Journal articles: 'Township and Informal settlement'

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Mudau, Naledzani, and Paidamwoyo Mhangara. "Investigation of Informal Settlement Indicators in a Densely Populated Area Using Very High Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 4735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094735.

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Automation of informal settlements detection using satellite imagery remains a challenging task in urban remote sensing. This is due to the fact that informal settlements vary in shape, size and spatial arrangement from one region to the other in some cases within a city. This paper investigated the methodology to detect informal settlements in a densely populated township by assessing informal settlement indicators observed from very high spatial resolution satellite imagery. We assessed twelve informal settlement indicators to determine the most effective indicators to distinguish between informal and informal classes. These indicators included the spectral indices first and second-order statistical measurements. In addition to the commonly used informal settlement indicators, we assessed the effectiveness of built-up area and iron cover. The GLCM textural measures performed poorly in separating informal and formal settlements compared to first-order statistics measurement and spectral indices. The built-up area index, coastal blue index and the first-order statistics mean measurements produced higher separability distance of informal and formal settlements. The iron index performed better in separating the two settlement types than the commonly used GLCM measure and NDVI. The proposed ruleset that uses the three features with the highest separability distance achieved producer and user accuracies of informal settlements of 95% and 82%, respectively. The results of this study will contribute towards developing methodologies to automatically detect informal settlements.

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Taing, Lina. "Informal settlement janitorial services: implementation of a municipal job creation initiative in Cape Town, South Africa." Environment and Urbanization 29, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247816684420.

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In 2011/12, the City of Cape Town announced that it would commence an on-site janitorial service for communal flush toilets in informal settlements throughout the metropolitan area. The dual objectives of the programme were to improve municipal sanitation services in informal settlements and to create new job opportunities in areas with high unemployment. This paper examines the janitorial programme’s development and administration in Cape Town’s largest township from 2011 to 2014, from the viewpoints of: (1) municipal sanitation officials; (2) civil society advocates; and (3) informal settlement residents employed as janitors. Interviews with key informants and observation of sanitation actors indicated that the implementation of the janitorial programme was mired in conflicting understandings of good governance and different prioritization of goals in multi-objective development initiatives. This case, in particular, points to a potential repercussion of including sanitation in multi-objective programming, for the administration of the job creation aspect took precedence and ultimately detracted from the janitorial programme’s servicing goal.

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Skuse, Andrew, and Thomas Cousins. "Spaces of Resistance: Informal Settlement, Communication and Community Organisation in a Cape Town Township." Urban Studies 44, no. 5-6 (May 2007): 979–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980701256021.

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Charman, Andrew J. E., Leif M. Petersen, Laurence E. Piper, Rory Liedeman, and Teresa Legg. "Small Area Census Approach to Measure the Township Informal Economy in South Africa." Journal of Mixed Methods Research 11, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558689815572024.

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In this article, we describe a research approach to undertaking a small area census to identify informal economy activity, using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative tools. The method focuses on enterprise activity. The approach enables the researcher to record a broader spectrum of informal micro-enterprises through identifying businesses in situ within an area of sufficient scale to broadly reflect area-level market conditions and business dynamics. The approach comprises an enterprise census, a survey of all identified micro-enterprises in key sectors, in-depth interviews, and participatory research techniques. The article reports on the application of this method in eight case sites, located in township settlements within five major cities in South Africa. The research identified 9,400 individual enterprises, entailing 10,220 primary and secondary activities, distributed within a population of 325,000 and comprising 97,000 households. The approach permits significant advances to our understanding of the spatial dynamics of the informal sector. The research data has enabled the researcher to make original contributions to understanding informal enterprise activities in grocery retailing, liquor trade, and traditional medicine sectors.

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Petersen, Leif, and Andrew Charman. "The role of family in the township informal economy of food and drink in KwaMashu, South Africa." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 7-8 (July 9, 2018): 564–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-06-2017-0068.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a qualitative investigation of family employment dynamics in the KwaMashu township economy. Design/methodology/approach Using a small area census research method, the researchers identified 1,556 businesses located in a settlement of 2 km2. Of these enterprises, 694 (45 percent) traded in fast moving consumer goods, notably food and/or drink. The main retailers were small shops (spaza shops) and liquor outlets (bars or shebeens), greengrocers, sellers of meat and poultry products, house shops, restaurants, takeaways and tuckshops. Firm surveys were conducted with 270 businesses in four predominant sectors: liquor retail, grocery retail, early childhood educators and hair care businesses. Findings The research found that 40 percent of the surveyed firms in these sectors employ family members on a full-time basis, whereas merely 26 percent of firms employ family members on a part-time basis. In the grocery retail sector, about half of family employees are remunerated on a wage basis, the other half are paid in-kind (40 paper of the total) or on a profit share arrangement. In liquor retail and educare sectors, the majority of family members are paid wages. Female-run enterprises employ less family members on a full-time basis (except in the grocery sector), yet employ more family members on a part-time basis with a higher portion of wages paid in-kind. Research limitations/implications Family plays an important role in township enterprises. Beyond direct employment, township enterprises fulfill an important social protection and neighborhood relationship function for business operators and their families. The familial relationship to micro-enterprises should be seen through the lens of bricolage (Gras and Nason, 2015). Originality/value In this respect, the authors confirm three benefits of family firms: the creation of social protection though family beneficiation, the provision of employment and work experience and the strategic use of family resources.

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Naidoo, S., S. Piketh, and C. Curtis. "Quantification of Emissions Generated from Domestic Burning Activities from Townships in Johannesburg." Clean Air Journal 24, no. 1 (June 3, 2014): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/2014/24/1.7047.

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Domestic burning activities, specifically in informal settlements, contribute greatly to the air quality problems experienced by most developing urban centres. Low-income households that exist within townships in South Africa house a large portion of the South African population. These households burn vast quantities of coal, wood and other substances to provide for their energy needs. Pollutants emitted as a result of domestic burning are estimated to be one of the leading causes of respiratory illnesses in inhabitants of townships. To better understand the relationship that exists between domestic burning and the resultant pollutants, a method of quantifying these pollutants has been developed for a completely un-electrified settlement, near Johannesburg, using the quantities and type of fuel consumed. Seasonality, availability, price and cultural aspects all have a bearing on the fuel source choice and the quantity consumed. The most significant temporal observations identified for domestic burning are seasonal ones.

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Forbes, Eben. "Migration, Informal Settlement, and Government Response: The Cases of Four Townships in Yangon, Myanmar." Moussons, no. 33 (May 30, 2019): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/moussons.4943.

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Kerr, Philippa, Kevin Durrheim, and John Dixon. "Xenophobic Violence and Struggle Discourse in South Africa." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 7 (May 31, 2019): 995–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619851827.

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This paper argues that xenophobia in South Africa is entangled in discourses of liberation struggle, which are often used to justify anti-foreigner violence. We first examine some existing academic explanations for xenophobia, namely internalised racism, poverty/inequality, nationalism, and township and informal settlement politics. To avoid deterministically explaining xenophobia as ‘caused’ by any of these factors, however, we introduce a concept from social psychology, the concept of ‘working models of contact’. These are common frames of reference in which contact between groups is understood in terms of shared meanings and values. Xenophobic violence is not caused but instantiated in ways that are explained and justified according to particular understandings of the meaning of the ‘citizen-foreigner’ relationship. We then review three case studies of xenophobic violence whose perpetrators constructed a model of contact in which African ‘foreigners’ were undermining the struggles of South Africans in various socio-economic contexts. We also examine three cases where xenophobic violence was actively discouraged by invoking an inclusive rather than divisive form of struggle discourse. Thus the nature of the struggle itself becomes contested. We conclude by considering some dilemmatic implications that our analysis provokes.

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Kihato, Caroline Wanjiku, Sarah de Villiers, Sumayya Mohamed, and Bonolo Mohulatsi. "Spatial Injustice in Johannesburg in the Time of COVID-19." Current History 120, no. 826 (May 1, 2021): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.826.178.

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Densely populated informal housing has mushroomed in formerly segregated South African townships, attracting migrants who survive on the edges of the economy, excluded from basic services. In the pandemic, they have been even more vulnerable, unable to practice social distancing and forced to continue with marginal work such as scavenging to eke out a living. Drawing on interviews with residents of a Johannesburg settlement, the authors emphasize how urban space structures inequalities in every aspect of everyday life, requiring a new approach to city planning and governance with a focus on justice.

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Masquillier, Caroline. "Qualitative research as theater: fieldwork in a South African township through the prism of Goffman’s dramaturgical metaphor." Afrika Focus 29, no. 2 (February 26, 2016): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02902005.

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This autoethnographic paper reflects on the qualitative fieldwork I conducted in a township on the outskirts of Cape Town, South Africa. By exploring how a metaphor can assist in autoethnographic reflection, I aim to gain insight into how data can best be collected in deprived informal settlements characterized by high crime rates. This autoethnographic paper draws on the autobiographical materials of the researcher as primary data. This self-reflexive route, which relied on Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical metaphor, helped me to process my various fieldwork experiences in a more systematic manner. Attempting to reconcile my ‘work’ role – a professional, reliable and confidential advisor – with my ‘non-work’ role – my supposed real self – involved emotion management and the tools of the stage outlined by Goffman in order that the fieldwork could be conducted in an atmosphere of trust while maintaining a professional distance.

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Hersey, S. P., R. M. Garland, E. Crosbie, T. Shingler, A. Sorooshian, S. Piketh, and R. Burger. "An overview of regional and local characteristics of aerosols in South Africa using satellite, ground, and modeling data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 17 (September 25, 2014): 24701–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-24701-2014.

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Abstract. We present a comprehensive overview of particulate air quality across the five major metropolitan areas of South Africa (Cape Town, Bloemfontein, Johannesburg and Tshwane (Gauteng Province), the Industrial Highveld Air Quality Priority Area (HVAPA), and Durban), based on a decadal (1 January 2000 to 31 December 2009) aerosol climatology from multiple satellite platforms and a detailed analysis of ground-based data from 19 sites throughout Gauteng. Data include Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD550, 555) from Aqua (550 nm), Terra (550 nm), and MISR (555 nm) platforms, Ängström Exponent (α550/865, 470/660) from Aqua (550/865 nm) and Terra (470/660 nm), Ultraviolet Aerosol Index (UVAI) from TOMS, and model results from the Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model. Results in Cape Town are distinct, owing to a typically clean, marine airmass origin and infrequent continental influence. At continentally-influenced sites, AOD550, AOD555, α550/865, α470/660 and UVAI reach maxima (0.12–0.20, 1.0–1.8, and 1.0–1.2, respectively) during late winter and early spring (August–October), coinciding with a period of enhanced dust generation and the maximum frequency of close-proximity and subtropical fires identified by MODIS Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS). The adjacent metropolitan and industrial Gauteng and HVAPA areas have been identified as a megacity based on NO2 concentrations, but AOD is a factor of 3–6 lower than other megacities worldwide. GOCART results suggest that the contributions of organics and black carbon to AOD are significantly enhanced during biomass burning season (ASO), but that sulfate is the most significant contributor to AOD (~70–80%) through the rest of the year. Dust appears to be underestimated by GOCART emissions inventories at continentally-influenced metropolitan areas of South Africa. Ground monitoring sites were classified according to site type: (1) township and informal settlement sites with domestic burning influence, (2) urban and suburban residential sites with no domestic burning in the immediate vicinity, (3) industrial sites, and (4) one traffic site situated at a major freeway interchange. PM10 concentrations in township areas are 56% higher than in developed residential areas and 78% higher than in industrial areas as an annual average, with PM10 in townships 63 and 136% higher than developed residential and industrial areas, respectively, in winter (June, July, August). Monthly PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations reach annual maxima during winter at all sites except in industrial areas. At industrial sites, maxima in PM10 and PM2.5 tend to occur during summer (December–February), when photochemical generation of secondary aerosol is expected and when deep and unstable boundary layers allow high stack emissions (emitted above the boundary layer during winter) to reach the ground in close proximity to point sources. Diurnal profiles of PM10 and PM2.5 display maxima during morning (06:00–09:00 LT) and evening (17:00–22:00 LT) at nearly every site – especially during winter – and underscore the importance of domestic burning as a major source of primary particles. Multi-year averages indicate that evening maxima at some township sites average in excess of 400 μg m−3. These results from the urban/industrial Gauteng area quantitatively confirm previous studies suggesting that the lowest-income populations of South Africa experience the poorest air quality, and demonstrate that domestic burning results in frequent exposure to high concentrations of particulate pollution in the region comprising the cities of Johannesburg and Tshwane. While remotely-sensed data are frequently used as a proxy for ground air quality, we report poor correlations between PM concentrations and satellite parameters and suggest that this practice is not appropriate in metropolitan South Africa. Disagreement between satellite and ground data may be attributed to a number of factors: (1) vertical inhomogeneity and stratified pollution layers aloft during much of the year, (2) extremely shallow winter boundary layers, (3) discrepancy between satellite passover times and elevated diurnal PM concentrations, and (4) poor spatial resolution of satellites compared with highly localized PM sources. While remotely-sensed data provide a good picture of regional, seasonal properties of column aerosol, a complete understanding of South Africa's air quality at the ground will necessitate more extensive monitoring at the ground and intensive, multi-platform campaigns to understand the relationship between ground and satellite data.

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Lupale, Mubanga, and Godfrey Hampwaye. "Inclusiveness of Urban Land Administration in the City of Lusaka, Zambia." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 46, no. 46 (December 20, 2019): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2019-0034.

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AbstractMany cities in developing countries are experiencing urbanization characterised by the continu-ous proliferation of informal settlements. In the City of Lusaka over 70 percent of residents live in informal settlements. The purpose of this paper is to provide an account of how inclusive land administration is in the City of Lusaka using the perspective of good governance principles. The sample comprised 10 key informants purposively selected from government institutions/ civil society organisations and 60 respondents conveniently drawn from informal settlements. The findings were analysed thematically and using descriptive statistics. The findings show that there is need to create policies and legislation that assists in developing viable, liveable and inclusive townships. Most indicators of the five good governance principles recorded negative responses of at least 60 per cent. Formal urban land development arrangements in the city have not been able to cope with the demands of the majority of urban residents. The study suggests that land and housing policies be revised to serve a broader purpose beyond the provision of shelter in order to suit the dynamic and contemporary needs of specific societies. Further re-search is needed on tenure responsive land use planning in order to understand existing commu-nity dynamics (economic and social support networks) and implement practical changes for tackling informality if Zambian cities and communities are to be sustainable and resilient.

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Karaan, A. SM, and A. S. Myburgh. "FOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN THE URBAN INFORMAL MARKETS: THE CASE OF RED MEAT MARKETING IN THE WESTERN CAPE TOWNSHIPS AND INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS." Agrekon 31, no. 4 (December 1992): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1992.9524702.

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Adler, Josie. "Life in an informal settlement." Urban Forum 5, no. 2 (June 1994): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03036688.

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URBAN, BORIS, and BRIAN NDOU. "INFORMAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A FOCUS ON SOUTH AFRICAN TOWNSHIP ENTREPRENEURS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 24, no. 04 (December 2019): 1950021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946719500213.

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The informal sector is increasingly recognized in terms of its entrepreneurial potential. However there is a general lack of empirical research on small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) effectiveness in the informal economy in Africa. Recognizing this research gap, this article investigates entrepreneurial enabling factors in the South African township context to determine their impact on SMME’s performance. Township-based SMMEs in South Africa’s largest province, Gauteng, are surveyed and hypotheses are tested with correlation and regression analyses. Results indicate that access to finance and markets, institutional support, and skill and competency development are all significant predictors of enterprise performance. Empirical investigations in under-researched African contexts are important to highlight differences in enabling factors when compared to western contexts. In South African townships, which are plagued by high inequality, poverty, high unemployment and several other socio-economic challenges, it is an important policy which takes into account the variety of enabling environment factors that impact enterprise performance.

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Demir, Alpaslan. "Koğans Township In The 16th Century: Population and Settlement." History Studies International Journal Of History Volume 3 Issue 2, no. 3 (2011): 125 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.9737/hist_293.

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Ong, Lynette. "The Political Economy of Township Government Debt, Township Enterprises and Rural Financial Institutions in China." China Quarterly 186 (June 2006): 377–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000208.

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This article sheds light on the ways in which township governments mobilized resources from local financial institutions, and how failure to repay many of these loans gave rise to sizeable local government debt. Mobilization of resources was done through loans to collective enterprises whose de facto owners were township authorities. Though the enterprises were nominal borrowers, loan transactions would not have occurred without guarantees by township governments. Another way of financial resource mobilization was by establishing local informal financial organizations that were subject to less strict regulations, and over which township authorities could exercise control. Further, because the enterprises' profits and taxes ultimately went to township authorities, and the enterprises also contributed towards provision of public goods that were the authorities' obligation, enterprise financing became a roundabout way in which township authorities sought financial assistance for their fiscal needs.

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Mason, S. O., and C. S. Fraser. "Image Sources for Informal Settlement Management." Photogrammetric Record 16, no. 92 (October 1998): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868x.00128.

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Fang, Cai, and Du Zhixiong. "Township and Village Employment in China Informal but Market-oriented." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 7, no. 2 (April 2001): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2001.7.2.147.

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Mwamba, Jonathan Simbeya. "Analysing the Sustainability Challenges of Informal Urban Settlements: The Case of Chibolya in Lusaka Zambia." Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 6 (October 18, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v13n6p55.

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Presently, informal settlements exist as part of the urban fabric and a major constituent of the residential geographies of most Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. The growth of informal settlements in cities of the global south has been widely discussed in existing literature as a critical concern. Urban development literature in Zambia in particular has focused on the rapid urbanization and poverty growth, but barely explains how this affects settlement sustainability. Studies have focused on measures put in place by government and supporting organisations to help find solutions to the problem. But this has been done without providing specifics as relates to interventions for settlement sustainability and user perceptions of their living environments. The article provides a conceptual analysis of the local dynamics influencing informal settlement development and sustainability. The historical perspective and modern day realities of informal urban settlement settings in Lusaka in Zambia are also reviewed. The case study findings indicate a need to refocus development interventions in informal settlements by considering informal dwellers concerns and requirements when formulating settlements development strategies. The article offers an insight into sustainability challenges that the settlement population faces despite a variety of development interventions by the State and private agencies. The article shows the potential success and sustainability of interventions when informal settlement residents are empowered and take responsibility of their own development agenda. The paper points out the need for collaborative approach to informal settlement improvement where all stakeholders including the local residents, participate in all stages of settlement development.

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Vahidi, H., and W. Yan. "Towards Spatially Explicit Agent-based Model for Simulation of Informal Transport Infrastructure Indirect Growth Dynamic in Informal Settlements." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2/W3 (October 22, 2014): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-w3-273-2014.

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The informal construction of dwellings (housing) and the informal growth of transport infrastructure are two main dynamics of an informal settlement growth phenomenon that may influence each other over time. Some studies have been done to understand the growth mechanisms of informal settlements, but not enough attention has been paid to study the informal growth of transport infrastructure dynamic. In this study, the morphology and spatial pattern of different types of informal settlements have been reviewed and categorized to clearly define and formulate the mechanisms of informal transport infrastructure formation in the context of informal settlement. To this end, two different dynamics have been suggested in this study for modelling of the growth of informal transport infrastructure. In the first suggested dynamic, the infrastructure is extended directly as the result of consolidation of the physical signs of dwellers’ movement (foot prints) on the environment over time. In the second proposed dynamic that is the main focus of this study, the informal infrastructure growth could be considered as the function of dwelling construction (housing) dynamic in the settlement. In this context, informal transport infrastructure is extended based on an indirect dynamic by consideration of the void spaces by dwellers as the accessibility corridors in the settlement during the construction process of the settlement. Finally, to study the validity of the second proposed dynamic for modelling of the indirect growth of informal transport infrastructure, a simple conceptual model was developed and tested and the results were evaluated and discussed.

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Owen, Ceridwen, Kim Dovey, and Wiryono Raharjo. "Teaching Informal Urbanism: Simulating Informal Settlement Practices in the Design Studio." Journal of Architectural Education 67, no. 2 (July 3, 2013): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2013.817164.

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Mwamba, Jonathan Simbeya. "Analysis of Space Manipulation in an Informal Urban Settlement: The Case of Ng’ombe in Lusaka, Zambia." International Journal of Social Science Studies 8, no. 6 (October 9, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v8i6.4971.

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Urban informality remains a consistent challenge and matter of debate by planners and policymakers in the urbanising cities of sub-Saharan Africa. A common manifestation of urban informality in African cities is the sprawling informal settlements that constitute the only available housing option for the majority of the urban poor. The analysis of informal urban settlement’s environmental composition, physical modelling and socio-economic and policy analysis have been areas of recent study. However there is limited literature on how the urban poor communities in Zambia manipulate their social, spatial and economic environments to meet their needs. This article seeks to broaden the knowledge base on the way informal urban settlement communities manipulate their urban space. The built environment provides the setting for human interaction and the explanatory theory of Environment-Behaviour Relations provides a suitable analytical framework for the identification of useful parameters for developing future settlement interventions. The study employs a case study method of research to analyse the informal urban settlement settings. Ng’ombe, a peri-urban informal settlement in Lusaka, Zambia is the case study location for this research. Analysis of social, spatial and economic environment at neighbourhood level provides vital information about the informal urban settlement conditions. The study in particular addresses the question of how the social-spatial circumstances of the informal urban population in the developing world influence and defines their built environment. The study shows that systems of settings and system of activities in Ng’ombe offer a suitable analytical framework for studying the settlement characteristics that can guide in formulating strategies for settlement regularisation. Residents devise means of adapting and manipulating their informal urban space to suit their immediate needs and they also devise livelihood coping strategies in the midst of their informal settings. The paper likewise contributes to the growing body of knowledge in urban informality.

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Ligthelm, Andre. "The impact of shopping mall development on small township retailers." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 11, no. 1 (May 7, 2012): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v11i1.376.

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The retail sector forms a critical element of a community’s economic and social welfare. It provides people with choices and services. These choices were until recently very limited in township areas. The pre-1994 retail landscape was dominated by small, often informal businesses offering basic household necessities to relatively low income earners. This has resulted in township residents’ preference to shop outside townships, known as ‘outshopping’. Rapid income growth of township residents since 1994 resulted in a substantial increase in consumer expenditure in these areas, known as ‘in-bound shopping’. This lucrative emerging market forms the last retail frontier in South Africa and is being explored by national retailers, especially supermarket chains. This article is aimed at establishing the impact of shopping mall development in townships on the traditional small township retailers including spaza/tuck shops. The net balance sheet on the impact of shopping mall development on small township retailers clearly suggests a decline in the township retailers’ market share. A change in small business model towards, inter alia, effective customer service with a small dedicated assortment of merchandise, satisfaction of emergency needs, selling in small units and extension of credit facilities may result in the survival of some small township retailers (albeit often at a smaller turnover).

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Livengood, Avery, and Keya Kunte. "Enabling participatory planning with GIS: a case study of settlement mapping in Cuttack, India." Environment and Urbanization 24, no. 1 (April 2012): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247811434360.

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This paper describes the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to map informal settlements in Cuttack, India in ways that enhance and support residents’ participation in the data collection and planning process. Rather than relying on remote sensing to identify informal settlement locations, each settlement is visited individually by a mapping team comprised of community leaders and NGO staff. The mapping team meets with settlement residents to develop a detailed settlement profile and map the settlement boundary using a GPS device. This process has helped to open and sustain a dialogue between the residents of informal settlements and city government around “slum” upgrading, and has influenced the use of a central government fund to support local upgrading plans.

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de Jager, Thelma, and Mashupye Herbert Maserumule. "Innovative Community Projects to Educate Informal Settlement Inhabitants in the Sustainment of the Natural Environment." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 6238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116238.

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Increasing informal settlements are characterised by unplanned land management; lack of housing, sanitation, sufficient water and electricity supplies; overpopulation; high health risks; and growing urban poverty. These informal settlements are mostly occupied by citizens and immigrant families who seek job opportunities in urban areas. To sustain the ecology of the invaded land and provide a liveable informal settlement, education of the inhabitants is essential. Teachers as the implementers of sustainable environment curricula could be valuable in addressing the environmental challenges these informal settlement communities experience by educating children on how to sustain the environment. Data were collected by means of a literature study and an online survey consisting of closed and open-ended questions completed by student teachers (n = 280). Participants’ perceptions, perspectives, and experiences regarding educating informal settlement inhabitants in the sustainment of the environment were significant in answering the research questions. Most of the participants (n = 216) had visited informal settings, 48 were inhabitants, and 16 had never visited an informal settlement. Most of them believed that educating children at an early age and the inclusion of a compulsory subject on the sustainability of the environment were essential. Education can contribute to the sustainment of clean water, food, and the environment. Additionally, interactive community projects such as recycling, waste management, composting, aquaponics to grow plants, and infrared thermal imaging to detect plant diseases could assist informal settlement inhabitants in sustaining the environment.

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Weimann, Amy, and Tolu Oni. "A Systematised Review of the Health Impact of Urban Informal Settlements and Implications for Upgrading Interventions in South Africa, a Rapidly Urbanising Middle-Income Country." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 3608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193608.

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Informal settlements are becoming more entrenched within African cities as the urban population continues to grow. Characterised by poor housing conditions and inadequate services, informal settlements are associated with an increased risk of disease and ill-health. However, little is known about how informal settlement upgrading impacts health over time. A systematised literature review was conducted to explore existing evidence and knowledge gaps on the association between informal settlement characteristics and health and the impact of informal settlement upgrading on health, within South Africa, an upper-middle income African country. Using two databases, Web of Science and PubMed, we identified 46 relevant peer-reviewed articles published since 1998. Findings highlight a growing body of research investigating the ways in which complete physical, mental and social health are influenced by the physical housing structure, the psychosocial home environment and the features of the neighbourhood and community in the context of informal settlements. However, there is a paucity of longitudinal research investigating the temporal impact of informal settlement upgrading or housing improvements on health outcomes of these urban residents. Informal settlements pose health risks particularly to vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and people with suppressed immune systems, and are likely to aggravate gender-related inequalities. Due to the complex interaction between health and factors of the built environment, there is a need for further research utilising a systems approach to generate evidence that investigates the interlinked factors that longitudinally influence health in the context of informal settlement upgrading in rapidly growing cities worldwide.

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Precious Mazhande and Patrick Walter Mamimine. "Developing a Model for Packaging and Popularizing Township Tourism in Zimbabwe." Hospitality & Tourism Review 1, no. 2 (November 15, 2020): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.38157/hospitality-tourism-review.v1i2.217.

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Purpose: There is tremendous potential for vibrant township tourism in Zimbabwe. The country boasts an abundance of township tourism resources such as monuments of colonial history, administrative centers, informal sector activities, co-existence of traditional and modern cuisine, art and craft centers, community markets, iconic personalities and buildings, and others. Despite this rich heritage of tourism resources, township tourism has failed to attract a critical mass of clients to make it viable thereby depriving the country of potential revenue of this form of alternative tourism. Keeping this in mind, the main objective of the study was to develop a model for packaging and popularising township tourism in Zimbabwe. Method: The study adopted a qualitative methodology. Data were collected from Tour operators, residents, and Zimbabwe Tourism Authority through participant observations and in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach. Results: The study revealed key challenges to the growth of township tourism being lack of finance, lack of support from authorities, illegal operators, and limited access to markets, stringent operational laws, and poor understanding of the concept. Furthermore, tour operators and residents were of the view that information should be disseminated through publicity associations, using brochures and travel shows to aid in popularising township tourism. Respondents highlighted the need for educating all stakeholders on township tourism and creating mutual relationships. Implications: Recommendations included stakeholder involvement and tour operators’ in-depth knowledge of iconic tourism resources in the township. It further recommends a strategic partnership with international tour operators offering township tourism.

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Paret, Marcel. "The community strike: From precarity to militant organizing." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 61, no. 2-3 (November 16, 2018): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715218810769.

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How do insecure layers of the working class resist when they lack access to power and organization at the workplace? The community strike represents one possible approach. Whereas traditional workplace strikes target employers and exercise power by withholding labor, community strikes focus on the sphere of reproduction, target the state, and build power through moral appeals and disruptions of public space. Drawing on ethnography and interviews in the impoverished Black townships and informal settlements around Johannesburg, I illustrate this approach by examining widespread local protests in South Africa. Insecurely employed and unemployed residents implemented community strikes by demanding public services, barricading roads and destroying property, and boycotting activities such as work and school. Within these local revolts, community represented both a site of struggle and a collective actor. While community strikes enabled economically insecure groups to mobilize and make demands, they also confronted significant limits, including tensions between protesters and workers.

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Barati, Javad, Sahar Soltani, Simin Froogh-Zadeh, and Farzaneh Razaghian. "The Role of Human Capital Factors on Poverty in Informal Settlement: Informal Settlement of Sheikh-Hasan, Mashhad City, Iran." Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 4 (July 30, 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n4p22.

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This paper investigates the determinants of multi-dimension poverty in informal settlements of Mashhad City. It specially analyzes human capital factors, among factors that influence poverty level. Education, skills, experience and knowledge have important role in promoting income level and in access to sustainable jobs, especially in informal settlements that have lower human capital level than the urban areas other. Mashhad city has most marginal settlements in Iran. Sheikh-Hasan Neighborhood in Mashhad Municipality region 4 has been selected as case study. This study is based on information gathered from household level in 2016 and the ordered logit model is employed to estimate factors influencing urban poverty. Data were obtained from 300 households using the questionnaire Through the Systematic Random technique. Calculation of poverty indexes reveals that nearly 87% of households are below absolute poverty line and 20% of households are below extreme poverty line. Marginal effects show variables of “job stability”, “Ownership”, “Household size” and “Education of household head” have the greatest impact on poverty alleviation. Also, variables of “Education level” and “highest level of education of household members” have positive effect and significant on poverty. Results represent that poverty in informal settlements of Mashhad is strongly linked to factors such as human capital. In addition, with increasing the level of knowledge of household heads and creation of favorable conditions for increasing of the education level of household members can reduce poverty.

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Rezayee, Maqsood, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, and Siti Hajar Misnan. "Approaches to Addressing Informal Settlement Problems: A Case Study of District 13 in Kabul, Afghanistan." Engineering Management Research 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/emr.v9n1p1.

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Afghanistan witnessed rapid urbanization in recent decades due to the post-war recovery process. When the war ended in 2001 with the fall of Taliban regime, most Afghan refugees returned to urban areas of Afghanistan, especially in Kabul. Moreover, the rapid urbanization, migration from rural areas, and population growth impacted Kabul with the manifestation of informal settlement. The residents of informal settlements suffer social and economic exclusion from the benefits and opportunities of an urban environment. Furthermore, the residents of informal settlements experience disadvantages such as geographical marginalization, shortage of basic infrastructure, improper governance framework, vulnerability to the effect of poor environment, and natural disasters. With all the above, the problems of informal settlements are considered enormous challenges for informal residents. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the proper approaches to addressing informal settlement problems in District 13 of Kabul. To reach the aim of the research, the interview and questionnaires survey were used as instrument in data collection. The finding of this paper indicates that through the resident’s preferences, government capacity, and District 13 physical condition, there are three approaches that can be implemented and adopted for improvement of informal settlement in District 13 of Kabul, which is settlement upgrading, the land readjustment, and urban redevelopment.

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Hamidah, Noor, R. Rijanta, Bakti Setiawan, and Muh Aris Marfai. "Physical Analysis of Formal and Informal Integration in Urban Riverside Settlement." MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v33i1.2107.

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The concept of this research toward sustainability development, it focuses on avaibality of human settlement. One of the primary goals in human settlement in a city development. Most of settlement in Indonesia is located close to the river. The main function of river is living orientation, transportation, and settlement. The riverside area is developed to be a city with the rapid urban settlement along a riverside area, such as informal settlement inside formal settlement. The objective of this research is to analyse of the pattern of physical integration between formal and informal settlements in Kahayan Urban Riverside settlement. The research located in Kahayan urban riverside area, it called Kampung Pahandut, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Research method used a mix-used method based on has three phase: prilimanary, field observation, post field observation with 100 samples. The output of research is decriptive model of physical integration of settlement, it can be support settlements in those urban riverside area towards sustainable development.

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Müller, Armin. "Public Services and Informal Profits: Governing Township Health Centres in a Context of Misfit Regulatory Institutions." China Quarterly 237 (December 6, 2018): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741018001376.

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AbstractChina's healthcare system is governed by institutions that are mutually incompatible. Although healthcare providers are supposed to offer affordable curative care services and engage in public health and administrative work, they receive insufficient financial support from the state and rely on generating informal profits and grey income. The “institutional misfit” between this public welfare mandate and medical service providers’ market orientation is particularly pronounced in the case of township health centres (THCs), a generalist type of healthcare provider with a key role in China's healthcare system. Based on fieldwork in four county-level jurisdictions, this study explores how local governments and THCs interact to cope with institutional misfit. It sheds light on a large variety of informal practices pertaining to human resources, healthcare services, drug procurement, health insurance and capital investment. Local governments deliberately neglect regulatory enforcement and collude with THCs to generate informal profits, behaviour which undermines service quality and increases healthcare costs. The study also shows that while the New Healthcare Reform altered the informal and collusive practices, it has failed to harmonize the underlying institutional misfit. To date, we see only a reconfiguration rather than an abandoning of informal practices resulting from recent healthcare reforms.

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Deacon, Gregory. "Pentecostalism and development in Kibera informal settlement, Nairobi." Development in Practice 22, no. 5-6 (August 2012): 663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2012.685874.

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Li, Jonathan, Yu Li, Michael A. Chapman, and Heinz Rüther. "Small Format Digital Imaging for Informal Settlement Mapping." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 71, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.71.4.435.

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STEVENS, L., and S. RULE. "MOVING TO AN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT: THE GAUTENG EXPERIENCE." South African Geographical Journal 81, no. 3 (September 1999): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.1999.9713670.

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Kurniawati, W., S. P. Dewi, and T. Z. Islamey. "Typology of workplaces in the informal settlement Semarang." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 780, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/780/1/012037.

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Kweya, Munala Gerryshom, Mugwima B.N., Omotto J., and Rosana, E. "Managing Human Waste in Informal Settlements: Bio-centres in Kibera Informal Settlement, Kenya." Sociology and Anthropology 4, no. 11 (November 2016): 966–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/sa.2016.041103.

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Hamidah, Noor, R. Rijanta, Bakti Setiawan, and Muh Aris Marfai. "ANALISIS FORMAL DAN INFORMAL FISIK PERMUKIMAN TEPIAN SUNGAI KAHAYAN KOTA PALANGKA RAYA." TATALOKA 19, no. 3 (August 29, 2017): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.19.3.206-217.

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Most of the settlement in Indonesia are located along big river. Kampung Pahandut is one of riverside settlement, thatis to observe in this research. Kampung Pahandut is a first settlement before growth to urban area. Kampung Pahandut is a source of life and ease to access of transport between regions. Research of settlement integration is one of alternative to solve of settlement problem in Indonesia. Settlement consist of: (1) nature; (2) shell/house; (3) network; (4) man; and (5) community. This research only focus on analysis of physical integration (1) nature; (2) shell/house; and (3) network especially natural settlement with the unique of riverside architecture. The objective of this research was to explore the pattern of settlements as an adaptation to the physical environment riverside area and to analyses the physical, economic and social apart of integration of urban riverside settlement. Research method used a combination (mix-used method) based on field observation and quesioner with 50 sample representated on one villages of Pahandut. The results showed there are threevariables that affect to riverside settlement, namely: (1) nature; (2) settlement; and (3) network.. The three variable of the settlement pattern support settlements in those areas riverside towards sustainable development through to riverside area.

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Christopher Ledor, Deeyah, Ohochuku Chinwennwo P, and Eke Stanley N. "Determinants of household residential location choice among informal settlers in Port Harcourt." MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences 6, no. 3 (June 24, 2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2021.06.00222.

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Informal settlements, sometimes called slums, are sites of significant environmental risk in developing cities. Despite its environmental challenges, residents prefer to live in informal settlements rather than planned allocated plots. This paper assesses the determinants of households’ residential location decision in an informal settlement in Port Harcourt in order to gain understanding on what makes individuals consider a particular location in an informal settlement. The study employs a case study approach and uses both indepth face-to-face interviews and structured questionnaires on waterfront households using Cluster sampling to group the settlements into seven (7) zones based on their location in order to capture information on residential location choice decisions of respondents in the informal settlements. In each settlement, we interviewed two households, thereafter questionnaires were administered on 55 respondents’ household by trained graduate students who worked as enumerators. In all a total of 14 interviews were conducted and 385 questionnaires administered. Out of the 385 questionnaires administered, 315 were completed and returned. The results of the survey corroborated by an indebth interview revealed that the growing informality are not limited to income level, but household uses social networks (living close to family or friends), livelihood opportunities, proximity to work, and commuting cost to find accommodation, land for building and support for everyday life in an informal settlement.

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Amado, Miguel, Francesca Poggi, Adriana Martins, Nuno Vieira, and Antonio Amado. "Transforming Cape Vert Informal Settlements." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 23, 2018): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072571.

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The lack of land ownership databases in developing countries has influenced inhabitants of these countries to occupy public lands. This situation has resulted in areas of informal housing, commerce, and agriculture, ultimately creating new informal settlements, which are becoming a serious problem in developing countries. These informal settlements contain inhabitants settled on public land without any infrastructure and against the landowner’s wishes. This process results in uncontrolled land occupation that promotes new informal areas without any proper urban utilities, positioned in risky areas, where the minimum requirements for healthy living are not being met. In some cases, this incentivizes an informal economy. Building a cadastral map in informal settlement areas is fundamental to supporting the future transformation of illegal areas, and in regulating the occupation of new subdivisions and new expansion areas. In this paper, we present a methodology developed to support the management of informal settlement areas. The method we used has the potential for replication so that it can be adapted to multiple types of informal settlements, as can the model used to register the land tenure. The model was developed using a series of qualitative and quantitative data that determine the identification and classification of buildings, along with a physical and functional description. A Geographic Information System, an initial survey of existing land titles of possession, and public proposals to develop new expansion areas were used to develop the model. A case study is presented where the land management model was implemented in Chã da Caldeiras in Ilha do Fogo, which is an informal settlement in Cape Verde. The proposal created using the results was accepted by the population and local authorities.

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Arnall, Alexander, Jose Furtado, Jaboury Ghazoul, and Cobus de Swardt. "Perceptions of informal safety nets: A case study from a South African informal settlement." Development Southern Africa 21, no. 3 (September 2004): 443–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835042000265432.

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Tewolde, Amanuel Isak. "Reframing Xenophobia in South Africa as Colour-Blind: The Limits of the Afro Phobia Thesis." Migration Letters 17, no. 3 (May 8, 2020): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i3.789.

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Many scholars and South African politicians characterize the widespread anti-foreigner sentiment and violence in South Africa as dislike against migrants and refugees of African origin which they named ‘Afro-phobia’. Drawing on online newspaper reports and academic sources, this paper rejects the Afro-phobia thesis and argues that other non-African migrants such as Asians (Pakistanis, Indians, Bangladeshis and Chinese) are also on the receiving end of xenophobia in post-apartheid South Africa. I contend that any ‘outsider’ (White, Asian or Black African) who lives and trades in South African townships and informal settlements is scapegoated and attacked. I term this phenomenon ‘colour-blind xenophobia’. By proposing this analytical framework and integrating two theoretical perspectives — proximity-based ‘Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)’ and Neocosmos’ exclusivist citizenship model — I contend that xenophobia in South Africa targets those who are in close proximity to disadvantaged Black South Africans and who are deemed outsiders (e.g., Asian, African even White residents and traders) and reject arguments that describe xenophobia in South Africa as targeting Black African refugees and migrants.

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Abbott, John. "A method-based planning framework for informal settlement upgrading." Habitat International 26, no. 3 (September 2002): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-3975(01)00050-9.

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Geyer, N., S. Mmuwe-Hlahane, R. G. Shongwe-Magongo, and E. Uys. "Contributing to the ICNPR: validating the term 'informal settlement'." International Nursing Review 52, no. 4 (December 2005): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2005.00423.x.

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Marais, Lochner, and Skip Krige. "The upgrading of freedom square informal settlement in Bloemfontein." Urban Forum 8, no. 2 (June 1997): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03036768.

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Guevara Arce, Sara, Chloe Jeanneret, John Gales, Danielle Antonellis, and Sandra Vaiciulyte. "Human behaviour in informal settlement fires in Costa Rica." Safety Science 142 (October 2021): 105384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105384.

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Muller, Anna, and Edith Mbanga. "Participatory enumerations at the national level in Namibia: the Community Land Information Programme (CLIP)." Environment and Urbanization 24, no. 1 (April 2012): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247811435891.

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This paper describes how the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia developed the capacity to undertake enumerations and mapping of informal settlements and, with support from the national government and a local NGO, developed the Community Land Information Programme. Through this initiative, the federation has profiled and mapped all of the informal settlements in Namibia, covering more than 500,000 people without secure land tenure and setting a significant precedent in terms of the ability of the federation to work at scale. For each settlement, a profile was developed by the residents that stimulated discussions of their priorities and also discussions with government. In the second phase, the residents of informal settlements were supported to undertake more detailed enumerations and mapping to identify development priorities and provide the information needed for development initiatives. The paper describes how this was done in a case study of an informal settlement in Swakopmund municipality and ends with a discussion of what has been learned, especially with regard to keeping the process rooted in the concerns and priorities of the residents of each settlement.

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Du, Juan, and Stefan Greiving. "Reclaiming On-Site Upgrading as a Viable Resilience Strategy-Viabilities and Scenarios through the Lens of Disaster-Prone Informal Settlements in Metro Manila." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 10600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410600.

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The Philippines is argued as the only Southeast Asian country where informal settlers’ communities have been self-organized and produced discernible impacts on the country’s urban policies. As one of the high risk countries, fifty percent of the country’s informal settlements are located in danger and disaster-prone areas. However, informal settlement upgrading has not reached its significance in disaster mitigation and community resilience building. At the national level, on-site upgrading is not established in disaster risk management or climate change adaptation strategies, which explains the lack of strategic approaches for local implementation. Metro Manila serves as a suitable backdrop in this sense to study informal settlement upgrading under the condition of high risk and rapid urbanization with a high civil society engagement. This study investigates the underlined reasons why upgrading strategically falls short in addressing disaster mitigation and community resilience building. Theoretically, it questions what on-site upgrading is about. Empirically, two hazard-prone informal settlement communities within Metro Manila are examined with their different risk profiles, community development needs and resilience priorities. The core issues of upgrading are, therefore, differentiated at the settlement level with communities’ innate socio-economic and eco-spatial features over time. Meanwhile, the paper heightens the necessity of tackling on-site upgrading at the settlement level and articulating settlements’ spatial correlations with the city development, so as to sustain upgrading outcomes. In addition, this study attempts at setting up a range of scenarios conditioned with COVID pandemic fallout. It endeavors to provide another facet of how to deal with adaptation and resilience. This includes the urgent strategy shift in the housing sector and its financial sustainability, innovative mechanisms to manage uncertainty and risks, lessons for post-COVID planning, etc.

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Shafqat, Ramisa, Dora Marinova, and Shahed Khan. "Placemaking in Informal Settlements: The Case of France Colony, Islamabad, Pakistan." Urban Science 5, no. 2 (June 20, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5020049.

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This paper provides an alternative perspective on urban informal settlements by analysing them as places of rural remnants, reservoirs of regional cultural heritage, and spaces entailing traditional sustainable elements that are brought to the urban realm by rural migrants. These socio-cultural and spatial attributes of a settlement converge under the notion of a “place.” Placemaking analysis is thus contended to be appropriate for comprehensive understanding of an informal settlement. The selected case study of France Colony, Islamabad, employs the placemaking methodology framework to investigate sustainability values and practices from the day-to-day living of its inhabitants. Data collected through on-site interviews during transect walks in France Colony are then translated into four maps as a spatio-cultural documentation of the sustainable elements found in the informal settlement. The four maps relate to form and users, activities and amenities, image and characteristics, and access and linkages. This systematic analysis assisted in categorising the sustainability characteristics of the informal settlements according to the three pillars (social, economic, and environmental) of sustainability. The findings show that the organic placemaking, originating from everyday life, values, behaviour, and lifestyle of the informal dwellers, allows for a strong and vibrant resilient community to emerge.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Township and Informal settlement'

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