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Journal articles on the topic 'Townships'
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1
Leijonhufvud, Göran. "Nationality Townships – An Endangered Species?" International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 16, no. 3 (2009): 455–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138819009x12474964197791.
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AbstractThe nationality township is a particular form developed by China for extending preferential treatment to minority nationalities that live in complex geographical patterns. These townships, also known as ethnic townships, are a complement to the regional autonomous system. However, our research indicates that the Communist Party and other units in charge have failed to explain even the most basic characteristics of a nationality township to its citizens. Nationality townships have not improved the status or the self-consciousness of the relevant minority nationalities in Yunnan Province, or their effective participation in the economy. If there is a future at all for nationality townships, they need to be protected by stronger regulations.
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Mane, Haridas, Hemanshu Ahire, and Atul Kolhe. "A Study Of Integrated Township For Development Of Mahalunge-Man Project In Pune Region Comparative With Other Township." Think India 22, no. 2 (October 24, 2019): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.8742.
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An Integrated Township is a self sustainable township to provide Amenities and Facilities to Residential, Commercial, Recreational, Public etc required by a fully groomed Township. Integrated Townships can be defined as "The Housing schemes that provide affordable housing to various sections of the society in urban areas of the State". Integrated townships are the way to go as they bring together all the elements that customer's demand which is "walk to work' lifestyle, shopping complexes, facilities for leisure and entertainment. The purpose of this study is to give insight into integrated townships, research the development of integrated township project going on in Mahalunge - Man area and suggest ways to improve it by analyzing its pros and cons by comparing it to Other City.
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Chen, Lijun, Haiping Zhang, and Zhiqiang Wang. "Township Development and Transport Hub Level: Analysis by Remote Sensing of Nighttime Light." Remote Sensing 15, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15041056.
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The coordinated development of township and city transportation is expected to reach new heights in the global sustainable transport plans of emerging economies. However, few studies have focused on the transport hub features considering marginal administrative division. This study examines the correlation between township development and hub level by using remote sensing of nightlight imagery. Systematically corrected satellite images of Global NPP-VIIRS Nighttime lights were selected as experimental data. Furthermore, the township hub level model and nighttime light indices were established to demonstrate the correlation characteristics of 6671 townships. Results show that the development level of road transport for a considerable number of townships is positively correlated with the hub level. The positively correlated townships show a spatial clustering distribution. In contrast, several negative correlations and random townships are related to the radiation of adjacent city growth poles and township special industrial characteristics. Nighttime light data can compensate for the difficulty in obtaining socioeconomic data below the prefecture level from a multiscale micro perspective and statistical caliber differences. These findings can be proven to be valuable to planners and designers of township development and regional transport.
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Zárate-Martínez, Juan Prisciliano, Jorge Víctor Rosete-Fernández, Guadalupe Asunción Socci-Escatell, Abraham Fragoso-Islas, Sara Olazarán-Jenkins, Lorenzo Granados-Zurita, and Ángel Ríos-Utrera. "Prevalence of Neospora caninum bovine serum antibodies in the Central and Eastern regions of Mexico." Revista MVZ Córdoba 26, no. 1 (November 24, 2020): e1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1996.
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Objective. To determine the prevalence of antibodies against Neospora caninum (PSA) in beef and dual-purpose cattle from the Central and Southern Gulf of Mexico regions, as well as to evaluate its association with the reproductive status (RS) of the cow (pregnant, not pregnant). Materials and methods. Blood samples were taken from 422 cows. Antibodies were detected with a commercial ELISA kit. PSA was analyzed with a logistic regression model that included state, township nested within state, and ranch nested within township. Results. The states of Tabasco, Puebla and Veracruz had similar PSA (p>0.05). The mean PSA for the three states was 24.0%. The PSA varied from 7.8 to 43.3% across townships. In Puebla, the PSA in cattle from San José Acateno township was more than two-fold greater than that in cattle from Hueytamalco and Nauzontla townships (p<0.05). In Tabasco, Cunduacán, Huimanguillo and Ranchería El Puente townships showed similar (p>0.05) PSA. In Veracruz, cows from Cotaxtla and Medellín de Bravo townships presented higher (p<0.05) PSA than those from San Rafael township. The RS of seropositive females was similar (p>0.05) to that of seronegative females. Conclusions. The three states had similar PSA. All the herds had antibodies against N. caninum, suggesting that this parasite is amply distributed in the three states. In addition, great variation existed among herds and among townships; finally, the presence of N. caninum antibodies was not associated with the RS of the cow.
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Bourgeois, Luc, Ian N. Morrison, and David Kelner. "Field and producer survey of ACCase resistant wild oat in Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-174.
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In a previous study, 729 townships in Manitoba were differentiated as being at low, medium, or high risk of evolving wild oat resistant to Group 1 herbicides based on herbicide use histories from 1981 to 1993. In the present study, 16 townships representing the three risk categories were surveyed in 1994 in order to determine the percentage of resistant wild oat patches. As well, a questionnaire was mailed to farmers in these townships requesting information on practices and attitudes relating to herbicide resistance. The wild oat survey consisted of sampling seed from conspicuous wild oat patches visible from north-south roads in each township. A total of 533 samples were collected and screened with fenoxaprop-P and sethoxydim using a bioassay. An average of eight resistant wild oat patches was found in the high risk townships. This was significantly higher than in low and medium risk townships where an average of less than one resistant wild oat patch per township was detected. The attitude of producers towards herbicide resistance was similar in all risk categories. However, the number of respondents suspecting Group 1 resistance on their farms was related to risk categories with producers in high risk areas suspecting the most cases of resistance. Key words: Weed survey, resistance assessment, wild oat, ACCase inhibitors
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Beckie, H. J., A. G. Thomas, and F. C. Stevenson. "Survey of herbicide-resistant wild oat (Avena fatua) in two townships in Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-067.
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The nature and occurrence of herbicide resistance in wild oat in annual crops grown in the Grassland and Parkland regions of Saskatchewan were determined in a systematic survey of fields in two townships in 1997. The survey found that over one-half of fields in both townships had populations resistant to Group 1 [acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors], Group 2 [acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors], and/or Group 8 (e.g., triallate, difenzoquat) herbicides. Forty-three percent of fields in the Grassland township and 48% of fields in the Parkland township had Group 1-resistant (HR) wild oat; 30 and 17% of fields in the Grassland and Parkland township, respectively, had populations exhibiting Group 2 resistance, whereas about 15% of fields in both townships had Group 8-HR wild oat. Single- (Groups 1, 2, or 8) and multiple-group resistance (1, 2; 1, 8; 2, 8; 1, 2, 8) were exhibited in populations in fields in both townships. Frequency of occurrence of resistance was not generally affected by farm size. The nature of resistance in wild oat populations is more diverse, differences in distribution and abundance of HR wild oat biotypes between Grassland and Parkland regions are generally less apparent, and occurrence of resistance is more prevalent than documented previously. Key words: Avena fatua, herbicide resistance, survey
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She, Yujuan, Changling Hu, Dejun Ma, Yahui Zhu, Vivian W. Y. Tam, and Xiangjie Chen. "Contribution of Infrastructure to the Township’s Sustainable Development in Southwest China." Buildings 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020164.
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Townships in Southwest China are usually located in mountainous regions, which are abundant in natural and cultural landscape resources. There are additional requirements for the township’s sustainable development in these areas. However, insufficient infrastructures, due to limited resources, constrain the sustainable development of these townships. Sustainable contribution of infrastructure (SCOI) in this study is defined as the performance of infrastructure as a contribution to the coordinated development among economic, social, and environmental dimensions of township’s sustainable development. It is necessary to assess these infrastructures according to SCOI and provide choices for investment to maximize resource utilization. Therefore, an assessing model of SCOI with 26 general indicators was developed, which covers five most urgently needed infrastructures of these townships in Southwest China, including road transport, sewage treatment, waste disposal, water supply, and gas. In this model, quantitative and qualitative methods are combined to acquire different SCOI of each infrastructure. The result of the SCOI would be an important reference for infrastructure investment. A case study of Jiansheng Town, that is located in the Dadukou district of Chongqing, demonstrates the applicability of the model. It shows the assessing model of SCOI is efficient to identify the most valuable infrastructure that is appropriate for investment with the goal of township’s sustainable development. This study can provide insights for infrastructure investment and management in townships or areas.
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Mokoena, B. T., T. Moyo, E. N. Makoni, and W. Musakwa. "SPATIO-TEMPORAL MODELLING & THE NEW URBAN AGENDA IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (June 5, 2019): 1327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-1327-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper presents the potentialities of spatio-temporal modelling in transforming South Africa’s previously marginalised townships. Using the Katlehong township in Ekurhuleni as a case study, the paper argues that the hitherto marginalised townships can benefit from a localised implementation of smart-city concepts as articulated in the Integrated Urban Development Framework. Instead of viewing townships as spaces of perpetual despair and hopelessness, the paper appreciates these areas as having the potential to benefit from new smart innovative planning approaches that form part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. So, the discussion identifies smart transportation modes such as bicycle-sharing, as well as Bus Rapid Transit Networks as critical in promoting mobility in and beyond townships, while contributing to spatial integration and transformation. Using geolocation data, the paper concludes that formerly marginalised townships such as Katlehong can and must form part of the emergent smart cities in South Africa.</p>
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Zhao, Qianqian, Qiao Fan, and Pengfei Zhou. "An Integrated Analysis of GWR Models and Spatial Econometric Global Models to Decompose the Driving Forces of the Township Consumption Development in Gansu, China." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010281.
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The investigation of township consumption patterns has become highly significant in order to emphasize the importance of township consumption patterns in economic development and policy formulation. To attain township consumption development in underdeveloped areas is a significant way to meet the general criterion of “rich life” under China’s Rural Revitalization strategy. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the driving forces that contribute to the development of township consumption in underdeveloped areas such as Gansu Province, China, and then scientifically design and implement a strategy for township consumption development in Gansu, all of which are related to the broader interests of rural revitalization. The study used 1233 township data of Gansu Province, China. The study integrated geographically weighted regression (GWR) and a spatial econometric global (SEG) model for data analysis and interpretation. The integration of these two models can comprehensively capture both spatial heterogeneity and spatial independence concurrently. First, we conducted integrated analyses of GWR and SEG models using consistent settings of spatial weight matrix elements, with GWR focusing on spatial heterogeneity and SEG models on spatial spillover. Second, the permanent resident population, the number of financial institution outlets, the types of townships, and the characteristics of townships had a substantial significant effect on the development of township consumption in Gansu, China. In addition, the ratio of residents with access to basic medical insurance was found to be negatively significant. The revitalization strategy for township consumption in Gansu Province, China should prioritize increasing the permanent resident population of townships, accelerating the development of township urbanization, accelerating the construction of township consumption infrastructures, and strengthening financial support from township financial institutions.
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Lin, Wen-Cheng. "Balanced Scorecard and IPA Enables Public Service in Township Management: Local Government Performance." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2013): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/199.
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Quality of township management is highly related to society, and it reflects the local government situation. However, past research seldom discusses the balanced
scorecard and Importance-performance analysis concepts of townships management, which is a driving factor in the enhancement enterprises and local government performance. This paper proposes the concepts of balanced scored to combine the analysis and integration of township resident surveys for Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) implementation. The implication of the existing perspective on management concept is that performance evaluation systems emerging in profit and non-profit enterprises are going to meet the needs of local governments in terms of townships that citizens’ satisfaction in Taiwan.
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Booyens, Irma, and Christian M. Rogerson. "Creative tourism: South African township explorations." Tourism Review 74, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-12-2017-0200.
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Purpose This purpose of this paper is to explore creative forms of tourism in South African townships. The developmental potential of slum tourism is contested. One challenge is to reconfigure extant forms of slum tourism into more sustainable alternatives that emphasise combatting poverty through generating economic opportunities and upgrading slum spaces. It is argued that creative tourism has a vital potential role in reshaping slum tourism in a responsible manner. Design/methodology/approach This exploratory investigation identifies emerging examples of creative forms of tourism in two case study townships: Soweto in Johannesburg and Langa in Cape Town. Current examples and potential for future development are interrogated, and areas for further research are outlined. Findings Emerging examples of creative tourism in townships with an emphasis on creative participatory experiences, creative spaces and creative cultural events are identified. It is suggested that creative tourism offerings based on cultural resources are under-developed, and potential exists for innovating and expanding creative tourism offerings in townships as a response to latent international and domestic visitor demands. Social implications Creative township tourism provides a number of avenues for catalysing economic opportunities; ensuring that locals benefit directly, upgrading physical township spaces and offering alternatives to voyeuristic forms of slum tourism by enhancing the authenticity of visitor experiences. Originality/value A new perspective on slum tourism is offered. Creative slum tourism has not been interrogated in the existing slum tourism and creative tourism literatures. This paper calls for more comprehensive empirical investigation on creative forms of tourism in townships and also in slums.
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Yuan, Xingjian. "Analysis on the Current Energy Consumption of Heating In Rural Toilets in Tibet." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (June 27, 2023): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v6i2.9445.
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In order to grasp the basic sanitation facilities, toilet renovation planning and progress, residents' toilet habits and willingness to renovate, and the maintenance status of renovated toilets in townships and rural areas of Tibet, and to understand the basic situation and toilet renovation planning of public toilets in townships and rural areas. This article selects independent public toilets in agricultural and pastoral areas of Tibet as the research object. In response to the problems of low indoor temperature and high heat consumption in township toilets, the construction and heating status of township toilets were obtained through on-site research. The heating characteristics of township toilet buildings were summarized, and typical buildings were selected for load characteristics analysis, providing a preliminary basis for the design of solar heating schemes in the future.
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Simon Chili, Nsizwazikhona, and Simiso Lindokuhle Mabaso. "The challenges of developing small tourism enterprises in townships: case of Umlazi, South Africa." Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 1 (April 11, 2016): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(1-1).2016.08.
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Township tourism in South Africa has grown in popularity since 1994 and is considered by some researchers to be an appropriate mechanism for stimulating local economic development. Opportunities for the development of black-owned enterprises in South Africa began for the first time when the country integrated into the global tourism economy after many years of international sanctions. The growth of township tourism thus can provide the context for potential economic opportunities for local entrepreneurs to enter the business, an activity that traditionally has been the domain of established white South African entrepreneurs. The main objective of the study is to present findings on the challenges that face a certain group of small tourism enterprises in townships with more attention being specifically paid to Umlazi as the second biggest township in the Southern hemisphere. The main reason for the choice of the study is due to the fact that there is only a limited literature that explores the conditions of small-scale and informal tourism entrepreneurs operating in South Africa’s black townships. The focus falls upon the challenges of developing small tourism entrepreneurs for black owners in the township, especially because South African tourism industry is highly concentrated and dominated by small elite group of large, mostly locally owned, tourism organizations which drive the tourism economy that unfortunately excludes and sidelines that of the townships
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Lwin, Nyi Nyi, T. T. Kyaw, T. Hlaing, W. Satimai, and A. Niramitsantipong. "Severe Complicated Malaria in High Risk Areas of Mon State, Myanmar, 2006-2012." Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.59096/osir.v8i2.263278.
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Cases of severe complicated malaria in Myanmar had declined during 2006-2012, yet some townships in the southeastern part continued to report poor outcome of malaria patients in spite of applying similar interventions as other high-risk areas. The purpose of this paper was to understand the reasons behind the poor malaria outcome of some townships in Mon State. We described trends and distribution of severe complicated malaria cases in 2006-2012. During 2006-2012, Yae Township contributed one-third to half of all severe complicated malaria cases in Mon State every year. In 2012, more than 25% of confirmed malaria cases were reported from high risk areas, including Beelin, Kyaikhto, Thaton and Yae Townships. Among these townships, Yae and Kyaikhto reported higher proportion of severe complicated malaria cases among under five children and pregnant women in 2012. In addition, fewer number of malaria cases was detected by village health volunteers than basic health staff in these townships, which might be due to inaccessibility to health services. Strengthening surveillance system and community-based malaria control program in Yae and Kyaikhto might reduce severe complicated malaria in these areas.
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Wilson, Jacqueline. "Feminist Ethnographic Qualitative Interviews Unveiling Gender-Based Violence Targeting Black Lesbians in Cape Town Townships." International Journal of Arts and Humanities 1, no. 2 (March 7, 2024): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.61424/ijah.v1i2.48.
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The study is to bring awareness to public healthcare professionals and law enforcement about the discrimination faced by Black lesbians in townships when seeking support after the rape and to encourage an empathetic and responsive approach to addressing their needs. The research applied a qualitative research design of in-depth interviews with 17 Black lesbian women living in township areas of Cape Town. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The results of the study indicate that Black lesbian women in townships experience high levels of GBV, including corrective rape, and face significant stigma from both their communities and outside of townships. Participants also reported a lack of support from law enforcement and the legal system. The study took place in Cape Province, South Africa. The findings of this study highlight the urgent need for policymakers and civil society organisations to prioritise the issue of GBV against Black lesbians in township areas of Cape Town. Recommendations include increasing awareness and education around the issue, improving access to support services for survivors, and executing interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination.
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Ligthelm, Andre. "The impact of shopping mall development on small township retailers." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 11, no. 1 (May 7, 2012): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v11i1.376.
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The retail sector forms a critical element of a community’s economic and social welfare. It provides people with choices and services. These choices were until recently very limited in township areas. The pre-1994 retail landscape was dominated by small, often informal businesses offering basic household necessities to relatively low income earners. This has resulted in township residents’ preference to shop outside townships, known as ‘outshopping’. Rapid income growth of township residents since 1994 resulted in a substantial increase in consumer expenditure in these areas, known as ‘in-bound shopping’. This lucrative emerging market forms the last retail frontier in South Africa and is being explored by national retailers, especially supermarket chains. This article is aimed at establishing the impact of shopping mall development in townships on the traditional small township retailers including spaza/tuck shops. The net balance sheet on the impact of shopping mall development on small township retailers clearly suggests a decline in the township retailers’ market share. A change in small business model towards, inter alia, effective customer service with a small dedicated assortment of merchandise, satisfaction of emergency needs, selling in small units and extension of credit facilities may result in the survival of some small township retailers (albeit often at a smaller turnover).
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Chang, Jie, Qiuju Deng, Moning Guo, Majid Ezzati, Jill Baumgartner, Honor Bixby, Queenie Chan, et al. "Trends and Inequalities in the Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction among Beijing Townships, 2007–2018." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 12276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312276.
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Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) poses a serious disease burden in China, but studies on small-area characteristics of AMI incidence are lacking. We therefore examined temporal trends and geographic variations in AMI incidence at the township level in Beijing. In this cross-sectional analysis, 259,830 AMI events during 2007–2018 from the Beijing Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System were included. We estimated AMI incidence for 307 consistent townships during consecutive 3-year periods with a Bayesian spatial model. From 2007 to 2018, the median AMI incidence in townships increased from 216.3 to 231.6 per 100,000, with a greater relative increase in young and middle-aged males (35–49 years: 54.2%; 50–64 years: 33.2%). The most pronounced increases in the relative inequalities was observed among young residents (2.1 to 2.8 for males and 2.8 to 3.4 for females). Townships with high rates and larger relative increases were primarily located in Beijing’s northeastern and southwestern peri-urban areas. However, large increases among young and middle-aged males were observed throughout peri-urban areas. AMI incidence and their changes over time varied substantially at the township level in Beijing, especially among young adults. Targeted mitigation strategies are required for high-risk populations and areas to reduce health disparities across Beijing.
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Strand, Mark A., Guanxi Peng, Peiying Zhang, and Gene Lee. "Preventing Rickets in Locally Appropriate Ways: A Case Report from North China." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 21, no. 4 (January 2003): 297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ca3j-b41k-yywv-a1tp.
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A rickets prevention program was carried out in Shanxi Province, China using locally appropriate methods. At the end of two and one-half years, the prevalence of rickets was 18% lower in program townships (56%) than in a control township that had no rickets prevention program (74%). Maternal awareness of how to prevent rickets was higher in program townships (43%) than in the control township (28%). However, the actual effect of maternal awareness on the prevention of rickets was negligible. In conclusion, this rickets prevention program was effective at reducing the prevalence of rickets. It appears the program was effective because of the presence of concerned program workers regularly visiting mothers and their infants, and using locally appropriate methods, but neither the vitamin supplements used nor the kind of rickets prevention education provided the mothers was shown to be positively correlated.
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Sayre, Robert F. "Townships." Annals of Iowa 53, no. 3 (July 1994): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.9827.
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Brazsil, József, Gábor Pintér, and Mihály Veszelka. "The possibilities of energetic applicability and economic evaluation of grape in the Szentantalfa township." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 8, no. 2-3 (September 30, 2014): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2014/2-3/3.
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Energy production has become one of the key problems in the recent years. Hungary is lacking fossil fuels, but could play a leading role of biomass utilization in Europe. In the concept of biomass not only main-, but by-products (e.g. grape) are be included. Since farmers face a variety of difficulties in disposing of garpe from plantation sites it would be beneficial to encourage grape use in energy production. In our opinion due to varying transportation costs it is crucial to investigate the amount of potentially usable grape both for the whole country and in local township levels. Our economic studies were done on the Szentantalfa Township’s Balatonfüred-Csopak Vine Region. According to our findings the total amount of grape generated in the township theoretically amounts to 5.28 TJ exploitable that would operate a 360 kW boiler for a whole heating period (6 months). In our opinion the appearance of local energy production based on grape could significantly raise the ability of the future potential income of townships.
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Li, Chung-Yi, Yung-Chung Chuang, Pei-Chun Chen, Michael S. Chen, Miaw-Chwen Lee, Li-Jung Elizabeth Ku, and Chiachi Bonnie Lee. "Social Determinants of Diabetes-Related Preventable Hospitalization in Taiwan: A Spatial Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 2146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042146.
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Diabetes-Related Preventable Hospitalization (DRPH) has been identified as an important indicator of efficiency and quality of the health system and can be modified by social determinants. However, the spatial disparities, clustering, and relationships between DRPH and social determinants have rarely been investigated. Accordingly, this study examined the association of DRPH with area deprivation, densities of certificated diabetes health-promoting clinics (DHPC) and hospitals (DHPH), and the presence of elderly social services (ESS) using both statistical and spatial analyses. Data were obtained from the 2010–2016 National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) and government open data. Township-level ordinary least squares (OSL) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) were conducted. DRPH rates were found to be negatively associated with densities of DHPC (β = −66.36, p = 0.029; 40.3% of all townships) and ESS (β = −1.85, p = 0.027; 28.4% of all townships) but positively associated with area deprivation (β = 2.96, p = 0.002; 25.6% of all townships) in both OLS and GWR models. Significant relationships were found in varying areas in the GWR model. DRPH rates are high in townships of Taiwan that have lower DHPC densities, lower ESS densities, and greater socioeconomic deprivation. Spatial analysis could identify areas of concern for potential intervention.
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Msosa, Steven Kayambazinthu. "Factors determining the marketing of products to townships amongst SMEs within the retail sector." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 12, no. 3 (May 6, 2023): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v12i3.2500.
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The needs of the customers residing in townships are generally met by informal retailers operating spaza and tuck shops. These retailers sell personal and household products such as cooking oil, sugar, maize flour, snacks, soap, paraffin, candles, matches, disinfectants, cigarettes, and prepaid airtime for mobile phones. However, several factors determine the success and marketing of these products to townships by retailers. Therefore, this study sought to analyse the factors determining the marketing of products to townships amongst Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) within the retail sector. Thus, a literature review was conducted to collect information to identify factors determining the marketing of products to townships amongst SMEs within the retail sector using several databases. The year 2012 signaled the commencement of an organised search for publications that were pertinent to the topic. The researcher searched for journals published on township retail and marketing using buzzwords relevant to the current study. The findings of this study show that the following are marketing factors: product quality, product price, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and customer service. Non-marketing factors encompass competition, the transport system, road infrastructure, security, licensing and regulatory requirements, and business location. Therefore, retailers are asked to pay particular attention to these factors because they are crucial to marketing and achieving a competitive advantage.
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Gao, Xingchuan, and Dongqi Sun. "Transport accessibility and social demand: A case study of the Tibetan Plateau." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 27, 2021): e0257028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257028.
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The equity of transport accessibility is a prerequisite for sustainable development targets, especially in the ecologically fragile area of the Tibetan Plateau (also known as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau). The relationship between transportation supply and social demand has become a key element of socioeconomic development and environmental protection in agricultural and pastoral areas. Based on data from transportation networks, permanent populations and the economy, this study uses a network analysis model, the coefficient of variation and the Gini coefficient to construct an index of social demand in townships and analyse the equity of transport accessibility on the Tibetan Plateau between 1980 and 2017; the principle of geographic distribution and the spatial relationship between transport accessibility and social demand at the township scale are also discussed. This study finds the following: the development of transportation has improved accessibility on the Tibetan Plateau, creating a highly accessible region with important cities as the nodes and major traffic arteries as the axes; both the coefficient of variation of transport accessibility and the Gini coefficient have increased slightly; and the equity of transport accessibility among townships on the Tibetan Plateau has exhibited a downward trend. Further, the social demand index is doubling every ten years, the spatial distribution has regional characteristics, and a decrease in permanent populations is the main reason for declining social demand index scores among townships. Townships with the lowest and highest social demand index scores for transportation development enjoy greater transportation benefits; there is a significant spatial relationship between social demand and location conditions (potential accessibility); the aggregation of social demand and accessibility types follows specific geographical distribution principles; and the Mangya-Gongshan Line delineates the distribution characteristics of township clusters with low social demand and low accessibility.
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Bak, Maren. "Townships in Transition: Women's Caring Keeps the Township Together*." Journal of Southern African Studies 34, no. 2 (May 22, 2008): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070802037928.
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Blose, Sibonelo, and Evelyn Muteweri. "Tapping into Leadership in Early Childhood Development Centers: Learning from the Lived Experiences of Principals in South African Townships." SAGE Open 11, no. 4 (October 2021): 215824402110613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211061395.
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Leadership is one of the critical drivers of educational institutions and has been overwhelmingly researched across countries. However, there is little with regards to early childhood development centers in the scholarship of educational leadership. South Africa has an assortment of early childhood development centers (ECD) ranging from fully registered and well-resourced centers in affluent areas to less regulated and poorly resourced community-based centers in townships, informal settlements and rural areas. In these centers, there are individuals performing a pivotal role of leading and managing the institutions. In this paper, we hone in on these individuals, specifically in a township setting, whom we refer to as ECD center principals. By means of narrative inquiry methodology, we solicited and interpreted the lived experiences of selected ECD center principals to garner an understanding of what it means to lead an ECD center in a township setting. The paper makes two broad contributions, namely, ECD center principals’ self-cognitions and their experiences of leading centers in townships.
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Humavindu, Michael Nokokure, and Jesper Stage. "Hedonic pricing in Windhoek townships." Environment and Development Economics 8, no. 2 (April 23, 2003): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x0300202.
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This study applies the hedonic pricing model to property sales in the township areas in Windhoek, the capital city of Namibia, where municipal authorities have pursued a programme of selling plots of land to settlers in order to encourage them into a formalized economic situation. We find that, apart from house quality, access to the central business district, access to marketplaces and access to transportation, environmental quality also has a large impact on property prices. Properties located close to a garbage dump sell at considerable discounts, while properties located close to a combined conservation and recreation area sell at premium prices. The results thus suggest that the hedonic pricing method can be useful for studying townships in developing countries, and that this can help to clarify the importance of environmental factors which are otherwise frequently neglected in town planning for township settlements.
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Mafuwane, Hluphi Constance, and Mammo Muchie. "A case study of the Adoption of Electronic Payment Methods by Spaza Shop owners in Mkhuhlu Township in South Africa." International Journal of Management, Innovation & Entrepreneurial Research 8, no. 2 (November 23, 2022): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijmier.2022.821.
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Purpose: This study aims to investigate the usage of mobile technologies by spaza shop (tuck shop) owners in South Africa. It also evaluates opportunities created using mobile communication.
Methodology: Interviews were conducted with 110 small, micro, and medium enterprises (SMMEs) operating spaza business shops in Mkhuhlu and Calcutt in the Bushbuckridge Municipality in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Police officers, South Africans, Somalians, and Indians were interviewed. Data was collected through self-completion questionnaires. Interviews were conducted in English as most participants needed help understanding African languages.
Main Findings: Technological skills are needed for the township business owners. Safety and security must support SMMEs in townships by protecting their owners and resources against criminals. Spaza shop owners must invest in training to advance their business skills and advance in technology to do business.
Implications: Aligned to the Native-owned spaza shops in the selected townships, informal traders, related businesses, other townships, academics, and policymakers may draw vital lessons from this study
Novelty: First time this kind of study is being conducted at Bushbuckridge Municipality with spaza shop owners.
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Le Roux, C. J. P. "Rol van die Naturelle-adviesraad op plaaslike bestuursvlak in Bloemfontein, 1923-1948." New Contree 25 (June 28, 2024): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v25i0.683.
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The Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923 required the establishment of a native advisory board in every black township under the control of an urban local authority. In Bloemfontein such an advisory board was also founded by the municipality. It consisted of twelve elected and three nominated members and was generally regarded as a step forward for blacks in Bloemfontein. The board advised the city council on matters such as the general welfare in the townships and on regulations, while at the same time also assisting in solving disputes. However, since it had at its disposal advisory powers only, there was no legal obligation on the part of the city council to carry out the board's recommendations. Although the advisory board was successful in handling issues such as higher wages (1929) and trading rights (1943), practical problems like black representation on local governmental bodies and the supply of essential services (e.g. electricity, water and sanitation) to the black townships, were never addressed. Attempts to bring about any meaningful improvement in the position of blacks in the townships thus failed.
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Mr. Sanjay Kotwad, Prof. Dr. Pravin Patil, and Prof. H H Ahire. "To Identify the Factors Affecting on Setup of New Township in MIDC Area." International Journal for Research Publication and Seminar 15, no. 3 (July 15, 2024): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36676/jrps.v15.i3.1428.
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Increasing expenditures and financing charges on housing credits guarantee a property in a linked township springing up in the city's borders, making city home ownership increasingly inconvenient and expensive. These townships are billed as India's new land improvement strategy to satisfy urbanites' wealth and goals. Despite their initial launch, these independent townships with private, retail, and business operations will quickly spread across the country. Demographically, urbanization is the growing urban population of a nation. Due to rising urbanization, 52 percent of Maharashtra's population lived in urban areas in 2021, compared to 39 percent nationally. Given the expanding population in urban Maharashtra and Mumbai, the government has prioritized connecting new townships to better communication. Development is typically thought to improve people's lives. Net rural-to-urban migration drives most urbanization. Due to increased migration from rural to Pune city, population growth, traffic, drinking water, and other issues affect Pune residents' lifestyles. This study concentrates on Town-1 MIDC Park Project near Dehu and Jadhav Wadi. This area is neglected, but Maharashtra has allocated about 100 crores to develop it.
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Li, Qiang, Hongtao Jia, Jun Zhang, Jianghong Mao, Weijie Fan, Mingfeng Huang, and Bo Zheng. "Typhoon Loss Assessment in Rural Housing in Ningbo Based on Township-Level Resolution." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 3463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073463.
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The purpose of this paper was to provide a new approach to achieve quantitative and accurate typhoon loss assessment of disaster-bearing bodies at township-level resolution. Based on the policy insurance data of Ningbo city, this paper took rural housing as the target disaster-bearing body and analyzed the aggregated data of disaster losses such as payout amount and insured loss rate of rural housing in Ningbo area under the influence of 25 typhoons during 2014–2019. The intensity data of disaster-causing factors such as the maximum average wind speed in Ningbo area under the influence of 25 typhoons were simulated and generated with the wind field engineering model, and a township-level high-resolution rural housing typhoon loss assessment model was established using a RBF artificial neural network. It was found that the insured loss rate of rural housing under wind damage was higher in the townships of southern Ningbo than in the townships of northern Ningbo, and the townships with larger insured loss rates were concentrated in mountainous or coastal areas that are prone to secondary disasters under the attack of the typhoon’s peripheral spiral wind and rain belt. The RBF neural network can effectively establish a typhoon loss assessment model from the causal factors to the losses of the disaster-bearing bodies, and the RBF neural network has a faster convergence speed and a smaller overall prediction error than the commonly used BP neural network.
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Briggs, Nathan A., and Steven A. Sader. "Tracking Forest Change and Development Using Low-Cost Remote Sensing Imagery and GIS Integration." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/26.4.148.
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Abstract Conversion of forestland to other uses is occurring in Maine as growing human populations and desire for second homes are exerting development pressures on privately owned forestland. This study was performed to assess forest cover change and conversion to developed uses in a 636,000-hastudy area in Maine. A three-date time series (2000, 2002, and 2006) of Landsat Thematic Mapper data was analyzed to detect forest cover losses, and overall mapping accuracy was determined to be 91%. Forest cover losses (percentage per year) were aggregated for 81 townships and reported foreach time sequence. Rates of forest cover loss differ among townships and for the same township in different time periods. Visual interpretation of forestland conversion using high-resolution images for a subsample of 24 townships showed that 305 of 4,716 harvested forest hectares (6.47%)was converted to developed uses. The study demonstrates the practical use of low-cost remote-sensing imagery and routine interpretation methods for accurate tracking of forest change and quantification of land use conversion. The methods are adaptable to other states to assist decisionmakersin assessing regional and local land use and planning forest conservation measures.
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Bluen, Stephen D., and Jacqueline Odesnik. "Township unrest: Development of the Township Life Events Scale." South African Journal of Psychology 18, no. 2 (June 1988): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124638801800203.
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Although unrest is becoming increasingly prevalent in South African townships, there is a paucity of psychological research on the subject. The present article outlines the development of the 42-item Township Life Events Scale (TLES), a measure designed to assess the incidence and impact of township unrest. Internal and temporal consistency are satisfactory. The TLES also shows acceptable convergent and divergent validity. Future research priorities for the TLES and the impact of unrest on workplace behaviour in general are identified.
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Bvuma, Stella, and Carl Marnewick. "Sustainable Livelihoods of Township Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises towards Growth and Development." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083149.
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In South Africa, small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) have been recognized as the critical driving force to alleviate some economic challenges that the country faces. The challenges, such as the alleviation of poverty and the unemployment rate, can be addressed by policies that encourage SMME developments and sustainability. The historical background of SMMEs in South Africa has left them operating in various locations, such as cities and townships. There is a growing concern of the lack of information and communications technology (ICT) adoption by SMMEs, in particular those operating in townships. The aim of this study was to develop an ICT adoption framework using the sustainability livelihood framework (SLF) to encourage ICT adoption and improve the livelihood of township SMMEs. This study used the sustainable livelihood framework (SLF) to explore the broader socio-economic contents of the township SMMEs on human, social, financial, and physical and natural resource-based assets that enable the poor to enhance their capabilities and reduce their vulnerabilities. This study deployed a qualitative exploratory research. A sample of 21 SMME owners/managers operating in Soweto was used, and data were collected using in-depth interviews and observations. The study revealed township SMMEs are complex and dynamic and need various interventions in order for them to be sustainable. The SLF for township SMMEs can be used as a guideline for SMME owners/managers and policy makers when formulating ICT adoption policy.
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Zhao, Yirui, Tongsheng Li, Julin Li, and Mengwei Song. "Study of Township Construction Land Carrying Capacity and Spatial Pattern Matching in Loess Plateau Hilly and Gully Region: A Case of Xifeng in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 16316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316316.
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With the acceleration of urbanization, the construction land scale of urban and rural areas is constantly expanding, which leads to contradiction and conflict between territorial development and ecological protection becoming more and more serious. Therefore, as an important unit of county (district), and even urban and rural, development, the study on land resource carrying capacity and the rationality of the development can provide some basis for developing the optimal strategies of differential territorial space. Taking Xifeng, Gansu Province, China as the research area, this study constructs the evaluation index system of township construction land carrying capacity from the three dimensions of ecological protection, natural environment, and social economy. It evaluates the suitability of township construction land by the means of a comprehensive scoring method and discusses the carrying capacity and spatial pattern matching of township construction land based on the suitability evaluation results. The results showed that: (1) the spatial difference of suitability of construction land is obvious, which is higher in the city center than in the surrounding areas; (2) the comprehensive carrying capacity of township construction land is 52.62%, and different townships range from 3.78% to 13.15%. It is different between towns; (3) on the whole, the condition of township construction land is well-developed, and the main distribution forms are flaky, banded, and dotted. (4) There is a positive correlation between spatial matching and carrying capacity. The carrying capacity should be considered in regional development to avoid overdevelopment. It can provide a basis for optimizing the territorial spatial layout, strengthening the coordinated development among townships, and improving the comprehensive township carrying capacity in the Loess Plateau hilly and gully region.
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Oi, Jean C., Kim Singer Babiarz, Linxiu Zhang, Renfu Luo, and Scott Rozelle. "Shifting Fiscal Control to Limit Cadre Power in China's Townships and Villages." China Quarterly 211 (September 2012): 649–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741012000823.
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AbstractIn contrast to its decentralized political economy model of the 1980s, China took a surprising turn towards recentralization in the mid-1990s. Its fiscal centralization, starting with the 1994 tax reforms, is well known, but political recentralization also has been under way to control cadres directly at township and village levels. Little-noticed measures designed to tighten administrative and fiscal regulation began to be implemented during approximately the same period in the mid-1990s. Over time these measures have succeeded in hollowing out the power of village and township cadres. The increasing reach of the central state is the direct result of explicit state policies that have taken power over economic resources that were once under the control of village and township cadres. This article examines the broad shift towards recentralization by examining the fiscal and political consequences of these policies at the village and township levels. Evidence for this shift comes from new survey data on village-level investments, administrative regulation and fiscal oversight, as well as township-level fiscal revenues, expenditures, transfers (between counties and townships) and public-goods investments.
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Booyens, Irma. "Rethinking township tourism: Towards responsible tourism development in South African townships." Development Southern Africa 27, no. 2 (June 2010): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768351003740795.
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Wang, Penglong, Yao Wei, Fanglei Zhong, Xiaoyu Song, Bao Wang, and Qinhua Wang. "Evaluation of Agricultural Water Resources Carrying Capacity and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study of Townships in the Arid Region of Northwest China." Agriculture 12, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050700.
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The water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) strongly determines the agricultural development in arid areas. Evaluation of WRCC is important in balancing the availability of water resources with society’s economic and environmental demands. Given the demand for sustainable utilization of agricultural water resources, we combine the water stress index and comprehensive index of WRCC and use multi-source data to evaluate agricultural WRCC and its influencing factors at the township scale. It makes up for the deficiencies of current research, such as the existence of single-index evaluation systems, limited calibration data, and a lack of a sub-watershed (i.e., township) scale. By applying multi-source data, this study expands the spatial scale of WRCC assessment and establishes a multidimensional evaluation framework for the water resources in dryland agriculture. The results indicate water stress index ranges from 0.52 to 1.67, and the comprehensive index of WRCC ranges from 0.25 to 0.70, which are significantly different in different types of irrigation areas and townships. Water quantity and water management are key factors influencing WRCC, the water ecosystem is an area requiring improvement, and the water environment is not a current constraint. Different irrigation areas and different types of townships should implement targeted measures to improve WRCC.
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Kleiman, R. E., and D. L. Erickson. "Landscape Change in an Agricultural Watershed: The Effect of Parcelization on Riparian Forest Cover." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 23, no. 1 (February 1996): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b230025.
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In this research we address factors contributing to landscape change in a midwestern (USA) watershed. Specifically, the relationship between the parcelization of agricultural land (ownership subdivisions) and changes in amounts of riparian forest cover are explored. The study area is the River Raisin Watershed in southeastern Michigan, which is typical of rural watersheds in the lower Great Lakes region. Two townships within the watershed were sampled from data spanning a 20-year time period. Using land-use and land-cover data for 1968, 1978, and 1988, combined with ownership records for the same years, we determined a relationship between rates of parcelization and changes in forest cover. These findings indicate that increasing trends in riparian forest area follow increases in land parcelization at the township scale. For these two townships, agricultural decline and land-use diversification seem positively related to larger areas and widths of riparian forests. As the number of acres being farmed and the number of farms have decreased, the land has been divided into more and smaller lots and the forests along rivers like the Raisin and its tributaries have increased in area. There are several possible factors at the township and farm scale which may influence this landscape phenomenon, including land-use policies, governmental programs, agricultural mechanization, and agricultural economics.
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O’Shea, Kevin. "Lost in Townships." Hopkins Review 9, no. 1 (2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/thr.2016.0017.
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Zhou, Quancheng, Hanze Tan, Zezhong Zhang, Weijie Zhang, Fei Wang, Jihong Qu, Yingjie Wu, et al. "Investigation of the Coupling and Coordination Relationship of Water–Energy–Food–Ecology and the Driving Mechanism in Dalad Banner." Sustainability 16, no. 12 (June 19, 2024): 5223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16125223.
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Aiming at the complex problems of water resources, energy, food, and ecology in ten parallel tributaries directly joining the Yellow River in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (the Ten Kongduis), the coordination of the water–energy–food–ecology (WEFE) system in Dalad Banner and its townships was studied from the perspective of system coupling in time and space. First, the evaluation index system of WEFE coupling coordination is constructed, and then the coupling coordination degree model, grey relationship degree model, and geographical detector are used to quantitatively evaluate the development level and spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of WEFE coordination in Dalad Banner and its townships and explore its driving mechanism. The results suggest that (1) the WEFE comprehensive evaluation index of Dalad Banner and its townships showed a slowly rising trend on the whole. The growth trends for the WEFE subsystems and integrated assessment are 0.65%, 21.02%, 17.01%, 1.17%, and 9.96%, respectively. This shows that the energy subsystem occupies the main position. (2) The coupling degree of WEFE in Dalad Banner and its townships is high; the mean value is 0.967, which is in the high-level coupling stage. But the coordination degree is low; the mean value is 0.668, which is in the elementary coordination stage. The spatial development is unbalanced and uncoordinated in Dalad Banner; this phenomenon mainly exists in the eastern part of Dalad Banner, with a gradual change from the west to the center of the area with higher harmonization. (3) The coordination of the WEFE system of Dalad Banner and its townships shows a good trend. The average coupling coordination degree in Wangaizhao town has the largest increasing trend, which is 12.69%. Fengshuiliang Town has the smallest growth trend, which is −10.37%. The region is gradually developing to the stage of well coordination, and each township has basically entered the middle-rank coordination stage. (4) In general, in the degree of system impact, the ecological impact is the largest and the grain is the weakest. In terms of spatial differences, energy has the greatest impact, while water has the least explanatory power. In terms of interaction, the interaction among water resources, grain, and ecology has the greatest explanatory power. The influence of WEFE in Dalad Banner coupling coordination changes obviously with time, and the driving mechanism and stability are relatively weak. The results of this study can provide a decision basis for the coordinated development of WEFE and the high-quality and sustainable development of Dalad Banner and its townships.
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Zhang, Wenwen, Ying Zhou, Xuelan Fang, Shengjun Zhao, Yi Wu, Haonan Zhang, Liangwei Cui, and Peng Cui. "Effects of Environmental Factors on Bird Communities in Different Urbanization Grades: An Empirical Study in Lishui, a Mountainous Area of Eastern China." Animals 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13050882.
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The rapid development of urbanization has changed landscape patterns and biological habitats severely and, therefore, affected biodiversity. In this study, we selected 75 townships in Lishui, a mountainous area in eastern China, to conduct bird surveys for two years. We analyzed the birds’ composition characters in townships with different levels of development in order to identify the effects on bird diversity of the urban development level, land cover pattern, landscape pattern, and other factors. In total, 296 bird species from 18 orders and 67 families were recorded between December 2019 and January 2021. A total of 166 species of birds belonged to Passeriformes (56.08%). The seventy-five townships were divided into three grades by K-means cluster analysis. The average number of bird species, richness index, and diversity index were higher in G-H (highest urban development level) compared with the other grades. At the township level, landscape diversity and landscape fragmentation were the key factors that positively affected the bird species number, diversity index, and richness index. Landscape diversity had a greater effect than landscape fragmentation, particularly on the Shannon–Weiner diversity index. The diversity and heterogeneity of urban landscapes could be improved by constructing biological habitats in future urban development planning to maintain and increase biodiversity. The results obtained in this study provide a theoretical basis for urban planning in mountainous areas, and a reference for policymakers to formulate biodiversity conservation strategies, construct reasonable biodiversity patterns, and solve practical biodiversity conservation problems.
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Hsueh, Li-Min, Hsi-Peng Tseng, and Chang-Chiang Hsieh. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 119–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100078.
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In this research, cross-sectional data for the township level obtained from the 1990 and 2000 Population and Housing Census are used to study the phenomenon of high housing vacancy rates in Taiwan. Three simultaneous equations for housing price, vacancy rate, and moving rate are derived and estimated using 3SLS. The estimation results show that, in 1990, in a booming market situation, both expected housing price and current housing price had a strong, positive impact on the vacancy rate; however, the housing vacancy rate did not display a negative impact on housing price as expected. The results for 2000 show that housing price did not significantly affect the vacancy rate; however, the vacancy rate had a negative impact on housing price that was highly statistically significant. This result reflected the fact that housing market operation had swung to another extreme after the real estate bubble that started in the late 1980s and burst in the mid-1990s. The natural vacancy rate for each township can be obtained from the estimation results. The average rate for 2000 was 0.11 to 0.12, compared to an actual vacancy rate of 0.158, which implied that 75% of townships had an excess supply of housing. Only Taipei City, Kaohsiung City and townships in areas inhabited by Taiwan’s indigenous peoples had, on average, a relatively low excess supply rate.
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Kennedy, John James. "From the Tax-for-Fee Reform to the Abolition of Agricultural Taxes: The Impact on Township Governments in North-west China." China Quarterly 189 (March 2007): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000798.
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Over the last decade, there have been numerous reports of rural discontent and unrest over excessive local taxes and fees known as villagers' burdens. In response, the central government enacted the tax-for-fee reform (TFR) in 2002 that abolished local fees levied on individuals and rural households in favour of a single agricultural tax. In addition the central government has announced plans to eliminate the agricultural tax as well after 2006. The aim of the TFR is to streamline local revenue collection and establish a more transparent and efficient provision of services. The immediate result, however, is a dramatic reduction in the autonomy of township governments as well as the provision of local services. Poorer townships have become more dependent on county government for revenues, and these townships function more like county administrative units than local self-governments. Moreover, many services have also been cut due to a lack of local revenues. In north-west China, there has been a sharp decline in the provision of educational and medical services. The solution is an increase in county remittances, but these are slow and uneven, and the combination of reduced autonomy and services has produced a number of “administrative shells” at the township level. If the inefficacy continues, then there may be even greater rural discontent and unrest over the loss of basic services than there was over increasing villagers' burdens.
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Cui, Peng, Qiang Zou, Ling-zhi Xiang, and Chao Zeng. "Risk assessment of simultaneous debris flows in mountain townships." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 37, no. 4 (July 23, 2013): 516–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133313491445.
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Many mountain towns in China are located on the joint alluvial fans of multiple and adjacent past debris flows, making them vulnerable to large, multiple, and simultaneous debris flows during heavy rainfall. Without emergency management planning, such flows, often appearing with interconnecting and chain-reaction processes, can lead to extensive loss of life and property. In the Wenchuan earthquake-affected area, such disasters are common. We analyzed the compound effects of simultaneous debris flow events, and proposed three quantitative methods of debris risk assessment based on kinetic energy, flow depth, and inundation depth. Validated using a field study of actual debris flow disasters, these analyses are useful in determining the type, quantity, distribution, economic worth, and susceptibility of hazard-affected objects in a region. Subsequently, we established a method to determine the vulnerability of different hazard-affected objects, particularly concerning the susceptibility indexes of buildings or structures. By analyzing the elements underlying hazard formation conditions, damage potential, and the socio-economic conditions of mountain townships, we proposed a systematic and quantitative method for risk analysis of mountain townships. Finally, the proposed method was applied to a case study of Qingping Township, which was affected by 21 simultaneous debris flows triggered by a 50-year return period precipitation event. The proposed method analyzed the superposition and chain-reaction effects of disasters and divided the affected area of the township into three risk zones. The analysis indicated that the calculated risk zones coincide with the actual distribution and severity of damage in the debris flow event, which suggests that the risk assessment is consistent with results from the actual disaster.
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Sulaiman, Maisarah, Nor Azam Ramli, Wan Hashim Wan Ibrahim, Nur Baitul Izati Rasli, Mohd Rodzi Ismail, and Syabiha Shith. "Traffic Emissions due to Changes in Road Layout in Developing Township Related to Double Track Rail Project Constructions." Current World Environment 17, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 557–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.3.5.
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Traffic emissions in developing townships are less studied compared to major townships and cities. The Electrified Double-Track Project (EDTP) rail line is a linear project traversing from south to north of peninsular Malaysia. Construction of this line has somewhat affected the traffic flow in terms of delay and congestion, affecting traffic-related emissions. A study on the emission fluctuations due to traffic flow changes during the electrified double-track rail line construction was carried out in Parit Buntar, a developing township north of Peninsular Malaysia. Currently, not many primary study reports furnish insights into the effect of the project’s construction phase. Sidra 6.1 were used to estimate the traffic flow delay and level of service (LOS) at signalised intersections from traffic surveys of six intersections. These inputs were also used to estimate the fuel consumption and cost of fuel consumption for all three stages of emission contribution, namely before construction, during construction, and after construction (commissioning phase). The respective fuel consumption (L/hr.) before the construction, during construction, and post-construction were (437, 174, and 198) at J1, (-, 1650, and 264) at J2, (475, 2429, and 2384) at J3, (332, 336, and 261) at J4, and (206, 13996, and 452) at J5. This study found that a proper signal phasing post construction has improved delay time and traffic emission. The findings should be relevant for researchers interested in the emissions within the developing townships, especially in enhancing road layouts for the sustainability of life and well-being in the local and broader contexts.
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Chili, Nsizwazikhona Simon. "Township Tourism: The politics and socio-economic dynamics of tourism in the South African township: Umlazi, Durban." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 7, no. 4(J) (August 30, 2015): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v7i4(j).590.
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The paper analyses how tourism development at Umlazi which is one of the second biggest Townships in the Southern hemisphere has been hampered by politics and socio economic dynamics that stifle the empowerment of both tourism entrepreneurs and local communities respectively. The impacts of tourism have been given much attention by scholars to examine the perceptions and attitudes of local residents towards Township tourism in South Africa. However, there is little research that focuses on how much political and economic dynamics of the past and present dispensations have adversely impacted on the tourism economic development of small emerging entrepreneurs and local residents of the Townships. This study attempts to make a little contribution to South African Township tourism by examining political and economic dimensions that hinder small businesses and local residents of uMlazi to thrive and get empowered through tourism. Township tourism in South Africa has slightly improved and grown in popularity since 1994 and is considered by the government and other social agents to be an appropriate opportunity for small businesses and the stimulation of local economic development. However, the paper argues that tourism fails to act as a panacea of economic development in the township of Umlazi, since there is lack of business opportunities, intervention and support of local government, private sector and racial groups that are endowed with more than enough financial resources. Data were collected by means of interviews that allowed the interviewer to pose some open-ended questions so that the interviewee could express his or her own opinion freely for the extraction of more information. Based on 30 respondents surveyed, the findings show that there are numerous obstacles that are directly linked to political and economic dynamics. These obstacles include lack of political intervention and financial support for tourism entrepreneurs and local residents of UMlazi Township. On the whole respondents viewed Township tourism negatively. They were generally of the idea that township tourism can only be of benefit to residents once it is often visited by racial groups who are better off financially after their fears about safety and security have been allayed.
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Nas, L. "Postcolonial travel accounts and ethnic subjectivity: travelling through Southern Africa." Literator 32, no. 2 (June 22, 2011): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v32i2.16.
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This article deals with three recent South African travelogues, to wit Sihle Khumalo’s “Dark continent: my black arse” (2007) and “Heart of Africa: centre of my gravity” (2009), and Steven Otter’s “Khayelitsha: umlungu in a township” (2007). It argues that the authors are engaged in a postcolonial quest to find out what makes them African: the one, a black corporate employee, by following the footsteps of white nineteenth century explorers; the other, a white journalism student, by living in one of South Africa’s largest black townships.
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KYNOCH, GARY. "POLITICS AND VIOLENCE IN THE ‘RUSSIAN ZONE’: CONFLICT IN NEWCLARE SOUTH, 1950–7." Journal of African History 41, no. 2 (July 2000): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185379900763x.
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The urban townships of South Africa have been contested terrain since their inception. Different groups have struggled to control territory, various resources and political activities within the confines of the locations and, all too frequently, violence has been an integral part of these struggles. Groups as varied in composition and ideology as squatter movements, well-organized criminal outfits, student groups, vigilantes, traditional courts (makgotlas), migrant gangs, youth gangs, municipal political groups and national political movements – with much overlapping between these categories – have all at one time or another sought to impose their will on township residents and have regarded violence as an essential element in their campaigns.While much attention has been deservedly devoted to the violence employed by the state as a means of subjugating, dividing and controlling township residents, the different ways in which black urban groups struggled to assert control over their environments have received relatively little scrutiny. These processes cannot be regarded in isolation from the state's quest for control, but neither should they be subsumed by the larger focus on a revolutionary struggle. Rather, I would argue that a more informed understanding of the conditions and challenges faced by black urbanites requires study of the nature of localized power and violence within the townships. African groups pursued agendas which served their own interests and had a considerable impact on social relations and perceptions of power and authority, both within the locations and in the broader context of national/racial politics.
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Shu, He Ping, Gang Wang, Peng Zhang, and Jin Zhu Ma. "Assessment of the Risk of Debris Flows in Zhouqu County, South Gansu Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 1617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.1617.
Full textAbstract:
The hazards of debris flows and the vulnerability to these flows were used as a basis for risk assessment in Zhouqu County, southern Gansu Province, China. The GIS software was used to perform a regional risk assessment for each township in Zhouqu County with a 250 m×250 m spatial resolution. The vulnerability of the population, the economy, and the ecological environment were accounted to develop a comprehensive vulnerability index for each township. A risk assessment model was used to develop a risk zoning map for Zhouqu County. It is found that the areas with the highest risk were mainly distributed in Chengguan, Dongshan, Jiangpan, Dachuan, and Guoye townships. Based on the results of the study, the recommendations for disaster prevention and mitigation were proposed.
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Xie, Wenhai, Wanfu Jin, Kairui Chen, Jilin Wu, and Chunshan Zhou. "Land Use Transition and Its Influencing Factors in Poverty-Stricken Mountainous Areas of Sangzhi County, China." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 4915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184915.
Full textAbstract:
Previous studies have rarely revealed the characteristics and influencing factors of land use transformation (LUT) in poverty-stricken areas, where multiple actions of cultivated land protection are undertaken. The land use conversion matrix and Spatial Durbin Model were used to analyze the characteristics and influence factors of LUT based on remote sensing interpretation data of Sangzhi County in 2010, 2015, and 2018. The results demonstrate the following: (1) From 2010–2018, cultivated land, forest land, waters, and urban and rural construction land in Sangzhi County increased by 4.91%, 0.03%, 58.99%, and 55.63%, respectively, and grassland decreased by 13.32%. (2) Terrain, territorial, and traffic conditions were common influence factors of the land use type conversion (i.e., forest land to cultivated land, grassland to forest land, cultivated land to forest land, grassland to cultivated land, and cultivated land to urban and rural construction land). The conversion of land use type has a negative effect on the land use type conversion of adjacent townships. Territorial and traffic conditions affect the land use type conversion of adjacent townships. The results illuminate LUT at the township scale in mountainous areas and are beneficial to promoting the sustainable use of land resources and poverty alleviation.