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Ligthelm, Andre. "The impact of shopping mall development on small township retailers." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 11, no. 1 (May 7, 2012): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v11i1.376.
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The retail sector forms a critical element of a community’s economic and social welfare. It provides people with choices and services. These choices were until recently very limited in township areas. The pre-1994 retail landscape was dominated by small, often informal businesses offering basic household necessities to relatively low income earners. This has resulted in township residents’ preference to shop outside townships, known as ‘outshopping’. Rapid income growth of township residents since 1994 resulted in a substantial increase in consumer expenditure in these areas, known as ‘in-bound shopping’. This lucrative emerging market forms the last retail frontier in South Africa and is being explored by national retailers, especially supermarket chains. This article is aimed at establishing the impact of shopping mall development in townships on the traditional small township retailers including spaza/tuck shops. The net balance sheet on the impact of shopping mall development on small township retailers clearly suggests a decline in the township retailers’ market share. A change in small business model towards, inter alia, effective customer service with a small dedicated assortment of merchandise, satisfaction of emergency needs, selling in small units and extension of credit facilities may result in the survival of some small township retailers (albeit often at a smaller turnover).
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Strydom, J. W. "The relationship between key demographic profile descriptors and the propensity for inshopping and outshopping by Sowetan residents." Southern African Business Review 18, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 122–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/5648.
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Soweto was one of the largest disadvantaged townships in South Africa, and a unique pattern of outshopping originated due to the lack of retail investment and development in the area. After 1994, Soweto as a township benefited more than any other South African township through retail development, resulting in a major shift in shopping patterns towards buying inside the township (inshopping). This change in shopping pattern provides the focus of the research problem, namely to understand the changes in buying behaviour and certain retail patronage practices of Sowetan residents. The main aim of the study was to investigate, firstly, the profile of inshoppers and outshoppers and, secondly, to examine the relationship between certain profile components (education, income, car ownership and duration of residency) and (i) inshopping, and (ii) outshopping propensity as examples of changes in retail patronage in the Soweto township. In this study, a descriptive research design was used. A disproportionate stratified sample of Soweto households was selected and interviewed, consisting of 690 households spread over 11 sub-areas of Soweto. There is a marked difference between the profiles of in- and outshoppers living in Soweto in terms of income and educational levels, car ownership and duration of residency in the area. The value and contribution of the study lies in the fact that some of these findings correlate with findings in other countries of the world; however, there are also a number of major differences in the profiles. South African investors and retailers should take cognisance of these differences and adapt their retail strategies accordingly in their efforts to market successfully in the Soweto market.
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Downs, Shauna M., Sara Glass, Kay Khine Linn, and Jessica Fanzo. "The interface between consumers and their food environment in Myanmar: an exploratory mixed-methods study." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 06 (December 18, 2018): 1075–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018003427.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine consumers’ perceptions of their food environments, their food consumption patterns and preferences, and to better understand the attributes of foods that are available within food environments in Myanmar.DesignAn exploratory mixed-methods study using a combination of focus group discussions, market and consumer surveys.SettingFour study settings in Myanmar were included: an upper-income township of Yangon; a lower-income township of Yangon; a middle-income township in the southern Myanmar town of Dawei; and a lower-income village in the country’s dry zone of Magway.ParticipantsThirty-two women participated in the focus groups discussions, twenty market surveys were conducted and 362 consumers (both men and women) completed food consumption surveys.ResultsFocus group participants indicated that the availability of a diverse range of foods had increased over time, while the quality of foods had decreased. Health was seen primarily through the lens of food safety and there was an overall lack of knowledge about which foods were more or less healthy. Consumers preferred fruits, vegetables and red meat compared with highly processed snack foods/beverages. Although consumers reported low intakes of highly processed snack foods, Burmese street food was consumed in high quantities. The market surveys suggested that fresh, minimally processed and highly processed foods were available at all markets across the study settings.ConclusionsConsumers are exposed to a variety of foods, of varying quality, within their food environments in Myanmar. Interventions aimed at increasing consumer knowledge regarding healthy diets and improving food safety are needed.
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Mkansi, Marcia, Sander de Leeuw, and Olatoye Amosun. "Mobile application supported urban-township e-grocery distribution." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 50, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 26–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-10-2018-0358.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a mobile application supported townshipand urban e-grocery distribution models that uses a software application (app) to bridge the infrastructural barriers, costs and complexities associated with e-grocery delivery operations in rural township areas. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative multi-case approach and semi-structured interviews, the study explored distribution practices of eight national emerging e-grocery retail businesses to demonstrate how mobile applications can facilitate South African urban and township e-grocery delivery models. Findings The study reveals how the need to scale the use of new mobile application innovations fuels value-added services that power new e-grocery distribution models. Of interest is how the application aggregates demand rapidly, respond to demand within a short lead time and how e-grocers use competitors’ stores as their fulfilment centres. The use of apps reveals a slow transformation of society towards an inclusive model that integrates different types of workers in an informal context. Practical implications The mobile application value-added service business model offers a new wave of scaling e-grocery retail to rural and township areas constrained by technological, economic and road infrastructure. The apps transcend e-grocery barriers and enables small businesses with limited resources to leverage e-grocery market opportunities that are unimaginable in townships and rural areas. Originality/value The innovative mobile platform-base model offers emerging contextual insight of a pull e-grocery distribution model that demonstrates the supply chain innovations for addressing under-resource and under-developed logistics infrastructure.
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Zhou, Xueguang, and Yun Ai. "Capitalism without Capital: Capital Conversion and Market Making in Rural China." China Quarterly 219 (August 22, 2014): 693–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014000757.
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AbstractSituated in an agricultural township in northern China, this study examines the rise of produce markets in rural China in the face of a chronic shortage of financial capital. Drawing on theoretical ideas in economic sociology, we explicate the mechanisms of gift exchange and credit taking and the conditions under which these mechanisms are used to mobilize financial capital and to facilitate market transactions in the absence of financial capital. We illustrate these issues and ideas using our fieldwork research on different produce markets and entrepreneurial activities.
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Fang, Cai, and Du Zhixiong. "Township and Village Employment in China Informal but Market-oriented." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 7, no. 2 (April 2001): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2001.7.2.147.
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Lebusa, Malefane Johannes. "The prospects of making small retail outlets in the Townships aggressively competitive." Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v6i1.34.
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<p>Historically, township Small Retail Outlets were mostly established for survival and operated under a generally closed market system where the competition was not very strong. However, with the advent of democracy many people lost their formal income through retrenchments and out of desperation, many of these people opened Small Retail Outlets thus most of the existing and new entrants into the township market were unskilled or semiskilled labourers with little or no formal skills in business or entrepreneurship. Such efforts were rarely guided by any specific and informed strategy of identifying and exploiting a gap in the market. With the consolidation of the free market system under democracy, big brand businesses such as Shoprite Checkers and Small Retail Outlets of foreign nationals with different strategies entered and competed in this township market. With fewer formal skills in business and entrepreneurship, the owners of the Small Retail Outlets struggled to compete and thrive under these relatively new economic conditions. Given this situation, I conducted semi-structured interviews with fifteen of these traditional Small Retail Outlets to find out and better understand the challenges they face and the skills that might be needed to aggressively compete in this space. Based on these findings and understandings, I further examined these issues and suggest infusions of specific entrepreneurship skills that could develop their aggressive competitiveness.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> entrepreneurship, competitiveness, small retail outlets, shopping complexes, innovation</p>
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Mahlangu, Sandile Alexandra, Abenet Belete, Jan J. Hlongwane, Usapfa Luvhengo, and Ndumiso Mazibuko. "Identifying Potential Markets for African Leafy Vegetables: Case Study of Farming Households in Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (December 8, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8819295.
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Indigenous crops, through their high nutritional value and hardy attributes, offer potential trade opportunities for rural farmers. There is a niche market that can be explored for these indigenous crops particularly with the growing demand for high nutritional value food in the country. These crops are mostly produced by rural households or gathered from the wild by rural farmers. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify potential markets for African leafy vegetables (ALVs) by farmers in Limpopo Province. Sixty households producing ALVs were selected with the composition of 54 women and six men, with this selection done using a purposive sampling procedure. Of the total production, 50–60% of the produce was sold in the informal market. It was evident that local rural markets constituted a greater portion of the total market at 73% and 20% allocated to hawkers in town. As a result, urban and periurban consumers present potential buyers since these areas are populated with the middle-class population which is susceptible to changing consumption trends. Because of this potential, supermarkets and township hawkers are proposed as the potential channel for ALVs targeting the identified population. Thus, it is suggested that, in order to create a synergy between economic improvement of rural farmers and trending consumer demands, the Department of Agriculture in Limpopo Province creates a conducive environment through which ALV farmers can be connected with supermarkets and township marketers.
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Zhou, Xueguang. "The Autumn Harvest: Peasants and Markets in Post-Collective Rural China." China Quarterly 208 (December 2011): 913–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741011001068.
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AbstractFor the peasants in rural China, the harvest season is the occasion when several different worlds – the business world of large companies, the entrepreneurial world of middlemen, local elites and peasant households – are compressed into the same social space, thereby inducing intensive economic and social interactions and crystallizing social relations among villagers, local elites and markets. Based on ethnographic research on the autumn harvest in a township in northern China, this study sheds light on distinctive modes of market transactions across produces, and diverse interactions between markets and local institutions involving different co-ordination mechanisms, rhythms and social relationships. A more nuanced image of market transactions emerges from these observations, calling for a more refined conceptualization of markets and further research on their implications for institutional changes.
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Hikam, Abdifatah, and Robertson K. Tengeh. "Drivers of the perceived differences between Somali and native entrepreneurs in South African townships." Environmental Economics 7, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(4-1).2016.02.
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Using a triangulation of three research methods led by an exploratory intent, the investigation was lodged into the informal businesses conducted by the Somali and native South Africans in a local township; its pervading intention to seek out similarities or differences between both groups. The survey questionnaire, personal interview and focus group discussions were the preferred data collection tools. Unsurprisingly perhaps, the results suggest that there are more differences between both groups than there are similarities. While the areas of similarities included issues confronting all businesses in the township such as legislation and crime, the authors believe that the differences contribute to the perceived competitive advantage accorded Somalis, hence, the tension between both groups. On the one hand, the inter-group differences that worked in favor of Somalis included the fact that because of the factors influencing their displacement, their need to succeed was exaggerated from the onset: they prove to be younger, more motivated, harder working, co-operative and charge less – the combination gives them an undeniable competitive edge. On the other hand, the natives have the following factors in their favor: they pay less rental or none, are more educated, depict a higher level of business training, as well as prior business experience. Though the anecdoctal evidence does not guarantee an accurate prediction of who has the competitive advantage, it, nonetheless, supports the view that labor market discrimination and the fueled desire to survive gives immigrants the motivation to succeed in entrepreneurial ventures in the host country. Keywords: immigrant entrepreneurs, informal trading, South African townships and xenophobia. JEL Classification: M1
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McCarthy, Iona, and Hatice Ozer Balli. "WINDFARMS AND RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 18, no. 2 (June 20, 2014): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2014.889770.
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This study examines the effect that windfarm visibility has on residential property values using a hedonic regression model. The study area is Ashhurst, New Zealand, a township of approximately 900 dwellings. Ashhurst is located within eight kilometres of two separate windfarms that were developed between 1998 and 2007 comprising 103x660kW turbines, 31x3MW turbines, and 55x1.65MW turbines. The analysis uses the 945 open market house sales that occurred in Ashhurst between 1995 and 2008. Visual impact of turbines is studied to capture the impact of windfarms and it is assessed using GIS viewshed analysis and by field inspection. The hedonic models had satisfactory explanatory performance and in each case indicated that the turbines located between 2.5 and 6 kilometres from the township of Ashhurst had no significant impact on property value.
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Kyaw, Nyein, Soojung Ahn, and Sang Lee. "Analysis of the Factors Influencing Market Participation among Smallholder Rice Farmers in Magway Region, Central Dry Zone of Myanmar." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 4441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124441.
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Smallholder farmers face numerous constraints that restrict their access to markets and prevent them from taking advantage of market opportunities. This research aimed to examine the factors affecting the market participation of smallholder farmers and find ways to improve the income and livelihood of smallholder farmers, focusing on Myothit Township in Magway Region, Central Dry Zone of Myanmar. For the primary data, we surveyed 150 smallholder rice farmers which were selected using a random sampling technique. Using the Heckman two-stage selection model, we analyzed the factors influencing smallholder rice farmers’ decisions regarding participation in the agricultural market. This study revealed that the decision to participate in the rice market was dependent on different factors such as the household head age, education status, household size, total produce of rice, price of rice, household income, ownership of livestock, membership of farmer organization, access to roads, distance to market, access to extension services, and market information. The results of this study have implications as to what factors need to be addressed to encourage smallholder rice farmers to participate in the market. We suggest that Myanmar government and policymakers need to establish balanced policies for small-scale farmers and manage them in an appropriate way so that agricultural development can be induced, contributing to poverty reduction, food security, and economic development.
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Guthrie, Doug. "Organizational Learning and Productivity State Structure and Foreign Investment in the Rise of the Chinese Corporation." Management and Organization Review 1, no. 02 (July 2005): 165–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2005.00008.x.
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Over the two and a half decades of economic reform in China, two types of Chinese firms have consistently outperformed their peers. In the 1980s, it was the firms at the lower levels of the industrial hierarchy, the township and village enterprises that were closely monitored by local governments. In the 1990s and beyond, the top performers have been those Chinese firms that have formal relationships with foreign investors. While many studies on the economic reforms in China have focused on the hardening of budget constraints and the transfer of technology from foreign to Chinese firms, I focus here on the stability created by relationships with local government offices and with powerful foreign investors. Where advocates of shock therapy have argued that a rapid transition to market institutions was the best path to building a market economy, I argue that the successful practices of the market are learned gradually over time, and the Chinese firms that are stabilized by attention from local government offices and relationships with foreign investors are well-positioned to successfully navigate China's emerging markets. A quantitative analysis of 81 firms in industrial Shanghai and three case studies help illuminate the mechanisms behind these relationships.
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Shen, Ching-Cheng, Yen-Rung Chang, and Der-Jen Liu. "Rural Tourism and Environmental Sustainability—A Study on a Model for Assessing the Developmental Potential of Organic Agritourism." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 9642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229642.
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In light of the public’s increasing awareness of and desire to create healthy and friendly environments, developments in organic agriculture and organic agricultural products have gradually yielded optimum choices in terms of healthy diets, travel options, and lifestyles, in addition to winning considerable attention and popularity from the public. This study was centered on a model for assessing the developmental potential of organic agritourism, with empirical analyses being conducted regarding visitors to Yuli Township in Hualien County, Taiwan. The results were as follows. By means of on-site interviews and surveys, as well as a review of relevant literature, this study constructed several assessment indicators of the developmental potential of organic agritourism. The constructed model consisted of four criteria, namely, the attractiveness of resources, market development potential, community development capabilities, and the creation of diverse values, as well as 23 sub-criteria. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach was employed, and a questionnaire with expert validity was used to deduce the weights of each criterion and sub-criterion. The highest-weighted criterion was the attractiveness of resources, followed by, in order, the creation of diverse values, market development potential, and community development capabilities. The results of this study can serve as a reference for Yuli Township in developing strategies to promote organic agritourism in the area.
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Worku, Yohannes, and Mammo Muchie. "Uptake of Efficient Marketing Strategies among Footwear and Textile Entrepreneurs in Alexandra Township." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 6(J) (December 22, 2018): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i6(j).2607.
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One of the priority needs of Small, Micro and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMMEs) that operate in Alexandra Township is to adopt effective marketing strategies that are recommended by Mooradian, Matzler and Ring (2012) and Kotler and Keller (2012), in which emphasis is placed on setting the right selling price of products, offering the right product, utilising the right promotion strategies for products, and rendering services to customers at the right place. Information needed for the survey was gathered from 108 operators of SMMEs in Alexandra Township. Ordered logit and Bayesian methods were used for estimating predictors of effective marketing. The study found that 63 of the 108 respondents who were selected for the study (58%) possessed adequate marketing skills and capabilities, whereas the remaining 45 respondents (42.23%) were incapable of marketing their goods and services effectively. Results obtained from logit and Bayesian analysis showed that 3 factors affected the ability to market goods and services effectively (access to credit facility for ordering stock, access to loan from money-lending institutions, and ability to network with wholesale suppliers and retailers).
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Worku, Yohannes, and Mammo Muchie. "Uptake of Efficient Marketing Strategies among Footwear and Textile Entrepreneurs in Alexandra Township." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 6 (December 22, 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i6.2607.
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One of the priority needs of Small, Micro and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMMEs) that operate in Alexandra Township is to adopt effective marketing strategies that are recommended by Mooradian, Matzler and Ring (2012) and Kotler and Keller (2012), in which emphasis is placed on setting the right selling price of products, offering the right product, utilising the right promotion strategies for products, and rendering services to customers at the right place. Information needed for the survey was gathered from 108 operators of SMMEs in Alexandra Township. Ordered logit and Bayesian methods were used for estimating predictors of effective marketing. The study found that 63 of the 108 respondents who were selected for the study (58%) possessed adequate marketing skills and capabilities, whereas the remaining 45 respondents (42.23%) were incapable of marketing their goods and services effectively. Results obtained from logit and Bayesian analysis showed that 3 factors affected the ability to market goods and services effectively (access to credit facility for ordering stock, access to loan from money-lending institutions, and ability to network with wholesale suppliers and retailers).
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Cheng, Hsien-Hsin, and Chung-Yao Liao. "Non-market benefits of creative cultural projects in post-quake revitalization regions: A case study of the Nantou Jiji Station area." International Journal of Cultural Studies 20, no. 4 (December 11, 2015): 402–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877915618010.
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In contrast to previous post-quake revitalization initiatives in which urban redevelopment is emphasized, cultural projects and their non-market benefits have recently garnered increased attention. In the past, when post-quake revitalization cultural projects were evaluated, the non-market benefits of these projects were not considered. Consequently, we have adopted a contingent valuation method (CVM) as a process that can evaluate the non-market benefits of cultural projects. This article reports research on Jiji Township, which is the epicentre of the most severe earthquake recorded in Taiwan in the past 50 years. The study’s results verified that creative cultural projects generated numerous non-market benefits, and that local identity value is the key factor influencing residents’ valuation of the projects and the amount they are willing to pay. This study proposes an economic valuation process that helps establish a method for promoting creative cultural projects based on residents’ opinions and needs.
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Zhou, Yang, Xu Huang, and Wei Li. "Identification and evaluation of the renewal of industrial land in master planning: the case of Lijia, China." Open House International 45, no. 1/2 (June 3, 2020): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2020-0012.
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Purpose Industrial land renewal is a significant constituent of urban environment and sustainable development. Most implementation in planning of renewal of industrial land has been mainly conducted at the site level of industrial zones or parks and the larger scale of township planning deserve further attention in China. To fill this gap, this paper aims to investigate the implementation of industrial land renewal for a whole urbanized area under the township master planning. Design/methodology/approach This study introduces a progressive approach to identify and evaluate the renewal of industrial land in township master planning to move toward a more practical understanding of industrial transition. The authors chose a typical industrialized town, Lijia in Changzhou City, under the development model of “Southern Jiangsu” to explain the measurement and assessment framework to identify and evaluate the renewable industrial land. Synthesizing the idea of sustainable development, the authors investigated the renewable industrial land with an econometric model including multiple-indexes of economic, social and ecological aspects, field observations and depth interviews. Findings The analysis demonstrated the spatial heterogeneity and complex generous structure of industrial land renewal in developing countries. It pointed out the major responsibility of enterprises as main industrial land users and indispensable responsibility of government and society. Following the idea of organic concentration and avoiding one-size-fits-all kind of deal, the master planning of Lijia emphasized the connection of industrial land and the combination of market force, social force and government regulation. Originality/value With original data and discussion, the authors provide more scientific renewal strategies for planners in sustainable development.
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Dai, Bei Lei, and Hong Tao Liu. "The Preservation Research of Traditional Houses of Tujia Minority in Western Hunan - Taking the Market Town in Huochang Tujia Township as an Example." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.316.
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With the high-speed development of urbanization and the strengthening of new countryside construction, traditional houses of Tujia minority in western Hunan are facing a severe test. Nowadays, it has become a difficult problem that how to make the vanishing traditional houses not only get effective preservation but also can continue to use for residents. This paper takes the architectures of Huochang Tujia Township, Yuanling County in western Hunan as an example, through the analysis of the existing situation of the architectures of market town, puts forward some measures of preservation and renovation.
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Li, Peter Ping. "The Puzzle of China's Township–Village Enterprises The Paradox of Local Corporatism in a Dual-Track Economic Transition." Management and Organization Review 1, no. 02 (July 2005): 197–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2005.00009.x.
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This paper seeks to reconcile and synthesize the diverse views about the township–village enterprises (TVEs) and local corporatism in the context of ongoing institutional changes in China as a transition economy. Specifically, I attempt to integrate the economic, political, cultural, and social explanations for TVEs, especially the two competing views of market competition and political corruption. I focus on the puzzle of TVE efficiency as well as the paradox of local corporatism as a government–business partnership with both a positive function of public alliance for wealth creation and a negative function of private collusion for wealth transfer. I argue that the key to both the puzzle of TVEs and the paradox of local corporatism lies in China's dual-track reform paradigm (i.e. a market-for-mass track and a state-for-élite track). Lastly, I discuss the critical implications for theory building and policymaking regarding economic transition in general.
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Charman, Andrew J. E., Leif M. Petersen, Laurence E. Piper, Rory Liedeman, and Teresa Legg. "Small Area Census Approach to Measure the Township Informal Economy in South Africa." Journal of Mixed Methods Research 11, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558689815572024.
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In this article, we describe a research approach to undertaking a small area census to identify informal economy activity, using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative tools. The method focuses on enterprise activity. The approach enables the researcher to record a broader spectrum of informal micro-enterprises through identifying businesses in situ within an area of sufficient scale to broadly reflect area-level market conditions and business dynamics. The approach comprises an enterprise census, a survey of all identified micro-enterprises in key sectors, in-depth interviews, and participatory research techniques. The article reports on the application of this method in eight case sites, located in township settlements within five major cities in South Africa. The research identified 9,400 individual enterprises, entailing 10,220 primary and secondary activities, distributed within a population of 325,000 and comprising 97,000 households. The approach permits significant advances to our understanding of the spatial dynamics of the informal sector. The research data has enabled the researcher to make original contributions to understanding informal enterprise activities in grocery retailing, liquor trade, and traditional medicine sectors.
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Danso-Wiredu, Esther Yeboah. "Gendered Dynamics and Reciprocity in Fishing Communities in Ghana: The Case of Penkye, Winneba." Journal of Black Studies 49, no. 1 (December 6, 2017): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934717736185.
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The history of Penkye is linked to that of Winneba township since it is the first place the Effutu people settled in the town. Located along the coast, majority of its residents are employed in the fishing industry. Intriguing about Penkye is how social and economic livelihoods of residents are entangled in gender roles and reciprocity. The article delves into the institutional embeddedness of fishing and community life. It examines how gender ideologies differentially inform men and women’s roles in the fishing economy. Drawing on interviews conducted with community members, the study constructs economic life stories for men and women within the fishing community. It analyzes how they formulate livelihood strategies differently from other parts of the country as a result. The study concludes that such realities defy the ideologies of the impersonal market economy propagated by the capitalist ideology, thereby questioning the basis of neoliberal ideology that market prices are solely determined by demand and supply interactions.
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Rahman, Md Samin, and Md Humayun Kabir. "Social Internet of Things (SIoT) Enabled System Model for Smart Integration of Building‟s Energy, Water and Safety Management: Dhaka City, Bangladesh Perspective." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v18i1.18.
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Dhaka, being the largest township of Bangladesh City Buildings is excreted by in-migration, a rapid growth of population, withering of living and infrastructure standard, which eventually is threatening overall sustainability and well beings. Modernization and digitalization of building infrastructure is not only an important step towards resolving the problems but also it will be a facilitator for smart, efficient and optimized urbanization. On May 2018, the authors conducted a survey among 51 Residential Building’s owner/building managers, 25 Non-residential Building’s owner/building managers and 25 corporate building’s owner/building managers to find market adoptable IoT solutions for building’s smart efficient energy, water and safety managements. The features requested in this survey are optimized and implemented by the authors and finally, here the system model with simulation results is presented. This system shows promising energy, water resource management optimization and some intriguing factors that validate its objectives, social characteristics, market usability.
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Pei, Xiaolin. "The Institutional Transition of China's Township and Village Enterprises: Market Liberalization, Contractual Form, Innovation and Privatization. Hongyi Chen." China Journal 46 (July 2001): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3182328.
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McIntyre, Michael L., Steven A. Murphy, and Carol-Ann Tetrault Sirsly. "Do firms seek social license to operate when stakeholders are poor? Evidence from Africa." Corporate Governance 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-01-2014-0011.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test for the salience of social licence to operate in the context of a very poor community. The idea of social license to operate is closely linked to ideas of stakeholder power, legitimacy and urgency (Mitchell et al., 1997). But what if a community is impoverished, and lacks the tools and privileges to effect change? Do the stakeholders believe they have influence over extension of the social license to operate? Does the employer listen to them? To examine this issue, survey data was gathered from 12,000 stakeholders working in a poor township in South Africa. The township is located near a major South African city in an employment market dominated by a single heavy industry. Responders perceived their welfare to be of importance to the employer and that they had a role in extension of the social license to operate. Design/methodology/approach – A survey of 12,000 employees working in an impoverished township near a large South African city. Findings – Despite being impoverished and lacking the tools and privileges to effect change that are available in wealthier communities, responders perceived some influence over extension of social license to operate. Research limitations/implications – While responders expressed clear sentiments, their actual power to extend or withhold social license to operate is unclear, and the study did not test for this. Practical implications – The practical implication is that firms should be wary of assuming that just because a stakeholder group is impoverished, it is unaware of its role and power as a stakeholder. Social implications – The more important implication is that under conditions of poverty, responders expressed a clear desire to see impediments to work removed, rather than a desire for handouts. Originality/value – The authors doubt there has ever been a study of this kind with this large a sample, in conditions of such extreme poverty.
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Kar, Mohammad Reza Daime, Mohammad Ali Ahmadian, Katayoun Alizadeh, and Hossein Hataminezhad. "Housing Planning for Lower Income Cities with Sustainable Development Approach in Mehregan Township of Mashhad Metropolis." Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 24 (January 8, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236117040201.
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Housing is the most important element of the city, which is of great importance in the sustainable development of the city. Therefore, achieving sustainable housing in order to enhance and improve the quality of life of the present and future generations is a major issue. Housing from various perspectives, including architecture, construction of buildings, residential buildings, land and building costs, housing loans, housing market, housing regulations, house prices, Desirable housing, etc., can be considered. On the other hand, housing is the most important concern of the present-day human being and its most important function is economic performance. And its most important function is economic performance. The housing situation and the analysis of housing prices are of particular importance, because the main goal of urbanization is to create human settlements and, among the various uses of urban land, residential use is of particular importance. Also the share of housing is also significant in quantitative term. One of the indicators for measuring poverty is housing. Good and adequate housing is a housing that does not have too much density. And, in many cases, housing and environmental conditions are the most important factor affecting on level of satisfaction of a person in a neighborhood. Apart from the social class and economic conditions of individuals, housing is always one of the most important needs and priorities of the household. The main factors that have led to provide a place to live become a crisis, especially for low-income groups, are: Rapid population growth, a sharp increase in urbanization rates, lower household size, higher rates of profitability of the land market and housing, reduced demand for housing, reduced access rates and poor financial capabilities of the poor, the plummeting market of land and housing to the detriment of low-income groups, the reduction of land and housing supply, the lack of attention of the private sector and, ultimately, unsuccessful government policies. In spite of various experiences to address the problem of disadvantaged low-income groups, the root cause of this problem is the need to examine its structural factors. This paper has been conducted with the purpose of providing a affordable housing pattern for vulnerable urban areas with a sustainable development approach in the Mehregan township of Mashhad Metropolis detachable area using a descriptive-analytical method of applied type. The population of the study is 366 people based on the Cochran formula. Using descriptive and inferential statistics from the completed questionnaires, experts have been analyzed using non-parametric and parametric statistical methods. Since housing is a cross-domain and multidimensional domain, the attitude to it must be all-round and multi-dimensional. Hence, effective policies in the field of housing for low income groups regarding the potential of the marginal areas of Mashhad for system effectiveness will be considered. Finally, in the city of Mehregan, we can solve this problem, By drafting urban planning, architecture and housing construction in accordance with international standards and enhancing their flexibility and encouraging activities in marginalized fabric for the benefit of low income groups and changing the views and plans of urban development projects.
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Weede, Erich. "The Transition to Capitalism in China and Russia." Comparative Sociology 1, no. 2 (2002): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913302100418475.
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AbstractAt the end of the 1970s the per capita income ratio between the Soviet Union and China was 16 to 1. By now, the gap between Russia and China is closing rapidly. Although the collapse and dissolution of the Soviet Union contributed to this levelling of per capita incomes, domestic factors and improvements in China look more important: decollectivization of Chinese agriculture, the establishment of township village enterprises in China, economic openness and market-preserving federalism in China. In all these respects, even post-Soviet Russia continues to lag. Admittedly, Russia was faster than China in privatizing state owned enterprises but the preferential treatment of insiders and the weakness of the rule of law or functional substitutes for it neutralized this potential Russian advantage.
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Dube, Andile, and Mokubung Nkomo. "THE TROUBLED JOURNEYS OF SCHOOL DROP-OUTS: WASTAGE, REDEMPTION AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS." Commonwealth Youth and Development 12, no. 1 (September 26, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1604.
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The study traces the pathways of young people who dropped out of school between grades 1 to 11 as they seek re-entrance to the education, training and development (ETD) system, or entrance into the labour market. Particular attention is given to the factors that determine the choices that drop-outs make in either re-entering the ETD system or entering the labour market. An analysis of the experiences of the interviewed sample of drop-outs is presented. The study employs a qualitative research methodology, using interviews to elicit the experiences of drop-outs and school managers. Through snowballing, 14 youths and three principals were selected from a township south of Durban. Individual and focus group interviews were conducted. The findings provide insights into the drop-outs’ perceptions regarding the value of investing in education. They are discussed further in relation to the respective theories used in the study. The concluding section suggests the need for investments in second chance education by government and the private sector, and proposes an integrated model to assist young people who re-enter psychologically and emotionally.
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Austin, B. J., and B. Corey. "Factors contributing to the longevity of the commercial use of crocodiles by Indigenous people in remote Northern Australia: a case study." Rangeland Journal 34, no. 3 (2012): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11082.
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Access to land and resources has not, in itself, been sufficient for improving the wellbeing of Indigenous people living in remote regions of Australia. Much of the land has limited potential for mainstream market-based economic development. However, some Indigenous Australians have been able to use wildlife commercially to realise economic opportunities and to enhance their capacity to engage in natural resource management on their land. In this paper, a case study is presented of one such enterprise which has managed a crocodile egg-harvesting operation from a remote township for almost 15 years. Using a sustainable livelihoods approach to conduct field observations and semi-structured interviews, key factors were identified that had contributed to the longevity of this operation. These were minimal anti-use sentiment, demonstrably sustainable harvests, the market, the institutional context, parent-organisation support, activating and enhancing capitals and capabilities, and locally relevant enterprise activity. The crocodile egg-harvesting activity investigated is an example of a community-governed natural resource-based enterprise that has been able to engage Indigenous people in market-based economic activity in remote northern Australia. The findings have potential value to Indigenous peoples and communities, development practitioners, policy-makers and natural resource managers interested in the sustainable use of wildlife and Indigenous economic development.
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Hunter, Mark. "The Intimate Politics of the Education Market: High-Stakes Schooling and the Making of Kinship in Umlazi Township, South Africa." Journal of Southern African Studies 41, no. 6 (November 2, 2015): 1279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2015.1108545.
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Babb, Sarah, Tina Retief, and Geoff Bick. "Essay Gifts: gifting for greater good." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 6, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-03-2016-0031.
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Subject area The subject areas are marketing, entrepreneurship, strategy or organisational design, operating in emerging markets and social entrepreneurship. Study level/applicability The study is applicable to MBA students, masters-level students and students of executive education. Case overview The case outlines the context and current decisions and dilemma facing Essay Gifts, which is a successful enterprise based in Cape Town, South Africa, supplying a local market in corporate gifting since 2006. The emerging market is facing economic decline and rising unemployment sitting at 25 per cent and up to 48 per cent in the youth market. After seven years of operating from a home-based office, Beatrice has moved into an office block in an upcoming area in Cape Town as they anticipate bullish targets for the upcoming year. The decision facing her now is whether to also sign a lease for a vacant retail shop downstairs from her office to sell ready-made gifting solutions. To meet the social mission, Essay Gifts is using township-based suppliers to develop the products, and this is proving an often unreliable and inconsistent source of supply and the current orders may not even be met at this particularly busy end-of-year period. How does Beatrice scale the business and what business is she in after all? Is she an entrepreneur, striving to increase the size of her business and her revenue, or is she a social entrepreneur creating employment opportunities for others? Expected learning outcomes The paper enables to identify the determining features of a social enterprise and the dynamics involved in balancing the social and commercial missions; understand the complexities of entrepreneurial operations in emerging markets; identify scaling up and strategic growth strategy options for social enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises; and distinguish entrepreneurial marketing strategies in contrast with traditional marketing strategies. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
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Müller, Armin. "Public Services and Informal Profits: Governing Township Health Centres in a Context of Misfit Regulatory Institutions." China Quarterly 237 (December 6, 2018): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741018001376.
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AbstractChina's healthcare system is governed by institutions that are mutually incompatible. Although healthcare providers are supposed to offer affordable curative care services and engage in public health and administrative work, they receive insufficient financial support from the state and rely on generating informal profits and grey income. The “institutional misfit” between this public welfare mandate and medical service providers’ market orientation is particularly pronounced in the case of township health centres (THCs), a generalist type of healthcare provider with a key role in China's healthcare system. Based on fieldwork in four county-level jurisdictions, this study explores how local governments and THCs interact to cope with institutional misfit. It sheds light on a large variety of informal practices pertaining to human resources, healthcare services, drug procurement, health insurance and capital investment. Local governments deliberately neglect regulatory enforcement and collude with THCs to generate informal profits, behaviour which undermines service quality and increases healthcare costs. The study also shows that while the New Healthcare Reform altered the informal and collusive practices, it has failed to harmonize the underlying institutional misfit. To date, we see only a reconfiguration rather than an abandoning of informal practices resulting from recent healthcare reforms.
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Wang, Yahui. "What Affects Participation in the Farmland Rental Market in Rural China? Evidence from CHARLS." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 7021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247021.
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Land fragmentation and the small size of land parcels are still the major bottlenecks for agriculture sustainable development in rural China, and an efficient land rental market could consolidate land plots and realize agricultural management at a moderate scale. However, transaction cost is still the main obstacle of land transfer. It is, therefore, essential to reduce the excessive transaction costs in the process of transfer; the primary task is to identify the roots of transaction costs. In order to accurately identify the sources of transaction costs, a generalized ordered Logit model with thresholds that allowed transaction costs to affect different directions of land transfer was developed using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey in 2015. The results suggested that the roots of transaction costs presented significant differences regarding the supply and demand of cropland. For the supply of land, the land titling program, land transfer intermediaries, and well-planned roads were the three most important factors that reduced transaction costs. For the demand of land, the three critical measures for reducing the transaction costs were well-planned roads, land consolidation, and the land titling program. The government should continue to push forward the land titling program and land consolidation projects in rural China, especially in hilly and mountainous areas. The infrastructure that greatly restricted agricultural development should be improved at a moderate level and the system of land circulating intermediary services at the township level should be established.
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Lin, Jessie, Saurabh Gupta, Tim Loos, and Regina Birner. "Opportunities and Challenges in the Ethiopian Bamboo Sector: A Market Analysis of the Bamboo-Based Value Web." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 19, 2019): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061644.
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Bamboo is one of the more important natural resources in Ethiopia and contributes to the bioeconomy as a potential source for high-value products. While the country is the largest producer of bamboo in Africa, the existing utilization of the bamboo sector in Ethiopia remains under-developed, with little value addition. This study identifies the current market challenges and opportunities for future developments of the northern Ethiopian bamboo sector, with a focus on the Injibara township. This research adopts the “value web” approach to assess the potentials of different product lines that create the bamboo biomass value web. We utilize qualitative data collection methods, in particular, semi-structured interviews and informal focus group discussions with key stakeholders. Our findings suggest that bamboo farmers in Injibara are constrained by a lack of local demand and market for bamboo products with high-value addition, leading to an absence of product diversification and innovation. Furthermore, there is an overreliance on foreign technology and methods that are poorly matched for local needs. We recommend that policymakers invest in targeted and effective training strategies on bamboo cultivation and processing. Furthermore, farmers can benefit from decreasing their reliance on middle men with cooperatives or contract arrangements.
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Lu, Jia, Xiaosa Wen, Qi Guo, Mengdi Ji, Felicia Zhang, Abram L. Wagner, and Yihan Lu. "Sensitivity to COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and Safety in Shanghai, China." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050472.
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Several COVID-19 vaccines have been on the market since early 2021 and may vary in their effectiveness and safety. This study characterizes hesitancy about accepting COVID-19 vaccines among parents in Shanghai, China, and identifies how sensitive they are to changes in vaccine safety and effectiveness profiles. Schools in each township of Minhang District, Shanghai, were sampled, and parents in the WeChat group of each school were asked to participate in this cross-sectional Internet-based survey. Parents responded to questions about hesitancy and were given information about five different COVID-19 vaccine candidates, the effectiveness of which varied between 50 and 95% and which had a risk of fever as a side effect between 5 and 20%. Overall, 3673 parents responded to the survey. Almost 90% would accept a vaccine for themselves (89.7%), for their child (87.5%) or for an elderly parent (88.5%) with the most ideal attributes (95% effectiveness with 5% risk of fever). But with the least ideal attributes (50% effectiveness and a 20% risk of fever) these numbers dropped to 33.5%, 31.3%, and 31.8%, respectively. Vaccine hesitancy, age at first child’s birth, and relative income were all significantly related to sensitivity to vaccine safety and effectiveness. Parents showed a substantial shift in attitudes towards a vaccine based on its safety and effectiveness profile. These findings indicate that COVID-19 vaccine acceptance may be heavily influenced by how effective the vaccine actually is and could be impeded or enhanced based on vaccines already on the market.
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URBAN, BORIS, and BRIAN NDOU. "INFORMAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A FOCUS ON SOUTH AFRICAN TOWNSHIP ENTREPRENEURS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 24, no. 04 (December 2019): 1950021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946719500213.
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The informal sector is increasingly recognized in terms of its entrepreneurial potential. However there is a general lack of empirical research on small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) effectiveness in the informal economy in Africa. Recognizing this research gap, this article investigates entrepreneurial enabling factors in the South African township context to determine their impact on SMME’s performance. Township-based SMMEs in South Africa’s largest province, Gauteng, are surveyed and hypotheses are tested with correlation and regression analyses. Results indicate that access to finance and markets, institutional support, and skill and competency development are all significant predictors of enterprise performance. Empirical investigations in under-researched African contexts are important to highlight differences in enabling factors when compared to western contexts. In South African townships, which are plagued by high inequality, poverty, high unemployment and several other socio-economic challenges, it is an important policy which takes into account the variety of enabling environment factors that impact enterprise performance.
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MOKGOPHI, THELMA M., NOMAKORINTE GCEBE, FOLORUNSO FASINA, KUDAKHWASHE JAMBWA, and ABIODUN A. ADESIYUN. "Prevalence, Serovars, and Factors Associated with Salmonella Contamination of Chicken Carcasses Sold in Outlets of the Informal Market in Gauteng Province, South Africa." Journal of Food Protection 84, no. 6 (January 11, 2021): 991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-416.
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ABSTRACT Salmonella has been linked to many foodborne illnesses and epidemics in both humans and animals. This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence, serovars, and factors associated with Salmonella contamination of chickens slaughtered in informal market outlets in Gauteng Province, South Africa. A total of 151 chicken carcasses were randomly collected from 47 outlets. Standard bacteriological and molecular methods were used to isolate, identify, and determine the serovar of Salmonella isolates. The prevalence of Salmonella in carcass swabs, cloacal swabs, and carcass drips was 29.1% (44 of 151), 27.2% (41 of 151), and 43.7% (66 of 151), respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P = 0.004). Only 5 (township locations of outlet, throughput, carcass evisceration, location of carcass for sale, and outlet sanitation) of 10 factors investigated for the contamination of carcasses by Salmonella were statistically significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the isolation of Salmonella. Of the 268 isolates of Salmonella, 157 (58.6%) were typeable using a limited molecular PCR technique, and nine serovars were identified. The predominant Salmonella enterica serovars were Bovismorbificans (31.0%), Enteritidis (7.5%), and Hadar (6.7%). The five important factors found to be significantly associated with the isolation of Salmonella at these outlets offer opportunities for the reduction of Salmonella contamination. There is a need for further investigation of the probable causes of the predominant isolation of Salmonella serovar Bovismorbificans in chickens and its potential implications for human infections in South Africa. It is concluded that chickens purchased from the informal market in Gauteng Province can be a source for salmonellosis in humans if improperly cooked before consumption. HIGHLIGHTS
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Wang, Wenke, Jue Wang, Kebei Liu, and Yenchun Jim Wu. "Overcoming Barriers to Agriculture Green Technology Diffusion through Stakeholders in China: A Social Network Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 6976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196976.
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It is crucial to actively encourage the development of agriculture green technology, which has been regarded as one of the most effective solutions to the environmental degradation caused by agricultural activities. However, agriculture green technology diffusion is indeed a challenging task and still faces numerous barriers. The stakeholders who can potentially deal with these barriers, however, have been overlooked by previous studies. To address these issues, social network analysis was performed to identify critical stakeholders and barriers. Their interactions in agriculture green technology diffusion were analyzed based on the literature, a questionnaire survey and expert judgments. A two-mode network and two one-mode networks were used to analyze the relationships among the identified 12 barriers and 14 stakeholders who can influence these 12 barriers identified. The results show that agricultural research institutes, universities, agribusiness, agencies of township promotion, the government and farmers’ relatives are key stakeholders and that the limited market demand for green technology and the high cost of its diffusion are two main barriers. However, poor green technology operability and farmer families in distress are factors that are not as important as previously perceived. Finally, some recommendations and suggestions are provided to promote agriculture green technology diffusion in China.
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Klemz, Bruce R., Christo Boshoff, and Noxolo‐Eileen Mazibuko. "Emerging markets in black South African townships." European Journal of Marketing 40, no. 5/6 (May 1, 2006): 590–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090560610657859.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to assess differences between the guidance offered by cultural studies in the services literature and the retailing literature for emerging markets. To research these differences, the role that the contact person has towards South African township residents' willingness to buy is to be assessed.Design/methodology/approachA services quality survey of black (ethnic Xhosa) township residents was performed for two different retail types: new, small, independently owned grocery retailers located within the townships, and established, large, national chains located within the city centres. The influence of these services quality measures on willingness to buy was assessed using the partial least squares method for each of the two retail types. Differences between the model parameters for these two retail types were assessed using ANOVA.FindingsThe results show that, consistent with the retailing literature, the contact people in these new, small, local and independently owned retailers focus extensively on empathy to influence willingness to buy, while the contact people in the large, traditionally white‐owned national retailers jointly focus on assurance and responsiveness to influence willingness to buy, and spend very little effort on empathy.Research limitations/implicationsResearch implications are based on the usefulness of supporting theory, namely that the guidance offered by the cultural studies in the retailing literature is more predictive than that in the services literature for the emerging South African retailing market.Practical implicationsIt is found that core elements in relationship marketing are well ingrained in collectivist Xhosa cultural norms. The results suggest that these cultural norms can, and should, be leveraged by the new independently owned grocery retailers.Originality/valueThe research addresses a key concern within emerging markets and offers practical help for retail development within this dynamic economic setting.
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Dr Charles N. Mogote, John Miano Mwangi;. "The Effect of Small-Scale Dairy Farming in Enhancing Sustainable Food Security for Farmers and their Households in Murang’a East Sub-County, Murang’a County." Editon Consortium Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies 2, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/ecjahss.v2i1.185.
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The study sought to investigate the effect of small-scale dairy farming in enhancing sustainable food security for farmers and their households in Murang’a East Sub-County, Murang’a County. The paper applied descriptive research design and quantitative research technique for the methodology. Besides, the investigation used a sample size computed from a populace size of small-scale dairy farmers in Gaturi, Township and Mbiri Wards (lower Kiharu Constituency), Murang’a East Sub-County, approximated to be 45,000 Km2. The sample size comprised of 385 respondents selected through stratified sampling aiming at the equal representation of the three wards. Out of the selected 385 individuals, only 297 respondents were effective participants in the study. The rest did not give feedback or were nonresponsive. The data analysis used descriptive statistics through the Microsoft Excel data analysis tools to develop distribution tables, frequencies, percentages, charts, and measures of central tendency. Data collection instruments included questionnaires, interviews and observation. The study also conducted a pre-test and analysis to ensure validity, accuracy, and reliability of instruments applied. Data collection process involved getting permits and necessary approvals. The study concluded that the study concludes that small-scale dairy farming has an effect in multiple ways on food security within the county. The effect is the provision of milk to the farmers for consumption as food. The study recommends that county government should invest in research activities that would enhance dairy farming practices. Such research activities may include those on the market, diseases, animal feeds, and value addition to dairy produce.
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Sarkam, Saida Farhanah, Siti Khadijah Mohd Ghanie, Nur Sa’adah Muhamad, and Khairul Akmaliah Adham. "Yeayyy.com: venturing into mobile app business." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 25, no. 6 (August 16, 2016): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-12-2014-0287.
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Subject area “Starting up a new company” and “development of technology-based venture”. Study level/applicability The target audiences for this study are advanced business or non-business undergraduate students and MBA students taking courses of entrepreneurship, management of innovation and organization theory and design. Case overview Yeayyy.com was a private limited company based in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, a township located about 30 km south of Kuala Lumpur. It was founded by Mr Hazmin in early 2010 with a seed funding of RM150,000 (about US$50,000). By the end of 2014, its core businesses include developing mobile application (app), software and website, as well as conducting information technology (IT) training. The company had developed its own animation cartoon, Oolat Oolit, and had commercialized several mobile app inventions. These mobile apps include a Jawi (traditional Malay writing system) app, mobile games and Facebook apps which were compatible with most mobile operating systems. Since its inception, Yeayyy.com had aspired to follow the footsteps of the internationally acclaimed Malaysian home-grown animation production house, Les’ Copaque, which had produced the popular Upin Ipin series. Similar to Les’ Copaque, Yeayyy.com also planned to commercialize its in-house characters into TV series and to market related merchandises, along with its collaborative partner, CikuTree Studio. However, by the end of 2014, the company’s seed funding had depleted, thus forcing Mr Hazmin to strategize for the company’s future. Expected learning outcomes Understanding the process of entrepreneurship and technology-based venture development enables case analysts to apply the concepts in many situations involving business opportunities and company development. Subject code CSS:3 Entrepreneurship.
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Mokhtar, Noor aisyah, and Kamarul afizi Kosman. "MELAKA MALAY CITY BEFORE 1511 BASED ON PORTUGUESE SKETCHES." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v4i2.765.
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Research Highlights
The Melaka Malay Sultanate Empire is often referred as a glorious empire of various administrative, economic, and physical aspects. The Melaka Malay City in the context of this paper refers to Bandar Melaka during the reign of the Melaka Malay Sultanate, which was originally from Bukit Melaka which houses Melaka Palace to the surrounding area. Based on research, mapping of the Melaka city can be divided into three hierarchy with clear separation morphology. The first hierarchy is the Melaka harbor extending from the coast to the settlement and the city of Melaka. The second hierarchy is the administrative area of Melaka, the mosque as a center of knowledge and da'wah, bridges that connects area and as economic activities’ space for traders and residents of Melaka. The third hierarchy is the area deeper into Melaka forest that had orchard houses of Melaka’s residents, agricultural area and settlements of most Melaka residents.
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Research Objectives
The purpose of this study is to examine and interpret the picture of the Melaka City based on the sources of Portuguese sketches and paintings which are believed as trustworthy and valid sources. This paper aims to unravel the historical records of the Portuguese in order to locate and map the Melaka municipal plan before the collapse of the Melaka Malay empire into the hands of the Portuguese. Criteria of a Malay city (Husin Mutalib, 1993) and the Islamic Township in the context of the Malay Archipelago (Tajuddin Rasdi, 2003) are the municipal definitions used in internal argument when extracting and interpreting historical records into the map of the Melaka Malay municipal plan. All significant historical records will be discussed to map Melaka’s city plan in terms of environmental, physical, socio-cultural and other related aspects. The implications of this study can be a catalyst for continuous and deeper research to know about Melaka City’s physical background and skyline during the era of the Malay Sultanate. Conclusively, the Melaka Malay City before the Portuguese’s conquest was likely to be a physical civilization and should be examined and explicitly evidenced in rebuilding the Melaka Malay civilization that had long been established.
Methodology
The method focused in this paper is through debates on sketches and drawings obtained. Then contrasted and combined with historical records relating to Melaka City or events related to the sketches and paintings. In the process of reviewing and interpreting the paperwork, various aspects and methods are used to find the most suitable matches and comparisons that accurately or almost accurately reflect the Melaka municipality. Portuguese portraits and paintings obtained from diverse sources are analyzed according to historical and architectural methods. Later, historical records of Melaka and the townships from Malay and archipelago sources, Portuguese and Dutch were the backbone of Melaka municipalities. As a reinforcement, this municipal study was revamped back to the past maps and the latest satellite maps to illustrate Melaka's area and the past with the current Melaka map (Izani, M., Bridges, A., & Razak, A., 2009).
Results
The evidence and illustration of the Melaka City (Kota Melaka) presented in this paper corresponds to the main features of a Malay and Islamic township’s concept (Tajuddin Rasdi, 2003). First, the Melaka City has walls and gates entering the city area as a defense fortress. Secondly, the location of the city center of Melaka, the administrative office, palace and mosque are in a complex and become the center of the whole city and the township. Third, the market and business area are located along the main road, on the bridge, beach and roads. Fourth, there is a separation between public areas and private areas (settlement/houses). The study also shows that the urban plan of Melaka city is not a planned city plan since the reign of the first Sultan of Melaka, but is a city that grows organically according to the current and growing needs of the Malay Empire Melaka (Yusoff Hashim, 2012). It starts at the beach and Bukit Melaka, then expanded to Kampung Upeh Village, Kampung Leleh Village, Sabak, Bertam and then extending to the foot of Mount Ledang. The development and layout features of this Melaka City are in line with its function as an entrepot city which have various facilities for administrative, commercial and economic activities, daily activities and settlement of diverse groups (Pintado. M. J. (2012).
Findings
The Melaka city's gross urban planning during Melaka Malay Sultanate era is too complicated to be presented in detail. Although only based on historical records, the municipal gross plan is seen to match and resemble the picture of paintings and sketches described in most historical records. The development, distribution of population based on historical records, and the number of activities carried out during the reign of the Melaka Malay Sultanate could be the basis of the argument to the depiction of the Melaka city (Kota Melaka) municipal plan. Indeed, further studies with scientific methods should be done in order to get more accurate details.
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Precious Mazhande and Patrick Walter Mamimine. "Developing a Model for Packaging and Popularizing Township Tourism in Zimbabwe." Hospitality & Tourism Review 1, no. 2 (November 15, 2020): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.38157/hospitality-tourism-review.v1i2.217.
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Purpose: There is tremendous potential for vibrant township tourism in Zimbabwe. The country boasts an abundance of township tourism resources such as monuments of colonial history, administrative centers, informal sector activities, co-existence of traditional and modern cuisine, art and craft centers, community markets, iconic personalities and buildings, and others. Despite this rich heritage of tourism resources, township tourism has failed to attract a critical mass of clients to make it viable thereby depriving the country of potential revenue of this form of alternative tourism. Keeping this in mind, the main objective of the study was to develop a model for packaging and popularising township tourism in Zimbabwe.
Method: The study adopted a qualitative methodology. Data were collected from Tour operators, residents, and Zimbabwe Tourism Authority through participant observations and in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach.
Results: The study revealed key challenges to the growth of township tourism being lack of finance, lack of support from authorities, illegal operators, and limited access to markets, stringent operational laws, and poor understanding of the concept. Furthermore, tour operators and residents were of the view that information should be disseminated through publicity associations, using brochures and travel shows to aid in popularising township tourism. Respondents highlighted the need for educating all stakeholders on township tourism and creating mutual relationships.
Implications: Recommendations included stakeholder involvement and tour operators’ in-depth knowledge of iconic tourism resources in the township. It further recommends a strategic partnership with international tour operators offering township tourism.
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Ojha, Sadhana, Vikas Pathak, Meena Goswami, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, Veer Pal Singh, and Tanuja Singh. "Quality and safety assessment of cow’ milk in different regions of Mathura city." Nutrition & Food Science 47, no. 3 (May 8, 2017): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-05-2016-0067.
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Purpose The purpose of present study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of cow?s milk in the holy city Mathura, which is famous for it?s gau dhan and Lord Krishna. Methodology The milk samples were collected from dairy shops, vendors and milk producers and evaluated on the basis of various organoleptic tests, physico-chemical properties, proximate estimation and microbiological studies following the standard procedures. Findings The milk samples of Township and Chungi areas had more clear appearance and normal texture/consistency than other three areas. No cow milk sample was observed with pure white colour; however, 74 per cent of the samples had normal light yellow colour. No milk sample had rancid/oxidized odour; however, few milk samples contained weedy or absorbed odour. Watery consistency was observed in 50 per cent of the samples, whereas thick, ropy or slimy consistency was observed in 4, 4 and 20 per cent of the samples, respectively. The temperature, pH and specific gravity of milk collected from different regions were lower, but titratable acidity was higher than normal prescribed range (<0.14 per cent). The moisture content of all the samples was higher; however, other proximate parameters showed quite variable values than normal values of cow milk. Out of the total, 28 per cent of the samples of cow milk were positive for formalin. The microbial load was higher than normal prescribed limit. Original value Food safety and food security are very much at the top of the agenda in India, so it is of utmost importance to screen the quality of milk and milk products in the market for avoidance of skimming practices and/or adulteration of milk with water and human health problems.
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Ferdinand, Ake Ohouo. "Les Facteurs De Developpement Des Actıvıtes Commercıales Sur Les Marches D’abıdjan." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 4 (February 28, 2016): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n4p302.
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The metropolis of Abidjan, economic capital of the Ivory Coast is a big west African metropolis. She is composed of ten townships that shelter each several markets. These markets play a primordial role in the development of the commercial activities. Indeed, every township shelters commercial infrastructures localized in the different districts. These markets are of variable size because one finds some of big and of small size. They knew an evolution since the years 1976 until our days. These markets are constructed either by the public powers, either by the promoters deprived according to the Build Operate and Transfer system. The system is a contract of constructional concession of public work a deprived entrepreneur's that exploits it during a certain time until the amortization of the working assets. These markets specialized in various domains of activities; offer the abidjanaise population, those of the inside of the country and even of the under-region panoply of articles that makes of this city biggest shopping mall of the country. The periods of exercise of these markets vary. The majority of the markets of Abidjan exercises in the day. On the other hand, some lead their activities in the evening, until late the night and are called of the night markets. The flourishing economic activities of the markets of Abidjan are bound to several factors of which the human factors and the economic factors more especially the economic activities that provide to the different worked the products necessary to the satisfaction of the needs of the consumers. These products provided by the economic activities are at the origin of the development of the commercial activities on the markets in the city of Abidjan.
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Acacia, Raul, Liong Ju Tjung, and Sylvie Wirawati. "STUDI KELAYAKAN PEMBANGUNAN MALL BARU DI KOTA HARAPAN INDAH." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 2, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 2841. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v2i2.8851.
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The growth of property continues to increase significantly in Indonesia, especially centered on the Jakarta causing satellite cities such as Bekasi Regency to be one of the options in property Development. Damai Putra Group as one of the developers to create a new township that is directly adjacent with Jakarta, especially East Jakarta. With good accessibility and now there is also public transport, it will increase the activity and value of land in Kota Harapan IndahDamai Putra Group sees this as an opportunity, with a number that has begun to be quite densely populated in Kota Harapan Indah wanting to provide supporting facilities to build new mall in Kota Harapan Indah. This feasibility study aims to determine the potential and threats that exist and also minimize risks, and studying the feasibility especially in financial, and also produce the concept of mall in accordance with current market trends and conditions. In this case, the author uses several methods to collect data with primary and secondary data collection, namely field surveys, interviews, and documentation. In this case the authors conducted several analyzes to achieve the objectives consisting of location and site analysis, market analysis, development concept analysis, and investment analysis. The results of this feasibility study based on the analysis that has been done show that this land is eligible to be developed into a mall.Keywords : Shopping Mall; Investment; Feasibility StudyAbstrakPertumbuhan properti yang terus meningkat secara signifikan di Indonesia, terutama berpusat pada kota Jakarta menyebabkan kota-kota satelit seperti Kabupaten Bekasi menjadi salah satu pilihan dalam pengembangan properti, Damai Putra Group selaku salah satu pengembang yang besar membuat kota baru yang letaknya berbatasan dengan Jakarta, tepatnya Jakarta Timur. Dengan aksesibilitas yang baik dan saat ini pula sudah ada transportasi umum maka akan semakin meningkatkan aktifitas dan nilai lahan di Kota Harapan Indah. Damai Putra Group melihat ini sebagai peluang , dengan sudah mulai cukup padatnya kepadatan penduduk di Kota Harapan Indah ingin menyediakan fasilitas komersial pendukung yaitu membangun mall baru di Kota Harapan Indah. Studi kelayakan ini memiliki tujuan utama untuk meminimalisir resiko dan juga untuk mengetahui potensi dan ancaman yang ada, serta bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan pembangunan secara finansial, dan juga menghasilkan konsep mall sesuai dengan tren dan kondisi pasar saat ini. Dalam hal ini penulis menggunakan beberapa cara untuk mengumpulkan data dengan pengumpulan primer maupun sekunder, yaitu survei lapangan, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Penulis melakukan beberapa analisis untuk mencapai tujuan itu berupa analisis lokasi dan tapak, analisis pasar, analisis konsep pengembangan, dan analisis investasi. Hasil dari studi kelayakan ini berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan menunjukan bahwa lahan ini layak untuk dikembangkan menjadi mall.
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Listari, Shinta, and Robert Pius Pardede. "Pengaruh Fluktuasi Suku Bunga Kredit KURS terhadap Profitabilitas." Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Kesatuan 5, no. 1 (July 16, 2018): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37641/jiakes.v5i1.12.
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The high level of business competition nowadays challenges companies to make every effort to survive and to continuously innovate in order to fulfill the customers’ demands. The past few years, property industry in Indonesia experienced a tremendous development. This is shown by the increasing number of residential housing, shopping centers, even to the township. The number of Indonesian resident is a very potential market for industrial property. Property prices continue to experience a notable increase caused by a number of investors and speculators. At the end of 2013, Bank Indonesia released a policy “Loan To Value” to secure property prices in Indonesia, particularly the housing sector from investors and speculators game. The purpose of this study case was to determine the accounting policy of interest rates and exchange rate, to find out the recognition of loan interest rate fluctuations and exchange rate, and determine the effect of changes in interest rates and exchange rates on profitability in property companies, namely PT Summarecon Agung Tbk, PT Agung Podomoro Land Tbk, and PT Alam Sutera Realty Tbk at 5 period, 31 December 2012, 30 June 2013, 31 December 2013, 30 June 2014, and 31 December 2014. The research shows that the three companies use and apply PSAK 10 related to exchange rates and PSAK 26 related to borrowing cost, lending costs. These costs occur due to the lending rates for bank debt owned by the company. PT Summarecon Agung Tbk and PT Agung Podomoro Land Tbk included the foreign exchange differences in the statement of cash flows as the effect of exchange rate differences affecting cash and cash equivalents in the current year and PT Alam Sutera Realty Tbk included it into a foreign exchange gain/(loss) on foreign exchange that affect profitability in the current year. Mean while, credit interest rate fluctuations affect the rise in lending cost and the exchange rate is not significant according to results from SPSS calculations.
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Vermeer, Eduard B. "Book Reviews : Hongyi CHEN, The Institutional Transition of China's Township and Village Enterprises: Market Liberalization, Contractual Form Innovation and Privatization. Aldershot: Ashgate 2000. xvi + 275 pp., with bibliography and index. ISBN 0-756- 105-0 (hc). Price: £45.00." China Information 15, no. 1 (March 2001): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x0101500114.
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van der Zee, Kirsten, Nicole Vellios, Corné van Walbeek, and Hana Ross. "The illicit cigarette market in six South African townships." Tobacco Control 29, Suppl 4 (March 11, 2020): s267—s274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055136.
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BackgroundWe estimate the size of the illicit cigarette market in low socioeconomic areas in South Africa before and after a tax increase. In 2018, the real excise tax increased by 3% and the value-added tax (VAT) rate increased from 14% to 15%. Thus, the real tax on cigarettes increased by 4%.MethodsA total of 2427 smokers were interviewed over two rounds of data collection (1234 before the tax increase and 1193 after). Data were collected in six townships across four of South Africa’s nine provinces. Smokers were asked about their most recent cigarette purchase. Cigarettes purchased for R1 (US$0.08) or less per stick are presumed illicit, based on a threshold price, which includes production costs and taxes.ResultsIn 2017 and 2018 respectively, 34.6% and 36.4% of smokers in the sample purchased illicit cigarettes. The increase in the proportion of illicit purchases was not statistically significant. Smokers with relatively low socioeconomic status, those who have low levels of education and those who are older or unemployed are most likely to purchase illicit cigarettes.ConclusionsThe illicit cigarette trade in South African townships is widespread. The government should implement an independent track and trace system to curb tax evasion. This would reduce the availability of illicit cigarettes, improve public health and increase excise tax collection.
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Díaz del Castillo, Juan Fernando Caicedo. "La intermediación como un impedimento al desarrollo del pequeño productor de Medellín." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 14, no. 1 (May 24, 2013): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol14_num1_art:264.
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<p>El propósito de este artículo es identificar las restricciones de mercado de productos agrícolas entre los distintos agentes de la cadena de producción y comercialización. Se parte de entender las desigualdades de oportunidades de las comunidades vulnerables y las costumbres propias o fenómenos externos a las comunidades que generan condiciones que perpetúan la pobreza de generación en generación. Los agentes que intervienen en este mercado se ven inmersos en estas dinámicas económicas y socioculturales, y propician la exclusión de los grupos sociales que tienen menos poder, como es el caso de los pequeños productores en Colombia. A través de una encuesta aplicada a cincuenta pequeños productores en el corregimiento de San Cristóbal (Medellín), se indagó por variables socioeconómicas como: precios de compra-venta, costos de producción, gastos de la familia, métodos de comercialización y transformación de la producción, entre otras. Al tabular y analizar la información, se encontró que la gran mayoría de la población percibe en la intermediación la principal causa para no encontrar mejoras en su calidad de vida. Las relaciones entre los distintos agentes de la cadena de producción y comercialización se establecieron mediante la comparación de precios de cada uno de los agentes, tomando como base para hacer esta relación, el precio de venta del pequeño productor. Se encontró que los márgenes de los beneficios son bajos para el productor, lo cual desincentiva la permanencia de actividades agropecuarias en el largo plazo.</p><p><strong>Brokering as an impediment to the development of small producers in Medellín</strong></p><p>The purpose of this article is to identify market constraints in agricultural products between the various actors in the production and marketing chain. It starts with understanding the inequalities of opportunities for vulnerable communities, and events or traditions outside those communities, which generate the conditions that perpetuate poverty from generation to generation. Agents involved in this market are immersed in these economic and sociocultural dynamics, favoring exclusion of social groups with less power, as in the case of small producers in Colombia. By means of a survey to fifty small farmers in the township of San Cristobal (Medellin), we inquire about socioeconomic variables such as buying and selling prices, production costs, family expenses, marketing methods, transformation of production, among others. Once tabulated and analyzed the information, we found that the vast majority of the population perceives that middle man as the main cause for not finding improvements in their quality of life. The relationships between the different actors in the production and marketing chain were established by comparing prices of each of the agents, taking as a basis for comparison, the price of the small producer. We found that profit margins are low for the producer, which discourages the permanence of agricultural activities in the long term.</p>