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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Toxic environmental chemicals; Ophthalmology

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Academic literature on the topic 'Toxic environmental chemicals; Ophthalmology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Toxic environmental chemicals; Ophthalmology"

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Van Vleet, Terry R., and Rick G. Schnellmann. "Toxic nephropathy: environmental chemicals." Seminars in Nephrology 23, no. 5 (September 2003): 500–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0270-9295(03)00094-9.

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Alexander, Martin. "How Toxic Are Toxic Chemicals in Soil?" Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 11 (November 1995): 2713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00011a003.

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Postel, Sandra. "ES Views: Controlling Toxic Chemicals." Environmental Science & Technology 22, no. 1 (January 1988): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00166a602.

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Criss, Wayne E. "Molecular Mechanisms of Toxic Chemicals." Indoor and Built Environment 12, no. 6 (December 2003): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x03039691.

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Hathway, D. E. "Toxic Hazards of Rubber Chemicals." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 42, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.42.1.71.

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Howells, David H. "Editorial. Toxic Chemicals in Surface Waters." Environmental Science & Technology 20, no. 1 (January 1986): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00143a604.

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LaGrone, F. Scott. "Potential community exposure to toxic chemicals." Environmental Science & Technology 25, no. 3 (March 1991): 366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00015a001.

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Gross, Liza, and Linda S. Birnbaum. "Regulating toxic chemicals for public and environmental health." PLOS Biology 15, no. 12 (December 18, 2017): e2004814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004814.

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Perriman, R. J. "Controlling Toxic Chemicals in the Environment." Journal of the Royal Society of Health 106, no. 1 (February 1986): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642408610600104.

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Baehr, Arthur L. "Toxic organic chemicals in porous media." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 8, no. 2 (November 1991): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(91)90017-u.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Toxic environmental chemicals; Ophthalmology"

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Coe, Jeffrey Ellis. "In vivo human ocular responses to irritant gases." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362322.

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Venier, Marta. "Investigation of toxic organic chemicals in the environment." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3319902.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, School of Public and Environmental Science Affairs, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 13, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-08, Section: B, page: 4637. Adviser: Ronald A. Hites.

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Goats, Geoffrey Charles. "Assessment of the effects of toxic chemicals upon earthworms." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37706.

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Li, Jing Adela, and 李晶. "Temperature-dependent toxic effects of selected chemicals on marine organisms." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/211051.

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Anthropogenically driven climate change not only results in rising of sea temperature but also leads to more frequent and longer-lasting cold and heat waves. Meanwhile, coastal marine ecosystems are constantly challenged by increasing threats of chemical pollution. Temperature and chemical stressors can jointly affect the livelihood of marine organisms, but their combined effects are still poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of thermal stress and chemical exposure on the marine medaka Oryzias melastigma, copepod Tigriopus japonicus and rotifer Brachionus koreanus. The four selected chemical contaminants included copper sulphate pentahydrate (Cu), dichlorophenyltrichloroethane (DDT), triphenyltin chloride and copper pyrithione. It was hypothesized that marine organisms are more susceptible to chemical exposure at both cold and warm extremes. In vivo acute ecotoxicity tests were conducted over a wide temperature range to ascertain the relationship between thermal stress and chemical toxicity. For O. melastigma larvae, the lowest toxicity occurred at an optimum temperature range; the chemical toxicity further increased with temperature increase or decrease from this optimum, and exacerbated at extremely low and high temperatures. For T. japonicus and B. koreanus, the chemical toxicity generally increased with increasing temperature. Such inter-species dissimilarities were possibly due to differences in the uptake route, detoxification mechanism, avoidance behaviour and physiological response between the fish and the copepod or rotifer. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the temperature-dependent physiological and biochemical responses, and thermal tolerance of O. melastigma larvae. The growth in the fish larvae showed an inverse and negatively skewed V-shape relationship with temperature, with a significant reduction in performance at both low and high thermal extremes. A mismatch between demand and supply of oxygen and energy under extremely cold and warm conditions was probably the primary cause of growth inhibition and metabolic impairment, leading to a temporary adaptation by a shift to anaerobiosis and an induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Temperatures at both cold and warm extremes increased toxicities of DDT and Cu to O. melastigma larvae, resulting in restricted growth and interrupted oxygen consumption rate. The fish larvae modulated their metabolic pathway and produced stress proteins (i.e., HSPs and metallothioneins) for adaptation to the combined stress. However, such responses were disrupted by combinations of thermal extremes, in particular high temperature, and high chemical concentration. Most importantly, both DDT and Cu exposure significantly reduced the thermal tolerance of the fish larvae. The interacting effect of temperature and Cu was also investigated on T. japonicus. The results showed that their combined effect could significantly reduce the survival, lengthen the developmental time and change the sex ratio of the copepod. Transcriptions of several stress-related genes (i.e., glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferases and HSPs) in the adult T. japonicus were significantly affected by the joint-effect of temperature and Cu exposure, implying that these genes played essential roles in protecting the cellular integrity against the stresses. This study advanced the understanding on the temperature-dependent toxicity of chemical contaminants to marine organisms, and provided valuable information and empirical models for deriving water quality criteria of chemical contaminants at various temperatures.
published_or_final_version
Biological Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Carway, Eugene Vincent. "Toxic chemical syndrome: body burden and immune parameters affected by environmental chemicals." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332749/.

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The purpose of the present study was to determine: (1) that dental office personnel would be exposed to more toxic chemicals in the workplace than the non-dental office controls; (2) that exposure should lead to a reduction in the efficiency of the immune system in the individuals in the dental office; and (3) the immunological deficit should manifest itself in psychological and/or physiological pathology as measured on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Bender Gestalt.

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Scanferlato, Vjera Sostarec. "Environment risk assessment for toxic chemicals and genetically-engineered microorganisms : a microcosm approach /." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-135357/.

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Benn, Suzanne Harriette Science &amp Technology Studies UNSW. "The Environmental Challenge to the Overloaded State: The Politics of Toxic Chemicals in NSW since the late 1970s." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Science and Technology Studies, 1999. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32639.

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This thesis is a regional interdisciplinary analysis of the environmental challenge to the liberal democratic state. It situates these new problems of governance in one of the dominating political conflicts of our time, the battle between market and state for the 'commanding heights'. By the end of the 1970s, environmental concerns had added to the social crises associated with the overloaded, welfare state. The study sets the political context through an exposition of the perceived problems of the overloaded state, analysed by neo-Marxist theorists in terms of rationality and legitimacy deficits and by public choice theorists in terms of the incentives and calculations confronting rational individuals. It draws out the association between these alternative perspectives on 'state overload' and the political philosophies of corporatism and neo-liberalism, showing that, on the neo-Marxist understanding, corporatism addresses the functional requirements of late capitalism, while public choice precepts are strongly influential on leading elements of neo-liberalism. This political analysis is developed through the history of a landmark piece of legislation, the Environmentally Hazardous Chemicals Act (NSW) 1985, in toxic chemicals policymaking from the late 1970s to the end of 1997. The interpretation of the case material shows that the response in NSW to the environmental problematic has been driven by the reform agenda of the successive political programs of corporatism and neo-liberalism for the state, the bureaucracy and the democratic process. Neither the corporatist nor the neo-liberal programs succeeded in meeting environmental criteria. Examination of the inadequate responses of both corporatism and neo-liberalism, when measured against sustainability criteria, leads to a deeper understanding of the institutional reforms required if these criteria are to be addressed. The thesis concludes that the failure to effect successful reform of toxic chemicals policy in NSW reflects the failure of leading political theorems of the liberal democratic state to incorporate sustainability criteria successfully into their reform agenda for the state, the bureaucracy and the democratic process. These regional issues are shown to be thematic for the nation-state when raised in the context of the globalisation of the environmental challenge and the inter nationalisation of market forces. The thesis concludes with a brief review of some recent political theory in relation to the programmatic issues of sustainability and democracy which it has pursued.

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Degen, Marcia J. "Evaluation of the potential environmental toxic effects of a nylon fibers additive." Thesis, This resource online, 1985. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03302010-020601/.

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Börjeson, Natasja. "Toxic Textiles : Towards Responsibility in Complex Supply Chains." Doctoral thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-33670.

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The governance of the environmental and health problems that follow in the wake of globalised trade is one of the great contemporary challenges. One of these challenges is the management of chemical pollution and associated risks, and one sector facing this challenge is the textile industry, which has complex supply chains spread across continents. At the same time the role of actors on the playing field are changing and market actors are being called on to responsibly manage the issue of chemical risks and associated challenges. However, governance and control are often obstructed due to complexity and considerable knowledge uncertainty. This situation complicates responsibility-taking and makes it difficult to ascribe liabilities to specific actors, as it is not obvious who is responsible for what. This thesis is concerned with the process of how a group of market actors – private and public textile buyers – assume responsibility of chemical risks in their supply chains in a situation that is characterized by uncertainty and complexity. This thesis aims to contribute to an understanding of what happens when market actors are called on to manage the negative side effects of globalisation. The focus is on Swedish textile-buying private and public organisations. The thesis constructs an analytical model based on the key concepts responsible governance, responsibilisation, and responsible supply chain management (RSCM). The thesis explores the barriers, challenges and opportunities that exist for buyers seeking to assume RSCM and whether a process of responsibilisation can be observed in the textile sector. The thesis uses an exploratory approach and interviews, participatory observations and literature studies, as well as case studies to understand the process and to investigate barriers, challenges, opportunities. In summary, the thesis shows that a process of responsibilisation is ongoing on the organisational and sector levels. Further, it is shown that due to the complex structures of the chains, there are more barriers and challenges than opportunities for buyers striving for RSCM. However, it is argued that cooperation, stronger public and private policy, and a reflexive approach could be ways forward towards RSCM and increased responsibilisation in the textile sector.
En av våra samtida stora utmaningar är hanteringen av de miljö- och hälsoproblem som följer i svallvågorna av en globaliserad handel. En av dessa utmaningar rör hanteringen av kemikalierisker. Inom textilbranschen är produktionen kemikalieintensiv och handelsmönstren karakteriseras av komplexa varukedjor som inte sällan sträcker sig över flera kontinenter. Samtidigt pågår en förändring av inblandade aktörers roller, där marknadsaktörer uppmanas att på ett ansvarstagande sätt hantera frågan om kemikalierisker och de utmaningar som hör därtill. Denna process försvåras ofta till följd av ett komplext samhälle präglat av kunskapsbrister. Detta komplicerar ansvarstagande och gör det svårt att hålla specifika aktörer, såsom företag och inköpande organisationer, ansvariga, då det inte är uppenbart vem som är ansvarig för vad. Denna avhandling undersöker hur en grupp marknadsaktörer – privata och offentliga textilinköpare – tar ansvar för kemikalierisker längs med sina varukedjor i en situation som karaktäriseras av osäkerhet och komplexitet. Avhandlingen syftar till att fördjupa förståelsen för vad som händer när marknadsaktörer uppmanas att hantera miljö- och hälsorisker från till exempel kemikalier i textil. Fokus ligger på svenska privata och offentliga textilinköpare, som exempelvis kläd- och textilföretag, offentlig förvaltning och andra inköpande organisationer. I avhandlingen konstrueras en analytisk modell baserad på nyckelbegreppen responsible governance, responsibilisation och responsible supply chain management. Avhandlingen är explorativ och genom intervjuer, deltagande observationer och litteraturstudier samt fallstudier undersöks en potentiell process av ansvarstagande samt de hinder, utmaningar och möjligheter som de inköpande organisationerna möter i sitt arbete med kemikalierisker längs med sina varukedjor. Resultaten belyser en pågående process av ansvarsförfarande på både organisations och sektornsivå. Avhandlingen visar också att på grund av kedjans komplexa struktur så förekommer större hinder och utmaningar än möjligheter för de textilinköpare som strävar efter ansvarstagande. Trots detta pekar resultaten på att samarbete, kraftfullare styrmedel och ett reflexivt tillvägagångssätt skulle kunna vara en väg mot ökat ansvarstagande inom textilsektorn.
Chemicals in textiles: Managing environmental and health risks from products with complex product chains

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Kitti, Martina. "På väg mot en kemikaliesmart förskola : Förekomsten av skadliga kemikalier på förskolor och den kommunala tillsynens effekt på utrensningsarbetet." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-123424.

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The purpose of this study was to identify materials and products in preschools that may contain harmful chemicals and to suggest possible areas of improvement. Another purpose was to examine if a supervisory project focused on chemicals leads to reduced incidence of harmful chemicals and improved routines in preschools. Inspection reports from 46 preschools in Lidingö were examined to see what routines, materials and products that currently existed. The results were compared with inventories of preschools in two other municipalities and a national inventory project. Follow-up questionnaires were sent to 41 of the preschools in Lidingö to examine if the preschools continued to work for a non-toxic environment after the supervision period ended. Preschools at Lidingö showed similar results as the rest of the country, except that the prevalence of old electronics was much lower. Vinyl gloves, soft plastic toys and other plastic objects appeared in more than half of the preschools, and the presence of inappropriate material showed that there is a need for initiatives that promote a non-toxic preschool. The follow-up survey showed that inspections focused on chemicals generally leads to improvements in many areas and can therefore be a good method. The respondents in this study consider the inspectors to be an important support in the process of eliminating harmful substances. Proper cleaning and good purchasing procedures are important to avoid exposure to harmful substances and the removal of phthalates and plastic kitchenware should be a priority for future inspections.

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Books on the topic "Toxic environmental chemicals; Ophthalmology"

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Brooks, Bart. Toxic legacy: Toxic chemicals and marine life in Puget Sound. Bellingham, WA: RESources, 2001.

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International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (United Nations Environment Programme). International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals. [Nairobi]: United Nations Environment Programme, 1990.

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A, Sachdev Jayanti, and Engleman Stephen A, eds. Toxic chemicals: Risk prevention through use reduction. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011.

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United States. Government Accountability Office. Toxic chemical releases. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Toxic substances controls primer: Federal regulation of chemicals in the environment. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: Bureau of National Affairs, 1986.

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Dean, Norman L. The Toxic 500: The 500 largest releases of toxic chemicals in the United States, 1987. [Washington, D.C.]: National Wildlife Federation, 1989.

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Gallagher, Michael J. Draft strategy to continually reduce persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic chemicals (PBTs) in Washington State. Olympia, Wash: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 2000.

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Worobec, Mary Devine. Toxic substances controls guide: Federal regulation of chemicals in the environment. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: Bureau of National Affairs, 1992.

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1926-, Ordway Girard Lanterman, and Worobec Mary Devine, eds. Toxic substances controls guide: Federal regulation of chemicals in the environment. Washington, D.C: Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1989.

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Baines, Ann. Evaluation of toxic release inventory (TRI) data for power plants in Maryland. Annapolis, Md: Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Toxic environmental chemicals; Ophthalmology"

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Hiscox, April, and Mark Macauda. "Airborne Toxic Chemicals." In Environmental Toxicology, 17–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5764-0_2.

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Parsek, Matthew R., Sally M. McFall, and A. M. Chakrabarty. "Microbial Degradation of Toxic Chemicals: Evolutionary Insights." In Environmental Biotechnology, 1–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1435-8_1.

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Puthucherril, Tony George. "Regulating Toxic Chemicals, Pesticides, and Hazardous Wastes." In Routledge Handbook of International Environmental Law, 189–202. 2nd edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge handbooks: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003137825-16.

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Edwards, Clive A., and Patrick J. Bohlen. "The Effects of Toxic Chemicals on Earthworms." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 23–99. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2890-5_2.

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Wong, Ming-Hung. "Environmental Geochemical Cycles of Persistent Toxic Substances and Emerging Chemicals of Concern." In From Sources to Solution, 17–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-70-2_4.

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Elizabeth Rani, C., V. Balaji Ayyadurai, and K. K. Kavitha. "Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Toxic Chemicals from Muttukadu Lake, Chennai by Biosurfactant and Biomass Treatment Strategies." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 67–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64122-1_6.

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Higgins, Thomas E., Jayanti A. Sachdev, and Stephen A. Engleman. "Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Protection." In Toxic Chemicals, 229–33. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10352-15.

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"Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Chemicals." In Understanding Environmental Pollution, 316–26. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108395021.015.

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"Environmental Pathways of Toxic Chemicals." In Essentials of Toxic Chemical Risk, 30–53. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203022627-6.

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"Environmental Pathways of Toxic Chemicals." In Essentials of Toxic Chemical Risk, 13–35. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203022627-c2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Toxic environmental chemicals; Ophthalmology"

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van der Schalie, William H., Roy Reuter, Tommy R. Shedd, and Paul L. Knechtges. "Environmental sentinel biomonitors: integrated response systems for monitoring toxic chemicals." In Environmental and Industrial Sensing, edited by Janet L. Jensen and Larry W. Burggraf. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.456920.

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Mackie, Ryan S., Amanda S. Schilling, Arturo M. Lopez, and Alfredo Rayms-Keller. "Insect-gene-activity detection system for chemical and biological warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals." In Environmental and Industrial Sensing, edited by Janet L. Jensen and Larry W. Burggraf. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.456912.

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Walter, William T. "Sensitive detection of chemical agents and toxic industrial chemicals using active open-path FTIRs." In Optical Technologies for Industrial, Environmental, and Biological Sensing, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh, Guenter Gauglitz, Robert A. Lieberman, Klaus P. Schaefer, and Dennis K. Killinger. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.516229.

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Punanova, Svetlana. "POTENTIALLY TOXIC CHEMICAL ELEMENTS OF SHALE PLAYS – ECOLOGICAL THREAT TO THE ENVIRONMENT." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/18.

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This research considered the content of trace elements (TE), including potentially toxic elements (PTE) in shale plays and deposits in various regions of the world. Their comparative analysis was carried out and the highest concentrations of PTE in the shales of some regions were revealed. The author notes that the destruction of organometallic compounds occurs during the development of shale hydrocarbon (HC) using horizontal drilling with hydraulic fracturing – injecting large volumes of chemicals while increasing the temperature. During such destruction processes, PTE can escape into the environment: into groundwater, soil layers, and other objects of economic use, and also deteriorate well equipment. In connection with the noted environmental hazards present during the development of shale HC, this paper proposes to monitor the content of TE in both shale rocks as well as in extracted shale oil in order to mitigate the risks of their release into the environment. In addition, developers and scientists should consider the losses of industrially significant volumes of valuable metals that occur due to the lack of cost-effective technologies for their capture and extraction from naphthides.

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Badr, O., A. Marafi, and P. Ben. "Environmental Impact of Fuel Spills on Land." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15343.

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This study considers the toxicity and flammability of emitted fuel vapor from un-ignited pools of spilled chemicals on land. It also estimates the thermal radiation levels emitted from such pools in case they catch fire. A software based on EPA dispersion models was utilized to estimate the size and location of the dangerous clouds. The 3D dangerous clouds were presented in downwind, crosswind, and vertical directions from the source of the spill. The growth and decay of the formed dangerous zones with time were also investigated. Among other input data required by the above-mentioned software, the transient evaporation rate from the spilled fuel pool and its area were determined by considering the equations of conservation of mass and energy. The study also considered the situation when the spill is followed by ignition causing a pool fire. In such a case, the main concern for impact assessment was the US EPA-specified limiting radiation levels to which humans or facilities can be exposed. Exposure to 5.1 kW/m2 for more than 30 seconds can cause 2nd degree burns while exposure to the wood charring radiation level of 12.6 kW/m2 for more than one minute can cause fatality for humans. To facilitate this analysis a fire model developed by the US Gas Research Institute was used to find out safe distances from which fire fighting personnel can work towards extinguishing the fire. The application of such techniqus to a case study of an instantaneous accidental spill from a typical mobile gasoline tanker supplying fuel to local petrol stations showed that the toxic and flammable zones may extend to downwind distances of 561m and 399m, respectively. For ignited pools, on the other hand, the dangerous zones corresponding to radiation levels of 5.1 and 12.6 kW/m2 were 199 and 120 meters, respectively. For the case study of gasoline spill from a typical storage tank in a refinery resulted in the possible formation of toxic clouds extending to about 40,000 m and 48 m in the downwind and vertical directions, respectively. The flammability zone, however, was restricted to the pool area only. For most cases considered, parametric studies were performed to investigate the effects of wind speed, atmospheric stability, and vertical height on the size of dangerous zones. An interface between the dynamic results of the dispersion software and the static data of the Doha Geographical Information System (GIS) allowed the immediate identification of the major landmarks affected by the considered accidents. This data would be of a great help in developing an emergency evacuation plan for such accidents.

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Mosser, Mark F. "Progress on Environmentally Compliant Aluminum Ceramic Compressor Coatings." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54294.

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During the last decade there has been an increasing emphasis on compliance to ever stricter environmental laws as well as compliance to regulations that have been designed to protect workers from exposure to toxic or otherwise harmful substances or processes. This world-wide emphasis has forced a continuing review of materials and processes used in the manufacture and protection of compressor materials from corrosion. Turbine compressors have been coated with silicone aluminum paint, diffused nickel cadmium and aluminum pigmented ceramic coatings that contain hexavalent chromium. These three processes utilize various chemicals including toxic substances, carcinogens and volatile organic compounds (VOC). All three of the coating processes need to be either made compliant or eliminated from use. This paper will review efforts that have been made to develop compliant aluminum ceramic compressor coating materials as applied to various steel and stainless steel substrates. In all cases the new materials that have been developed are free of toxic or carcinogenic materials. Test results will be compared to specification requirements for chrome containing compressor coatings in the area of physical properties including surface finish, thickness and adhesion. Additionally, environmental test data will be presented based on standard test methods that compare new compliant coatings with conventional chrome containing materials. Finally, process steps and conditions will be described for these new coatings.

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Hasselriis, Floyd, T. Colin Campbell, and Geoffrey Wheelock. "International Developments in Measuring Dioxin and Related Chemicals in a More Cost Effective and Biologically Relevant Manner." In 9th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec9-107.

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Abstract Dioxin and dioxin-like substances represent a collection of a large number of widely dispersed environmental organic chlorinated chemicals, many of which are unusually toxic. These substances and many related non-chlorinated substances primarily arise from the high temperature burning of organic material such as that produced by waste incineration. Although these substances have been experimentally shown to be able to produce cancer and other serious toxicities, the evidence on their public health significance is still not clear, in considerable measure because the tests required for producing the data needed for public health assessment are so costly. With such inadequate information, the views of the scientific, regulatory, industry, and environmental citizens’ communities are often at odds. More cost-effective methods need to be developed so that this perceived public health problem can be given a proper assessment. The theoretical principles of relatively new methods, which are based on the biological activity of these chemicals, are presented. It will be shown that one such method, which is designed to screen samples which makes use of the central event of toxicity and which is much more cost-effective, possesses the theoretical capability of providing the type of information needed for better public health assessment.

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Wachikwu-Elechi, Virtue Urunwo, Sunday Sunday Ikiensikimama, Joseph Atubokiki Ajienka, Onyewuchi Emmanuel Akaranta, and Okon Efiong Okon. "Suppression Performance of an Unmodified Bio-Extract for Simulated Offshore Gas Hydrate Mitigation." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206304-ms.

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Abstract Gas hydrate inhibition through the use of chemicals has been ongoing over the years and these chemicals are toxic, synthetic and expensive, adding to the cost of doing oil and gas business, and also leads to environmental degradation. The call for greener environment has necessitated the search for more eco-friendly gas hydrate inhibitors. This paper takes a look at the use of a bio-extract in its unmodified state to inhibit gas hydrate using a locally made mini flow loop for gas hydrate studies. The bio extract was compared to a conventional gas hydrate inhibitor 2-Di(methylaminoethyl)methacrylate (2-DMAEM). For all the weight percentages considered (0.01-0.05wt%), the bio-extract had better pressure profiles. At the end of the experiment which lasted for 120 minutes, this is attributed to the fact that the pressures in the system were more regulated which prevented rapid gas dissolution in water. The Bio-extract is plant based, locally available in the commercial quantity and is eco-friendly so it should be harnessed as gas hydrate inhibitors in lieu of the expensive and imported conventional hydrate inhibitor 2-DMAEM which non-eco-friendly.

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Rao, Ramana K., Brian L. Stormwind, Ishrat Chaudhuri, and Marcus Garcia. "Multiple Pathway Health Risk Assessment and Multimedia Environmental Monitoring Programs for a Municipal Waste Resource Recovery Facility in Maryland." In 12th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec12-2207.

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Following a 1986 decision by Montgomery County in Maryland to construct a municipal waste resource recovery facility near the town of Dickerson, the local community expressed concern regarding the potential human health effects from air emissions of dioxins and trace metals released through the stack of the proposed facility. To address this concern, the County conducted health risk studies and ambient monitoring programs before and after the facility became operational. The purpose of the health risk studies was to determine potential cancer and non-cancer risks to the nearby residents from the operations of the facility. The purpose of the ambient monitoring programs was to determine if any changes would occur in the ambient levels of certain target chemicals in the environmental media, and if such changes can be attributed to the operations of the facility. Accordingly, the County conducted a multiple pathway health risk assessment in 1989 prior to the construction of the facility. The pre-operational health risk assessment was based on estimated stack engineering parameters and available stack emissions data from municipal waste resource recovery facilities that were operating in the United States, Canada and Europe during the 1980’s. The health risk assessment used established procedures that were accepted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and many state agencies at that time. The Montgomery County Resource Recovery Facility (RRF) became operational in the spring of 1995. The facility is equipped with the state-of-the-art air pollution control (APC) equipment including a dry scrubber-fabric filter baghouse system to control organics and trace metals, ammonia injection system to control nitrogen oxides, and activated carbon injection system to control mercury. In 2003, the County retained ENSR International to update the 1989 health risk assessment study. In the 2003 operational-phase update, as-built engineering data and measured stack emissions data from a total of eighteen quarterly stack emissions tests were used. The study was conducted in accordance with the U.S. EPA’s Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities published in 1998 [1], and an Errata, published in 1999 [2]. Both the 1989 study and the 2003 study demonstrated that there is a very low chance (less than one chance in a million) for occurrence of cancer and no adverse non-cancer health effects to the nearby community as a result of exposure to facility-related emissions. The multi-media ambient monitoring programs were conducted in abiotic and biotic environmental media. These programs included an air-monitoring component and a non-air monitoring component. The pre-operational phase of the air media and non-air media monitoring was conducted in 1994–1995. The pre-operational program was designed to produce baseline data for target chemicals in both air and non-air media. The operational-phase air media monitoring was conducted in 1997 and 2003. The operational-phase non-air media monitoring was conducted in 1997 and 2001. Target chemicals monitored in both air and non-air media included polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs/PCDFs) and selected toxic metals (arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel). The non-air media included crops, farm pond surface water and fish tissue, and cow’s milk. The ambient levels of target chemicals monitored in the operational phase of the facility (1997, 2001 and 2003) demonstrated no measurable difference from the ambient levels of these chemicals monitored in the pre-operational phase (1994–95) of the facility, in both the air media and non-air media. The results of the health risk studies and ambient monitoring programs demonstrate that municipal waste combustion facilities that are equipped with the state-of-the-art air pollution control equipment pose no significant health risk to the population.

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Punanova, Svetlana. "ORE CONCENTRATIONS OF METALS IN NAPHTHIDES OF HYPERGENESIS ZONE: ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/17.

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The study examines the formation of secondary-altered crude oils associated with the processes of modern or ancient hypergenesis. As a result of geological processes during intense upward movement of the earth's crust, oil undergoes physical weathering, inorganic oxidation, washing out with water, biodegradation and sulfurization, and turn into heavy oils and hard bitumen. In zones of hypergenesis, the loss of light fractions occurs and the absolute concentration of trace elements (TE) associated with resinous-asphaltene components, such as V, Ni, Co, Mo, Cr, Cu, etc. sharply increases. In addition, oils absorb elements of variable valence (V, Fe, U) from low-salinity stratal waters. As a result of experimental studies on the interaction of oils with low mineralization waters, which are characteristic of hypergenesis zones, leaching of some elements (e.g., Zn) from oils and absorption of others from contacting waters (for example, concentrations of newly-formed organometallic compounds V and Fe increased by 1.3-12 times) were found. The author utilized the method of neutron-activation analysis to study the content of TE in oils and natural bitumens of the Volga-Ural, Timan-Pechora, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and etc. Ore-level concentration values were found, for example: 180-1162 ppm for V and up to 100 ppm for Ni in the oils of the Melekess depression in Tatarstan, and 940 ppm for V and 130 ppm for Ni in the oils of Kazakhstan deposits. Classification of oils by the content of “biogenic” elements V, Ni, Fe and by physical and chemical properties revealed significant differences of hypergene-altered oils in the general cycle of genesis of naphthides. Deposits of secondarily-altered oils are found in a wide stratigraphic range in oil and gas basins of various geostructural types in traps of the combined morphology – lithologically and tectonically shielded. During the development of oil deposits that contain high concentrations of TE, it is necessary to take into account ecological aspects. The environmental aspect is due to the fact that many metals contained in oils – V, Ni, Cd, As, Hg, U, etc. belong to highly toxic compound chemicals.

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Reports on the topic "Toxic environmental chemicals; Ophthalmology"

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Reuter, Roy H., William H. van der Schalie, Tommy R. Shedd, and Elizabeth P. Burrows. Options for Development of Environmental Sentinel Biomonitor Systems for Real-Time Detection of Toxic Chemicals in Response to US Military Needs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada402038.

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