Tupaciguara with proposals of guidelines. At first result was made a description of positives and negatives points, which supported in the formulation of the FOFA (COLOCAR O QUE SIGNIFICA), what says the priority actions, including the most appropriate management of the environmental area of Tupaciguara. At second result was highlighted the present and intended scene that formed the guidelines table. Concluding life’s quality is median at Tupaciguara, what requires bigger attention with environmental and health area, to improve the life’s quality for the population.
Dissertação (Mestrado)