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1
Rolfes, Manfred, Malte Steinbrink, and Christina Uhl. "Townships as attraction : an empirical study of township tourism in Cape Town." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/2894/.
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Since the end of the Apartheid international tourism in South Africa has increasingly gained importance for the national economy. The centre of this PKS issue’s attention is a particular form of tourism: Township tourism, i.e. guided tours to the residential areas of the black population. About 300,000 tourists per year visit the townships of Cape Town. The tours are also called Cultural, Social, or Reality Tours.
The different aspects of township tourism in Cape Town were subject of a geographic field study, which was undertaken during a student research project of Potsdam University in 2007. The text at hand presents the empirical results of the field study, and demonstrates how townships are constructed as spaces of tourism.Seit dem Ende der Apartheid gewinnt in Südafrika der internationale Tourismus eine immer größere ökonomische Bedeutung. In diesem PKS-Heft steht eine besondere Form des Tourismus im Mittelpunkt, der Township Tourismus. Dabei handelt es sich um geführte Touren in die Wohngebiete der schwarzen Bevölkerung. Etwa 300.000 Touristen besuchen in Kapstadt jährlich die Townships. Die Touren werden auch als Cultural, Social oder Reality Tours bezeichnet. Im Jahr 2007 untersuchten Potsdamer Geographen/innen im Rahmen eines Studienprojektes die unterschiedlichen Aspekte des Township Tourismus in Kapstadt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die empirischen Ergebnisse dieses Forschungsaufenthaltes vorgestellt. Es wird gezeigt, wie Townships als touristische Räume konstruiert werden.
2
Abell, Lesley. "Burra and its townships /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ara141.pdf.
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Magqwaka, Mlamli. "Lifting South African townships." Thesis, University of York, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242130.
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Whan, Eric. "Improper property : squatters and the idea of property in the Eastern Townships of Lower Canada, 1838-1866." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28030.
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Drawing on the manuscript records of the Department of Crown Lands, its published reports, and case law, this thesis examines the illegal occupation of rural land, known as squatting in the Eastern Townships of Quebec in the period 1838 to 1866. By 1838, demographic pressure in the seigneuries, inflated land prices due to speculation, and inaccessible public land granting practices had made squatting a commonplace strategy for land acquisition. The responses to squatting of the Department of Crown Lands, the Legislature and the judiciary are analysed for what they implied about ideas of property in Lower Canada.While the Department of Crown Lands' policy of pre-emption affirmed that squatters held rights to public land because they laboured to cultivate and improve it, the legislature refused to acknowledge that squatters could acquire such rights on private land; nine out of ten bills intended to ensure ejected squatters a systematically determined remuneration for improvements made by them on the private property of absentees failed to pass into law during the period. Most were rejected by the Legislative Council which defended the interests of landed wealth.
Lower Canadian courts, meanwhile, struggled to sort out laws relating to squatting. Ultimately they found that while squatters on private property owned their improvements, they had no right to the land itself. Thus the judiciary applied a bifurcated concept of property to rural land in Lower Canada despite the prevalence of liberal theories of absolute property rights during the nineteenth century.
5
Rooney, Neil. "Scale of analysis and the influence of submerged macrophytes on lake processes." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37665.
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The goal of this thesis was to examine submerged macrophoe biomass, distribution, and ecosystem effects at scales large enough to incorporate the littoral zone into models of whole lake structure and function. Submerged macrophyte biomass and distribution was shown to be highly variable between growing seasons and primarily dependant upon air temperature and the timing of the onset of the growing season. Within a growing season, a mass balance study showed an undisturbed macrophyte bed to markedly lower phytoplankton biomass: total phosphorus ratios, although the net effect of the bed on the growing season phosphorus budget was minimal. The weedbed preferentially retained phytoplankton biomass while being a source of bacterial production to the open water. These findings were mirrored at the among lake scale, as planktonic respiration and bacterial production were higher in macrophyte dominated lakes than would be expected based on phytoplankton biomass alone. Further, phytoplankton biomass was lower than would be expected based on epilimnetic phosphorus levels, showing that the classical view of pelagic interactions that proposes phosphorus determines phytoplankton abundance, which in turn determines bacterial abundance through the production of organic carbon, becomes less relevant as macrophyte cover increases. Long term phosphorus accumulation in the littoral zone was shown to be linked to macrophyte biomass, and on average almost an order of magnitude higher than calculated from the growing season (June--October) phosphorus budget, suggesting that the bulk of phosphorus accumulation in weedbeds occurs outside of the growing season. Finally, sediment core data showed that while submerged weedbeds accumulate up to four times as much bulk sediment compared to the profundal zone, phosphorus accumulation in weedbeds is much less than observed in the profundal zone. These results strongly indicating that submerged macrophyte beds play a central role in trapping ep
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Eneh, Ann Ogorchukwu. "Access to Primary Care in Pennsylvanian Rural Townships." Thesis, Walden University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10787679.
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Access to primary care is limited in rural communities across the United States. Evidence supports primary care as the cornerstone of healthcare. The purpose of this project was to explore community perceptions of barriers to primary care access with the aim of learning about ideas for possible interventions that could improve primary care access for Mifflin County residents. Penchansky and Thomas’s model of healthcare access provided the theoretical framework for this qualitative phenomenological study. Using a community-based research approach, semistructured, open-ended telephone interviews and qualitative surveys were conducted with 26 participants, including physicians, nurses, and residents. Data were analyzed using Edward and Welch’s extension of Colaizzi’s 7-step method for qualitative data analysis. Key findings included perceptions that (a) primary care access is limited in Mifflin County due to inadequate health services emanating from insufficient community health centers, provider shortages, health insurance issues; (b) high cost and poor choice of services discourage residents from seeking preventative care; (c) distance from services reduce residents’ ability to access primary care; (d) service problems impact the quality of care received, such as a lack of provider training in opiate addiction; and (e) providers and residents should be involved in primary care service planning since they can provide valuable information to help improve access to services. Positive social change could occur through improvement in access to primary care using a collaborative approach and community involvement, in policy formation and service planning.
7
Bergien, Angelika. ""Der Tarantino der Townships" – kulturelle Dimensionen metaphorischer Eigennamenverwendungen." Gesellschaft für Namenkunde e.V, 2011. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A12545.
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In their primary use names are inherently defi nite, but they also have various secondary uses where this inherent defi niteness is lost. One such use is to identify an individual or place having relevant properties of the bearer of another name (e.g. We make Singapore Boston of the East or Paul Grootboom is the Tarantino of the townships). The examples make sense only if we know the source referents (Boston and Tarantino) and then establish a metaphorical relationship with the target referents (Singapore and Paul Grootboom). Thus, names are used as an economical way of referring to the transferred properties which are associated with the name bearer. Metaphors in general are selective and highlight particular aspects of the source and target referents while hiding others. Based on a survey including examples from multiple sources and informants with diff erent backgrounds, I want to explore some of the issues that metaphorically used names raise. In particular, I show that a cultural dimension is refl ected a) in the use of local or non-local source referents and b) in the knowledge about the source referent that is evoked in a given discourse context.
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Bergien, Angelika. ""Der Tarantino der Townships" – kulturelle Dimensionen metaphorischer Eigennamenverwendungen." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-145342.
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In their primary use names are inherently defi nite, but they also have various secondary uses where this inherent defi niteness is lost. One such use is to identify an individual or place having relevant properties of the bearer of another name (e.g. We make Singapore Boston of the East or Paul Grootboom is the Tarantino of the townships). The examples make sense only if we know the source referents (Boston and Tarantino) and then establish a metaphorical relationship with the target referents (Singapore and Paul Grootboom). Thus, names are used as an economical way of referring to the transferred properties which are associated with the name bearer. Metaphors in general are selective and highlight particular aspects of the source and target referents while hiding others. Based on a survey including examples from multiple sources and informants with diff erent backgrounds, I want to explore some of the issues that metaphorically used names raise. In particular, I show that a cultural dimension is refl ected a) in the use of local or non-local source referents and b) in the knowledge about the source referent that is evoked in a given discourse context.
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Mashiyi, Sikelelwa Anita. "Spaza Hip hop in the townships of Khayelitsha." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6966.
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Masters of ArtSince the arrival of hip-hop in Cape Town and indeed South Africa in the 1980s, a diverse and vibrant range of hip-hop sub-genres has developed in Cape Town. Scholarship, however, have approached hip-hop mainly through a linguistical angle focusing mostly on Cipha hiphop in the Cape Flats. This ethnographic work looks at performances and practices of Spaza hip-hop. It explores the musical genre of Spaza hip-hop in the township of Khayelitsha, discussing ideas advanced by scholarship almost ten years ago and re-assessing issues of language, citizenship and ethnicity from today’s perspective. It looks at Spaza hip-hop not only as a musical genre, as it explores questions of identity, ethnicity, race, and gender. My research discusses how Spaza hip-hop music is consumed today, how it is produced and how it circulates. Across two years of fieldwork, I followed park sessions, open mic sessions and events; I have interviewed artists, producers and audiences. I argue that Spaza hip-hop in 2018 had changed drastically from its first apparition. Not only most of the artists are now older, but also the Spaza hip-hop scene is now invaded by trap hip-hop artists. Across my research I explore issues of gender in hip hop which is generally perceived as a “masculine” music. I illustrate how female artists constantly challenge norms and negotiate a space of their own, paradoxically transforming Spaza hip hop in a space for freedom.
10
Eneh, Ann. "Access to Primary Care in Pennsylvanian Rural Townships." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5075.
Full textAbstract:
Access to primary care is limited in rural communities across the United States. Evidence supports primary care as the cornerstone of healthcare. The purpose of this project was to explore community perceptions of barriers to primary care access with the aim of learning about ideas for possible interventions that could improve primary care access for Mifflin County residents. Penchansky and Thomas's model of healthcare access provided the theoretical framework for this qualitative phenomenological study. Using a community-based research approach, semistructured, open-ended telephone interviews and qualitative surveys were conducted with 26 participants, including physicians, nurses, and residents. Data were analyzed using Edward and Welch's extension of Colaizzi's 7-step method for qualitative data analysis. Key findings included perceptions that (a) primary care access is limited in Mifflin County due to inadequate health services emanating from insufficient community health centers, provider shortages, health insurance issues; (b) high cost and poor choice of services discourage residents from seeking preventative care; (c) distance from services reduce residents' ability to access primary care; (d) service problems impact the quality of care received, such as a lack of provider training in opiate addiction; and (e) providers and residents should be involved in primary care service planning since they can provide valuable information to help improve access to services. Positive social change could occur through improvement in access to primary care using a collaborative approach and community involvement, in policy formation and service planning.
11
Khanyile, Musawenkosi Christopher. "Townships, shacks and suburbs: An original collection of poems." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6648.
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Magister Artium - MAMy creative writing full master’s thesis, entitled Townships, Shacks and Suburbs, is a collection of poems that explores the role played by place in shaping identity. Poems in this collection seek to examine the interplay between identity and place, particularly the influence that environmental settings or contexts have in shaping how individuals define who they are. The theme of place is divided into three environmental contexts, namely the township, the rural context and the urban context. The poet navigates between these three environmental contexts, observing how each influences the way people define who they are and also how they identify with that particular environmental context. This definition of self, which forms part of identity, encompasses the day-to-day life, emotions, struggles, memories and a variety of other aspects that are linked to place and are inherent in identity-formation. The observation of how identity is shaped by place includes the poet and extends to people around him. This collection of poems can be viewed as a man’s attempt at finding out who he is, by exploring the history of his life, as well as reflecting on the intricacies of growing up or being exposed to a variety of environmental settings. It can also be viewed as an attempt at learning who people around him are and how their identities are shaped by the place(s) they live in.
12
Sander, Bettina Christa. "Benthic bacterial production in Eastern Townships and Laurentian lakes." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69681.
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The $ sp3$H thymidine incorporation (TTI) method has been frequently used to estimate benthic bacterial production rates in well oxygenated marine and river sediments, but not in the frequently more reduced lake sediments. In chapter 1, I evaluate the published sediment production literature and examine useful predictors of in situ bacterial production in mostly marine and riverine sediments. In chapters 2 and 3, I estimated and compared benthic production rates by TTI, frequency of dividing cells (FDC), the dilution method (DIL) and sediment respiration (SR) in 13 Quebec lakes to assess the reliability of the TTI based production rates. The TTI method was first calibrated, but despite keeping incubation times short and at in situ temperature, using optimal sediment volumes to saturate $ sp3$H thymidine (TdR) uptake rates, and correcting production rates for $ sp3$H-DNA recovery efficiencies, only a maximum of 10% of $ sp3$H TdR was incorporated into DNA and only extracellular isotope dilution could be accounted for (chapter 2). Most problematic, however, is the increasing presence of active bacteria unable to take up and incorporate TdR as lake sediments become more reduced (chapter 3). TTI based results are also not nearly as well correlated to environmental factors as those obtained from SR. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
13
Louw, Stefan. "Enabling grassroots innovation by youth in Cape Town's townships." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22862.
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Grassroots innovation has been recognized as a valuable means to empower local communities to address developmental issues. Enabling youth in townships to solve local problems is of particular interest in South Africa due to the poor socioeconomic conditions in these areas. These conditions include high unemployment rates amongst youth, which leads to youth disenfranchisement. There is a lack of support for grassroots innovation because it falls outside of mainstream support structures for innovation. Standard market incentives are less relevant for this socially driven form of innovation. Innovation competitions are a potential alternate mechanism to incentivize grassroots innovation. However, the danger with external incentives is that they can crowd out intrinsic motivation through the overjustification effect. Intrinsic motivation is necessary to increase creativity, performance and long-term engagement in an activity. Therefore, this study seeks to understand what motivates youth to take part in grassroots innovation activities, and how to use an innovation competition to provide appropriate incentives for these motivations. A gamification framework is used to analyse these motivations and the effects of incentives. This is an empirical study that focuses on Innovate the Cape, a high school innovation competition in Cape Town. Furthermore, given that this form of innovation in this developmental context is poorly understood, the learning processes are analysed. An innovation systems approach is used to explore the motivations of the actors and analyse their interactions within this institutional context. A qualitative study was conducted with 18 semi-structured interviews and 9 focus groups. The analysis revealed that participants had a broad range of motivations beyond the competition prize, which was seen more as a means to an end. Dominant motivations included making a social impact, social influence, personal development and the desire to learn. By taking these motivations into account, competition incentives can be used as a means to empower participants through rich learning experiences. Diverse interpersonal interaction and experiential learning were found to be vital components of the learning process. These components are sorely lacking in the local school system. There is a lack of accessible and relevant formal institutional support for early stage grassroots innovation. Furthermore, informal institutional factors underpinned many of the findings on the motivations and learning processes of the participants. On a systems level, it was shown that facilitating innovative behaviour on the grassroots level resulted in institutional building.
14
Kunene, Khaya. "Factors affecting how the youth in the townships use internet to seek employment: case of a township in Cape Town." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31540.
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Problem Statement: South Africa is currently facing a challenge of youth unemployment. The hardest hit are those from low income communities, as they in addition have limited access to information. The Internet has proven to be one of the ways in which recruitment is done and failure to access reduces the opportunities. The purpose of the research: The main objective of this study was to understand how the youth living in the townships use the Internet to seek for employment. The purpose of this study is to assess how the Internet use affect the youth when searching for employment. Design/methodology/ approach: An interpretivist approach was employed to understand how the youth seek employment. This study used a qualitative approach to collect the data. Interviews were done using semi-structured questions. Alampay (2006) Capability Approach (CA) was used as a guide to conceptualise how the youth from low-income communities use the Internet to find employment. Borrowing from the four main constructs (conversion factors, freedom, capabilities and functionings) employed by Alampay (2006) in his model, this study operationalised the Alampay (2006) CA model by adding the ICT commodities as the fifth construct. The CA was chosen as an appropriate framework for this study because the framework focuses on what humans are able to do and achieve when presented with the available ICT resources. Findings: The findings demonstrate that the lack of resources, income, information and digital skills affected the individual capabilities to effectively use the Internet when seeking employment. The success rate in finding a job using the Internet was low among job seekers. Commodities, individual differences, social and environmental factors affected how the youth (18-34 years) from low-income communities use the Internet to find employment. In addition, crime, poor network coverage, expensive data bundles and limited access to ICT resources were among the key factors that contributed to limited use of the Internet among job seekers. Research Contribution: This study seeks to close the gap in limited knowledge available in developing countries with regards to the use of the Internet among job seekers. Therefore, based on the study findings, this thesis has contributed towards adding value to the body of knowledge within the field of Information Systems. In addition, the findings can contribute towards assisting policy makers in solving challenges faced by the unemployment youth in developing countries when using technology to find employment.
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Larsson, Louise. "Slumturism – Att hjälpa eller stjälpa : En fältstudie i Kapstadens townships." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-16833.
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Slumturism är ett begrepp som används för guidade turer som reser till fattiga områden. Slumturism finns på flera ställen i världen, bland annat i Sydafrikas townships, där specialsydda resor tar turister till det segregerade områdena vid namn townships. Kritiken är delad och säger att företagen oftast är utomstående där pengarna inte genererar tillbaka till samhället och invånarna blir förödmjukade av turister. Arrangörerna säger däremot att de informerar turisterna om hur verkligheten ser ut och att turismen ger arbetstillfällen. Studien fokuserar på lokalinvånarna och townshipturism i Sydafrika. Studiens syfte är att beskriva huruvida slumturism hjälper eller stjälper lokalinvånarna och forskningsfrågan lyder, hur påverkas townships och dess befolkning av slumturism? Studien använder en empirisk metod där material har samlats in under en fältstudie i Sydafrika. Företag, resenärer och lokalinvånare har intervjuats för att få en bredare bild av problemet. Resultatet visar att turismen i townships bidrar med både positiva och negativa effekter. Turismen ger inte några större positiva ekonomiska effekter från de flesta företagen utan det står turister och lokalbefolkningen för. Turismen skapar arbete men få företag är lokala. De sociokulturella effekterna visar att lite interaktion förs mellan turist och lokalbefolkningen och den sociala bärförmågan kan hotas men turismen har också skapat en möjlighet för lokalbefolkningen i Sydafrika att komma närmare varandra.
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Kemsley, Rachel Mary. "Landowners and communities in the east Cheshire Pennines from the 13th century to the 20th." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367194.
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Staniland, John Luke Seneviratne. "Tale of two townships : race, class and the changing contours of collective action in the Cape Town townships of Guguletu and Bonteheuwel, 1976-2006." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6420.
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This thesis examines the emergence and evolution of ‘progressive activism and organisation’ between 1976 and 2006 in the African township of Guguletu and the coloured township of Bonteheuwel within the City of Cape Town. In doing so it compares both how activism has changed over time (including as a result of democratisation) and how it differed between and within these two communities. Whilst at heart an empirical study of activism it seeks to move beyond the specificities of the cases studied to also draw broader conclusions about the nature and causes of collective action and organisation. Drawing on both social movement and class theory it aims to shed some light on the fundamental question of the relationship between structure and agency - why do people act and what defines the form of action they take? It combines a quantitative study of the changing relationship between race, class and state policy with qualitative studies of activism in Guguletu and Bonteheuwel. These two studies cover in detail: the development and unfolding of the riots of 1976; the great boycott season of 1979/80 which saw large numbers of Africans and coloureds across Cape Town drawn into school, bus and consumer boycotts; the development of activism between 1980 and 1985, including the impact of the United Democratic Front; the township unrest of 1985-7; the transition period between 1988 and 1994; and post-apartheid activism in the two communities. It draws on theories of class which recognise the importance of peoples’ positions within the state’s distributional networks (citizenship), experiences and expectations of social mobility and the impact of historical experience of class formation on expectation (moral economy). In doing this it shows how differences in race, education, age and labour market position all interacted to pattern activism in the case studies. Struggles in Cape Town throughout the period 1976-2006 were not dualistic conflict between classes, races or between the oppressed and forces of global capital, nor were they mechanistic responses to the opening and closing of political space. They were complex coalitions of competing and collaborating class forces which were defined by the underlying nature of the city’s political economy and which emerged in interaction with changing opportunities for action.
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Moreo, Bishop Stephen Mosimanegape. "Excessive funeral expenditure in the black townships, a pastoral challenge." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32999.
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Funerals are still considered as very important and well attended occasion in the black
townships of South Africa. In the recent past, traditional African funerals practices have
affected a number of powerful and complex systems that have been interaction in Africa.
The three most important being traditional African cultures, modern Western culture and the
environment.
The study was conducted to establish factors that led to excessive funerals expenditures in
some black townships communities of South Africa, in order to create a pastoral response to
this phenomenon. The project was done in Ramatlabama village in the North West province
and also in Soweto in the province of Gauteng.
A qualitative methodological plan was followed allowing exclusive experiences to emerge.
Families, adults and young church groups, clergy, Bishop, Social group and a Funeral
undertaker , an in-depth qualitative analysis was employed in order to find the real reasons
that led to excessive funeral expenditure. The data collected and analyzed revealed that
factors such as impressing neighbors, meeting community and family expectation were the
reasons for the phenomenon. There were other external factors that contributed indirectly to
the practice and such as commercialization and politicization.
In order to address this practice that is making the poor more vulnerable, the Shepherding
Model of Gerkin’s and Pollard’s Theory of positive deconstruction was explored. It was
found that the Clergy needed to be helped to be aware of the fact that excessive funeral
expenditure requires a pastoral response with the right attitude and meaningful dialogues with
those affected. The pastoral care-giver with adequate knowledge and exposure to life of
pastoral care seeker will have a greater advantage to help most if not all families that usually
find themselves in this predicament or dilemma. The best way for the church to help the poor
families venture into the future, it’s by educating our communities on how not to spend
beyond their means.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2013
Practical Theology
unrestricted
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Santamicone, Maurizio. "Savings and shock-coping behavior in South Africa's metropolitan townships." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29032.
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In this paper we study savings behavior in South African Metropolitan Townships and households' ability to manage "shocks" ex-post to their occurrence. In particular we want to determine if the availability of instruments like mobile-money solutions, that allow households to save anywhere , anytime, next to community savings schemes like stokvels and more traditional ones like funeral plans, insurance and bank accounts affects the savings behavior to the extent of improving households' shock-coping strategies. We investigated how variables like education level achieved, employment status and approach to life of the respondents influence their behavior. Poor people periodically face a variety of "shocks", events that can be overwhelming, like ill-health or death of a family member (sometimes the breadwinner), or natural disasters causing loss of home or crop. By providing them with means to save anywhere, anytime they have a chance to mitigate shocks by saving over time, enabling them increase their productivity, maintain their expenditure on nutrition and education during hard times and preventing them from falling back into poverty. While many scholars argue that poor people do have surplus money to save, and the data from this research confirms this statement, traditional financial institutions, especially large commercial banks, find it hard to reach these customers as it is too costly to establish branches in remote areas and they do not have business models to deal with a large number of customers that require low savings and small transactions. Instead mobile operators have experience and technology in place in handling low-value, high-volume transactions and can therefore run the payment and account management platforms instead (or on behalf of) banks. We interviewed 528 households in the Metropolitan Township of Khayelitsha, Cape Town and found statistical evidence that employment status, education level and approach to life affect savings behavior and the adoption of an "optimal" vs. "sub-optimal" strategy when facing unexpected events or shocks. Usage of mobile-money products is low as only 15% of the sample declared to use any of them: this can be partially explained by the fact that bank penetration in the Metropolitan Townships is surprisingly high, with 80% of the population formally banked as confirmed by other studies. We did not find enough statistical evidence that savings through mobile-money instruments improves shock-coping behavior although all the respondents who use some mobile-money product indicated that they perceive an improvement in their ability to deal with unexpected events. We found statistical evidence that education level, employment status and approach to life affects savings behavior and the financial situation of the household. Correlation tests showed statistically significant relationships between better strategies and employment status or education level. Respondents who save using use methods that do not allow immediate withdrawals of the funds like stokvels or funeral plans adopt better strategies than those who rely only on bank accounts.
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Sondlo, Dumisani. "Exploring business and owner traits of small and medium enterprises that exhibit increased revenues in South African townships : the case of selected townships in Strand." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71928.
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Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Apart from meeting basic customer needs, small and medium enterprises in the townships are a source of employment and livelihood for many. Businesses in the townships of the Strand have mushroomed from a formerly neglected area, like others in various townships throughout South Africa. Yet very little is known about them and their owners. What are their characteristics? What traits distinguish those that make higher revenues from the rest? Many of these small businesses have emerged without government assistance, even though such support is often seen as a non-factor in determining the rate of an enterprise’s growth. Entrepreneurship, as literature often explains, is a dynamic endeavour which requires a business founder to display both determination and skill. Yet very few businesses normally survive the early stages. Many aspects of entrepreneurship need to be practically learned to enable the business to overcome many prevalent obstacles, and thus enable the enterprise to grow and contribute to job-creation. Not all entrepreneurs are alike in their capability to spot an opportunity. Also, entrepreneurs differ in their ability to either steer or set up systems to take an enterprise through its various transitions. Yet still, the financial strategic decisions made at inception stage often influence the rate at which businesses will generate revenues later in existence. Government, both local and national, has a responsibility to provide an enabling environment for businesses to thrive. Using a study of spaza and informal trade done in the past by Unisa and by Bojanala Platinum District Municipality as a baseline, this study surveyed 60.6 percent of businesses in the Strand townships that were identified through the database of both Khanyolwethu School and Sinobulumko Business Association. The main areas of focus were – the socio-economic and demographic profile, the physical characteristics, financing, relationship with suppliers, transport, income/turnover and traits that distinguish higher-revenue businesses from others. Analyses through the Mann-Whitney U, the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the chi-square and the Kruskal-Wallis test then showed that the businesses that tend to make larger monthly revenues are those that are owned by males, using cheque accounts for the business, and those whose main suppliers deliver merchandise to their premises. The businesses that make larger daily revenues were shown to be those that are owned by males, registered with CIPRO, using cheque accounts for the business and those whose owners have Grade 7 to 9 qualifications and above. For government, the results of this study call for a further refining of the criteria used for loaning to businesses in townships, as well as to make the public more aware of the assistance provided by government’s business support agencies. For banks, the study calls for the designing of a ‘Spaza Account’, tailored to the needs and skills level of businesses owners in the townships. Socially, the study calls for the tearing down of all the walls that make it difficult for open trade to take place
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Klein besighede in informele nedersettings spreek die behoefte aan van kliënte en genereer ‘n tipe inkomste, maar daar is min kennis oor eienaars se belange. Besighede in die Strand se informele nedersettings was gestig in minderbevooregte gebiede, soos baie ander regdeur Suid Afrika. Watter karaktereienskappe beskik hierdie eienaars om ‘n beter inkomste te genereer as die res van die inwoners? Baie van hierdie besighede het ontstaan sonder enige hulp van regering instansies ten spyte van ondersteuningsdienste wat aan hulle beskikbaar was. Afhangende van die groei van die besigheidseienaar word dit in elk geval nie in ag geneem nie. Entrepreneurskap verduidelik letterlik dat die besigheids eienaar uithouvermoe en vaardighede kan uitbeeld. Baie min van hierdie besighede oorleef hulle eerste fase vanuit die staanspoor. Baie aspekte van die besigheid moet prakties aangeleer word om daaglikse uitdagings te oorkom. Op hierdie wyse groei die mark en sodoende word werksgeleenthede geskep. Nie alle besighede is sodanig op hoogte van sake om geleenthede raak te sien nie. Dikwels verskil bestuurstyle van besighede om sisteme in plek te stel wat verandering kan meebring. Finansiële besluite wat geneem is aan die begin stadium het ‘n impak op inkomste wat op ‘n later stadium in die besigheid gegenereer word. Beide die nasionale en plaaslike regering het die verantwoordelikheid om ‘n goedgegewe besigheids omgewing te skep vir besigheidsgroei. ‘n Vorige studie van ‘n spaza en oor informele handel deur Unisa en Bojanala Platinum Distriksmunisipaliteit was as basis gebruik. Die studie het bewys dat 60.6 persent van besighede in informele nedersettings in die Strand geidentifiseer is deur gebruik te maak van die databasisse van beide plaaslike skole en besigheidsvereningings. Die hoof fokus areas was die sosio-ekonomiese en demografiese profiele, die fisiese karaktereienskappe, finansiering, verhoudinge met verskaffers, vervoer, inkomste en kenmerke wat die hoër – inkomste genererende besigheide van die ander skei. Analises deur die Mann-Whitney, die Spearman rank korrelasie, die Chi-square en die Kruskal-Wallis toetse bewys dat besighede met ‘n hoër maandelikse inkomste deur mans besit word wat hulle besigheide vanaf hulle eiendomme bestuur en gebruik maak van tjekrekeninge. Die besighede wat ‘n daaglikse hoër inkomste genereer is ook daardie wat deur mans besit word, geregistreer is by CIPRO, gebruik maak van tjek rekeninge vir die besigheid en daardie van wie se eienaars kwalifikasies van graad 7 tot 9 en hoër het. Asgevolg van die uitkoms van hierdie studie, soos van toepassing op die regering, moet vereistes vir lenings aan besighede in informele nedersettings hersien word. Die publiek moet ook meer bewus gemaak word oor die ondersteuning wat deur die regering beskikbaar gestel word. Ten opsigte van banke het die studie uitgelig dat daar ‘n spesiale ‘Spaza rekening’ geskep moet word wat voldoen aan die behoeftes en vaardighede van besigheidseienaars in die informele nedersettings. Op ‘n sosiale vlak vra die studie aan dat die ‘mure’ wat dit moeilik en onmoontlik maak vir ope mark besigheids geleenthede om plaas te vind, afgebreek moet word.
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Baxter, Chad. "Savings behaviour in selected poor townships of the Kouga municipal district." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014540.
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This study considers the nature of savings behaviour amongst low income earners residing in the township areas of Kouga Municipal District. It reflects on the popularity and persistence of informal savings and credit associations, also known as stokvels, in these communities in the face of an increase in the availability of formal savings products. This study argues that despite financial deepening taking place within the South African economy, the popularity and widespread usage of stokvels can largely be attributed to the lack of appropraite formal products available for low income earners. This study does not conclude that the usage of informal savings products results in increased savings behaviours amongst this group, but it does conclude that they provide a suitable mechanism in which savings can take place.
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Seekings, Jeremy Fraser. "Quiescence and the transition to confrontation : South African townships, 1978-1984." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306297.
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Hirst, Manton Myatt. "The healer's art : Cape Nguni diviners in the townships of Grahamstown." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001601.
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This is a study of Cape Nguni diviners practising in the townships of Grahamstown where, during the 1970s, there was a large and active concentration of diviners treating clients from the locality, the rural areas and even the large urban centres further afield. The study situates local diviners in the socio-economic, cultural and religious context of contemporary township Iife during the 1970s (see chapter 1 and section 2.1). The personalities and socio-economic circumstances of diviners (and herbalists) are described as well as their case-loads, the various problems they treat, the relations between them and their clients, the economics of healing and the ethics pertaining to the profession (see chapter 2) . Chapter three focuses on the various problems and afflictions - which are largely of an interpersonal nature - suffered by those who are eventually inducted as diviners and the ritual therapy this necessarily entails. Here we see how the diviner, what Lewis (1971) terms a 'wounded healer', becomes an expert in interpersonal and social relations as a result of suffering problems - largely connected to the family but not necessarily limited to it - in interpersonal relations and that require a ritual, and thus social, prophylaxis. The main theoretical argument is that the diviner, qua healer, functions as a hybrid of Levi-Strauss' s bricoleur and Castaneda's 'man of knowledge' artfully combining the ability of the former to invert, mirror or utilise analogies from linguistics to make everything meaningful and the ability of the latter to creatively bend reality . The diviner's cosmology is described in terms of a 'handy', limited but extensive cultural code/repertoire of signs, symbols and metaphors that is utilised in getting the message across to others and in which animals bear the main symbolic load (see chapter 4). This leads logically to a reappraisal of Hammond-Tooke's (1975b) well-known model of Cape Nguni symbolic structure particularly in so far as it pertains to the way in which diviners classify animals, both wild and domestic (see section 4.6). A striking evocation and confirmation of the view argued here, namely of the diviner as bricoleur/'man of knowledge', is contained in chapter five dealing with an analysis of the diviner's 'river' myth and the context, form and content of the divinatory consultation itself. Finally, the conclusions, arising out of this study of contemporary Cape Nguni diviners in town, are evaluated in the ligrht of Lewis's (1966, 1971, 1986) deprivation hypothesis of spirit possession (see chapter 6)
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McFarlane, Dan. "Identifying and measuring amenity-based parcelization patterns in three rural Wisconsin townships /." Link to full text, 2007. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2007/McFarlane.pdf.
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Karaan, Abolus Salam Mohammad. "Informal red meat marketing : a case study in the Western Cape townships." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/58013.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1993.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Informal red meat trade was investigated as it occurs in the townships of the Cape Town metropole. To achieve this, an interactive research approach was followed, initially involving months of observation before scientific and empirical analysis was conducted. The informal marketing activities were described and analysed with the purpose of establishing its strengths; weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Criteria of efficiency and effectiveness were constantly employed. ln this regard, the prevailing system was tested against consumer needs and preferences. A large degree of consistency was found between the nature of supply by the informal sector and the nature of demand from its target consumer base. On this basis, it was deduced that the informal red meat marketing system has the potential to further contribute to development and township food security. The informal marketing system, how~ver, operates under specific constraints. These were identified and subsequently recommendations were made to alleviate these constraints, in order to maximise the contribution of informal red meat trade to local development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die informele bemarking van rooivleis, soos dit in die stadswyke (townships) van die Kaapstadse metropolis voorkom, is ondersoek. Deur middel van 'n interaktiewe navorsingsbenadering is daar aanvanklik maande lank net waargeneem voordat 'n wetenskaplike en empiriese analise gedoen kon word. Die werksaamhede van die informele rooivleismark is omskryf en ontleed met die oog op vasstelling van die sterk punte en swakhede, geleenthede en bedreigings van die bedryf. Kriteria van doeltreffendheid en effektiwiteit is deurgaans aangewend. In hierdie opsig is die huidige stelsel getoets aan verbruikersbehoeftes en voorkeure. Die wyse van aanbieding van die informele sektor het in 'n ruim mate ooreengestem met die aanvraag van die teikenverbruiker. Op grond hiervan word afgelei dat die stelsel van informele bemarking van rooivleis die potensiaal het om nog 'n groter bydrae te lewer tot die ontwikkeling van voedselsekuriteit in die 'townships'. Sekere faktore werk egter beperkend m op die informele bemarkingstelsel. Hierdie faktore is gei'dentifiseer en aanbevelings is gemaak ter opheffing van die beperkinge om sodoende die stelsel se bydrae tot plaaslike ontwikkeling·te maksimeer.
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Kagande, Albert Tafadzwa. "The socio-economic impact of urban renewal projects in South Africa townships." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17756.
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Urban areas have become strategic locations where many throng to for a better life. However, wealth and economic opportunities are not evenly distributed in these urban spaces. South Africa is a fairly young democracy whose urban landscape has been largely shaped by the colonial apartheid system. The apartheid system segregated and relegated the black majority to the fringes of the cities into crowded communities characterised by poor living conditions, exclusion from the mainstream economy and limited urban amenities. Townships epitomise the harsh reality of the urban poor and how underdevelopment has been perpetuated. South Africa came up with different policies to redress the historical imbalances and inform urban development strategies. Urban renewal has been implemented as a development strategy in various cities across the world in an attempt to revive and improve the social, economic and environmental state of derelict urban spaces. Townships in South Africa have been the target areas for urban renewal with 8 presidential nodes having been initially identified for such in 2001. Eventually, Helenvale was added to the mix as a prime node in 2006 and the Helenvale Urban Renewal Project (HURP) was birthed - Helenvale and HURP being the identified site and project for this research respectively. An evaluative approach was adopted in assessing the socio-economic impact of urban renewal in South Africa townships and more specifically the socio-economic impact of HURP. Helenvale, like most townships in South Africa, is characterised by a high density settlement pattern, poverty, high unemployment, high rate of violence and crime, drug trade and substance abuse as well as a high rate of school dropouts. The Helenvale Urban Renewal Project (HURP) was implemented by the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM) and eventually the Mandela Bay Development Agency (MBDA) with the intention to rejuvenate the community on the social, economic and environmental front. The study findings showed that Helenvale, like all urban renewal nodes in South Africa had a number of socio-economic issues which prompted HURP. These include high unemployment (was 53.5% in 2013); alarming levels of violence and crime; drug trade and substance abuse and high rate of school dropout. Between 2007 and 2014, different projects were implemented under HURP, focusing mainly on physical development and community building. Study respondents had mixed reactions and perceptions of the impact of HURP. On one hand, the project saw the community benefit from the constructed public facilities like recreational parks and resource centre as well as capacity development and created employment opportunities. On the other hand, unemployment has persisted with only a small proportion of the population benefiting from the created jobs; crime remains unabated; drug trade has persisted leaving parents fearing for their young and gang violence has rendered the provided safe public physical features ineffective and the housing challenge has also not been resolved. By and large urban renewal and in this particular study, HURP has made great strides in improving the social and economic standing of the township community despite the challenges that are still lurking. A number of recommendations were proposed for similar studies and for urban renewal initiatives in South Africa. For the latter the study recommended having a robust policy that speaks to urban renewal directly and informs such. Other propositions include allowing the community to own and be stewards of urban renewal initiatives; allocating enough resources, both human and financial; and tailoring the project to respond to the needs of a particular community and not a one size fits all approach. In terms of similar studies the study recommends using a mixed methods approach to evaluate the impact of such ventures as well as evaluating more than one urban renewal initiatives for comparison and to allow for the generalizability of the findings.
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Johnstone, Robert MacGregor Carleton University Dissertation Geology. "Geology of the Stoughton-Roquemaure group, Beatty and Munro townships, northeastern Ontario." Ottawa, 1987.
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Godehart, Susanna. "The transformation of townships in South Africa the case of kwaMashu, Durban /." [Dortmund, Germany] : SPRING Centre, 2006. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/163094754.html.
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Rocha, Franco Sérgio H. "Urban Trajectories. A comparative study between Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas and Johannesburg’s Townships." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667236.
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My general objective with this thesis is to contribute to the search for connections between postcolonial and critical understandings in urban studies. Building on my analysis of the urban trajectories of Rio de Janeiro’s favelas and Johannesburg’s townships, I argue for bringing the grammars of critical thought and postcolonial thought in urban studies closer together. The historical-geographies of Rio de Janeiro’s favelas and Johannesburg’s townships show that critical theorization of urbanization must be somewhat pluralized and decentered. I also argue that such an agenda of research should be developed in the form of a critique of capitalist (urban) development. Therefore, in this study, I aim at contributing to the critical understanding of (urban) development by emphasizing how processes of (de)commodification and socio-spatial segregation have been taking place in these two contexts of urban marginalization. Concerning the temporal scope of the study, I put the emphasis on recent dynamics of social change in Brazil and South Africa that might have had consequences for the historically marginalized urban spaces of Rio de Janeiro’s favelas and Johannesburg’s townships. Consequently, despite my attentiveness to the history of Rio de Janeiro’s favelas and Johannesburg’s townships, I place the weight of the analysis on the period that starts somewhere between the 1990s and 2000s and goes on into the 2010s. As a comparative, historically attentive, multi-sited study, my research demanded a resourceful organization and combination of several methodological elements. In order to organize a comparative study of the urban trajectories of favelas and townships, I rely on a methodology that combines both secondary and primary sources. I draw upon the pertinent literatures about each of the two cities in order to delve into the histories of Rio de Janeiro’s favelas and Johannesburg’s townships. On the other hand, this study depends largely on qualitative research methods, particularly on qualitative data I gathered during my fieldwork in Rio de Janeiro’s favelas and Johannesburg’s townships. The data coming from my fieldwork in Rio de Janeiro in 2014 and in Johannesburg in 2013 and in 2015 comprises in-depth interviews, field notes, and photos from the areas I lived in and visited. While approaching Rio de Janeiro’s favelas and Johannesburg’s townships through qualitative methodologies, and without neglecting a historical-comparative orientation, I show that we have a more complex picture that hardly fits into the general representation of them as static, indistinguishable, dreadful worlds. I also maintain that critique – which in our case might be also understood as a critique of (urban) development – must not be sidestepped. I argue that a strong engagement with the critical literature in urban studies is required while understanding the complex and evolving historical-geographies of Rio de Janeiro’s favelas and Johannesburg’s townships. We must take the unevenness of capitalist development and other debates around key issues like the production of space, accumulation by dispossession, and (de)commodification into account if we are to understand our urbanizing present.El meu objectiu general amb aquesta tesi és contribuir a la recerca de connexions entre enteniments postcolonials i crítics en estudis urbans. A partir de la meva anàlisi de les trajectòries urbanes de les faveles de Rio de Janeiro i de les townships de Johannesburg, argumento que cal apropar les gramàtiques del pensament crític i el pensament postcolonial en els estudis urbans. Les geografies històriques de les faveles de Rio de Janeiro i de les townships de Johannesburg mostren que la teorització crítica de la urbanització ha de ser pluralitzada i descentralitzada. També argumento que aquesta agenda d’investigació hauria de desenvolupar-se en forma de crítica del desenvolupament capitalista (urbà). Per tant, en aquest estudi, pretenc contribuir a la comprensió crítica del desenvolupament (urbà), emfatitzant com s'han produït en aquests dos contextos de marginació urbana els processos de mercantilització i segregació socioespacial. Pel que fa a l’abast temporal de l’estudi, he posat l’èmfasi en les dinàmiques recents del canvi social a Brasil i Sud-àfrica que podrien tenir conseqüències per als espais urbans històricament marginats de les faveles i les townships. En conseqüència, malgrat la meva atenció a la història de les faveles i de les townships, poso el pes de l'anàlisi sobre el període que comença entre els anys 1990 i 2000 i continua fins als anys 2010. Com a estudi comparatiu, històricament atent i amb múltiples llocs, la meva investigació exigeix una organització enginyosa i una combinació de diversos elements metodològics. Per tal d’organitzar un estudi comparatiu de les trajectòries urbanes de faveles i townships, confio en una metodologia que combina fonts secundàries i primàries. A partir de les literatures pertinents sobre cadascuna de les dues ciutats, aprofito per aprofundir en les històries de les faveles i les townships. D'altra banda, aquest estudi depèn en gran mesura de mètodes qualitatius d'investigació, especialment de dades qualitatives que vaig reunir durant el meu treball de camp a les faveles i les townships. La data provinent del meu treball de camp a Rio de Janeiro el 2014 i de Johannesburg el 2013 i el 2015 inclou entrevistes en profunditat, notes de camp i fotos de les àrees en què vaig viure i vaig visitar. Mentre m’endinso a les faveles de Rio de Janeiro i als townships de Johannesburg a través de metodologies qualitatives, i sense descuidar una orientació històric-comparativa, demostro que tenim un quadre més complex que no encaixa en la representació general d’aquests mons com a estàtics, indistingibles i esgarrifosos. També mantinc la crítica, que també podria entendre's com a crítica del desenvolupament (urbà), no s'ha de deixar mai de banda. Argumento que es requereix un compromís fort amb la literatura crítica en estudis urbans mentre es comprèn les complexes i evolucionades geografies històriques de les faveles de les townships. Hem de tenir en compte la producció de l’espai, l’acumulació per despossessió, la mercantilització i les desigualtats del desenvolupament capitalista si volem entendre la nostra urbanització present.
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Thorogood, Camilla Renée. "Food provision challenges facing early childhood development centres in two Cape Town townships." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8238.
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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)Early childhood has been identified as a critical period for providing nutritional intervention, with nutritional adequacy during the first 1000 days having long term implications for human development. South Africa’s policy environment accordingly aims to support the development of all children through providing services supporting care and nutrition of children so that ‘no one is left behind’. However, the reality is that for the economically marginalised who live in poverty, these services are inaccessible and the whereabouts of many children, especially those under 5, remain unknown to the state. This study looks at township childcare facility as a key intervention point for nutrition provision, documents the obstacles and challenges they face in securing food for the children in their care and describes the strategies they use to combat these challenges. Using a mixed method approach, data were gathered on all ECDs operating in two Cape Town townships – Vrygrond, a semi-formal township, and Sweet Home Farm, a deeply informal settlement – and a typology was developed which represented the differentiation between these informal businesses in terms of a continuum of connectedness and disconnectedness with the regulatory environment.
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Bennett, Margaret. "Hebridean traditions of the eastern townships of Quebec : a study in cultural identity." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20696.
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Despite the fact that French is the only official language of the Province of Quebec today, and that a relatively small percentage of the population claim Scottish ancestry, this thesis proposes that a cohesive minority group, such as the Hebridean Scots of the Eastern Townships, have, nevertheless, made a significant contribution to the shape of the landscape, and to current cultural and economic values. The vast majority of emigrants to this part of Canada were from the Isle of Lewis, entirely Gaelic-speaking, mostly crofting families, who suffered the severe effects of the potato famine of 1846-51. Emigration continued till the end of the nineteenth century, by which time relatively large tracts of land that had been granted by the British American Land Company had been cleared and farmed by the Gaelic community. By examining the historical background, traditional folk culture, society and values of the Gaels of the Outer Hebrides who settled in the Eastern Townships, this thesis identifies the influences of the Gaels on the area from its earliest beginnings to the present day. The study investigates the elements that constitute the identity of today's descendants who no longer speak the Gaelic language, but who, nevertheless, have distinctively different characteristics from their French neighbours. By explaining the significance of inherited patterns in Gaelic culture and of subsequent trends in acculturation, the work aims to contribute to a better understanding of the Eastern Townships and of Quebec.
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Nambiar, Yogavelli. "The psycho-social support ecosystem for women entrepreneurs in townships : barriers and enablers." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52273.
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Women entrepreneurship has become a subject of increasing interest, especially in the last decade, and literature in this field indicate that has a positive correlation with economic growth and employment levels. Yet, while there are a high number of women in the informal economy or owning micro and small businesses, the number of women entrepreneurs owning larger sized businesses is low. South Africa has a high unemployment rate of 25% and a female population of 52% most of whom are young, Black African and living in townships (Statistics SA, 2014). While there is a prevalence of business development support for technical aspects of enterprise creation, management and growth, this study explores the psychosocial elements of women entrepreneurship in the specific context of the township where resources are constrained; and to understand the extent and nature of support systems in place to deal with these challenges.
The research was conducted through qualitative semi-structured interviews with 40 women entrepreneurs and five small business support organisations in eight townships in Gauteng, Western Cape and Kwazulu-Natal provinces. The analysis was done through content and frequency analysis in order to understand the prioritisation and patterns of responses.
The research proves that for the first time, the psychosocial ecosystem for female entrepreneurs in townships has been recognised through the identification of the component parts of the ecosystem, and the barriers and enablers of each. A set of recommendations has been offered to both female entrepreneurs in townships and the service providers who support them of how they work within this ecosystem in order to maximise the growth of these businesses. A unique contributing component identified within the psychosocial ecosystem is the support provided by faith-based groups. The contextual layers of Gender, Entrepreneurship and the Township context have been found to have a bearing on psychosocial challenges identified by the women. The above findings of the study have culminated in the development of a unique psychosocial support ecosystem model for women entrepreneurs in townships.Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
sn2016
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
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Mrasi, Andiswa Penny. "Critical success factors in liquor retailing in selected townships of Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2449.
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Thesis (MTech (Retail Business Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.Small Micro and Medium Enterprises (SMMEs) play a vital role in employment creation and economic growth. As South Africa experiences population growth, so does the township small business industry. Township refers to those areas that were previously reserved for Blacks, Coloured and Indians under the discriminatory apartheid government. The characteristics of these areas included the following: poor infrastructure, high crime, low income and generally exclusion from mainstream economic activities According to the top three liquor manufacturers and brand distributors that claim about 80% of the total market share by volume and revenue (South African Breweries, Distell and Brandhouse Beverages) the township market makes the largest contribution to their business revenue. These giants are recording growth every year, but the development, growth, sustainability and success of the township liquor retail market is static and unsatisfactory. How township liquor retailers can achieve sustainable growth is not yet clear. The significant contribution made by the industry to the economy and job creation has been recognised by industry role players at large. The Department of Trade and Industries (DTI) has also expressed its commitment to supporting this industry as one that shows potential for growth and sustainability. This particular sector needs assistance to improve the success and sustainability of township liquor retailing, especially with the creation of employment opportunities. The objective of this study, then, is to develop an industry specific framework that identifies and addresses the critical success factors (CSFs) for township liquor retailing. The study is based on qualitative interviews carried out with industry experts (as an exploratory study) and liquor retailers from two of Cape Town’s townships, namely Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain.
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Kneip, Katharina. "A Novel Approach to Youth Crime Prevention: Mindfulness Meditation Classes in South African Townships." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-409489.
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Children growing up in poor areas with high crime rates are shown to easily get involved in violent actions and criminal gangs. In South Africa, despite considerable efforts to reduce youth delinquency, youth crime rates are still disturbingly high – specifically, in the townships of the Cape Flats. This paper points out an important aspect previously unaddressed by most youth crime prevention: the subconscious roots of youth crime. What if we could develop youth crime prevention programs that manage to impact the subconscious behavioral patterns of youth in high crime areas? This paper proposes a promising and cost-effective approach that has great potential to affect multipe causes of crime: mindfulness meditation. Built upon newest findings in Neuroscience, this paper suggests that mindfulness meditation classes are associated with a reduction in aggressive behavior, a risk factor for youth crime, and an increase in self-efficacy, a protective factor. The impact of mindfulness classes at a high school in Khayelitsha, a poor and violent-stricken township of Cape Town, is analyzed. Self-reported aggression and self-efficacy are measured via a psychometric survey questionnaire created from two well-tested and validated scales. Regression analyses of 384 survey answers provided mixed results. Whilst novice meditators were not associated with higher self-efficacy and lower aggression, long-term meditators performed better in several dimensions of self-efficacy and aggression, yet no significant relationship was found. Further research specifically needs to investigate the moderating effect of age (a proxy for psychological development) on meditation. This study aims to bridge the gap between the outdated paradigms of youth crime prevention and ancient wisdom via ground-breaking new evidence from the field of Neuroscience. This study furthermore hopes to point policy makers toward developing new, integrative and sustainable approaches to youth crime prevention – approaches that give back agency to our youth.Anders Westholm har inget med betygssättningen att göra annat än i rent formellt hänseende (examinator). Det är han som rapporterar in och skriver under men i sak är det seminarieledaren som har beslutet i sin hand. Statsvetenskapliga institutet har som princip att skilja på handledning och examination vilket innebär att handledaren inte får vara seminarieledare. Seminarieledare och personen som satt betygget var i det här fallet Sven Oskarsson: Sven.Oskarsson@statsvet.uu.se
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Tolan-Smith, Myra. "Landscape archaeology and the reconstruction of ancient landscapes : a retrogressive analysis of two Tynedale townships." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283690.
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Canning, John Gordon. "From yankees to queÌbeÌcois : nation-building and national identity in Quebec's eastern townships." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269362.
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Mukwarami, Josephat. "Factors affecting the growth of locally owned spaza shops in selected townships in South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2719.
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Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.The ANC government relaxed a great many restrictions enforced by the apartheid regime. The restrictions included the illegal status of the spaza shops which operated in the townships. Faced with the challenge of unemployment, the present government crafted policies and programmes to support and promote the creation of Small, Medium and Micro-sized Enterprises or SMMEs. However, despite all of these initiatives, the small grocery shops which are commonly known as spaza shops, and particularly those owned by South Africans, are faced with a number of obstacles with respect to the establishment, operation and growth. This study was undertaken in order to determine the factors which affect the startup and growth of locally owned spaza shops in the Gugulethu and Nyanga townships in Cape Town, and to identify the support strategies necessary to assist these shops to grow into sustainable businesses. The study was motivated by the growing informal economy which, if it is effectively taken advantage of and made use of, can, to some extent, create employment opportunities, particularly for the previously disadvantaged people in both the Gugulethu and the Nyanga townships. The study employed an exploratory and descriptive research design, and a quantitative empirical research approach, through the use of a self-administered questionnaire. The findings of the research study revealed that there are significant challenges which adversely affect South African-owned spaza shops, and that obstacles are encountered during the startup and growth phases. Although the factors which affect the spaza shops adversely are many, it is important to single out the most significant ones. The significant factors evidence from the study were a lack of startup and expansion capital, load shedding, the lack of a network to buy cheaply in bulk, competition from non-South African entrepreneurs, crime, costs incurred by transportation of stock, a lack of collateral security to obtain finance from lenders, inadequate ability to handle financial records, a lack of management skills and a lack of information concerning government services.
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Margoles, Conrad Henry. "Space and race : South African "native townships" as corruptions of suburban ideals for political ends." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79004.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1989.Includes bibliographical references (p. 582-588).
This thesis is about reconciling three main pairs of ideas. First, it is about architecture and apartheid, and the ideological role which architecture plays within a particular political system. Second, it is about the attitudes of individuals involved in designing and building the townships, and the reconciliation of the apparently contradictory ideas of the provision of welfare in the form of housing with the exploitation of labor in the form of separate development. Third, it is about the ideals of the white Anglo-American suburbs (housing the whites) and how townships (housing the blacks) differ from them as a city form . The crux of this thesis is that the white suburban ideal was taken and corrupted to become the black township in South Africa, because of a combination of politics, (post-colonial) philanthropy and fear. The historical reasons for the formation of the townships are to be found in the relationships between the races beginning with the earliest European settlers in the country. The first conflicts were over the right to the land. With industrialization came urbanization and the formation of the policy of apartheid: legislation requiring the separation of the races. Anglo-American suburban ideals were used by the planners and architects who put the government's policy into practice. They built townships based on these ideals in an effort to transfer their values to the black people. They worked as technocrats, implicitly accepting the policy of apartheid and relying on "science" and middle-class suburban ideals to achieve their goals. The ideologies of apartheid have resulted in the political nature of space in South Africa, and theories of urban ideology can be applied to understand the complex situation. The result can be seen in the townships as corruptions of suburban ideals for political ends.
by Conrad Henry Margoles.
M.S.
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Louw, Nicolette. "Grace and The townships h Housewife : excavating South African Black women's magazines from the 1960s." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4064.
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Thesis (MA (English))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grace and The Townships Housewife, two black women’s magazines published in South Africa between 1964 and 1969, have slipped into obscurity. This thesis aims to write them back into the history of the black press, black journalism and literature in South Africa. The study is significant in that no research has as yet been conducted on these two magazines. The first chapter excavates Grace and The Townships Housewife from obscurity by providing information on the magazines’ publication, staff, editors, content, target audience and writers. A salient characteristic of both magazines’ content that the study discusses is the ambiguous attitude of readers and writers towards modernity and tradition (and the negotiation of new identities) as they move from the country to the city. Some readers’ embrace and others’ rejection of early signs of feminism and womanism in the magazines also display this ambiguous attitude. The chapter foregrounds the various ambiguities and often colliding voices that infuse much of the magazines’ content. The absence of explicit reference to apartheid in Grace’s and The Townships Housewife’s content provides another focal point of this chapter and is discussed in relation to the concepts of ‘minstrelsy’ and ‘mimicry’. Considering specifically the position of the black woman in apartheid South Africa, the second chapter compares the representation of white women in South African white women’s magazines Die Huisgenoot, Sarie Marais and Fair Lady to the way in which black women are represented in Grace and The Townships Housewife in the 1960s. The role of the latter two magazines in positively representing black women during apartheid South Africa, and thus standing in direct opposition to the identities ascribed to black people in colonial and apartheid ideology, is a primary focus of this chapter. The representation of black women in the 1960s is elaborated on in the next chapter which explores the shift in the representation of black women from Drum magazine (during its heyday in the 1950s), with its predominantly male staff, to the representation of black women in Grace and The Townships Housewife (in the 1960s), with their predominantly female staff. I hypothesise on the possible agencies at work within this shift in women’s representation. Despite the magazines’ adherence at times to white standards of beauty (an aspect which the thesis engages with throughout), the ‘creation’ of black women within the pages of Grace and The Townships Housewife (as the previous two chapters articulate), often resonates with Black Consciousness’s philosophy of black pride. This last chapter explores the possible connection between Grace and The Townships Housewife, on the one hand, and the early beginnings of an emergent black consciousness in South Africa in the late 1960s, on the other hand. It also discusses the sexism associated with black consciousness philosophy in relation to these two magazines, but the focus falls on how black female readers of Grace and The Townships Housewife negotiate imposed ‘female identities’ (for example, mother, housewife and supporter) towards greater agency.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grace en The Townships Housewife, twee tydskrifte gemik op swart vroue en wat in Suid-Afrika gepubliseer is tussen 1964 en 1969, is vandag onbekend. Die doel van dié tesis is om hierdie twee tydskrifte terug te skryf in die geskiedenis van swart joernalistiek en literatuur in Suid-Afrika. Dit is ’n waardevolle studie aangesien geen navorsing oor hierdie twee tydskrifte nog gedoen is nie. Dit is ook ’n ingewikkelde proses wat gepaard gaan met baie spekulasie, aangesien dit alreeds te lank gevat het vir hierdie tydskrifte om ontdek te word – dit is nie meer moontlik om die meeste van die bydraers tot hierdie twee tydskrifte op te spoor nie. Die eerste hoofstuk ‘grawe’ Grace en The Townships Housewife as t’ ware weer ‘op’ deur inligting te voorsien oor hierdie tydskrifte se uitgewers, personeel, redaktrises, inhoud, teikengroepe en skrywers. Die dubbelsinnige houdings wat lesers in die tydskrifte toon teenoor tradisie en moderniteit soos wat hulle beweeg van plattelandse gebiede na stedelike gebiede, is kenmerkend van hierdie tydskrifte en word in hierdie hoofstuk bespreek. Hierdie dubbelsinnigheid word ook weerspieël in lesers en skrywers se ambivalente houdinge teenoor die bemagtiging van vroue. Die verskeie dubbelsinnighede en dikwels botsende stemme in meeste van die twee tydskrifte se inhoud is ’n belangrike punt wat hierdie tesis uitlig. Die afwesigheid van direkte verwysings na apartheid in beide tydskrifte is nog ’n kenmerkende eienskap van die tydskrifte wat in hierdie hoofstuk ondersoek word. Met die fokus op die posisie van die swart vrou in apartheid Suid-Afrika, vergelyk die tweede hoofstuk die voorstelling van wit vroue in Suid-Afrikaanse wit vrouetydskrifte (Die Huisgenoot, Sarie Marais en Fair Lady) met dié van swart vroue in Grace en The Townships Housewife in die 1960s. ’n Primêre fokus van hierdie hoofstuk is die rol wat Grace en The Townships Housewife speel in die positiewe voorstelling van swart vroue tydens apartheid, in direkte kontras tot die voorstellinge van swart vroue in apartheid ideologie. Die volgende hoofstuk brei verder uit op die voorstelling van die swart vrou in die 1960s: hier word gekyk na die skuif wat plaasvind in die voorstelling van swart vroue van die Drum-tydskrif in die 1950s met sy hoofsaaklik manlike personeel, na die voorstelling van swart vroue in 1960s Grace en The Townships Housewife, met hoofsaaklik vroulike personeel. Die moontlike faktore verantwoordelik vir so ’n verandering in voorstelling word oorweeg. Alhoewel die inhoud van Grace en The Townships Housewife gereeld ‘wit’ standaarde van skoonheid ondersteun, toon die voorstelling van swart vroue in hierdie twee tydskrifte ook dikwels ooreenkomste met swart bewustheid filosofie se fokus op swart trots. Hierdie laaste hoofstuk ondersoek die moontlike verbintenis tussen Grace en The Townships Housewife, aan die een kant, en die vroeë begin van swart bewustheid in Suid-Afrika in die laat sestigerjare. Die dikwels seksistiese houdinge wat met swart bewustheid filosofie geassosieer word, word in hierdie hoofstuk bespreek aan die hand van voorbeelde uit Grace en The Townships Housewife. Dit is egter nie die fokus van hierdie studie nie: die fokus val op hoe swart vroue lesers van Grace en The Townships Housewife opgelegde rolle van moederskap, huisvrou en ondersteuners stuur tot posisies van groter mag.
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Thoka, Boitumelo. "Policy and regulation as enablers for early childhood development centres in townships and informal settlements." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75279.
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South Africa’s integrated policy on early childhood development makes provision for access to and delivery of equitable services to all children in South Africa. In his 2019 State of the Nation Address, President Cyril Ramaphosa emphasised the importance of early childhood development (ECD) in the development of South Africa’s human capital. ECD centres in South Africa are faced with various financial and human resources challenges preventing them from registering with the Department of Social Development and accessing the per-child subsidy. Regulations governing ECD centres have been found to be lacking in support of social entrepreneurs operating in resources deprived areas such as informal settlements and townships, areas challenged by poverty and unemployment. Policies and regulations that cater to the social entrepreneurial context of operations have been found to be effective in addressing challenges related to the provisioning of social entrepreneurship related services. This study contributes to literature with respect to challenges facing ECD centres in informal settlements and townships and the literature on how government can use policy and regulation to remedy for challenges experienced by ECD centres operating in informal settlements and townships.Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Hoeflich, Kathryn Leigh. ""Speaking with one voice": the Somali Retailers' Association - rights and xenophobia in Cape Town's townships." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11449.
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In the wake of extreme xenophobic violence, which swept South Africa in 2008, a group of Somali refugees resident in Cape Town formed the Somali Retailers’ Association (SRA) as a mutual support network made up of those who were targeted by xenophobes most: Somalis involved in informal sector trade in the townships. This study investigates the networks of targeted populations, analysing how this Association helps to mitigate the impact of xenophobia on the lives of its members.
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Humavindu, Michael N. "Essays on public finance and environmental economics in Namibia." Licentiate thesis, Umeå : Department of Economics, Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1163.
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Mahlangu, Sonto Hleziphi. "The aftercare needs of nyaope users in the Hammanskraal community." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60381.
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The trend of new drugs entering the drug market has intensified in South Africa. Currently in South Africa, there is a fairly new drug on the market known as nyaope which is being abused mostly by the youth in the townships. Nyaope is a drug consisting of heroin, dagga and other elements like rat poison, cleaning detergents and even crushed antiretroviral drugs. Failure to find a solution to drug abuse can lead to economic problems and handicap the social development of the country, as well as threatening the life and health of the people involved. In the South African context, the value of aftercare has been downplayed and there has been relatively little emphasis on aftercare and reintegration services in both research and practice. Therefore, it was the goal of this study to explore and describe the aftercare needs of nyaope users from both the users' and the significant others' points of view in Hammanskraal.
In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative research was adopted to explore and describe the aftercare needs of nyaope users from both the users' and the significant others' points of view. Due to the nature of the study, the researcher had two sampling groups, namely (1) nyaope users and (2) significant others. The study was guided by a collective case study design. Semi-structured interviews were used as a data collection method for this study and two distinct interview schedules were developed and used for nyaope users and significant others, respectively. The researcher aimed at answering the following two research questions: (1) "Based on the views of nyaope users, what are the aftercare needs of nyaope users in the Hammanskraal community?"; and (2) "Based on the views of significant others, what are the aftercare needs of nyaope users in the Hammanskraal community?" From the raw data, the researcher implemented thematic analysis as stipulated by Braun and Clarke (2006) in analysing the data. The researcher used credibility and triangulation in establishing the trustworthiness of the data analysis.
The findings from the two sets of samples were unpacked in three sections, namely, findings from the nyaope users, from significant others and the combined data with the aim of triangulation. The key findings from nyaope users and the significant others are as follows:
The key findings from nyaope users were that nyaope use has a negative impact on the physical, psychological, spiritual well-being of the users. Causes of relapse were identified as a lack of support from the government and family members, personal problems that users encounter during the recovery process, going back to the same environment and being coerced to go for treatment. Furthermore, nyaope users indicated that they value the trust of community members that is often lost and can be regained by a change of lifestyles following treatment and getting volunteering opportunities in order to create awareness at local schools. The users indicated that they could achieve total abstinence if they can change the type of lifestyle they were living before, such strategies include going for treatment, adopting a more conducive and healthy lifestyle, get adequate support from their families, attending group sessions following treatment, the implementation of an adequate aftercare programme that could assist in preventing relapse, the creation of employment and spiritual support during and post treatment.
The key findings from the significant others were that families are victims of theft due to nyaope users' stealing to sustain their habits. As a result significant others are left with feelings of disappointment and hurt. Nyaope also impacts negatively on family relationships in a manner that there is a lack of communication and ineffective communication among family members. The significant others identified the causes of relapse as a lack of educational programmes in communities, high unemployment rate, a lack of spiritual support, inadequate aftercare programmes and the return to the same community and friends following treatment. Significant others also indicated that nyaope users require volunteering opportunities in communities as a form of reintegration and that nyaope users need to change their lifestyles following treatment in order to regain trust from the community. Significant others recommended that nyaope users require support from family, spiritual support from spiritual leaders and psychosocial support in order for them to maintain total abstinence.Mini Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Social Work and Criminology
MSW
Unrestricted
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Snyder, Barbara M. "Changing geographical worlds, from the New Hampshire Grants to the Cataraqui Townships with Loyalists to Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0021/NQ54435.pdf.
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Campbell, Meaghan E. "Discourse analysis of rape in South African townships, 1948-1994, a case for policing the penis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ66500.pdf.
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Moyer, Jodi L. "A proposal for a regionalized police department for South Whitehall, North Whitehall and Upper Macungie Townships." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1995. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
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Ntsebeza, Lungisile. "Youth in urban African townships, 1945-1992 : a case study of the East London townships." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/6351.
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In this study an attempt is made to trace and analyse the changing nature of African youth in urban areas, with particular reference to the East London locations. The period covered is the period from the 1940s to the end of 1992. In common wisdom, an impression is often created that African youth is a homogeneous grouping. This has been particularly the case in the 1980s, when the youth of this country took to the streets and challenged the status quo in a manner unknown in South Africa's recorded history. However, the main conclusion of this study is that the African youth is not homogeneous, and has never been during the period under review. It is argued in the study that the youth divides into various categories which at times interact with one another, but are at times antagonistic to each other. It has been stressed though, that the various categories have not remained the same. Almost all underwent various changes and transformations. Some of the changes and transformations were radical, leading to the disappearance of some categories, for example, the old distinction of 'school' and 'red' youth. Where such took place, new categories have emerged, even in instances where the intentions were to bring the various categories under the roof of a single category, for example, bringing various categories under the wing of the political youth, or comrade (qabane), as was the case in the 1980s. In tracing the changing nature of African youth in urban areas, the underlying argument has been that there is no evidence of a single youth culture ever prevailing for long. This study attempts to explain why such a culture was not possible. Only a grasp of historical process will, moreover, help to explain the changing youth scene.Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1993.
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Boqo, Goodness Sindiswa. "Sustainable tourism development in South African townships : a case study of Sobantu township in Pietermaritzburg." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2901.
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Township tourism is one of the recognised ways in the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) white paper to include communities that were previously excluded from tourism. However, township tourism is non existent in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal. This mini dissertation is an attempt to identify the tourism potential of Sobantu township in Pietermaritzburg in an effort to encourage development and empower the local community. The primary aims are therefore to identify tourist attractions in the township, to explore people's perceptions about tourism development and to suggest ways to link Sobantu to the established tourist destinations in the greater Pietermaritzburg area. A purposive sample of 48 respondents participated in the study. The respondents were sampled from youth organisations in Sobantu, school teachers, Pietermaritzburg Tourism, Indlovu Regional Council, community members and key people in South African Police services. Semi-structured, in depth interviews, questionnaires, focus groups and site visits were utilised as data gathering techniques based on five leading questions designed by the researcher and modified through the first two interviews used as a pilot study. Tourist attractions are examined from an ideographic perspective and a thematic approach is used to analyse peoples' perceptions. A SWOT analysis is used to explore possible linkages and to provide a clear analysis of the critical issues that need to be addressed as they could promote or hinder sustainable tourism development in the area. Results showed that the historical background, the political history, old red bricked buildings and the cultural experiences are the main tourist attractions in the township. The community has positive attitudes towards tourism development in the area and their perceptions are compatible with the principles of sustainable tourism development and the DEAT document. To overcome the identified obstacles and realize sustainable tourism development, several recommendations are made. These include, extensive tourism awareness campaigns, education and training of tour guides from the community, proper community structures and an effective marketing strategy.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.
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Chen, I.-Fei, and 陳怡斐. "Research of Digital Creativity and Value-addition on Coastal Townships－Study of Yunlin Kouhu Township." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/aah59n.
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碩士南榮科技大學
工程科技研究所碩士班
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Located in the southwest corner of Yunlin County and west of the Taiwan Strait, Kouhu Township has lots of fish pond which is as broad as a lake and therefore named month-lake (pronounced as Kouhu). Situated in the coastal zone north of Beigang Creek, the terrain of Kuohu Township is relatively low with salinized farmland, severe winter, sultry summer and continuing land subsidence. Under such adverse natural conditions, the ancestors of Kuohu endured extreme hardships and worked fearlessly to strive land from sea and achieved excellent result on the development of agriculture and fishing industries. In order to remember their ancestors and to raise their soul from suffering, the residents of Kouhu Township conducts annual ceremony of “Cian-Shuei-Cangn” raise-and-pull Buddhist religious assembly. In recent years, it initiates extensive research and attention on academic, literature, history and even folk such that it becomes one of the most noteworthy local folk activities. In order for the student, townspeople and newcomer to understand and inherit the “Cian-Shuei-Cangn” religious ceremony, the unique customs and culture are completely recorded, saved and preserved for future generation. Through the heritage and circulation of “Cian-Shuei-Cangn”, it reminds us to pay attention to the force of the revenge by nature and weather. Therefore, lessons are learned through history and tragedies are prevented from happening again. In this research, the digital multimedia technologies are integrated with e-book to collect and store the history and ceremony of the “Cian-Shuei-Cangn” of Kouhu Township, Yunlin County. The information of “Cian-Shuei-Cangn” activities are provided to local residents and visitors completely and quickly. By using digital archives and value-addition, the history of “Cian-Shuei-Cangn” and the memory of ceremony are inherited sustainably. Keywords: Kouhu Township, Cian-Shuei-Cangn, Digital Creative Value-Addition
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Maphalla, Shawn Thabo. "Perceived barriers experienced by township small -, micro -, and medium enterprise entrepreneurs in Mamelodi." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4840.
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M. Comm.Entrepreneurship has a significant economic contribution in terms of employment, job creation and wealth creation that can be attributed to entrepreneurial enterprises (Bell, Callaghan, Demick & Scharf 2004:1). Entrepreneurial activity in any economy often takes place in the small- micro- and medium enterprise (SMME) business sector (Rwigema & Venter 2004:315). However, in the establishment of SMMEs, entrepreneurs encounter or perceive barriers that hinder the establishment, sustenance and growth of these important vehicles that are vital to the development of both society and the economy (Kunene 2008). The focus of this research study is therefore to identify barriers and perceived barriers to entrepreneurship. The study is exploratory and specifically attempts to identify and understand the barriers perceived and experienced by entrepreneurs in the township of Mamelodi in establishing, sustaining and growing enterprises.