Relevant bibliographies by topics / Township market

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Township market'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Township market"

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Ligthelm, Andre. "The impact of shopping mall development on small township retailers." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 11, no. 1 (May 7, 2012): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v11i1.376.

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The retail sector forms a critical element of a community’s economic and social welfare. It provides people with choices and services. These choices were until recently very limited in township areas. The pre-1994 retail landscape was dominated by small, often informal businesses offering basic household necessities to relatively low income earners. This has resulted in township residents’ preference to shop outside townships, known as ‘outshopping’. Rapid income growth of township residents since 1994 resulted in a substantial increase in consumer expenditure in these areas, known as ‘in-bound shopping’. This lucrative emerging market forms the last retail frontier in South Africa and is being explored by national retailers, especially supermarket chains. This article is aimed at establishing the impact of shopping mall development in townships on the traditional small township retailers including spaza/tuck shops. The net balance sheet on the impact of shopping mall development on small township retailers clearly suggests a decline in the township retailers’ market share. A change in small business model towards, inter alia, effective customer service with a small dedicated assortment of merchandise, satisfaction of emergency needs, selling in small units and extension of credit facilities may result in the survival of some small township retailers (albeit often at a smaller turnover).
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Strydom, J. W. "The relationship between key demographic profile descriptors and the propensity for inshopping and outshopping by Sowetan residents." Southern African Business Review 18, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 122–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/5648.

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Soweto was one of the largest disadvantaged townships in South Africa, and a unique pattern of outshopping originated due to the lack of retail investment and development in the area. After 1994, Soweto as a township benefited more than any other South African township through retail development, resulting in a major shift in shopping patterns towards buying inside the township (inshopping). This change in shopping pattern provides the focus of the research problem, namely to understand the changes in buying behaviour and certain retail patronage practices of Sowetan residents. The main aim of the study was to investigate, firstly, the profile of inshoppers and outshoppers and, secondly, to examine the relationship between certain profile components (education, income, car ownership and duration of residency) and (i) inshopping, and (ii) outshopping propensity as examples of changes in retail patronage in the Soweto township. In this study, a descriptive research design was used. A disproportionate stratified sample of Soweto households was selected and interviewed, consisting of 690 households spread over 11 sub-areas of Soweto. There is a marked difference between the profiles of in- and outshoppers living in Soweto in terms of income and educational levels, car ownership and duration of residency in the area. The value and contribution of the study lies in the fact that some of these findings correlate with findings in other countries of the world; however, there are also a number of major differences in the profiles. South African investors and retailers should take cognisance of these differences and adapt their retail strategies accordingly in their efforts to market successfully in the Soweto market.
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Downs, Shauna M., Sara Glass, Kay Khine Linn, and Jessica Fanzo. "The interface between consumers and their food environment in Myanmar: an exploratory mixed-methods study." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 06 (December 18, 2018): 1075–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018003427.

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AbstractObjectiveTo examine consumers’ perceptions of their food environments, their food consumption patterns and preferences, and to better understand the attributes of foods that are available within food environments in Myanmar.DesignAn exploratory mixed-methods study using a combination of focus group discussions, market and consumer surveys.SettingFour study settings in Myanmar were included: an upper-income township of Yangon; a lower-income township of Yangon; a middle-income township in the southern Myanmar town of Dawei; and a lower-income village in the country’s dry zone of Magway.ParticipantsThirty-two women participated in the focus groups discussions, twenty market surveys were conducted and 362 consumers (both men and women) completed food consumption surveys.ResultsFocus group participants indicated that the availability of a diverse range of foods had increased over time, while the quality of foods had decreased. Health was seen primarily through the lens of food safety and there was an overall lack of knowledge about which foods were more or less healthy. Consumers preferred fruits, vegetables and red meat compared with highly processed snack foods/beverages. Although consumers reported low intakes of highly processed snack foods, Burmese street food was consumed in high quantities. The market surveys suggested that fresh, minimally processed and highly processed foods were available at all markets across the study settings.ConclusionsConsumers are exposed to a variety of foods, of varying quality, within their food environments in Myanmar. Interventions aimed at increasing consumer knowledge regarding healthy diets and improving food safety are needed.
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Mkansi, Marcia, Sander de Leeuw, and Olatoye Amosun. "Mobile application supported urban-township e-grocery distribution." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 50, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 26–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-10-2018-0358.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a mobile application supported townshipand urban e-grocery distribution models that uses a software application (app) to bridge the infrastructural barriers, costs and complexities associated with e-grocery delivery operations in rural township areas. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative multi-case approach and semi-structured interviews, the study explored distribution practices of eight national emerging e-grocery retail businesses to demonstrate how mobile applications can facilitate South African urban and township e-grocery delivery models. Findings The study reveals how the need to scale the use of new mobile application innovations fuels value-added services that power new e-grocery distribution models. Of interest is how the application aggregates demand rapidly, respond to demand within a short lead time and how e-grocers use competitors’ stores as their fulfilment centres. The use of apps reveals a slow transformation of society towards an inclusive model that integrates different types of workers in an informal context. Practical implications The mobile application value-added service business model offers a new wave of scaling e-grocery retail to rural and township areas constrained by technological, economic and road infrastructure. The apps transcend e-grocery barriers and enables small businesses with limited resources to leverage e-grocery market opportunities that are unimaginable in townships and rural areas. Originality/value The innovative mobile platform-base model offers emerging contextual insight of a pull e-grocery distribution model that demonstrates the supply chain innovations for addressing under-resource and under-developed logistics infrastructure.
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Zhou, Xueguang, and Yun Ai. "Capitalism without Capital: Capital Conversion and Market Making in Rural China." China Quarterly 219 (August 22, 2014): 693–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014000757.

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AbstractSituated in an agricultural township in northern China, this study examines the rise of produce markets in rural China in the face of a chronic shortage of financial capital. Drawing on theoretical ideas in economic sociology, we explicate the mechanisms of gift exchange and credit taking and the conditions under which these mechanisms are used to mobilize financial capital and to facilitate market transactions in the absence of financial capital. We illustrate these issues and ideas using our fieldwork research on different produce markets and entrepreneurial activities.
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Fang, Cai, and Du Zhixiong. "Township and Village Employment in China Informal but Market-oriented." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 7, no. 2 (April 2001): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2001.7.2.147.

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Lebusa, Malefane Johannes. "The prospects of making small retail outlets in the Townships aggressively competitive." Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v6i1.34.

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<p>Historically, township Small Retail Outlets were mostly established for survival and operated under a generally closed market system where the competition was not very strong. However, with the advent of democracy many people lost their formal income through retrenchments and out of desperation, many of these people opened Small Retail Outlets thus most of the existing and new entrants into the township market were unskilled or semiskilled labourers with little or no formal skills in business or entrepreneurship. Such efforts were rarely guided by any specific and informed strategy of identifying and exploiting a gap in the market. With the consolidation of the free market system under democracy, big brand businesses such as Shoprite Checkers and Small Retail Outlets of foreign nationals with different strategies entered and competed in this township market. With fewer formal skills in business and entrepreneurship, the owners of the Small Retail Outlets struggled to compete and thrive under these relatively new economic conditions. Given this situation, I conducted semi-structured interviews with fifteen of these traditional Small Retail Outlets to find out and better understand the challenges they face and the skills that might be needed to aggressively compete in this space. Based on these findings and understandings, I further examined these issues and suggest infusions of specific entrepreneurship skills that could develop their aggressive competitiveness.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> entrepreneurship, competitiveness, small retail outlets, shopping complexes, innovation</p>
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Mahlangu, Sandile Alexandra, Abenet Belete, Jan J. Hlongwane, Usapfa Luvhengo, and Ndumiso Mazibuko. "Identifying Potential Markets for African Leafy Vegetables: Case Study of Farming Households in Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (December 8, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8819295.

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Indigenous crops, through their high nutritional value and hardy attributes, offer potential trade opportunities for rural farmers. There is a niche market that can be explored for these indigenous crops particularly with the growing demand for high nutritional value food in the country. These crops are mostly produced by rural households or gathered from the wild by rural farmers. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify potential markets for African leafy vegetables (ALVs) by farmers in Limpopo Province. Sixty households producing ALVs were selected with the composition of 54 women and six men, with this selection done using a purposive sampling procedure. Of the total production, 50–60% of the produce was sold in the informal market. It was evident that local rural markets constituted a greater portion of the total market at 73% and 20% allocated to hawkers in town. As a result, urban and periurban consumers present potential buyers since these areas are populated with the middle-class population which is susceptible to changing consumption trends. Because of this potential, supermarkets and township hawkers are proposed as the potential channel for ALVs targeting the identified population. Thus, it is suggested that, in order to create a synergy between economic improvement of rural farmers and trending consumer demands, the Department of Agriculture in Limpopo Province creates a conducive environment through which ALV farmers can be connected with supermarkets and township marketers.
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Zhou, Xueguang. "The Autumn Harvest: Peasants and Markets in Post-Collective Rural China." China Quarterly 208 (December 2011): 913–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741011001068.

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AbstractFor the peasants in rural China, the harvest season is the occasion when several different worlds – the business world of large companies, the entrepreneurial world of middlemen, local elites and peasant households – are compressed into the same social space, thereby inducing intensive economic and social interactions and crystallizing social relations among villagers, local elites and markets. Based on ethnographic research on the autumn harvest in a township in northern China, this study sheds light on distinctive modes of market transactions across produces, and diverse interactions between markets and local institutions involving different co-ordination mechanisms, rhythms and social relationships. A more nuanced image of market transactions emerges from these observations, calling for a more refined conceptualization of markets and further research on their implications for institutional changes.
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Hikam, Abdifatah, and Robertson K. Tengeh. "Drivers of the perceived differences between Somali and native entrepreneurs in South African townships." Environmental Economics 7, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(4-1).2016.02.

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Using a triangulation of three research methods led by an exploratory intent, the investigation was lodged into the informal businesses conducted by the Somali and native South Africans in a local township; its pervading intention to seek out similarities or differences between both groups. The survey questionnaire, personal interview and focus group discussions were the preferred data collection tools. Unsurprisingly perhaps, the results suggest that there are more differences between both groups than there are similarities. While the areas of similarities included issues confronting all businesses in the township such as legislation and crime, the authors believe that the differences contribute to the perceived competitive advantage accorded Somalis, hence, the tension between both groups. On the one hand, the inter-group differences that worked in favor of Somalis included the fact that because of the factors influencing their displacement, their need to succeed was exaggerated from the onset: they prove to be younger, more motivated, harder working, co-operative and charge less – the combination gives them an undeniable competitive edge. On the other hand, the natives have the following factors in their favor: they pay less rental or none, are more educated, depict a higher level of business training, as well as prior business experience. Though the anecdoctal evidence does not guarantee an accurate prediction of who has the competitive advantage, it, nonetheless, supports the view that labor market discrimination and the fueled desire to survive gives immigrants the motivation to succeed in entrepreneurial ventures in the host country. Keywords: immigrant entrepreneurs, informal trading, South African townships and xenophobia. JEL Classification: M1
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Township market"

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Zhang, Li. "Market orientation of Chinese township and village enterprises." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0017/MQ55732.pdf.

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Oakenfull, Catherine. "An investigation into brand loyalty, and the case for house brands in the emergent township market." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5814.

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Venter, Raymano. "The evaluation of service delivery in the fast growing black diamond market / R. Venter." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4595.

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The black middle–class market segment also known as the black diamond market segment has shown immense growth in SA. It currently consists of approximately 3 million black middle–class South Africans with a buying power of approximately R200 billion. Despite the immense size and spending power of black diamonds, combined with its rapid growth over the past 15 years and expected future growth, little research has been conducted on this market segment. The rapid market growth of the black diamond market segment has lead to an immense rise in the demand for middle–income houses. This has caused a shortage of middleincome houses, and government and real estate developers have been unable to supply housing in this bracket to meet this ever increasing demand. The study examines this missing middle between supply and demand for the black diamond market in Tlokwe municipal region in order to provide the Tlokwe Municipality, real estate developers, construction companies, town planners, real estate agencies and the Tlokwe Department of Housing with sufficient information to address this challenge in Tlokwe municipal region. The study was conducted by way of a literature review and empirical study. For the empirical study, the information was obtained through two questionnaires. One questionnaire was compiled for black diamond respondents and one for real estate developers and estate agents in the Tlokwe municipal region. The study found that there is a gap between the supply side and demand side of middleincome housing (houses within the R50 000 to R550 000 price range) in the Tlokwe municipal region, and that there is a high demand for such houses. It was also found that there is a tendency for black diamonds to relocate from the townships to the suburbs. The major reasons for this movement were identified as family and the lack of availability of middle–income houses in the townships. It was also found that the black diamond respondents have a tendency to spend their money on bad debt (debt on expenses) instead of good debt (debt on assets), and are inclined to save rather than spend. Furthermore, as evident from the number of respondents with clothing accounts and cellphone contracts, it was confirmed that black diamonds are status driven, as suggested in the literature.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Watts, Sylvia. "The small market town in the large multi-township parish : Shifnal, Wellington, Wem and Whitchurch c.1535-c.1660." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282451.

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Muhoro, Gloria Nyawira. "Towards innovative approaches for affordable housing in the gap market : a case study of Khayelitsha Township in Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19889.

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Post-apartheid South Africa has been criticized for failing to satisfactorily achieve its election promise of redistribution and poverty alleviation. While success has been noted in the provision of affordable housing and subsequently home ownership for lower income households, housing demand continue to far outstrip delivery capacity. Those excluded from homeownership include key public sector workers and laborers who face common, but divergent constraints. They are either too rich to qualify for housing subsidy, or too poor to afford homes in the prime market. They constitute the 'gap market'. Utilizing qualitative data from in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with banks, property developers, government and residents in Khayelitsha (a state-subsidized housing settlement in the city of Cape Town), this thesis sought to understand the current challenges faced by the housing market in addressing the needs of the gap market in Cape Town, South Africa. The research identifies the major impediments to meeting the current housing demand in urban South Africa and points to new policy directions that could address the housing gap. Key findings indicate that the major obstacles to home ownership in the gap market include affordability constraints, over-indebtedness, poor credit ratings, and inadequate supply for this income bracket. While these obstacles show little indication of abating, this research's findings and recommendations suggest new pathways for formulating new housing policies that address the housing backlog in the gap market. This also suggests that government policies are critical in developing a healthy and inclusive housing market.
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Dubihlela, Dorah. "Socio-economic challenges and the survival mechanisms for the female-headed households in the Bophelong Township / Dorah Dubihlela." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7175.

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This dissertation studies the socio-economic challenges and the survival mechanisms of female-headed households in Bophelong Township. The study focuses on three areas namely, female-headed households, their socio-economic challenges and survival strategies. The study followed a literature survey first, then an empirical study. The literature study was undertaken to provide a theoretical framework for the empirical work. The survey process was undertaken in two phases. In the first phase, a sample survey of the whole area of Bophelong was undertaken. This was the sample from which female-headed households were identified. In the second phase, a household survey on the female-headed households serving the purpose of this study was undertaken. The method used in the measure of poverty is the Household Subsistence Level (HSL). The HSL measures the minimum amount needed by a household to maintain subsistence. It takes account of the sex and ages of household members. According to the study outcome, poverty levels amongst female-headed households in Bophelong are high. About 77% of sampled female-headed households in Bophelong were poor. The poverty gap index in these households was 0.53; meaning that on average poor households needs 53% of their income to reach their poverty line. High unemployment rate has been found to be prevalent amongst female-headed households in Bophelong, where the rate of 65% was recorded. This high unemployment rate was possibly the cause of poverty in these households together with low educational qualifications among households members; only 2% were found to have a post graduate qualification. Female-headed households in Bophelong township are engaged in a daily struggling to survive. These households have devised various means for survival. These include the search for wild fruits in the nearby areas, immigration to another region and the benefit of school feeding schemes. When it comes to the sources of household income, government grants were found to play an important role in the sustenance of these households. The average household income was calculated at R1760 per month. The average dependency ratio, which measures the number of unemployed who depend on one income earner, was 5.5. Finally, the investigation recommends a more detailed and deeper study relating to the socio-economic challenges faced by the female-headed households. There is also a need to explore on their survival means so as to direct policy actions aimed at addressing socio-economic issues relating to female-headed households in general.
Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011
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Masoka, Mbuiswa. "The role of education and training in job creation and poverty alleviation in the Sicelo township of Midvaal municipality / Mbuiswa Masoka." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2454.

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Humavindu, Michael N. "Essays on the Namibian Economy." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1815.

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Motau, Mxolisi. "Information asymmetry as an impediment to market liquidity in township residential property markets." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23657.

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Housing is currently a topical issue in South Africa which has a housing backlog estimated to exceed 2,5 million households. Banks are a critical component of the housing value chain. They have been struggling to facilitate the reduction of the backlog, citing a lack of market liquidity of townships relative to the suburbs as a primary reason for the failure to reduce the backlog. The aim of this research study is to determine the extent to which information asymmetry is a factor in the liquidity of the township property market, with a view to understanding the impediments to liquidity in the township real estate market, and make recommendations for parsimonious interventions. Quantitative analysis was performed by examining data obtained on Estate Agents, Properties Registered and Demographics. Descriptive statistics were employed to understand the structure of the market. Thereafter factor analysis was used to identify relationships and narrow the number of variables for further exploration. Finally, multiple regression was applied in order to understand how the variables identified interacted with one another. The findings revealed that estate agents and the type of housing product had a direct impact on market liquidity. Market liquidity in the township market could be improved by making practical and parsimonious interventions centred on the estate agents, and property developers.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
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Lin, Jia-Jun, and 林佳君. "Economic Active in Township Night Market-Case Studying of Zhuhu Night Market Kaohsiung,Taiwan." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24564112358016531610.

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Books on the topic "Township market"

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Village, market, and well-being in a rural Chinese township. New York: Routledge, 2002.

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Watts, Sylvia. The small market town in the large multi-township parish: Shifnal, Wellington, Wem and Whitchurch c.1535-c.1660. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton, 1995.

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Coolen, John. Nolalu Cemetery: Grave marker transcriptions, OGS #4993, Thunder Bay District, Lybster Township, Ontario. Thunder Bay, Ont: Ontario Genealogical Scociety, Thunder Bay Branch, 2009.

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Coolen, John. O'Connor Municipal Cemetery: Grave marker transcriptions OGS # 4202, O'Connor Township, Thunder Bay District, Ontario. Thunder Bay, ON: Ontario Genealogical Society, Thunder Bay Branch, 2010.

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Coolen, John. Salem Lutheran Church Cemetery: Pass Lake, Thunder Bay District, Sibley Township, Ontario : grave marker transcriptions. Thunder Bay, Ont: Ontario Genealogical Society, Thunder Bay Branch, 2009.

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Parker, James Baldwin. "The third marked tree"-- paths through the wilderness: John Williams of Webster township and his descendants. Whitmore Lake, Mich: James B. Parker, 2009.

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Parker, James Baldwin. "The third marked tree"-- paths through the wilderness: John Williams of Webster township and his descendants. Whitmore Lake, Mich: James B. Parker, 2009.

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Parker, James Baldwin. "The third marked tree"-- paths through the wilderness: John Williams of Webster township and his descendants. Whitmore Lake, Mich: James B. Parker, 2009.

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Coolen, John. Trinity Lutheran Cemetery: Moose Hill, Scoble Township, now Neebing Municipality, Thunder Bay District, Ontario : grave marker transcriptions. Thunder Bay, Ont: Ontario Genealogical Society, Thunder Bay Branch, 2009.

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Coolen, John. St. James Anglican Church Cemetery (Murillo): Grave marker transcriptions, OGS #5957, Murillo, Oliver Township, Thunder Bay District, Ontario. Thunder Bay, ON: Ontario Genealogical Society, Thunder Bay Branch, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Township market"

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Wilson, Luke. "Risk and Opportunities in the Indian Real Estate Market." In The Towers of New Capital: Mega Townships in India, 84–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137586261_10.

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Perkins, Tamara. "One Township, Twenty-Three Villages." In Village, Market and Well-Being in a Rural Chinese Township, 41–63. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315811062-3.

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"THREE. A New Township and an Expanding Market, 1866 – 1899." In Cranbury, 74–108. Rutgers University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36019/9780813553580-004.

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Perkins, Tamara. "Jinghai County and Ganglong Township in Historical and Regional Perspective." In Village, Market and Well-Being in a Rural Chinese Township, 17–39. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315811062-2.

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Perkins, Tamara. "Introduction: Differential Development among Twenty-three Villages." In Village, Market and Well-Being in a Rural Chinese Township, 3–15. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315811062-1.

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Perkins, Tamara. "Outlining Well-Being in Ganglong, 1994–1995." In Village, Market and Well-Being in a Rural Chinese Township, 65–106. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315811062-4.

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Perkins, Tamara. "Household-Village Links and the Other Seventeen Ganglong Villages." In Village, Market and Well-Being in a Rural Chinese Township, 107–19. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315811062-5.

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Perkins, Tamara. "Back to the Future: Village Well-Being in the 1990s." In Village, Market and Well-Being in a Rural Chinese Township, 121–50. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315811062-6.

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Perkins, Tamara. "Conclusion." In Village, Market and Well-Being in a Rural Chinese Township, 151–57. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315811062-7.

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Qian, Yingyi. "Institutional Environment, Community Government, and Corporate Governance: Understanding China’s Township-Village Enterprises." In How Reform Worked in China. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262534246.003.0005.

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We study China’s township-village enterprises (TVEs) from an organizational perspective with a focus on governance. Unlike most previous studies, we interpret the firm boundaries of TVEs at the community level rather than the enterprise level. From this perspective, we analyze the central role that community governments play in TVE governance as an organizational response to the imperfect institutional environment of both state and market. Specifically, we show that the community government’s involvement in TVEs helps overcome the problems of state predation and under-financing of private enterprises. We also explain why TVE governance leads to harder budget constraints than state-owned enterprises.
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Conference papers on the topic "Township market"

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"Research on the Sales Mode of Township Home Appliances Market under the Background of New Retail---Take Suning Retail Cloud Store as an Example." In 2020 International Conference on Big Data Application & Economic Management. Francis Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/icbdem.2020.027.

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Li, Yanqun, Hong Geng, and Erpeng Shi. "Response Path Adapted to the Unbalanced Shrinkage of Small Towns in Metropolitan Areas." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/aeut4486.

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Along with the global wave of urbanization, urban agglomerations with megacities as the core have become the main form of urbanization in various countries. The polarization effect around the metropolis leads to the centripetal flow of capital, labour, land and other resource elements in the surrounding small towns, which causes the shrinkage of small towns in the metropolis, such as population reduction, economic recession, idle housing and dilapidated space. The shrinkage of small towns in the metropolis has become a global issue. However, as an important spatial unit in the spectrum of urbanization that serves, connects and couples urban and rural areas, the shrinking phenomenon faced by small towns has an important influence on the healthy development of urbanization. Exploring the development path of adaptive shrinkage for small towns has become an important part of the healthy urbanization of metropolises. Based on the public data of population, land and economy in Wuhan, China from 2004 to 2014, this paper uses GIS and other spatial analysis technologies to comprehensively measure the relevant characteristics of the shrinkage of small towns. The results showed that the small towns in Wuhan are in the form of "unbalanced shrinkage" under a local growth. And the towns present a spatial pattern of "circle increasing shrinkage" around the boundary of main downtown. With a further exploration of the formation mechanism of "unbalanced shrinkage", it is found that this shrinkage pattern is caused by a combination function of various factors, such as downtown deprivation in the policies supply, centripetal delivery of social capital and reconstruction of regional division of labour network. Based on this, this paper tries to propose some response paths for small towns in metropolitan areas to adapt to the "unbalanced shrinkage". First of all, the small towns should integrate into the regional differential development pattern and strive for the institutional dividend. Secondly, the small towns should promote an industrial transformation, and then attract the market release of social capital. Thirdly, the small towns should improve the living environment and promote intensive use of land. Through these paths, we can stabilize the three-level structure system of “urban-township-village”, and ensure the healthy urbanization of metropolitan areas.
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Schneider, Jerry, Jeffrey Wagner, and Judy Connell. "Restoring Public Trust While Tearing Down Site in Rural Ohio." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7319.

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In the mid-1980s, the impact of three decades of uranium processing near rural Fernald, Ohio, 18 miles northwest of Cincinnati, became the centre of national public controversy. When a series of incidents at the uranium foundry brought to light the years of contamination to the environment and surrounding farmland communities, local citizens’ groups united and demanded a role in determining the plans for cleaning up the site. One citizens’ group, Fernald Residents for Environmental Safety and Health (FRESH), formed in 1984 following reports that nearly 300 pounds of enriched uranium oxide had been released from a dust-collector system, and three off-property wells south of the site were contaminated with uranium. For 22 years, FRESH monitored activities at Fernald and participated in the decision-making process with management and regulators. The job of FRESH ended on 19 January this year when the U.S. Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Stephen Johnson — flanked by local, state, and national elected officials, and citizen-led environmental watchdog groups including FRESH — officially declared the Fernald Site clean of all nuclear contamination and open to public access. It marked the end of a remarkable turnaround in public confidence and trust that had attracted critical reports from around the world: the Cincinnati Enquirer; U.S. national news programs 60 Minutes, 20/20, Nightline, and 48 Hours; worldwide media outlets from the British Broadcasting Company and Canadian Broadcasting Company; Japanese newspapers; and German reporters. When personnel from Fluor arrived in 1992, the management team thought it understood the issues and concerns of each stakeholder group, and was determined to implement the decommissioning scope of work aggressively, confident that stakeholders would agree with its plans. This approach resulted in strained relationships with opinion leaders during the early months of Fluor’s contract. To forge better relationships, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) who owns the site, and Fluor embarked on three new strategies based on engaging citizens and interested stakeholder groups in the decision-making process. The first strategy was opening communication channels with site leadership, technical staff, and regulators. This strategy combined a strong public-information program with two-way communications between management and the community, soliciting and encouraging stakeholder participation early in the decision-making process. Fluor’s public-participation strategy exceeded the “check-the-box” approach common within the nuclear-weapons complex, and set a national standard that stands alone today. The second stakeholder-engagement strategy sprang from mending fences with the regulators and the community. The approach for dispositioning low-level waste was a 25-year plan to ship it off the site. Working with stakeholders, DOE and Fluor were able to convince the community to accept a plan to safely store waste permanently on site, which would save 15 years of cleanup and millions of dollars in cost. The third strategy addressed the potentially long delays in finalizing remedial action plans due to formal public comment periods and State and Federal regulatory approvals. Working closely with the U.S. and Ohio Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA) and other stakeholders, DOE and Fluor were able to secure approvals of five Records of Decision on time – a first for the DOE complex. Developing open and honest relationships with union leaders, the workforce, regulators and community groups played a major role in DOE and Fluor cleaning up and closing the site. Using lessons learned at Fernald, DOE was able to resolve challenges at other sites, including worker transition, labour disputes, and damaged relationships with regulators and the community. It took significant time early in the project to convince the workforce that their future lay in cleanup, not in holding out hope for production to resume. It took more time to repair relationships with Ohio regulators and the local community. Developing these relationships over the years required constant, open communications between site decision makers and stakeholders to identify issues and to overcome potential barriers. Fluor’s open public-participation strategy resulted in stakeholder consensus of five remedial-action plans that directed Fernald cleanup. This strategy included establishing a public-participation program that emphasized a shared-decision making process and abandoned the government’s traditional, non-participatory “Decide, Announce, Defend” approach. Fernald’s program became a model within the DOE complex for effective public participation. Fluor led the formation of the first DOE site-specific advisory board dedicated to remediation and closure. The board was successful at building consensus on critical issues affecting long-term site remediation, such as cleanup levels, waste disposal and final land use. Fluor created innovative public outreach tools, such as “Cleanopoly,” based on the Monopoly game, to help illustrate complex concepts, including risk levels, remediation techniques, and associated costs. These innovative tools helped DOE and Fluor gain stakeholder consensus on all cleanup plans. To commemorate the outstanding commitment of Fernald stakeholders to this massive environmental-restoration project, Fluor donated $20,000 to build the Weapons to Wetlands Grove overlooking the former 136-acre production area. The grove contains 24 trees, each dedicated to “[a] leader(s) behind the Fernald cleanup.” Over the years, Fluor, through the Fluor Foundation, also invested in educational and humanitarian projects, contributing nearly $2 million to communities in southwestern Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. Further, to help offset the economic impact of the site’s closing to the community, DOE and Fluor promoted economic development in the region by donating excess equipment and property to local schools and townships. This paper discusses the details of the public-involvement program — from inception through maturity — and presents some lessons learned that can be applied to other similar projects.
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