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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Toxic factors

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Academic literature on the topic 'Toxic factors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 22 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Toxic factors"

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Charalampos, Depastas. "Toxic factors and autism." Rostrum of Asclepius 16, no. 3 (2017): 182–96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.821622.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Today it has observed a continuing and rapid increase in its prevalence. Autism increase, in combination with unknown factors that cause it, so far, has drawn the interest of several researchers (from different scientific fields). It could be characterized as a multiple-factors disorder. In recent decades, many researchers have implicated mainly environmental, chemical, genetic, hereditary, and biological factors. The present article focuses on environmental factors that their exposure causes irreversible brain damages (toxicity) - autism. Some of these factors are (mainly) mercury, brominated, thalidomide, misoprostol, valproic acid, chloropiryfos, ethanol etc. However, according to literature review, it has not been proved a direct correlation with the factors which have been implicated for autism disorder. As a result, the question “what causes autism” is still unanswered. Today, diagnostic criteria, early diagnosis, methods for autistic education and medication (under circumstances) are continuously improving.

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Porter, G. A. "Risk factors for toxic nephropathies." Toxicology Letters 46, no. 1-3 (1989): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(89)90135-5.

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Sarafian, S. K., and S. A. Morse. "Environmental factors affecting toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) synthesis." Journal of Medical Microbiology 24, no. 1 (1987): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-24-1-75.

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Miyoshi, S., E. G. Oh, K. Hirata, and S. Shinoda. "Exocellulr Toxic Factors Prowced byVibrio Vulnificus." Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews 12, no. 3 (1993): 253–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569549309014409.

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Bras, G., and E. McLean. "TOXIC FACTORS IN VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 111, no. 1 (2006): 392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb36979.x.

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Neumann, H. G. "Toxic equivalence factors, problems and limitations." Food and Chemical Toxicology 34, no. 11-12 (1996): 1045–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-6915(97)00073-2.

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Galelli, A., S. Anderson, B. Charlot, and J. E. Alouf. "Induction of murine hemopoietic growth factors by toxic shock syndrome toxin-1." Journal of Immunology 142, no. 8 (1989): 2855–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.142.8.2855.

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Abstract Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), an extra-cellular 22 kDa single chain protein produced by most Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with toxic shock syndrome (TSS), induces modifications of blood cell values similar to those observed during TSS. We therefore analyzed the effects of TSST-1 on the proliferation and differentiation of murine granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-culture) and the eventual role of endotoxin in this response. TSST-1 had no direct effect on the proliferation of CFU-culture and was unable to influence the CSF-induced proliferation and differentiation of these progenitors. In contrast, TSST-1 was a potent inducer in spleen cell cultures of a factor with an ability to induce both colony formation by bone marrow cells and proliferation of an IL-3-dependent cell line. Nanogram amounts of TSST-1 were able to induce the release of CSF activity in spleen cell cultures from both normal and LPS-hyporesponsive mice. Cells from C3H/HeJ mice were as responsive as cells from C3H/He Pas mice. Furthermore, in spleen cell cultures from normal mice, TSST-1 and LPS did not act synergistically to induce CSF activity. Nanogram amounts of TSST-1 were also able to induce CSF activity in vivo but failed to induce IL-3 activity in the serum and organ-conditioned media from TSST-1-treated mice.

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Rotaru, Lilia. "Environmental toxic factors and clinical pattern of Parkinson’s disease." Moldovan Medical Journal 64, no. 4 (2021): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52418/moldovan-med-j.64-4.21.13.

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Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) – the most common neuro-degenerative movement disorder – is considered a result of a multifactorial pathogenic process modulated by cumulative and interactive effects of genes and exposures. An environmental exposure could enhance or create dopaminergic neurons vulnerability and increase PD risk. The purpose of the study was to find if excessive exposure to toxic environmental factors may influence clinical pattern of PD. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 111 patients diagnosed with PD, study group being defined as PD exposed to toxins (33 patients), control group including PD patients without toxin exposure (78 patients). General epidemiological data and clinical data were recorded. Results: Toxin exposure was found in 33 patients (29.73%), more of them – men and rural residents. Toxin exposed PD patients had an insignificantly younger age. The most common disease phenotype in the study group was the akinetic-rigid phenotype (64.7%, p = 0.040), bradykinesia being the most common sign at the disease onset (57.6%, p = 0.008). Levodopa equivalent daily dose also was higher in the study group (659.02 ± 232.46, p = 0.042). Conclusions: Excessive exposure to toxic environmental factors may influence the clinical pattern of PD. In this study the akinetic-rigid type was the predominant disease phenotype associated with toxin exposure. Doses needed for treatment were higher in PD patients exposed to toxins, as an indicator of a more severe motor impairment in this group

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Jacoby, Jean M., Diane C. Collier, Eugene B. Welch, F. Joan Hardy, and Michele Crayton. "Environmental factors associated with a toxic bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 1 (2000): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-234.

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Environmental factors associated with the occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms and toxin production were investigated during the summers of 1994 and 1995 in Steilacoom Lake, Washington. A pronounced and prolonged toxic bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa occurred during summer 1994 but not during 1995. Lake characteristics that were associated with the toxic bloom in 1994 were higher total phosphorus, decreased water transparency, high water column stability, high surface water temperature and pH, and decreased lake flushing. Decreased water transparency during 1994 may have been due to significantly lower zooplankton abundance. We hypothesize that this decreased transparency was caused by increased planktivory by higher numbers of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fingerlings during 1994 and (or) inhibition of zooplankton grazing by Microcystis. The success of Microcystis over other cyanobacteria was associated with low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios and low nitrate-nitrogen with sufficient ammonium-nitrogen concentrations. Toxin production (i.e., micrograms of microcystin per gram of plankton biomass) was not constant over the duration of detectable toxicity; hence, no relationship was found between Microcystis abundance and microcystin concentration. However, microcystin concentration was positively correlated with increasing soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations between 1 and 10 µg·L-1, indicating that toxin production may have been limited by phosphorus.

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Menzies, F. D., A. W. Gordon, S. H. McBride, and E. A. Goodall. "Risk factors for toxic mastitis in cows." Veterinary Record 152, no. 11 (2003): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.152.11.319.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Toxic factors"

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Sullivan, Derek J. "Regulation of #alpha#-haemolysin gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287423.

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Tonk, L. "Impact of environmental factors on toxic and bioactive peptide production by harmful cyanobacteria." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2007. http://dare.uva.nl/document/51378.

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Dawson, Gabriel M. "Relationship Between Factors Associated with Toxic Stress and Child Behavior in the Dental Office." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469537364.

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Hargus, Emily Ann. "Toxic thoughts : Vulnerability factors and cognitive processes of thoughts or acts of deliberate self harm." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531819.

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Acamovic, Thomas. "Analysis, and nutritional evaluation for young chicks, of some toxic factors in three novel legumes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26168.

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Two tropical legumes and a temperate legume were studied during the course of this work. These were Leucaena leucocephala (cv. Peru), Canavalia ensiformis(cv. unknown) and Lupinus albus (cv. Vladimir [Kievskji mutant]) respectively. The dried ground leaf obtained from Leucaena leucocephala (LLM), the seeds of Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean; JB) and Lupinus albus (lupin) were the materials used in the study. Liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC) were developed for the analysis of mimosine and 3-hydroxy-4(lH )-pyridone (3,4-DHP) in LLM, Leucaena seed (LS) and chick excreta. Neither mimosine nor 3,4-DHP wftS detected in the serum of chicks fed LLM. Poor and variable recoveries of mimosine and 3,4-DHP were obtained when these were added to serum The analysis of canavanine in JB and the serum of chicks fed JB and canavanine, was also accomplished using HPLC. Canaline was not detected in any of the samples analysed by HPLC although recovery of added canaline to serum, JB and excreta was high. A small amount of what appeared to be canavanine was detected in lupin. Saponins and tannins were found in all the legumes under study. Trypsin inhibitors were detected in all but the lupins Inclusion of LLM in chick diets reduced their performance. Addition of Fe(III), polyethylene glycol (RAM = 4000) and cholesterol to LLM diets improved chick performance almost to that of chicks fed control diets. Cooking LLM alsoimproved chick performance. Addition of enzymes to LLM did not improvechick performance and did not improve the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of LLM. Dietary inclusion of mimosine or LS, to supply the same amount of mimosine as that from LLM, did not restrict chick performance to the same extent as LLM Inclusion of autoclaved jack bean (JB) in chick diets caused a severe reduction in chick performance. The reduction in performance was not matched byinclusion of canavanine at the same level as that from JB. The inclusion ofextracted JB also reduced chick performance. Germination of the JB, prior to autoclaving and dietary inclusion, did not reduce canavanine levels nor was chick performance improved. Addition of arginine to JB diets improved performance of chicks but additional lysine had no beneficial effect. Lupin diets perm itted chicks to perform much better than LLM or JB diets. Autoclaving made little difference to the AME of lupins although the results were probably confounded by the presence of M aillard reaction products. Addition of enzymes to lupins increased the concentration of lower molecular weight carbohydrates but only had a small beneficial effect on AME of lupins for chicks.

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McCulley, B. Eric. "Factors Affecting the Toxic Cyanobacteria Nodularia Spumigena in Farmington Bay of Great Salt Lake, Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4014.

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Farmington Bay of Great Salt Lake receives a significant amount of the nutrient-polluted runoff from Salt Lake and Davis Counties, Utah. This nutrient-laden runoff has led to seasonal blooms of blue-green algae, Nodularia spumigena, which produce a toxin called nodularin that has been shown to be toxic to aquatic organisms, birds, and mammals. Nodularia spumigena are the most common algae found in Farmington Bay. This study focused on understanding the physical and chemical factors controlling the growth of Nodularia spumigena in order to improve our knowledge about how nutrients impact algae in the Great Salt Lake. The salinity of the bay ranged from almost fresh water (less than 0.2%) to water twice as salty as the sea (7.0%). Nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) levels were high in the bay, and showed patterns of change from south to north. Nodularia spumigena was found in concentrations that greatly exceeded the World Health Organization’s standards for contact recreation. Laboratory studies suggest that nutrients and salinity are significantly correlated with levels of Nodularia spumigena from Farmington Bay. In combination with complex ecosystem interactions, nutrients and salinity in Farmington Bay apparently contribute to the high levels of Nodularia spumigena that we measured.

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Muñoz, Ramos Valentina. "Relationship between toxic cyanobacterial blooms, physico-chemical factors and multiple source excreta contamination in affected watershed." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=117190.

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Missisquoi Bay (MB) is a temperate eutrophic freshwater ecosystem located in an agricultural watershed and it frequently experiences toxic Microcystis-dominated cyanobacterial blooms. Cyanobacterial population dynamics are influenced by a plethora of factors that may differ from system to system, requiring a site-specific assessment of bloom-promoting factors to design more effective bloom prevention or remediation strategies. This is the first biomonitoring study that combined data from high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, qPCR and environmental parameters from temporal and spatial samples to identify the main bloom-promoting factors. In addition, high-throughput amplicon sequencing of mitochondrial DNA genes was performed to qualitatively identify potential external sources of nutrients originating from animal excreta. Particular emphasis was placed on 1) determining whether there was a link between nutrients from external sources and cyanobacterial blooms and 2) analyzing in situ the effect of environmental factors (particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations) on the dynamics of cyanobacterial community composition, abundance and toxicity.The concentrations of total P (TP) and total N (TN) in MB in 2009 correlated significantly with the abundance of total cyanobacterial cells, the Microcystis 16S rRNA and mcyD genes and intracellular microcystin. The results suggest that external sources of nutrients, such as surface runoff and animal excreta, played a significant role in the load of nutrients into the bay and thus in the proliferation of toxic cyanobacterial blooms. This was indicated by the detection of non-aquatic mitochondrial DNA hosts in the bay and the relationships between the pattern of surface runoff, nutrient concentrations, E. coli counts and total cyanobacterial abundance. Potential sources of nutrients from non-aquatic animal excreta in the system comprised rodents, birds, cattle and humans, indicating that efforts are required to control pollution from animal excreta in MB. During the growing season, the major cyanobacterial taxa were members of the orders Chroococcales and Nostocales. The genus Microcystis was identified as the main mcyD-carrier and main microcystin producer, hence the most problematic taxon in the cyanobacterial bloom. The correlations observed with environmental parameters suggest that increasing nutrient concentrations and TN:TP (mass) ratios approaching 11:1, coupled with an increase in temperature, promoted Microcystis-dominated toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Although the importance of nutrient ratios and absolute concentrations on cyanobacterial and Microcystis dynamics has been documented, this is the first time that an optimum TN:TP ratio for Microcystis dominance has been observed in the field. This observation provides further support to the theory that nutrient supply ratios are an important determinant of species composition in natural phytoplankton assemblages. Although the validity and prediction potential of this optimum ratio for Microcystis dominance has yet to be verified through longer-term studies, it may provide practical guidelines for nutrient management strategies to avoid the proliferation of this toxin producing cyanobacterial genus in MB.<br>La baie Missisquoi (BM) est un écosystème d'eau douce tempérée situé dans un bassin versant où les activités agricoles sont importantes. La baie est fréquemment exposée à la prolifération de Microcystis, des cyanobactéries qui ont un potentiel toxique. La dynamique des populations de cyanobactéries est influencée par une multitude de facteurs qui peuvent varier d'un site à l'autre. Une caractérisation spécifique des facteurs qui sont responsables des floraisons est donc nécessaire afin de développer des mesures préventives et des stratégies de remédiation efficaces. C'est la première fois qu'une étude de biosurveillance combine des données de séquençage d'amplicons ARN ribosomal 16S à haut débit, la PCR en temps réel et des paramètres environnementaux d'échantillons qui ont été prélevés de façon spatio-temporelle pour identifier les facteurs qui causent les floraisons. De plus, le séquençage à haut débit d'amplicons ciblant l'ADN mitochondrial a été utilisé pour identifier qualitativement les sources potentielles de nutriments qui proviennent d'excréments d'origine animale. Une insistance a été accordée plus spécifiquement à 1) l'évaluation de l'existence d'un lien entre les nutriments provenant de sources externes et les périodes de floraison de cyanobactéries et 2) l'analyse in situ des impacts des facteurs environnementaux (particulièrement les concentrations d'azote (N) et de phosphore (P)) sur la structure des communautés de cyanobactéries, leur abondance et leur toxicité.Les concentrations de P et de N à la baie Missisquoi en 2009 étaient fortement corrélées avec l'abondance des cellules de cyanobactéries, des gènes de Microcystis (ARNr 16S et mcyD) ainsi qu'avec la concentration de microcystine intracellulaire. Les résultats suggèrent que les sources externes de nutriments telles que le ruissellement de surface et les excréments d'origine animale ont contribué de manière importante à la charge d'éléments nutritifs dans la baie et ainsi à la prolifération de cyanobactéries qui produisent des toxines. Ces conclusions ont été corroborées par la présence d'ADN mitochondrial d'hôtes non aquatiques et les liens entre les types de ruissellement de surface, les concentrations de nutriments, et les dénombrements de E.coli et de cyanobactéries. Les sources potentielles de nutriments provenant des excréments animaux dans la baie incluaient les rongeurs, les oiseaux, le bétail et les humains. Ces résultats indiquent que des efforts sont requis dans la baie Missisquoi pour contrôler la pollution provenant des excréments d'origine animale.Pendant la période de floraison, la communauté de cyanobactéries était principalement composée de Chroococcales et Nostocales. Les cyanobactéries du genre Microcystis étaient à la fois les principales porteuses du gène mcyD et les principales productrices de microcystine. Ce taxon a donc été le plus problématique pendant les fleurs d'eau. Les corrélations observées entre les facteurs environnementaux suggèrent que la dominance des Microcystis a été associée à l'augmentation des concentrations en nutriments, à un ratio TN:TP (masse) d'une valeur aux environs de 11:1, combinée à une hausse de température.Même si l'importance des concentrations et des ratios de nutriments sur la dynamique des cyanobactéries et des Microcystis a déjà été documentée, c'est la première fois qu'un ratio optimum pour le genre Microcystis est observé sur le terrain. Cette observation est en accord avec la théorie voulant que les ratios de nutriments soient importants pour déterminer la composition des espèces faisant partie de la communauté phytoplanctonique. La validité et le potentiel de prédiction de ce ratio optimum pour la dominance des Microcystis devraient être vérifiés à l'aide d'études à long terme, car il pourrait devenir un critère important pour développer des stratégies de gestion de nutriments qui permettraient d'éviter la prolifération de ce genre de cyanobactéries nocives.

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Okolo, Bartholomew Ndubuisi. "Alcohol tolerance in yeast : on factors influencing the inhibitory and toxic effects of alcohols on distilling yeast." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1986. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24267.

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An investigation of the factors influencing the inhibitory and toxic effects of ethanol and higher alcohols, byproducts of alcoholic fermentation, on yeast, is presented. The relative potency of alcohols was found to correlate strongly with the carbon chain-length or molecular size and the lipid solubility of the respective alcohols. Higher alcohols act synergistically with each other and with ethanol in causing cell death of suspensions of non-growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The presence of higher alcohols in fermented broth, even at low concentrations, and other by-products of alcoholic fermentation, could explain the higher potency of ethanol produced during fermentation compared to added ethanol. The kinetics of uptake of labelled ethanol supplied at different concentrations gave no evidence of enzymic involvement in the ethanol uptake process. The rate of release of labelled ethanol by cells fed labelled glucose paralled the rate of p14sC-C0b2s release. This does not support the view that ethanol accumulates within the cells to higher concentrations than occur in the medium. Supplementation of a basal synthetic medium with various nutrients did not confer additional survival capacity on yeast against the adverse effects of alcohol. Osmotic pressure did not influence alcohol toxicity below 10% (w/v) sorbitol equivalent of osmotic pressure. Alcohol toxicity is not influenced by hydrogen ion concentration (pH) over a range of pH 5.3 to 3.5.

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Ovesen, Jerald Lee. "Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligands of Widely Different Toxic Equivalency Factors Induce Similar Histone Marks in Target Gene Chromatin." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1291408173.

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Ястремська, Лариса Сергіївна, І. Прекрасна, О. Таширев, and г. Снєгур. "Resistance of Negev desert microbial community to Cu2+ and Hg2+." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2013. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/38607.

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The aim of the work is to evaluate the ability to keep stabile functioning of microbial community of Negev Desert clay (Israel) in the presence of typical for damaging effect toxic metals - Cu2 + and Hg2+ . The results show the stability of Negev desert microbial community to the extremely high bactericidal concentrations of toxic metals (1000 mg/l Cu2+and 10 mg/l Hg2+), despite the trace concentrations of these metals (0,23 mg/l Cu2+) in the desert ecosystem. This indicates a high resistance and ability of microbial cenosis to adapt to extreme factors. It can be supposed, according to obtained results, that Negev desert microbial community is able to interact with toxic metals and involve them in biogeochemical cycles. On the base of metal resistant microorganisms from Negev desert ecosystem development the technology of industrial heavy metal wastewater purification is available.

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Books on the topic "Toxic factors"

1

A, Pope Anne, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, and Radian Corporation, eds. Toxic air pollutant emission factors: A compilation for selected air toxic compounds and sources. 2nd ed. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1990.

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Barnard, William R. Emission factors for iron and steel sources: Criteria and toxic pollutants. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1990.

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Pope, Anne A. Preliminary compilation of air pollutant emission factors for selected air toxic compounds. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1987.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency and Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (U.S.), eds. Temporal and modal characterization of DoD source air toxic emission factors: Final report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010.

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Medical Research Council. Institute for Environment and Health. IEH report on factors affecting the absorption of toxic metals from the diet. Institute for Environment and Health, 1998.

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F, D'Mello J. P., Duffus C. M, Duffus John H, Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain), and Association of Applied Biologists, eds. Anti-nutritional factors, potentially toxic substances in plants: 23 March 1989, University of Edinburgh. Association of Applied Biologists, Institute of Horticultural Research, 1989.

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Organization, International Civil Aviation. Manual on volcanic ash, radioactive material, and toxic chemical clouds. International Civil Aviation Organization, 2001.

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Toxic Factors inCrop Plants (2nd 1991 Edinburgh, Scotland). Toxic factors in crop plants: Proceedings of the second Spring Conference, Edinburgh : 22 March 1991. Scottish Agricultural College?, 1991.

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A, Mehlman Myron, ed. Health hazards and risks from exposure to complex mixtures and air toxic chemicals. Princeton Scientific Pub. Co., 1991.

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A, Morriss G., and New Zealand. Dept. of Conservation., eds. Factors influencing palatability and efficacy of toxic baits in ship rats, Norway rats and house mice. Science & Technical Publishing, Dept. of Conservation, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Toxic factors"

1

Carlson, Gary P. "Factors Modifying Toxicity." In Toxic Substances and Human Risk. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5290-7_4.

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Gould, Joseph P., Wendall H. Cross, and Frederick G. Pohland. "Factors Influencing Mobility of Toxic Metals in Landfills Operated with Leachate Recycle." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1990-0422.ch016.

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Turan, Belma, Deniz Billur, and Erkan Tuncay. "Toxic Effects of Intracellular Free Zinc Ion in Cardiomyocytes via Zinc-Transporters: Structural and Functional Changes in Mitochondria." In Environmental Factors in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62806-1_10.

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Klamberg, H., G. Matthess, and A. Pekdeger. "Organo-Metal Complexes as Mobility-Determining Factors of Inorganic Toxic Elements in Porous Media." In Inorganic Contaminants in the Vadose Zone. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74451-8_1.

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Assimacopoulos, A. P., J. A. Stoehr, and P. M. Schlievert. "Mitogenic Factors from Group G Streptococci Associated with Scarlet Fever and Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome." In Streptococci and the Host. Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1825-3_27.

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Gedik, Kenan, R. D. DeLaune, M. Kongchum, and R. P. Gambrell. "Physicochemical Factors Controlling Stability of Toxic Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Wetland Soils and Sediments." In Trace Elements in Waterlogged Soils and Sediments. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315372952-3.

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Harrison, Paul I., and Linda J. Bellamy. "Modelling the Evacuation of the Public in the Event of Toxic Releases: A Decision Support Tool and Aid for Emergency Planning." In Human Factors and Decision Making: Their Influence on Safety and Reliability. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1375-2_18.

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Gul Guven, Reyhan, and Kemal Guven. "Bacterial Toxins." In Food Safety. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053358787.5.

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In the globalizing world, food safety and food-borne pathogenic microorganisms are among the important public health problems. There are more than 250 known foodborne diseases and many different types of viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxins, metals and prions that cause these diseases. Toxic molecules generated by bacteria, whether within or outside the organisms, are commonly referred to as "toxins". Toxins serve as the primary virulence factors generated by a multitude of bacteria responsible for causing severe illnesses in both humans and animals. Toxins are the primary bacterial component leading to health problems. This chapter provides information about bacterial toxins.

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Lombardi, Mauro, and Marika Macchi. "Lavoro e dinamica tecnologica: great reshuffle, great upgrade, work-life balance." In Idee di lavoro e di ozio per la nostra civiltà. Firenze University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0319-7.177.

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The onset of concomitant global crises generates unexpected phenomena: “great resignation, great upgrade, reshuffle”, by people both with lower levels of education and low salaries, and with higher levels of education and retributions. Our contribution highlights some factors underlying these processes: 1) search for jobs with a greater degree of personal fulfilment. 2) Aspiration for a better balance between work and private life (better “work-life balance”). 3) Desire for a work environment free of "toxic company culture". Consequently, job switching and reshuffling of work activities are cross-sectoral, taking on different forms in the various countries, including Italy. This leads to important challenges for the organizational models of firms and public labour policies.

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Higgins, Thomas E., Jayanti A. Sachdev, and Stephen A. Engleman. "Developing Effective Toxicity Factors." In Toxic Chemicals. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10352-10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Toxic factors"

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Thorn, Andy, and Dave Thompson. "Optimization of Non-Toxic Anticorrosives in Water Borne Coatings." In SSPC 2017 Greencoat. SSPC, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2017-00055.

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Abstract There are many factors to consider when optimizing your coating system for corrosion resistance. Waterborne coatings present a unique challenge due to their inherent hydrophilic nature and ability to readily conduct electrons. Waterborne resin technology has evolved greatly since its inception. If formulated properly one is able to meet and or exceed the performance of their solvent borne counterparts. Prior to choosing a suitable anti-corrosive, the formulator must be aware of the many factors that can influence the end performance of their system. These factors include resin type, substrate(s), PVC, required film thickness, application of the coating, environmental regulations where the coating will be sold/applied, and the end use of the coating, to name a few. When choosing a suitable anticorrosive, the formulator must have a basic understanding of corrosion, coupled with how these various non-toxic anti-corrosives work to slow the corrosion process. In this lecture we will go over the basics of corrosion, explore different mechanisms of corrosion protection specific to waterborne coatings, discuss the importance of anti-corrosive selection, and finally talk about how to formulate with non-toxic anti-corrosives.

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Frenier, Wayne W. "Review of HSE Innovations in the Chemical Cleaning Industries." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05553.

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Abstract The use of large volumes of corrosive and possibly toxic chemicals to remove fouling deposits from industrial size equipment, as well as pipelines, is an inherently hazardous process. In addition to the chemicals themselves, the fluids must be pumped and circulated at high pressures and frequently high temperatures to achieve the cleaning goal. At the end of a job thousands (possibly hundreds of thousands) of gallons of toxic waste must be disposed of in some manner. Almost since its formation as an offshoot of the oilfield acidizing business, an emphasis on improving the triple goals of the health of employees and the public, chemical and mechanical safety of operations and protection of the environment (HSE), has been an integral part of the development process. This paper will review the development of healthier, safer and more environmentally acceptable chemicals, equipment and process. The time frame reviewed is the 1950s to the present time, and the innovations have been revolutionary as well as evolutionary. These have been driven both by economic (business) factors as well as governmental regulations. The author will describe the changes from the use of toxic and hazardous chemicals such as HCl with thiourea for cleaning boilers to much less hazardous (and environmentally improved) organic acids and chelating agents. Initially, necessary corrosion inhibitors for HCl contained very hazardous chemicals including arsenic compounds and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Over the years, these were replaced with ever improving less toxic molecules. Many other improvements in chemistries will be described that have affected HSE issues. Mechanical cleaning of refinery equipment (especially heat exchangers) initially required the use of very high pressure water lances, which required people to physically place them into the equipment being cleaned. These “hand lances” have mostly been replaced with many types of automated equipment to protect the workers (and to improve productivity). New chemicals coupled with improved processes have enabled the industry to more safely dispose or recycle some of the waste products in an environmentally acceptable manner. This is an area where environmental regulations worldwide have partially driven developments, but have produced business advantages based on new processes. One revolutionary process uses a steam boiler’s in house systems to completely destroy the wastes. The improvements on multiple levels usually resulted in more efficient as well as less wasteful process that benefited people, the environment as well as the companies' bottom line.

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Durnie, W. H. "Modelling the Functional Behaviour of Corrosion Inhibitors." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04401.

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Abstract The inhibition efficiency of organic compounds is dependent on many factors, some of which include the molecular size, charge density, number of adsorption sites, and mode of interaction between the inhibitor and the surface. Adsorption at surfaces is linked predominantly to the electronic structure of the inhibitor molecules, and it is well known that slight changes in the chemistry of an inhibitor can instigate dramatic changes on its efficacy. Many different forms of quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR’s) have been developed to describe the efficacy of corrosion inhibitors in various media. The QSAR approach is becoming more desirable for varied reasons - in addition to prediction of corrosion inhibition properties, and attending to current environmental legislations requiring the use of less toxic water treatments.

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Royer, Richard A., Richard F. Unz, Brian A. Dempsey, and William D. Burgos. "Dissimilatory Metal Reducing Bacteria in Biogeochemistry and Corrosion." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03554.

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Abstract Dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria (DMRB) have been recognized for their role in metal transformations in pristine and contaminated environments. These organisms can directly and indirectly reduce numerous minerals, toxic heavy metals, and radionuclides and may also alter the stability of important ferric oxide/hydroxide passive films, thereby, influencing corrosion cells. Direct biological reduction/dissolution of ferric iron-containing passive films may represent a mechanism of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) that is unique to DMRB. The factors that influence mineral dissolution may therefore be important in understanding and minimizing this form of MIC. A thermodynamic evaluation of hematite bioreduction suggests that hematite films may not be as stable as predicted based upon accepted thermodynamic data. Known biogeochemical and environmental reactions are examined herein for their potential role in promoting or possibly preventing corrosion.

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Delwiche, Alex, Patrick Lydon, and Isaac Tavares. "Concerns over Utilizing Aluminium Alloy Anodes in Sealed Environments." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-08956.

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Abstract In 2012, a cathodic protection (CP) trial was undertaken to establish the current requirements to protect the submerged and buried bare steel internal surfaces of monopile windturbine structures in the North Sea. Aluminium alloy anodes were utilized for the CP system and a remote monitoring system was also installed to measure the time dependent variations in anode current, structure to seawater potential, cathode current density and monopile hydrogen gas concentration produced from operation of the CP system. The possibility of hydrogen production within a confined space from the operation of a sacrificial anode CP system was one of the projects primary concerns, as it could create a hazardous area within the monopile. However, within a few weeks of the trial commencing, the seawater pH inside the monopile, had changed from near neutral pH 8 to less than pH 5. Furthermore, when access to the confined space within the monopile was attempted, toxic gas alarms were energised. Water pHs of the values observed had never been found or reported before when using aluminium alloy anodes and neither had the production of toxic and flammable gases from the operation of a sacrificial CP system, namely Hydrogen Sulphide, although trace hydrogen was expected and was a concern hence one of the factors that lead to the offshore trial being undertaken. This paper outlines the results from the trial and discusses theories why the pH had decreased and briefly describes the solution adopted to overcome the low water pH obtained with the use of aluminium alloy anodes.

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McGrane, William K., and Edward E. Morassini. "The 1993 Jet Propulsion Laboratory Report Advances in Ozone Technology." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94465.

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Abstract Since the mid 1970's there has been an increased interest in nontraditional biocides. Environmental pressures and limited water resources have made biocides like Ozone more attractive. Ozone is a significantly more powerful biocide than Bromine and Chlorine. Bacteria counts in Ozonated systems are often four or five orders of magnitude less than chemically treated systems. By reducing the number of the bacteria released in the drift, Ozone can provide a healthier atmosphere in which to work. Automatic control of Ozone concentration in the recirculating water, plus the use of Ozone compatible corrosion and scale inhibitors are critical factors in assuring the successful application of Ozone to cooling tower water systems. The major benefits of Ozone are water conservation and reuse, no toxic biocide residual in the blowdown, cleaner heat exchanger surfaces, the elimination of handling other toxic biocides, and the elimination of the risk of a spill. Ozone treatment has only recently been available from a company with traditional chemical treatment experience. In the mid 1970's there were a variety of individuals who advocated Ozone use as a sole water treatment, often with zero blowdown to further reduce water usage. The logic they employed and their results will be explored in this paper, focusing on the JPL facility in Pasadena, California. The current Ozone treatment system at JPL has been in operation for more than one year. This system uses state of the art computer and Ozone technology. The results from this system are evaluated in light of the results obtained from the previous system.

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Manwaring, Jan C. "Confined Space Hazards Facing the Corrosion Engineer in Alaska." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98368.

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Abstract The effects of corrosion and it’s control in confined spaces can cause traumatic injury and death to workers who must enter confined spaces. Corrosion-related confined space fatalities have occurred in marine, petro-chemical, and municipal water/wastewater environments in the U.S., particularly Alaska. Rust formation and corrosion control activities can result in worker exposure to oxygen deficient, flammable, and/or toxic atmospheres, as well as numerous physical hazards in these types of confined space environments. Increased hazard awareness and implementation of engineering controls and safe work practices are imperative to prevent injuries related to this type of work. Confined space fatality surveillance in Alaska and other locations has identified risk factors associated with corrosion and corrosion control activities. This information may be useful in developing appropriate injury and hazard prevention strategies during inspection or corrosion-related work.

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Brevoort, Gordon H., and A. H. Roebuck. "1988 Paint and Coatings Selection and Cost Guide." In CORROSION 1988. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88183.

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Abstract This paper updates and expands the authors' previous papers on the subject designed to assist the coatings engineer or specifier in identifying suitable paint and coating systems for specific industrial atmospheric environments, calculating current approximate installed costs and life for each, and establishing economic justification for their selection. In addition to cost factors for new construction and its normal maintenance, the 1988 edition includes maintenance painting conditions and cost factors covering varying degrees of rusting, pitting, and old paint breakdown. Generic classes of products and systems have been updated and expanded from 74 to 103 of the most commonly used protective coating systems, with particular emphasis on surface tolerant coatings and those containing high solids, Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) conforming products. Top coated galvanized and zinc metalized systems are included for comparison. The basic elements of economic analysis and justification for paint and coatings systems are clarified, simplified, and defined. The impact of computer software programs for system costing, selection, and justification to assist the coatings engineer to be more effective is reviewed. Guidelines are presented for establishing criteria and budgeting for inspection. The importance and complexity of the capture, disposal, and handling of spent abrasive and toxic coating wastes are discussed.

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Veedu, Vinod. "Multifunctional Nano Surface Treatments for In-Situ Improvement of Heat Exchanger Performance." In Coatings+ 2019. SSPC, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2019-00056.

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Abstract Strategies to improve the heat transfer rate and efficiency of a power plant must carefully balance a trinity of factors: the overall capital expense associated with the technology, the ongoing savings during normal plant operations, and the downtime and labor required for installation and implementation. These economic concerns have slowed the adoption of protective and/or functional surface treatments in power plant operations; traditional epoxies used to prevent biofouling and scale deposition can only be applied to brand new equipment, and the coating will limit heat transfer due to its insulating nature and applied thickness. Highly ordered, nanomaterialbased superhydrophobic surface patterning can theoretically improve heat transfer rates significantly, but lacks the durability for field implementation. Oceanit's presentation will highlight the potential of a novel surface treatment that blends the repellent behavior of nanomaterial thin surface treatments that have the durability of thicker epoxy resins. Three key advantages of nanocomposite surface treatments (NSTs) have been identified which separate it from existing coating systems: it is nominally applied at a thickness of less than 50μm, allowing it to have a minimal effect on thermal heat transfer as compared to typical antifouling coat. It is sufficiently hydrophobic such that it promotes highly efficient dropwise condensation, but retains superior abrasion resistance and adhesion. Finally, NSTs are non-toxic, contains negligible amounts of VOCs, and is extremely easy to handle and apply, allowing for inplace, on-site application with minimal downtime required. These factors have allowed Oceanit NSTs to demonstrate significant improvements in a shell-and-tube exchanger field deployment.

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Mustata, Stefan-Mircea, Stefan-Silviu Onofrei, and Cristian Vidan. "THE ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS FOR OBTAINING LAYERED STRUCTURES." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/4.2/s18.31.

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The paper presents an ecological technology regarding the use of explosive materials in obtaining unconventional layered structures. It is emphasized that the use of the presented method contributes substantially to the minimization of the action of toxic factors on the environment compared to classic welding technologies. The reduction of harmful effects on the environment is due to the extremely short duration of the process, the entire amount of explosive material being consumed almost instantly. The subject of the paper focuses on those parameters that must be taken into account as a result of the detonation of the explosive charge in order to obtain the most effective results in terms of environmental protection. Experimental results regarding the development and testing of such structures are also presented in the article. In this regard, the obtaining of layered metal structures based on aluminum with a stainless steel texture was studied. The technology presented is of the latest generation, with applicability in the chemical industry, but also in the production of civil protection equipment. The paper begins with a short introduction on the advantages of obtaining such materials, continuing with a theoretical presentation and a numerical simulation of the process, so that at the end the results of the experimental tests carried out on the structures thus obtained are exposed.

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Reports on the topic "Toxic factors"

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Gullett, Brian K. Temporal and Modal Characterization of DoD Source Air Toxic Emission Factors. Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada571510.

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McKone, T. E., J. I. Daniels, F. F. Chiao, and D. P. H. Hsieh. Intermedia transfer factors for fifteen toxic pollutants released to air basins in California. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10117659.

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Daisey, J. M., K. R. R. Mahanama, and A. T. Hodgson. Toxic Volatile Organic Compounds in Environmental Tobacco Smoke:Emission Factors for Modeling Exposures of California Populations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/915404.

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Daisey, J. M., K. R. R. Mahanama, and A. T. Hodgson. Toxic volatile organic compounds in environmental tobacco smoke: Emission factors for modeling exposures of California populations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10114768.

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McAllister, Jamie, Brendan McCarrick, and Zelda Zhao. Environmental and Health Impacts of Thermal Runaway Events in Outdoor Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage System Installations. SFPE Foundation, 2025. https://doi.org/10.64167/3d04-pax1.

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This research presents a methodology to assess the health and environmental impacts from thermal runaway events in outdoor, large-scale, Li-ion BESS units. Through application of the methodology, a relationship between exposure limit distance and wind speed, ambient temperature, event duration, cell chemistry, and toxic gas species can be established. This study did not consider other health factors, such as thermal exposure. The methodology involves a literature review to aggregate data, plume dispersion modeling, and a risk analysis of the model results.

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Yu, Mei, Pengyu Wang, Binbin Li, et al. NRSF Negatively Regulates Microglial Pro-Inflammatory Activation. Progress in Neurobiology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.60124/j.pneuro.2024.20.02.

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Microglial activation contributes to neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease (PD), and modulating this activation is a potential therapeutic approach. The neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) functions as a negative regulator of gene transcription through epigenetic modifications. While previous research has primarily examined the role of NRSF in neuronal differentiation and injury, emerging evidence indicates that NRSF also plays a significant role in maintaining the phenotype of glial cells. In this study, we explored the role and underlying mechanisms of NRSF in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory or interleukin-4 (IL4)-induced anti-inflammatory phenotype of microglial activation. Following LPS stimulation, the nuclear localization of NRSF increased in BV2 microglial cells, primary mouse microglia, and microglia within the substantia nigra of PD mice. Knockdown of NRSF enhanced the expression of inflammation-related factors induced by LPS via the mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK-ERK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 signalling pathways in BV2 cells. Moreover, the culture medium from LPS-treated NRSF knockdown BV2 cells exerted greater toxic effects on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells compared to the control. However, NRSF knockdown exerted inconsistent effects on the expression of anti-inflammatory-related genes in IL4-treated BV2 cells. Our findings suggest that NRSF knockdown promotes microglial pro-inflammatory activation.

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Moores, Lee, Alan Kennedy, Lauren May, et al. Identifying degradation products responsible for increased toxicity of UV-degraded insensitive munitions. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42020.

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Degradation of insensitive munitions (IMs) by ultraviolet (UV) light has become a concern following observations that some UV-degradation products have increased toxicity relative to parent compounds in aquatic organisms. This investigation focused on the Army's IM formulation, IMX-101, composed of three IM constituents: 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ). The IM constituents and IMX-101 were irradiated in a UV photo-reactor and then administered to Daphnia pulex in acute (48 h) exposures comparing toxicities relative to the parent materials. UV-degradation of DNAN had little effect on mortality whereas mortality for UV-degraded NTO and NQ increased by factors of 40.3 and 1240, making UV-degraded NQ the principle driver of toxicity when IMX-101 is UV-degraded. Toxicity investigations for specific products formed during UV-degradation of NQ, confirmed greater toxicity than the parent NQ for degradation products. Summation of the individual toxic units for the complete set of individually measured UV-degradation products identified for NQ only accounted for 25% of the overall toxicity measured in the exposures to the UV-degraded NQ product mixture. Given the underestimation of toxicity using the sum toxic units for the individually measured UV-degradation products of NQ, we conclude that: (1) other unidentified NQ degradation products contributed principally to toxicity and/or (2) synergistic toxicological interactions occurred among the NQ degradation product mixture that exacerbated toxicity.

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Stavland, Arne, Siv Marie Åsen, Arild Lohne, Olav Aursjø, and Aksel Hiorth. Recommended polymer workflow: Lab (cm and m scale). University of Stavanger, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.201.

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Polymer flooding is one of the most promising EOR methods (Smalley et al. 2018). It is well known and has been used successfully (Pye 1964; Standnes & Skjevrak 2014; Sheng et al. 2015). From a technical perspective we recommend that polymer flooding should be considered as a viable EOR method on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for the following reasons: 1. More oil can be produced with less water injected; this is particularly important for the NCS which are currently producing more water than oil 2. Polymers will increase the aerial sweep and improve the ultimate recovery, provided a proper injection strategy 3. Many polymer systems are available, and it should be possible to tailor their chemical composition to a wide range of reservoir conditions (temperature and salinity) 4. Polymer systems can be used to block water from short circuiting injection production wells 5. Polymer combined with low salinity injection water has many benefits: a lower polymer concentration can be used to reach target viscosity, less mechanical degradation, less adsorption, and a potential reduction in Sor due to a low salinity wettability effect. There are some hurdles when considering polymer flooding that needs to be considered: 1. Many polymer systems are not at the present considered as green chemicals; thus, reinjection of produced water is needed. However, results from polymer degradation studies in the IORCentre indicates that a. High molecular weight polymers are quickly degraded to low molecular weight. In case of accidental release to the ocean low molecular weight polymers are diluted and the lifetime of the spill might be quite short. According to Caulfield et al. (2002) HPAM is not toxic, and will not degrade to the more environmentally problematic acrylamide. b. In the DF report for environmental impact there are case studies using the DREAM model to predict the transport of chemical spills. This model is coupled with polymer (sun exposure) degradation data from the IORCentre to quantify the lifetime of polymer spills. This approach should be used for specific field cases to quantify the environmental risk factor. 2. Care must be taken to prepare the polymer solution offshore. Chokes and vales might be a challenge but can be mitigating according to the results from the large-scale testing done in the IORCentre (Stavland et al. 2021). None of the above-mentioned challenges are server enough to not consider polymer flooding. HPAM is neither toxic, nor bio-accumulable, or bio-persistent and the CO2 footprint from a polymer flood may be significantly less than a water flood (Dupuis et al. 2021). There are at least two contributing factors to this statement, which we will return in detail to in the next section i) during linear displacement polymer injection will produce more oil for the same amount of water injected, hence the lifetime of the field can be shortened ii) polymers increase the arial sweep reducing the need for wells.

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Little, Stephen F., Stephen H. Leppla, and Arthur M. Friedlander. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against the Lethal Factor Component of Bacillus anthracis Toxin. Defense Technical Information Center, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada216203.

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Chilvers, Myriam, Nora Sánchez Gassen, Anna Lundgren, and Carlos Tapia. Geographies of discontent in the Nordic Region? A Conceptual overview. Nordregio, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/wp2024:1.1403-2511.

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This paper summarises that debate and serves as a conceptual overview of the topic in order to provide a better understanding of what factors, or combination of factors, are driving discontent and geographies of discontent in Western liberal democracies. After discussing the phenomena at large, this paper then zooms in on the Nordic Region specifically and describes significant factors potentially driving geographies of discontent in the region.

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